Order of arithmetic’s operation rules

1. Work with parenthesis ( ), brackets [ ], and braces {} from innermost and work outward.
2. Simplify exponents/power and roots working from left to right.
3. Do division and multiplication, do whichever come first form left to right.
4. Do addition and subtraction, whichever come first from left to right.
5. Rounding off.
Algebraic properties
1. Commutative property: The order of elements does not make any difference in the
outcome. This is only true for multiplication and addition.
2. Distributive property: The process of distributing a number on the outside of the
parentheses to each number of the inside;
a ( b+ c )=ab+ ac
3. Associative property: Grouping does not make any difference:

( a+ b ) +c=a+ ( b+c )( ab ) c =a ( bc )
Algebraic operation rules
1. Commutative law of addition
a+ b=b+a
2. Commutative law of multiplication
a ∙ b=b ∙ a
3. Associative law of addition
a+ ( b+c )=( a+b ) +c
4. Associative law of multiplication
a ∙ ( b ∙ c ) =( a ∙ b ) ∙ c
5. Distributive lawa ( b+ c )=ab+ aca ( b−c )=ab−ac
6. Cancellation law of addition
a+ c=b+ c ↔ a=b
7. Cancellation law of multiplication
a ∙ c=b ∙ c ↔ a=b whilec ≠ 0
Rules of Algebra
a b b
1. Division ax=b x= x=
a a a
 2. Multiplication

x x
=ba =ab x=ab
a a
3. Subtraction x +a=bx +a−a=b−ax=b−a
4. Addition

x−a=b x−a+ a=b+ax=b+ a

5. Inversion

1 1
=ax=
x a
6. Squaring

√ x=ax=a 2
7. Square root

x 2=ax=± √ a
8. Natural log

e x =aln ( e x ) =ln a x=ln a

9. Exponential

ln x=ae ln x =e a x=e a
Algebraic Identities
1. ( a+ b )2=a 2+ 2ab+ b2=(−a−b )2
2. ( a−b )2 =a2−2 ab+ b2
3. a 2−b2= ( a+b ) ( a−b )
4. ( a+ b+c )2=a 2+ b2 +c 2+ 2 ab+2 bc+2 ca
5. ( a+ b−c )2 =a2 +b2 +c 2 +2 ab−2bc −2ca
6. ( a−b+ c )2 =a2 +b2 +c 2−2ab−2 bc+ 2ca
7. (−a+ b+c )2=a2+ b2 +c 2−2 ab+2 bc−2 ca=( a−b−c )2
8. ( a+ b )3=a3+ b3 +3 ab ( a+ b )
9. ( a−b )3 =a3 +b3 −3 ab ( a−b )
 10. a 3+ b3=( a+ b )3−3 ab ( a+b ) =( a+b ) ( a2−ab+ b2 )
11. a 3−b3 =( a−b )3 +3 ab ( a−b )= ( a−b ) ( a2 +ab+ b2 )
12. a 3+ b3 +c 3−3 abc=( a+b+ c ) ( a 2+b 2+ c 2−ab−bc−ca )If a+ b+c=0, then a 3+ b3 +c 3=3 abc
13. ( x +a ) ( x+ b )=x 2 + ( a+b ) x +ab
14. ( a+ b+c )3=a3+ b3 +c 3 +6 abc +3 ( a2 b+ a b2+ b2 c+ b c 2+ c 2 a+ c a 2)
2 2 2 2
15. ( a 1+ a2 +…+a n ) =a 1+ a2+ …+a n+ 2(a1 a2 +a2 a3 +…+ an−1 an )
2
16. a 4 +b 4=( a2+ b2 ) −2 a 2 b2¿ ( a 2+ √ 2 ab+ b2 )( a2− √ 2 ab+b 2 )

17. a 4−b 4 =( a2−b2 ) ( a2 +b 2)¿ ( a+ b ) ( a−b ) ( a2 +b2 )

18. a 5+ b5=( a+ b ) ( a 4−a 3 b+ a2 b2−a b3 +b4 )
19. a 5−b5 =( a−b ) ( a4 + a3 b+a 2 b2 + a b3 +b4 )
Rules of exponents
1. Multiplication rule a x × a y =a x+ y
2. Division rule a x ÷ a y =a x− y
y
3. Power of a power rule ( a x ) =axy
4. Power of a product rule ( ab )x =a x b x
a x ax
5. Power of a fraction rule ()
b
= x
b
6. Zero exponent a 0=1
1
7. Negative exponent a−x =
ax
x
8. Fractional exponent a y =√ a x
y

