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 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 495511

Duan Marinkovi
Duan Risti
University of Novi Sad
Faculty of Philosophy

Summary

IDEOLOGY AND DERITUALIZATION

OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
In this paper, the authors attempt to elucidate the historical and social conditions in
which ideology emerged as a discourse that has participated in the process of deritualization
of public communication. Relying on the traditional strongholds of the topic, on Habermas,
Foucault and Gouldner, in this paper ideology is not understood in the traditional and dominant Marxist sense of the term as false consciousness or pathological speech. Authors start
from the hypothesis that ideology is rational discourse but with limited reflexivity who along
with science, technology and politics participated in the process of rationalization of the West
and especially in the constitution of the public sphere of civil society. Also, the authors presume that ideology as a form of thought about the modern epoch and possibilities of rational reconstruction of the social world has failed to obtain autonomous field. That is one of the main
reason why ideology not provide a clearer identity, nor as clear topical and relevant field of
social sciences, with a clearer disciplinary identity. More in the form of a scattered and a diverse speech, ideology is regarded as a new grammar of thought that tends to deritualized old
order of speech. However, the pursuit of deritualization of communication went deeper. It gripped the old sociability in the form of community, an ancient order of symbols and the old matrix of producing the social knowledge. It was very important reason for creating realm of public communication that provided the location for reproduction of ideological speech about
the historical authenticity of the civil society and its rationality.
Keywords: Ideology, Public, Communication, Discours, Deritualization

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532

 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 513533

Miroslav Mladenovi
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Security Studies

Summary

Jelena Ponomareva
Moskow State Institute of international Relations
(University) of the MFA of Russia
Zoran Kilibarda
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Security Studies

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF

COLORFUL REVOLUTIONS
The world, in terms of globalization did not become more stable and predictable. Its main
characteristics today are: turbulence, insecurity, and growth potential for conflicts. The most
important expression of compression of clamps of turbulence becomes events from 2011.
Years, in many countries of North Africa and the Middle East, called the ''Arab revolutions''.
For some, these events are coincidental and spontaneous protest ''dreamers of democracy'',
while for others it is a result of the planned implementation of projects for a global reorganization of the world. Besides the difference in the value perception of colored revolutions,
among theorists there is no agreement even on issues of their target orientation and of their
relationship to democracy, social reasonableness, and especially of compatibility of goals and
the methods for their realizations.
Keywords: colorful revolution, globalisation, democracy, soft power, Arab spring

533

 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 535559

: 342.7(44)

: 1. 2. 2012.

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15. 2004.
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Administratif od 20. 1995, str. 332
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544

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546

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548

 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 535559

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550

 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 535559

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 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 535559

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554

 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 535559

. ,
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1789. . ,

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.
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556

 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 535559

.
.
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1905. .

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Juridique Droit Administratif 26 juli 2004: 1523-1529
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558

 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 535559

Marko Boi
University of Novi Sad
Faculty of Philosophy

Summary

FRENCH LAW ON MUSLIM VEIL

WEARING IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Combining normative analysis of a legal text with a study of a wider social and historical context, this paper tries to prove that the French Law of 15th March 2004, which forbids
displaying of religious symbols, and most of all, the Muslim veil in public schools, does not represent a continuation, but a break up with a liberal-democratic tradition of protection of religious rights of the Fifth Republic. The aforementioned legislation radically changes the idea
of profane, which is, religiously neutral country, as there is a value itself that is being created
out of laicit - an instrumental principle of protection of the freedom of religion, whose protection requires a limitation of the religious freedom. In order to understand the motives of the
French legislator, it is necessary to accompany the normative analysis of laws with an observation of a wider social context in which the mentioned problem occurs. Therefore, this paper
takes into account the need for a multidisciplinary approach, that is, the need to consider both
the historical perspective and the social analysis of the context of the legal prohibition. We are
of belief that from a methodological aspect this paper represents a contribution to those positions in legal science which insist on the necessity of studying a wider social background of
normative solutions as a prerequisite for a successful analysis of a legal text.
Keywords: France, laicit, islam, hijab, Statute of 2004., religious freedom

559

 , vol. XLVI (2012), no. 4, . 561582

: 316.344.7-7

: 5. 3. 2012.

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Marina Radi esti

Biljana Milanovi Dobrota
Vesna Radovanovi
University of Belgrade
Faculty of special education and rehabilitation

Summary

ATTITUDES TOWARDS PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

The fundamental objective of this research is to synthesize and analyze relevant data on
the certain social structures relations towards persons with disabilities by reviewing available
literature over the last twenty years. Society attitudes towards persons with disabilities in the
regular educational system (inclusion) and open economy, the relations of society towards sexuality of persons with disabilities, public awareness of the rights of persons with disabilities
are some of the topics that have been interpreted on several levels. The research results indicate that negative attitudes (pity, awkwardness, fear, low expectations, etc.) towards persons
with disabilities still exist and limit them in all aspects of social life. In this respect, the authors propose diverse mechanisms for modifying attitudes, stigma and discrimination that could be in function of promoting the equality and social participation.
Key words: persons with disabilities, relation of society, attitudes, public opinion, regular educational system, open economy, discrimination

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Danka Radulovi
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation

: 343.3:159.97

: 1. 12. 2012.

