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Rational expressions represent real numbers, the properties of real numbers can
be used to find the product and quotient of two rational expressions.
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3bc 16ad2
6. Multiply 4a + 8 and _a – 5 .
a2 – 25 5a + 10
a. __5___ b. _a – 5_ c. __4___ d. _a – 4_
5a + 25 a+5 5a + 25 a+5
2x + 4
x
__x3 – 4x___
x2 + 4x + 4
a. _y + 5_ b. _y – 5_ c. _y + 3_ d. _y – 3_
y+3 y+5 y–3 y+5
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What you will do
Review 1
Think of a world in which humans continue to grow during their entire life span.
How do you imagine life on Earth would be different if humans continued to grow each
year of their lives?
Where w is the
weight, l is the
The rate of growth of fish is length, and a is
much greater when a constant for
measure by weight rather the species.
than by length. We use w =
al3 to best relate the weight
of a fish to its length.
You may recall that in al3 where the base a and the base l are any real
numbers,1 is the exponent of a and 3 is the exponent of l. The exponent indicates how
many times the base is used as a factor.
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We can also say that 5 is not a polynomial because a polynomial is a monomial
y4
or a sum or difference of monomials.
But you need to recall how to multiply polynomials because this same skill will
be used when you multiply rational expressions.
am an = am+n
In order to use the above property, the monomials must have the same base.
3. For all real numbers a and b and for all positive integers m:
(ab)m = ambm
4. For all real numbers a and b, b 0, and for all positive integers m:
m
a = am
b bm
4
3
Example 4. Simplify: 2y
x
3
2y = 23y3 = 8y3
x x3 x3
Multiplying Polynomials
Now, let’s multiply two binomials. The distributive property can be used to
multiply two binomials (x + y)(a + b).
Try to relate these terms to the steps in the FOIL Method for multiplying two
binomials
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The FOIL method applies only to the multiplication of two binomials. When
multiplying longer polynomials, distribute the terms using either a horizontal or vertical
format.
Horizontal Format:
(2y + y2 – 3y3)(4y – 5) = (2y + y2 – 3y3)(4y) + (2y + y2 – 3y3)(– 5)
= (8y2 + 4y3 – 12y4) + (–10y – 5y2 + 15y3)
= –10y + 3y2 + 19y3 – 12y4
Square of a Binomial: (a + b) 2 or (a – b) 2
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Example 3. (2r3 + 5) (2r3 – 5)
(2r3 + 5) (2r3 – 5) = 4r6 – 25
Practice Exercise:
1. ( a + 5)(a – 9)
2. ( h + 9)(h + 7)
3. ( 2m + 4)(m + 10)
4. ( 5x – 8)(2x – 3)
5. ( y + 4) 2
6. ( 2t – 2u) 2
7. ( h – 2q)(h + 2q)
8. ( 7m – 4)(7m + 4)
9. ( 5g – 3k)(5g + 3k)
10. ( 2 – 6y2)(2 + 6y2)
Factoring Polynomials
Do you look for products in packages that can be recycled? More and more
people do - because they are aware that “MAY PERA SA BASURA.’
TRIVIA TIME!
How long does trash last in a garbage dump?
In a recent study, newspaper in a 25-year old bundle was readable. It also stated that
glass bottles may take 1 000 000 years to deteriorate.
First, we you must be able to give the common monomial factor of polynomials which is
actually the greatest common factor (GCF).
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How to factor polynomial in a form x2 + bx + c, where the sign of the last term is
positive?
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + bx + ax + ab
7x 10
The product of the second terms a and b of binomials must be 10 and the sum of
the outer and inner term, bx and ax, must be 7x.
Example 3. Factor m2 – 5m + 6.
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Factoring a trinomial of the form x2 + bx + c, where the sign of the last term is
negative.
Lucy made up this riddle for Jackie “ “ I’m thinking of two numbers. The product
of the numbers is -24, and the sum of the numbers is -2.”
