This is the Windows version of Cory's answer. This assumes you use Windows 7.

Launch the Magnifier. Search for it in the Start Menu.

Click on the Gear icon to enter the options. In the Options, check "Turn on colo
r inversion".
Click OK to go back to the main window of the Magnifier.
Click on the "Minus" button until it shows 100%. Then click on "Views" and selec
t "Full screen".
Your complete screen will have the inverted colors. Including your PDF reader, y
ou just have to put it full screen.