Math 307A- Autumn 2008

Basic Formulas

Algebra
b2
b
+ c.
Completing the square: X 2 + bX + c = (X + )2
2
4
b b2 4ac
.
Quadratic formula: roots of aX 2 + bX + c are
2a

ab
bc
b c
bc
1/b
b
Exponents: ab ac = ab+c ;
a.
=
a
;
(a
)
=
a
;
a
=
ac
Geometry
4
Circle: circumference = 2r; area = r 2 . Sphere: vol = r 3 ; surface area = 4r 2 .
3
2
Cylinder: vol = r h; lateral area = 2rh; total surface area = 2rh + 2r 2 .
p
p
1
Cone: vol = r 2 h; lateral area = r r 2 + h2 ; total surface area = r r 2 + h2 + r 2 .
3
Analytic geometry
Point-slope formula for straight line: y = y0 + m(x x0 ).
Circle centered at (h, k): (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r 2 .

Ellipse with semimajor axis along x-axis and semiminor axis along y-axis:

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 1.
a2
b

Trigonometry
opposite
adjacent
opposite
; cos =
; tan =
;
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
adjacent
1
1
1
sin
cos
sec =
; csc =
; cot =
; tan =
; cot =
;
cos 
sin
tan
cos
sin




x ; cos x = sin
x ;
sin x = cos
2
2
sin(x + ) = sin x; cos(x + ) = cos x.
a
b
c
Law of sines:
=
=
. Law of cosines: a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A.
sin A
sin B
sin C
Sum of angles: sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y; cos(x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y;
tan x + tan y
tan(x + y) =
1 tan x tan y
sin =

sin2 and cos2 formulas: sin2 x + cos2 x = 1; tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x; 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x ;
1 + cos(2x)
1 cos(2x)
; cos2 x =
.
2


2
x+y
yx
Product formula: cos x cos y = 2 sin
sin
.
2
2
sin2 x =

Calculus.
Basic differentiation formulae:

d
du dv d
dv
du
(u + v) =
+
, (uv) = u
+v
.
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx


1
dv
du
d u
= 2 v
u
, for v 6= 0.
dx v
v
dx
dx

dz
dz dy
=
.
dx
dy dx
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
Z
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a) and
f (x)dx = F (x) + C
if F 0 (x) = f (x) then

Chain rule:

Differentiation of limits of integral:

Derivatives of specific functions:

d
dx

dxn

g(x)
f (x)

h(u) du = h (g(x)) g0 (x) h (f (x)) f 0 (x)

= nxn1 ;

dex
dln|x|
1
= ex ;
= ;
dx
dx
x

dx
d sin x
d cos x
d tan x
= cos x;
= sin x;
= sec2 x;
dx
dx
dx
1
1
dArctan x
dArcsin x
=
=
.
;
2
dx
dx
1 + x2
1x
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Basic integration formulae:
(u + v) dx = u dx + v dx;
au dx = a u dx;
Z
Z
Substitution:
f (u(x)) u0 (x) dx = F (u(x)) , where
f (u)du = F (u);
Z
Z
Integration by parts:
u dv = uv v du;

Standard integrals:
Z
Z
Z
dx
xn+1
n
+ C (n 6= 1);
= ln |x| + C;
ex dx = ex + C;
x dx =
n+1
x
Z
Z
sin x dx = cos x + C;
cos x dx = sin x + C;
Z
Z
p
dx
xdx

= Arcsin x + C;
= 1 x2 + C;
1 x2
1 x2
Z
Z
dx
x dx
1
= Arctan x + C;
= ln(1 + x2 ) + C
1 + x2
1 + x2
2
Rational with quadratic denominator:
If the degree of the numerator is not smaller than the degree of the denominator, divide.
If the denominator does not factor use above two integrals and substitution.
If the denominator does factor, then write
A
B
ax + b
=
+
which is the same as: ax + b = A(x d) + B(x c)
(x c)(x d)
xc xd
Set x=c then x=d to find A and B, given a and b.