Rationalization is the process of eliminating a radicals or imaginary number from the

denominator of an algebraic fraction
Constants
e = 2.71828
Rules of differentiation
dy d2 y
( y ' denotes , y ' ' denotes , and so on)
dx d x2
1. ( c )' =0 (the constant rule)
2. ( cu )' =c u' (c constant)
3. ( u+v )' =u' + v ' (the sum rule)
4. ( u−v )' =u' −v ' (the difference rule)
5. ( uv )' =u' v +uv ' (product rule)
u ' u' v−u v '
6. () v
=
v2
(quotient rule)

dy dy du
7. = ∙ (chain rule)
dx du dx
dg df d
8. f + g = ( fg ) (reverse product rule)
dx dx dx
'
9. ( x n ) =n x n−1 (the power rule)
'
10. ( e x ) =e x
'
11. ( e ax ) =a e ax
'
12. ( a x ) =a x ln a
Derivative of trigonometric functions
13. ¿
14. ( cos x )' =−sin x
15. ¿
16. ( cot x )' =−csc 2 x
Derivative of hyperbolic functions
17. ( sinh x )' =cosh x
18. ¿
19. ( tanh x )' =sech2 x
20. ( csch x )' =−csch x coth x
21. ( sech x )' =−sech x tanh x
22. ( coth x )' =−csch 2 x
23. ¿
' log a e
24. ( log a x ) =
x
25. ¿
' −1
26. ( arccos x ) =
√ 1−x 2
' 1
27. ( arctan x ) =
1+ x2
28. ¿
Rules of integration
1. ∫ c dx=cx+ c 2 (constant rule)
2. ∫ cx dx=c ∫ x dx (coefficient rule)
3. ∫ (u+ v) dx=∫ u dx +∫ v dx (summation rule)
4. ∫ ( u−v ) dx=∫ u dx −∫ v dx (difference rule)
n x n+1
5. ∫ x dx= + c (n ≠−1) (power rule)
n+1
6. ∫ f ( g ( x ) ) [ g' ( x ) dx ]=F ( g ( x ) ) +c (F is an antiderivative of f ) (chain rule)
4
∫ 36 x 2 √6 x 3 +5 dx
Substitute u=6 x3 +5 and du=18 x2 dx :
1 1 5
2 8
¿ 2∫ u ( 18 x dx )=2 ∫ u du= u 4 + c
4 4
5
8
Substitute back for u=6 x3 +5 : →= ¿
5
' '
7. ∫ u v dx=uv− ∫ u v dx (integration by part)∫ u dv =uv−∫ v du (integration by parts)
Choosing u in the following order: LIATE
a. Logs
b. Inverse
c. Algebraic
d. Trig
e. Exponential
1
8. ∫ x dx=ln ¿ x∨¿+c ¿
ax 1 ax
9. ∫ e dx= e + c
a
Integrals involving trigonometric functions
10. ∫ sin x dx=−cos x +c

11. ∫ cos x dx=sin x +c

2
12. ∫ sec x dx=tan x +c
2
13. ∫ csc x dx=−cot x +c

14. ∫ sec x tan x dx=sec x +c

15. ∫ csc x cot x dx=−csc x +c

16. ∫ tan x dx=−ln |cos x|+c=ln ¿ sec x∨¿+c ¿

17. ∫ cot x dx=ln|sin x|+ c

18. ∫ sec x dx=ln|sec x+ tan x|+c

19. ∫ csc x dx=ln|csc x−cot x|+ c

dx 1 x
20. ∫ = arctan + c
2
x +a 2
a a
dx x
21. ∫ =arcsin + c
√ a −x2 2 a
dx x
22. ∫ 2
=arcsinh +c
2 a
√ x +a
dx x
23. ∫ 2
=arccosh +c
2 a
√ x −a
2 1 1
24. ∫ sin x dx= x− sin 2 x +c
2 4
2 1 1
25. ∫ cos x dx= x + sin 2 x +c
2 4
2
26. ∫ tan x dx=tan x−x+ c
2
27. ∫ cot x dx=−cot x−x +c

28. ∫ ln x dx=x ln x−x+ c

ax e ax (
29. ∫ e sin bx dx= a sin bx−b cos bx ) +c
a2 +b 2
ax eax (
30. ∫ e cos bx dx = 2 2 a cos bx+b sinbx ) +c
a +b
Integrals involving hyperbolic functions
31. ∫ sinh x dx=cosh x+ c