THE CORE PROBLEM OF CRIME IN SOCIETY:

PSYCHOPATH OFFENDERS1
This article provides an argument for the thesis that solving the problem of psychopathic crime is essential to reducing crime, in general. The author argues that psychopathy is primarily psychological (not psychiatric) phenomenon that has important implications for criminology. Based on the results of empirical researches, all the relevant indicators of the contribution of psychopathy to crime were analyzed such as: the volume and types of crimes, offenses of violence, juvenile delinquency and recidivism. It was found that the most serious crimes,
early delinquency, criminal career length, the frequency of the crimes, including the dark figure of crime and recidivism, are intrinsically linked to psychopathy. Psychopaths are involved
in all forms of crime, especially the crime of violence. Their violence is instrumental and
predatory, not psychopathological as the mentally ill individuals is; particularly dangerous
are sexual psychopaths. Psychopaths are untreatable and poorly in aversive learning, but
because of the masks of non criminality and socialization they are difficult to identify. They
have a constellation of malignant properties (such as high aggressiveness and amorality) that
are, among others, influenced by sociocultural factors. We need strategic approaches in the
area of state response and prevention of crime, that will ensure reducing psychopathic crime,
but also the creation of the social context in which expression of psychopathic traits and predatory lifestyle is unprofitable and unsustainable.
Key words: crime, psychopathy, offenders, social predators, sociopsychology, criminology.

Introduction
Acknowledging the importance of psychopathy on society and criminal law
system represents one of the biggest changes in the scientific approach to psychopathy in the past several decades (Cleckey,1976, Hare, 1993, Blackburn, 1998,
Momirovi, Popovi, 2002, Radulovi, 2006a). This was a result of numerous
empirical research which revealed that a category of psychopaths offenders, specific in terms of psychology, neurophysiology and criminology, are primary psycho1

The article is a part of the Projects of Ministry of science of Republic of Serbia No. 47008 and

47011.

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Danka Radulovi, The Core Problem of Crime in Society: Psychopath Offenders

logical phenomena (Hare,1996, Radulovic,2006a). Psychopaths could no longer be

viewed as just one of the psychiatric categories of crime, as earlier. Simply because
unlike other types, their antisocial and deviant behaviour is not part of psychopathology process. It is part of their social predators way of life and it represents
an important generator of crime in general and crime of violence in particular.
Psychopathy tops the list of risk factors of future crimes and must be considered not
only a central part of the problem of any punitive strategy of state, but also a strategically important issue in the field of prevention (Radulovic,2006a). Some authors even
treat criminology as applied discipline of psychology, studying psychology of criminal psychopaths (Momirovic,Popovic,2002). Others, as Hare (1996) gave empirical
arguments that psychopathy is psychological construct whose time has come.

1. Who are psychopathic offenders?

The notion psychopathy was introduced by Koch (psychopathic inferiority)
and Kraepelin (psychopathic personalities) in the nineteenth century, instead of
earlier Prichards term moral insanity. It was used as a label for defects in ability to restrain the gratification of immediate egotistical desires, without sings of
insane or hallucination and completely without any disorder or defect of intellect,
and reasoning faculties. It refer as hard temper, shallow affection and lack of feelings, bad habits and moral dispositions, behaviour impulsiveness (Radulovi,
2006a).
At the beginning of twentieth century instead of psychopathy, the term socipathy has been used very often, but more recently this term has fallen out to favour;
nevertheless it was present in the first American classification DSM-I (APA,1952)
as sociopathic personality antisocial reaction (with alcoholism and drug dependence, sexual devitions and antisocial behavior as its subset). Some authors use
terms psychopathy and sociopathy as synonyms; some refer to sociopathy as subtype of psychopathy influenced by social forces and early experience (Radulovic,
2005a).
Contemporary understanding of psychopathy, defined by its link with crime is
reflected on the description of psychopathy in the latest American and International
psychiatric classifications of mental disorders. In American classification DSM-IV
(APA,1994) the definition of antisocial personality disorder (term intend to
describe behaviour aspects of psychopathy), basically points to antisocial orientation of such individuals and the danger that they represent to the society.
Criteria, used to diagnose psychopathy as Antisocial personality disorder
(301.7), are operational through open, behavioural demonstrations of deviant and
criminal conduct in adults (from the age of 18th). But, the connection to behaviour-

