1. Basic Concepts ete ennledipn ea scans q fe : mts re fhe ' inne ——y ‘teeing = en Figure 1.1: System Operating States 1.3 States of Operation and System Secu- rity - A Review Dy Liacco [9], and Fink and Carlson {10} classified the system operation into 5 states as shown in Fig 1.1. The system operation is governed by three sets of generic equations- one differential and two algebraic (generally non-linear). Of the two algebraic sets, one set comprise equality constraints (I) which express balance between the generation and load demand. ‘The other set consists of inequality constraints (I) which express limitations of the physical equipment, (euch as currents and voltages must not exceed maximum limits). ‘The classifi cation of the system states is based on the fulfillment or violation of one or both. sets of these constraints. 1, Normal Secure State: Here all equality (B) and inequality (1) con- straints are satisfied. In this state, generation is adequate to supply the existing load demand and no equipment is overloaded. Also in this state, reserve margins (for transmission as well as generation) are sufficient to provide an adequate level of security with respect to the stresses to which the system may be subjected. The latter may be treated as the satisfaction of security constraints. 2. Alert State: The difference between this and the previous state is that in this state, the security level is below some threshold of adequacy. This implies that there is a danger of violating some of the inequality (I) con- straints when subjected to disturbances (stresses). Tt can also be said that