32. ∫ cosh x dx=sinh x+ c

2
33. ∫ sech x dx =tanh x +c

34. ∫ tanh x dx=ln(cosh x)+c

2
35. ∫ csch x dx=−coth x +c

36. ∫ coth x dx=ln |sinh x|+c

37. ∫ sech x tanh x dx=−sech x +c

−1
38. ∫ sech x dx=tan |sinh x|+ c

39. ∫ csch x coth x dx=−csch x +c

1
40. ∫ csch x dx=ln tanh | 2 |
x +c

Logarithmic rules
1. log a ( xy )=log a x + log a y (product rule)

2. log a ( xy )=log x−log y (quotient rule)

a a

3. log a ( x p ) =p log a x(power rule)

log a ( a p )= p
log b x
4. log a ( x )=¿ ¿ (change of base rule)
log b a
5. If log a x=log a y , then x= y (equality rule)
6. log a 1=0
7. log a a=1
8. a log p =p where b> 1 and
a

Reciprocal identities
1. sin θ=csc−1 θ , csc θ=sin−1 θ
2. cos θ=sec−1 θ , sec θ=cos−1 θ
3. tanθ=cot−1 θ , cot θ=tan −1 θ
Cofunction identities
 π π
1. sin θ=cos( −θ) , cos θ=sin( −θ)
2 2
π π
2. sec θ=csc( −θ) , csc θ=sec( −θ)
2 2
π π
3. tanθ=cot( −θ) , cot θ=tan( −θ)
2 2
Pythagorean identities
1. sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ=1
2. 1+ tan 2 θ=sec 2 θ
3. 1+cot2 θ=csc 2 θ
Even-odd identities
1. sin(−θ)=−sin θ, csc(−θ)=−csc θ
2. tan(−θ)=−tan θ, cot(−θ)=−cot θ
3. cos (−θ)=cos θ, sec (−θ)=secθ
Quotient identities
sin θ cos θ
1. tanθ= , cot θ=
cos θ sinθ
Euler’s identity
1. e iβ =cos β +i sin β
2. e iπ =cos π + isin π
3. e iπ = (−1 )+ ( 0 )
4. e iπ +1=0

Trigonometric identities
Reciprocal identities
1. sin x=1/csc x, csc x=1/ sin x
2. cos x=1 /sec x, sec x=1 /cos x
3. tan x=1 /cot x, cot x=1/ tan x
Pythagorean identities
4. sin2 x+ cos2 x=1
5. tan 2 x +1=sec 2 x
6. 1+cot 2 x=csc 2 x
Additional identities
7. sin (−x )=−sin x
8. cos (−x )=cos x
9. tan(−x)=−tan x
Angle-sum and difference identities
10. sin( α + β )=sin α cos β+cos α sin β
11. sin( α −β)=sin α cos β−cos α sin β
12. cos (α + β)=cos α cos β−sin α sin β
13. cos (α −β)=cos α cos β+ sin α sin β
tan α +tan β
14. tan ( α + β )=
1−tan α tan β
tan α −tan β
15. tan(α −β)=
1+ tan α tan β
Double angle identities
16. sin 2 x=2 sin x cos x
17.
cos 2 x=cos 2 x−sin 2 x=1−2sin 2 x=2 cos 2 x−1
2 tan x
18. tan2 x=¿ ¿
1−tan 2 x
Half-angle identities
x 1−cos x
19. sin =±
2 2√
1
sin2 x= (1−cos 2 x)
2
x 1+ cos x
20. cos =±
2 2√
1
cos 2 x= (1+ cos 2 x )
2
 x 1−cos x 1−cos x sin x
21. tan =±
2 √
1+cos x
=
sin x
=
1+ cos x

1−cos 2 x
tan 2 x=
1+cos 2 x
Sum identities
x+ y x− y
22. sin x +sin y=2 sin( )cos ( )
2 2
x+ y x− y
23. sin x−sin y=2cos ( )sin( )
2 2
x+ y x− y
24. cos x +cos y =2 cos( )cos ( )
2 2

25. cos x−cos y=−2 sin ( x +2 y ) sin ( x−2 y )

Product identities (product-to-sum formulas)
1
26. sin x cos y= [ sin ( x+ y )+ sin ( x− y ) ]
2
1
27. cos x sin y= [ sin ( x+ y )−sin ( x− y ) ]
2
1
28. cos x cos y= [ cos ( x− y )+ cos ( x+ y ) ]
2
1
29. sin x sin y = [cos ( x− y )−cos( x + y )]
2