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al problems surely existed during juvenile. That is why a diagnostic request for
recording conduct disorder in individuals under the age of 15th , categorized as antisocial personality disorder has been made. In order to establish a diagnosis in adult
age, three out of seven listed characteristics need to be manifest: 1. failure to confirm to social norms with respect to lawful behavior as indicated by repeated performing acts that are grounds for arrest; 2.deceitfulness as indicated by repeated
lying, use of aliases, or cunning others for personal profit or pleasure; 3.impulsivity or failure to plan ahead; 4.irritability or aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated
physical fights or assaults; 5.reckless disregard for safety of self or others; 6.consistent irresponsibility as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work
behavior or honor financial obligations; 7.lack of remorse as indicated by being
indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
This diagnosis excludes the occurrence of antisocial behavior during the
course of mental illness, such as Schizophrenia or Manic Episode.
In International classification ICD-10 (WHO,1992) psychopathy is defined as
dissocial personality disorder (F60.2) usually coming to attention because of a
gross disparity between behavior and the prevailing social norms, and characterized
by at least 3 of the following: (a) callous unconcern for the feelings of others; (b)
gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social norms, rules
and obligations; (c) incapacity to maintain enduring relationships, though having
no difficulty in establishing them; (d) very low tolerance to frustration and a low
threshold for discharge of aggression, including violence; (e) incapacity to experience guilt and to profit from experience, particularly punishment; (f) marked proneness to blame others, or to offer plausible rationalizations, for the behavior that has
brought the patient into conflict with society. There may also be persistent irritability as an associated feature. Conduct disorder during childhood and adolescence,
though not invariably present, may further support the diagnosis.
Unlike the psychiatric description, which remains on the level of antisocial
behaviour, crime psychologists insist on stricter and less inclusive definition of psychopathy, determined primarily by characteristics of an individual which is the
foundation of such behaviour and which becomes evident in early years. They warn
that a psychopath, by its personality, is naturally inclined to committing criminal
offence, so, according to Robert Hare (1993,p.83) crime is a logical outcome of
psychopathy. He defines psychopathy as a cluster of mutually linked affective,
interpersonal and behavioural features with two factors as its base. The first,
aggressive narcissism is characterized by egotism, insensibility and lack of
remorse. It is correlated with narcissistic and histrionic disorders of personality, low
level of anxiety, empathy, pronounced Machiavellianism and narcissism. The sec-

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Danka Radulovi, The Core Problem of Crime in Society: Psychopath Offenders

ond factor is antisocial life style characterized by irresponsible and impulsive

behaviour, need for excitement, unconventional and antisocial conduct. This factor
is most prominently correlated with criminal conduct and undesirable socio-emotional milieu during formative period and the diagnosis of behavioural disorder
and antisocial personality disorder (Harpur, at al.1989).
Over the past forty years, a view has been present in the literature whereby sociopsychobiology does not consider psychopathy a psychiatric category, not even a psychological disorder, but rather a subspecies of men developed through evolution which,
based on strategy of cheating, lying and manipulation, even bloodthirsty violence, successfully acquires resources and all that it desires (Mealey,1995). Hare (1993) himself
describes psychopaths as social predators who use charm, intimidation and violence to
control others and to satisfy personal egocentric, deviant needs. Totally unscrupulous,
lacking empathy and remorse, they calmly take what they want and do as they please
(Hare,1993, p.45). Because of their promiscuous and producing large number of children, without investing in their development, beside social pathway developed psychopaths, it could be expected the number of psychopath with genetic predispositions
might significantly increase.
The author of this paper emphasis importance of psychological, not psychiatric diagnostics of psychopathy, because it has been empirically determined that a
psychopathic disorder, being on the border area between mental health and mental
illness, is primarily psychological by nature, since the same traits, evident in normal people, are also found in psychopaths but are of a different degree of expression (intensity). These also have a different structure which naturally gives manifest behaviour an emphasized antisocial quality (Radulovi, 2006a: p.74).
According to this conception, psychopathy is defined a relatively permanent state
of psychological personality structure which is characterized by: (a) unique compose of personality traits dominated by aggressiveness, (b) antisocial, egocentric
and hedonistic value orientation with a marked lack of moral code and presence of
malevolent intentions; and (c) behavioural demonstration of conduct disorder in
which committing crime stands out ( ibidem p.74).
The listed aspects of psychopathic profile such as distinctively heightened
aggressiveness, lack of moral (or the creation of the so called inverse moral
which operates as if mirrored and according to the principle the worse the better)
and disturbed behaviour are already evident in juvenile (Farrington et al, 1986,
Moffitt, 1993, Radulovic, 2006b).
Regardless of the definition of psychopathy, one of its main features is persistent and varied, deviant and antisocial behaviour which starts at an early age (Hare,
1993, Hart& Hare,1997, Robins,1978,1966, Robins at al. 1991). Regrettably, pro-

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fessional circles rarely mention that delinquency at a childrens age represents one
of the serious early symptoms of psychopathy (Radulovic, 2005b). Instead, early
age when a minor commits his/her first criminal offence is regularly taken for what
it is; a valid, reliable predictor of future delinquent behaviour, unrelated to psychopathy (Radulovic, 2006a). This is how a persons psychopathic personality,
which persistently produces criminal activities and deviant behaviour at later
stages, remains completely unnoticed.

