2.

Molecules or parts of molecules that absorb light strongly in the UV-vis region are
called chromophores.
4. Spectrometer - Strictly speaking, a spectrometer is any instrument used to
view and analyze a range (or a spectrum) of a given characteristic for a substance
(for example, a range of mass-to-charge values as in mass spectrometry) , or a
range of wavelengths as in absorption spectrometry like nuclear magnetic radiation
spectroscopy or infrared spectroscopy).
The Vernier Colorimeter is designed to determine the concentration of a solution by analyzing its color intensity.
The color of a solution may be inherent or derived by adding another reagent to it. The Colorimeter measures the
amount of light transmitted through a sample at a user-selectable wavelength.
5. A photomultiplier tube is a vacuum tube consisting of an input window, a photocathode, focusing electrodes, an
electron multiplier and an anode usually sealed into an evacuated glass tube.

Silicon photodiodes are semiconductor devices responsive to high-energy particles and photons.
Photodiodes operate by absorption of photons or charged particles and generate a flow of current in an
external circuit, proportional to the incident power. Photodiodes can be used to detect the presence or
absence of minute quantities of light and can be calibrated for extremely accurate measurements from
intensities below 1 pW/cm2to intensities above100 mW/cm2. Silicon photodiodes are utilized in such
diverse applications as spectroscopy, photography, analytical instrumentation, optical position sensors,
beam alignment, surface characterization, laser range finders, optical communications, and medical
imaging instruments.