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Chapter 5 DCACBRIDGES - 2 - 0
Chapter 5 DCACBRIDGES - 2 - 0
Objectives
Ability to explain operation of ac
bridge circuit.
Ability to identify bridge by name
Ability to compute the values of
unknown impedance following ac
bridges.
AC Bridges
Z3 Z4
Capacitance
Cont.
Applications - in many communication system and complex
electronic circuits. AC bridge circuits - are commonly used
for shifting phase, providing feedback paths for oscillators
and amplifiers, filtering out undesired signals, and
measuring the frequency of audio signals.
The operation of the bridge depends on the fact that when
certain specific circuit conditions apply, the detector
current becomes zero. This is known as the null or balanced
condition. Since zero current means that there is no voltage
difference across detector, the bridge circuit may be
redrawn as in Fig. 5-8. The voltages at point a and b and
from point a to c must be equal.
ZR
Vr
Ir
VR
R
IR
Definition of Reactance, X
Reactance is the imaginary part of impedance, and is caused by the presence of
inductors or capacitors in the circuit. Reactance is denoted by the symbol X
and is measured in ohms.
= -1/(2fC)
An inductive impedance: XL = L = 2fL
Impedance
Admittance
Z= R
Y= 1/R
Z= jL
Y=1/j L
Z=-j(1/c)
Y=j c
Cont.
Fig. 5-7: General ac bridge circuit
Cont.
I1Z1 = I2Z2
(1)
Z1 Z 2
Z3 Z4
(2)
Example 5-5
The impedances of the AC bridge in Fig.
5-7 are given as follows:
0
Z 1 20030
0
Z 2 1500
Z 3 250 40 0
Z x Z 4 unknown
Determine the constants of the unknown arm.
Solution
The first condition for bridge balance
requires that
Z1Zx =Z2Z3
Zx = (Z2Z3/Z1) =[(150x250)/200]
= 187.5
Cont.
The second condition for balance requires
that the sums of the phase angles of
opposite arms be equal
1+ x = 2 + 3
x = 2 + 3 - 1
= 0 + (-40) 30
= -70o
Cont.
Hence, the unknown impedance Zx, can be
written as
Zx = 187.5 -700 = (64.13 j176.19)
Where
Zx = Zx cos + j Zx sin
Example 5-6
R2
R3
R1
Cx
R1
C3
R2
Maxwell Bridge
to determine an unknown inductance with capacitance standard
Z1
1
1
jC1
R1
Z 2 R2
Z 3 R3
Z x Rx jX Lx
R2 R3
Rx
R1
L x R2 R3 C1
X - reactance
Z = R + jX
2 R1 R2 R3 C12
Rx
1 2 R12 C12
R2 R3 C1
Lx
1 2 R12 C12
Wein Bridge
The Wein Bridge shown in Figure below has a series RC combination in
one arm and a parallel combination in the adjoining arm. It is designed to
measure frequency (extensively as a feedback arrangement for a circuit).
It can also be used for the measurement of an unknown capacitor with
great accuracy.
Z1 R1
Z 2 R2
Z3
1
1
1
R3
jX c 3
Z 4 R4 jX c 4
Cont..
Equivalent
parallel
component
R1
1
R4 2
R3
R2
R4C42
R2
1
C3 (
)C4
2 2
2
R1 1 R4 C4
R1
1
C4 C3 2 2 2
R2
R3 C3
Equivalent series
component
R2
R3
R4
2 2 2
R1 1 R3 C3
R3 '
(C1 C1 )
C2
Xx
1 1
1
( '
)
C4 C4
Schering Bridge
used for measuring capacitors and their insulating properties
for phase angle of nearly 90o.
Zx =Rx j/Cx
Z2 = R2
Z3 = -j/C3
Z1 = 1/(R1 + jC1)
R2 C1
Rx
C3
R1C 3
Cx
R2
Summary
The Wheatstone Bridge most basic bridge
circuit. Widely used to measure instruments and
control circuits. Have high degree of accuracy.
Kelvin Bridge modification of Wheatstone Bridge
and widely used to measure very low resistance.
Thevenins theorem analytical tool to analyzing
an unbalance Wheatstone bridge.
AC bridge more general form of Wheatstone
bridge.
Different types of AC bridges differ in the types of
impedances in the arms