2. Why is psychopathy the core issue in reduction of crime?

How serious an issue psychopathy in crime is, we learn from Hans Eysenck
(1977: 55) who said that the psychopathy presents the riddle of delinquency in particularly pure form, and if we could solve this riddle in relation to the psychopathy, we
might have a very powerful weapon to use on the problem of delinquency in general.
It is not surprise that over the past several decades a lot of researches, socio-psychological in particular, has been dedicated to the relation between psychopathy and
crime (Cleckey, 1976, Hare, 1996, Meloy, 1992, Blackbourn, 1986). Knowledge so far
has been based on the results of such research, undoubtedly proving that psychopathy
is a nucleus of crime, and that focusing on strategically solutions in this area is necessary, bearing in mind that in terms of criminal law, psychopathy is still an enigma(
Eysenck, 1998, Bartol, 2002, Lykken, 1995, Radulovic, 2006a).
Evidence supporting this statement is plentiful and here only some of relevant
indicators of its importance for reduction of crime will be presented.
The role of psychopathy is crime is analyzed concerning all relevant criminological parameters as: intensity of crime, duration of criminal career, incidence in
penal institution, criminal versatile, violent offences and recidivism. Beside that,
next important issues are analyzed: early juvenile delinquency as indicator of psychopathy, deficit of aversive learning of psychopath offenders, unsatisfactory
effects of resocialization, failure of specialized treatments and difficulties of identification of psychopaths in criminal and noncriminal population and at last, psychological characteristics of psychopaths relevant for crime.

3. Relevant criminological indicators of substantial role

of psychopathy in crime
3.1. Intensity of crime
Majority of criminal offences is committed by psychopaths, even when we
find them in relatively low percent in some samples (Farrington et al,1986, Hare,
1996 ) . They commit all types of offences on a much larger scale, including the

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Danka Radulovi, The Core Problem of Crime in Society: Psychopath Offenders

acts which do not constitute physical violence (fraud, forgery, crimes against the
property, and economic crime) and acts of violence in particular (Hart, Hare, 1997,
Radulovic,2006a). Many reports indicate that psychopaths are convicted two to
three times as often for all criminal offences than non-psychopaths and even four
times as often for acts of criminal violence ( Hare, McPherson, 1984). That is the
best proof of how intense their criminal behaviour is, although their real, illegal
activities are most probably even more intense, since many of their deeds remain
undetected. It is deemed that they are responsible for the bulk of the dark figures of
crime ( Beck,1993).

3.2. Criminal career

Criminal career of a psychopathic delinquent is much longer than that of a
non-psychopathic criminals, because the former begins their career very early in
life, most likely before 15th , usually around the age of 10th , and such a career lasts
throughout their lives.
That goes for all types of criminal acts, although in later years (after forty)
arrests of psychopaths involved in concealment of crime are less frequent (and are
reduced to capturing of non-psychopaths), solely for violent crimes, and not for
crime against the property (Hare, 1993). Because their criminal activities are permanent and persistent, criminal-law system, in fact does not cease to deal with them
for, as long as they live. At the same time, the society is inflicted enormous material and social damage. Nevertheless they know very well that they are doing
unlawfully (in opposite to mental ill psychosis who are unable to understand rules
and consequences), psychopaths show a stunning lack of concern for the devastation effects their actions have on others, they do not care for the pain and destruction they cause; and with completely lack of guilty they continuous to be ruler broker.

3.3. Incidence in penal institutions

The higher the incidence of psychopathy we could find in the higher the level
of security of a penal institution. While generally psychopaths representation within the criminal population is about 20% (although they are accounted for the majority of criminal activities) research shows that most of about 70% of adult offenders
that we meet in penal institutions with closed and very closed regimes, have psychopathic personality(Radulovic,2006a). If we use mentioned criteria for antisocial
personality disorder the percent will be much higher in that setting, nearly 90%. As
minors, criminal psychopaths all went, unsuccessfully, through all types of sanc-

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tioning of juvenile delinquency, as determined by the law, starting with educational measures of individual supervision, and including referral to correction institutions, institutions for state supervised education, or specialized institution for treatment and rehabilitation, and punishment of juvenile confinement.

3.4. Criminal versatile

Criminal activities of psychopaths, unlike those of non-psychopathic criminals, are incomparably diverse (Hart, Hare, 1997). Psychopaths do not specialized
in a particular type of crime but they commit all kinds of criminal offences and also,
without fail acts of violence (85-90% of all cases). Even though they may prefer a
particular types of crime, for example serial killing, their criminal careers show
their involvement in all types of criminal activities, whether or not officially registered (Radulovic,2006a). Tenacity, flexibility and a high degree of criminal potential of psychopaths is reflected in the very fact that their criminal activities are highly extensive and actually include all forms of crime, classic as well as new ones.
These encompass minor theft, traffic violations, deceit, forgery, false introduction,
family violence, kidnapping, extortion, corruption, car theft, burglary, banditry,
robbery, murder, white slavery, trafficking in human organs, computer fraud, narcotics trafficking, various types of sexual offences, marketing of products detrimental to human health, terrorism, espionage, homicide and luring to suicide within sects, business crime, making and spreading criminal associations globally,
numerous varieties of criminal activities of organized crime, etc. Psychopaths are
very proud of their enormous criminal versatility (Hare1993), just as for the enormous dark number of crime they are able to generate ( Radulovic, 2006a, Hare,
1996).

