Factors Affecting

Productivity
Enterprise Productivity factors

Internal factors

Hard factors

External factors

Soft factors

Structural
adjustments

Natural resources

Product

People

Economic

Manpower

Plant and Equipment

Organization and systems

Social

Land

Technology

Work methods

Materials and Energy

Management styles

Govt. and
infrastructure
Policies and
strategies
Infrastructure

Productivity improvement
techniques

Productivity improvement is not just doing things better; It is doing the right thing
better.
Productivity is often measured as the output of goods/services in a given number
man hours / machine hours.(Time)
Total time of a job is made up of

Basic Work content

Work content added

by defects in design

Total work content

Work content added by Ineffective time due to

shortcomings of
inefficient methods
management

Ineffective time
worker

Total Ineffective time

Concept of work content

Basic work content
Excess work content
Reasons for excess work content
Work content added due to defects in
design or specification of a product

Bad design of the product.

Lack of standardisation of components.
Incorrect specifications and quality
standards.
Faulty design of components.

 Work content added due to

inefficient methods of
manufacture
Improper selection of a
manufacturing process/machine.
Wrong selection of tools.
Lack of process standardisation.
Improper layout of the shop/factory.
Inefficient methods of material
handling.

 Ineffective time added due to

shortcomings of the management
Bad working conditions.
Frequent production interruptions due to
breakdowns.
Poor production planning and control.
Lack of safety measures.
Lack of quality mindedness.
Improper communication (lack of
instructions).
Frequent changes in set-ups (smaller lot size).
Lack of performance standards.
Shortage of materials/tools.

 In effective time added due to

reasons attributed to work man
Unauthorized absence from work.
Substandard performance.
Carelessness in working.
Unnecessary wastage of time
(Idleness).

How manufacturing time is made up of

Techniques to reduce work content

Management techniques to reduce work
content due to product
Product Development
Standardization
Value analysis
Market research/consumer research

 Management techniques to reduce work

content due to process or methods
Process planning
Methods study
Management techniques to reduce
ineffective time due to management
Product standardisation and
simplification
Product specialization
PPC
Materials control
Plant maintenance

 Management techniques to reduce

ineffective time within control of the
workers
Sound personnel policies
operators training
safety training
financial incentives

Productivity improvement
techniques
Technical approach
Work study
Value analysis
JIT / KAIZEN / KANBAN
Cellular Manufacturing
Pareto analysis
Product development
Cost benefit analysis
OM tools
Process Planning

Human approach
Bain storming
Organization development
Force field analysis