3.5. Violent offences

In a dynamic and very versatile criminal career of a psychopath, cases of
severe acts of violence are often found (Blackburn, 1998, 1986, Momirovi,
Popovic, 2002, Radulovic, 2004, 2006a). Psychopaths are generally violent both
within their families and at work, and especially towards unfamiliar individuals but
also to various officials. Largest numbers of extremely destructive criminals, such
as serial killers, are recruited from the ranks of psychopaths (Radulovi, 2004).
Particularly common and dangerous form of psychopathic violence, and continually recurring, is sexual violence, whose victims are youngsters as well as adults
(Quinsey et al., 1995, Harris et al. 1991, Hare, McPherson, 1984). A psychopathic
offender with a diagnosis of being a sexual sadist is deemed the most dangerous

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type of delinquent within a criminal population, in general. They are the hardest
recidivists and their sexual offenses start very early, as minors (Hart, Hare, 1997).
Apart from physical forms of violent behaviour, psychopaths are also prone to psychological violence, too, which sadly is not legislatively sanctioned although it
weighs differently compared to psychological violence of non-psychopaths,
because it tends to directly and unexpectedly change into a severe form of physical
violent behaviour (Radulovi, 2004).

3.6. Criminal recidivism

Psychopathy occupies the key place in crime due to extremely high incidences
of recidivism of psychopaths, so one can ask whether a serious criminal recurrence
can happen outside psychopathy (Cornell at al., 1996, Momirovi, Popovic, 2002).
Psychopaths are undoubtedly the largest category of recidivists (over 70%)
(Radulovic, 2007).
The rate of general recidivism of psychopaths is three times higher than general recidivism of non-psychopaths, whereas the rate of violent recidivism is four
times higher (Hemphill, at al. 1998). This being one of the most significant indicators of their chronic criminal behaviour (Skilling et al., 2002). With risk factors of
criminal recurrence all taken to one side, and psychopathy on to the other, the psychopathy risk level surpasses by far all other factors together, regardless of the type
of crime (Radulovic, 2007, Skilling et al., 2002, Momirovic et al. 1996).
Recidivism of psychopathic juvenile delinquents is one of the surest signs that
they will develop into most dangerous, hardest, most ruthless and unrelenting criminals who take crime for a way of living (Radulovic, 2005b, 2007, Momirovi,
Hoek, 1997).

4. Early juvenile delinquency as indicator of psychopathy

Juvenile delinquency of early psychopaths is a problem which many countries,
including the well developed ones, are faced with. Some authors, among which are
Lykken (1995), Reid (1998) Hare (1993) and others talk about epidemics of psychopathic delinquency. In the Untied States one fifth of the gravest criminal
offences are committed by young offenders, mostly psychopaths. The rate of rise in
juvenile delinquency, with psychopathy being a large part of it, has been, for the
past fifty years, 250% (Reid, 1998, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998). Juvenile
psychopathic delinquents differ from juvenile non-psychopathic delinquents in
their criminological characteristics, which can be indispensable in their early detection within delinquent population. As well as starting early, young delinquents com-

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mit all types of criminal acts as minors, with acts of violence being at the top
(whereas non-psychopaths are more likely to commit crimes against the property);
participating in new forms of crime but also developing them.
Youngest recidivists, leaders of juvenile gangs, destructive vandals, delinquents who commit the most serious acts of violence impersonally, as if doing them
was their job, while sending innocent victims (usually unknown individual) messages nothing personal, come from their ranks. Criminal behaviour of juvenile
delinquents is persistent, while crime, deviations, addiction disorders, and premature sexual activities represent regular occurrences. In contrast, juvenile non-psychopathic delinquency is often of transient character and is usually situational or
linked to adolescent crisis (Radulovic, 2005b). Differences between juvenile psychopathic and non-psychopathic delinquents are particularly prominent in acts of
violence. Violence committed by juvenile psychopaths is callous, cold-blooded,
like a business, uncomplicated, and unstoppable. It is carried out without inhibitions, feeling of guilt, empathy and fear, and with a huge potential for dehumanization of victims, interspersed with brutality and sadism. It is generally planned, calculated, and instrumental (Cornell at al., 1996), oriented to a particular goal such as
money, sensual pleasure, status, domination, control, or is motivated by revenge or
desire to punish the victim. This often happens when the person is a state of intoxication; sometimes it is connected to persons impulsive nature or is motivated by
an abnormal need for excitement or risk, or is done simply for the fun. In contrast, juvenile non-psychopathic violence is reactive and happens in states of
heightened emotional tension, rage, anger; as a reaction to an event or a misjudged
situation, in which victims are often familiar and close people. Research shows that
various types of juvenile psychopaths contribute to the worrying rise of juvenile
delinquency. Apart from the so called frustrated juvenile psychopaths (brought
up in an inadequate, cold, hostile or pathogen family environment) we find among
delinquents more and more of the so called spoilt juvenile psychopaths who
come from affluent families in which they were overprotected and whose parents
were overly permissive. Lykken (1995, 1998) determined that, along with important, relatively unchanging presence of the so called genotype psychopathic
crime, generated by the temperament of a predisposed adolescent psychopath who
is free of fear and with a weak inhibition system, the world has been overwhelmed
by delinquency of the so called phenotype juvenile psychopaths (also called
sociopaths) whose psychopathic profile is the result of negative socialization (the
break-up of families being the main cause). Beside all similarity to genotype psychopathy (egotism, aggressiveness, lack of feeling of guilt etc), phenotype psychopathy also differs from it in one aspect there is no lack of anxiety. On the con-

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trary, anxiety is quiet evident here. According to Lykken (1998) delinquency of

this, most numerous categories of socially formed psychopaths can be reduced by
a serious, systemic approach by the society which is focused on prevention and particularly to the improvement of social and educational skills of parents. Lykken also
believes that, even children with genotype disposition towards crime, helped by
skilled parenting, can be redirected into a socially desirable direction. In his opinion, even the deep-rooted psychopathic features such as the lack of fear, heightened
aggressiveness and need for excitement, which result in delinquency, can be adequately channelled into sociable acceptable forms of behaviour but only if backed
by sound abilities of parents.
With juvenile psychopathic delinquency on the rise, what is also apparent is
psychopathic bend of the system of values which results in favouring parasitism,
egotism, Machiavellianism, hedonism, emotional unresponsiveness and blatant
forcing of deviant forms of behaviour into becoming conventional, socially acceptable (Radulovi, Jugovi, 2011).

5. Deficit of aversive learning of psychopath offenders

Long criminal career starting from juvenile period and high rate of criminal reoffences convincingly proves that usually punitive reactions to criminal psychopaths do not produce results; so defining new specific strategy for psychopathic offenders has become a necessity. Failure to apply punishment is expected, with
this category of offenders, bearing in mind that it has been experimentally proved
that psychopaths are less receptive to punishment than non-psychopaths (Lykken,
1957, Momirovi i dr, 1974, 1979, Radulovic 2008b). With some definitions of
psychopathy, difficulties of aversive learning, noticeable from early childhood, is
taken as one of its defining characteristics (Radulovic, 2008c). Pointing out to the
inefficacy of punitive system, Cleckey (1976) suggested that punishing psychopaths is the same as trying to teach mathematics to an imbecile. One of the better known psychological explanations of crime, based on psychopathy and known
as the theory of aversive learning deficit, explains delinquent behaviour of psychopaths as poor learning of passive avoidance that is weak aversive conditioning
(Radulovic, 2008b).

6. Unsatisfactory effects of resocialization

High incidence of recidivism clearly indicates that so far the methods of working with psychopathic criminals which rest on principles of resocialization, have
been an absolute failure. So we can agree with Hare (1993: 219) saying that crim-

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inal justice system spends billions of dollars every year in a vain attempt to rehabilitate or resocialize psychopaths. We must not ignoring the fact that, nevertheless psychopaths could have good manner and be charming, they, in fact, never
have been socialized, so how could we expect that they could be re-socialized
(Hare, 1993, Radulovic, 2008c). We can also agree with the supporters of the psychological approach saying that, thanks to our naive aspiration to humanize psychopaths, we put the entire society in danger because they, psychopaths, like
manipulative social predators, transform us into their easy prey (Mealey, 1995,
Reid, 1998). Physically aggressive psychopaths, however, do not appear violent at
first glance, but rather leave an impression of kind, socialized individuals, well
mannered, friendly towards people (Cleckey, 1976). But their deeds show them in
a completely different light and clearly suggest that the process of socialization has
basically never been accomplished (Radulovi, 2004). That is why prevention is the
only valid alternative (Radulovic, 2006a: 542).

7. Failure of specialized treatments

Failure of almost all applicable even specialized treatment programmes for
psychopaths so far, including psychotherapy, further supports the issue of the need
for quite different method of treatment of criminal psychopaths. Psychopaths are
totally resistant to treatment because they are perfectly content with themselves and
do not possess a genuine desire to change, not even when making declarative promises (Radulovic, 2012). Neither do they have an emotional potential for bonding
and transfer that is essential for therapy.
Some forms of psychotherapy (such as psychodynamics and nondirective
client oriented therapy) fail not only to produce satisfactory results, but are contraindicated because psychopaths learn from them how to manipulate people, even
better; so that recidivism of psychopaths is even higher after application of such
therapies (Rice, at al.,1992, Radulovic,2007). Somewhat more favorable results,
but limited and short-lived, come from behavioural approaches which are based on
the leaning theory, but their effects are quickly lost as well (Radulovic, 2012).

8. Difficulties of identification of psychopaths

in criminal population
Identification of psychopaths among adult criminals is the most difficult diagnostic problems of forensic work. Psychopaths are difficult to identify even when
they commit gravest criminal acts, such as serial killing. It is exceptionally hard to
do so in their adult years because their mask of health and non-criminality is

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extraordinary; and co-morbidity with addiction diseases (van Limbeck idr, 1992)
very discernible which is why their criminal acts are attributed mostly to alcoholism, drug influence and the like, and thus the psychopathic type of personality
remains completely undetected (Cleckey, 1976, Blackburn, 1985, Hart, Hare, 1997,
Cantwell, 1980). At first glance psychopaths seem ordinary or even social well integrated. Besides, they appear healthier and more stable than normal people (Hare,
1993). They do not expose fear when most people do, externalize responsibility,
convincingly rationalize their behaviour, freely speak their mind, appear complacent, non-aggressive, and polite (Bartol, 2002). Without hesitating, they seek new
opportunities which they regularly obtain from various officials, whom they meet,
because they make an impression of non-criminals and confident individuals. Hare
(1993) organized workshops for forensic experts and authorities on jurisdiction and
implementation, presenting to participants video shots of interviews conducted during prison examinations of serious, violent delinquents. The experts were not told
who the people in the video shots were, but were expected to conclude that, based
on authentically recorded statements and behaviour of the interviewees. Majority
of delinquents made positive impression on the experts who gave them marks such
as very impressive, honest and righteous, possesses good interpersonal
skills, intelligent and articulated and the like. The knowledge about criminal history and arrests of the subjects from the video shots, which they acquired later,
came as a great surprise to them. It also served as a lesson about how aggressive
psychopaths present themselves in a positive light, thus making it very difficult to
ascertain, based solely on their appearance and stories, that they are in fact hardened criminal. That is why it is essential to detect this personality profile as early
as possible.
Identification of psychopaths within a delinquent population is made more difficult also because of a detrimental tendency to wrongly equate or mix psychopathy
with a severe mental disorder psychosis, which is spread not only among public
but also among experts outside psychological and psychiatric fields (lawyers, pedagogues, etc). It must be absolutely clear that with psychopathy it is not a question
of a pathogen process, but a relatively permanent state that is a psychological disorder of a persons structure that is evident in early developmental phases. Because
of configuration of their personality traits, psychopaths are placed, rather early in
life, between the mentally sane and the mentally ill, staying permanently prone to
social deviations and crime, despite of the persons being aware of their own
actions. This prejudice is permanently maintained not merely because of ignorance,
but also because normal people find it difficult to perceive the existence of persons
who know exactly what they are doing, even when they are perpetrating the cru-

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ellest of deeds: ferocious murders, rape, felony, which they perform repeatedly,
unstoppably and lacking emotion, as is the case with psychopaths
(Radulovic,2006a).

9. Psychological characteristics of psychopaths relevant for crime

Numerous psychological studies found out psychopaths patterns of personality
traits is prone to crime (Lykken, 1995, Blackburn, 1985, 1986, Eysenck, 1977,
Radulovic, 2008a). They also confirm the hypotheses that psychopaths offenders are
different from others offenders just in psychological traits that are relevant for crime.
Psychopathic offenders exhibit a distinct set of personality traits, primary character
deficits that predispose them toward long term criminality (Hare et al. 1992,
Momirovic, Popovic, 2002, Cleckey, 1976, Bartol, 2002). Affective life of psychopaths
is on low level, marked with chronic anger and explosiveness, without deeply felt emotions for others, without guilt or remorse. Their feelings are pre-socialized with domination of boredom, excitement, range, envy etc. Emotions related to others are completely absent as: empathy, sympathy, gratitude, guilty, etc. (Goleman, 1997). Criminal
psychopaths are selfcentred, grandiose, pathological narcissistic, identified with predatory objects (Meloy,1992). Their relationships are defined by dominance, not affection,
just as their violent crime is primary predatory, rather than affective violence, motivated often by hedonistic calculation and higher level of aggression.
Large number of studies directly supported Eysenck`s thesis that psychoticism as
a measure of psychopathy very significantly distinguish, not only between criminals
and non-criminals, but also among chronic criminals and others who are not psychological prone to crime (Rutter, Rutter, 1993). Traits correlation together to define psychoticism are attributed as: aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial,
unempathic, creative, tough-minded (Eysenck, Zuckerman, 1976, Eysenck, 1998).
In the research of Radulovic (2008a) conducted on the sample of 322 serious
offenders (with subsample of 209 psychopaths), it was found out that the psychopath
offenders were more aggressive, dissociate, hysteric and amoral, with lower level of
perceptive and verbal abilities, than non-psychopath offenders. That personality pattern
makes them very dangerous and inclined to chronic predators violent crime (Radulovic,
2008a).

Conclusion
Judging from the analysis of the researches results in the field of psychology
of crime, psychopath offenders are the key target category to reduction of crime;
specially part that is most worrying, and is the hardest and so far unsolvable, and

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the one which many countries around the world are faced with, in their unsuccessful endeavours to combat it, despite their developed economies, socio-political systems and enormous funds and efforts invested in attempts to prevent its spreading.
Contribution of psychopathy to crime is substantial concerning all relevant
criminological parameters as: the extent of committed crime, early juvenile delinquency, durations of criminal career, criminal versatile, and commitment of violence, especially cold blooded, calculated, instrumental violence offences, severity
of criminal act, untreatability and very high rate of recidivism. Obviously, psychopathy is not merely an isolated category of crime, but represents its nucleus
(Eycenck, 1977, 1998, Radulovic, 2006: 523).
That is why any kind of work aimed at reduction and prevention of crime is
destined to have modest results for as long as the essential role of psychopathy in
crime is overlooked; together with the fact that psychopathic offenders are not
essentially, psychiatric phenomena (Radulovic, 2008c).
Psychopathy can be best understood in the social context, just from its relation
to crime. It is a psychological phenomena which, being a deviation of normality
that lacks the quality of mental illness has attributes of a relatively permanent psychological profile which contain personality traits that are interpersonally malevolent (high level of aggressiveness, amoral, hysteria etc.). Constellation of such psychological traits presents serious and dangerous psychological potential, predisposed to crime (Radulovic, 2006a).
Among others, socio-cultural factors play important role in etiology of these
malevolent personality traits (ibidem: 236). That is why socio-psychology of psychopathy, undoubtedly, deserves proper attention, so that efforts of reduction of
crime and preventive efforts would not end like the attempts aimed at resocialization of psychopaths did a total failure.
Different strategy approach for solving problem of criminal psychopaths as
social predators is needed, based on socio psychological, instead of clinical
researches (ibidem: 528).
In that approach we have to bear in mind that psychopaths are not only in neither jails, nor are they on society margins (Radulovic, 2008c). Authors as Cleckey
(1976) and Hare (1993) warned us that our failure to acknowledge the psychopaths are among us, triggered a social crisis (ibidem: p.163). Nowadays signs
of social threatening, predators way of living are everywhere, promoted and intruded as social acceptable model. Psychopathic life style became more widespread,
making social crisis and crime much worse, so we could agree with Hares thesis
of living in the camouflage of society (ibidem: 175).

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Ljubia Mitrovi
University of Ni
Faculty of Philosophy

Summary

REPRODUCTION OF CLASS RELATIONS UNDER

THE CONDITIONS OF THE EMERGENCE
OF PERIPHERAL CAPITALISM
The publication of Lazis book ekajui kapitalizam (Waiting for Capitalism) in 2011
represents a suitable occasion for reconsidering the theoretical and methodological aspects of
contemporary research of class structure in Serbian sociology and for analysing the major
factors of emergence and development of the new class relations in Serbia. The paper focuses
on the evolution of Lazis theoretical and methodological approach in sociological research
of the reproduction of the class structure in three periods up to 1990, from 1990 to 2000, and
from 2000 to 2010. The paper also problematizes the issue of the factors that determine the reproduction of the Serbian class structure today and approaches that issue in view of development strategies and the emergence of peripheral capitalism. The paper advocates the need for
a renewal of the class appraoch in sociological analysis and for reaffirmation of a complementary theoretical and methodological appraoch in contemporary sociological research and
in the analysis of the problems related to social structure.
Key Words and Phrases: social structure, stratification, class analysis, development strategies, division of social power, peripheral capitalism

612

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*
Dominik Mojsi: Geopolitika emocija. Kako kulture straha, ponienja i nade
utiu na oblikovanje sveta. Beograd: Clio, 2012., str. 204.
,
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i nastavna sredstva, Beograd, 1997.
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ISSN 0085-6320 =
COBISS.SR-ID 932111

SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW
Vol. XLVI (2012), n. 4,
OctoberDecember
Journal of Serbian Sociological Society
Established as annual 1938
Renewed as annual 1961
As a review since 1964
Published by
Serbian Sociological Society
in cooperation with
Institute of Criminological and Sociological
Research, and
Institut of Social Sciences,
Belgrade
Editorial Board
Slobodan Vukovi (Beograd), Slaana Dragii-Laba (Beograd), Slaana uri
(Beograd), Zsolt Lazar (Novi Sad), Pavle Milenkovi (Novi Sad), Dragana
Stjepanovi-Zaharijevski (Ni), Lilijana ikari (Beograd), Aleksandar Joki
(Portland State University, USA), Veljko Vujai (Oberlin College, Ohio, USA),
Marjorie Cohn (Santa Clara University School of Law, USA)
Editor in Chief
Zsolt Lazar
Deputy Editor
Slaana uri
Sociological Review is published four times a year.
The annual subscription for foreign countries is 40 .
Orders and subscription fees should be sent to
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Terazije, 27/II, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Internet site:
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SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW
Periodical of Serbian Sociological Society

* Vol. XLVI (OctoberDecember, 2012), no. 4 | YU ISSN 0085-6320, UDK 316 *

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ARTICLES
Duan Marinkovi, Duan Risti
Ideology and Deritualization of Public Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495511
Miroslav Mladenovi, Jelena Ponomareva, Zoran Kilibarda
Theory and Practice of Colorful Revolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513533
Marko Boi
French Law on Muslim Veil Wearing in Public Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535559
Marina Radi esti, Biljana Milanovi Dobrota,
Vesna Radovanovi
Attitudes Towards Persons with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561582

: . . . . 583600
Ljubia Mitrovi
Reproduction of Class Relations Under the Conditions
of the Emergence of Peripheral Capitalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601612
Zdravko Kuinar
The First Attempt at Foundation of a Department of Sociology
at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613618
REVIEWS
Nikola Boilovi
Balance of Emotions in the Era of Globalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619626