Jackie tried a few combinations in her head before coming up with the answer: “
The numbers must be -6 and +4.” Is any other combination possible?
Factoring ax2 + bx + c.
When the coefficient of the first term of a trinomial is not 1, the number of
possible binomial factors increases.
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Example 8. Factor 6x2 + 19x + 3.
Practice Exercise
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Factoring: Special Cases
When you square a binomial, the product is called a perfect square trinomial.
(x + 4) 2 = (x + 4)(x + 4) = x2 + 8x + 16
square of the 1st term twice the product square of the last term
of the two terms
You must first identify if the polynomial is a perfect square trinomial before you
apply the rule.
When you multiply binomials that are the sum and a difference of the same two
numbers, the product is a difference of two squares.
Lesson 1
When you multiply rational numbers, you look for common factors to simplify the
product or to simplify the multiplication.
1 3 1 3
2 9 =2 9= 3 or 2 9 =2 9= 3
3 10 3 10 5 3 10 10 3 5
1 5 5 1
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Simplify: 15a4b
3a3
5
15a4b = 15a4b = 5b
3a3 3a5 a
a
The rule for multiplying rational expressions is similar to the rule for multiplying
rational numbers.
To make your work simpler, you may assume that all denominators in the
following exercises do not equal zero.
Take note that we factor m2 and (m + y) 2 and use the fundamental property of
rational expressions to write the product in lowest terms.
= __4x__
x+2
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Example 3. Find the product of _m2 + 3m__ and m2 – 5m_+ 4
m2 – 3m – 4 m 2 + 2m – 3
First factor the numerators and denominators whenever possible. Then write the
product in lowest terms.
= __m__
m+1
3. _2a_ 3
_5b3 8. _a2 – b2 __16__
b 16a 4 a–b
4. _8m_ _3_ 2
9. _ 3 _(x – y) 2
m2 2c x–y 6
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B. Multiply. Assume that no denominator is equal to zero.
1.
_x + 7_
x2 – 25
x2 + 10x + 25
x2 – 49
2.
2x + 3
x2
2x + 3
x2
3. x2 – 15x + 50 x2 – 11x + 24
x2 – 9x + 20 x2 – 18x + 80
4. y2 + 3y3 ___2y + y2 __
y2 – 4 y + 4y2 + 3y3
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Lesson 2
You should recall that two numbers whose product is 1 are called multiplicative
inverses or reciprocals.
To find the quotient of two fractions, you multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.
2÷3=2 4=8
3 4 3 3 9
= _5 (z – 6 )_= __5z – 30 _
z (z + 3) z2 + 3z
5 4 1
= 25y _ _32x2 = 5_
2
8x3 20y3 xy
x 4 y
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Example 4. Divide _2x__ by (x – 1).
x +1
= ____2x__ __
(x +1)(x – 1)
= __2x __
x2 – 1
= ___2x___
(x + 3) 2
since 1 – m = – 1, then
m–1 1 -1
= _(m + 2)(m – 2)_ __1 – m__
(m + 1)(m – 1) 2m(m + 2)
1
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Answer the following:
1. 3 ÷ _2_ 6. _ 3s ÷ __6s2__
p p s+2 2s2 + 4s
4. _12n2_ ÷ _9n3_ 9. _ 2 – y ÷ _y – 2 _
(4n)3 32n4 8 12y
1. _ _ 3 _ ÷ __– 12 _
b2 – 5b + 6 b2 – b – 2
2. 4y + 12_ ÷ __y2 – 9 __
2y – 10 y2 – y – 20
4. _ x2 – 16 ÷ _x – 4_
x+3 x2 – 9
5. _ m2 – 16 ÷_– 4 – m _
4–m –4+m
7. _k2 – k – 6 _ ÷ _k2 + 2k – 3 _
k2 + k – 12 k2 + 3k – 4
8. _y2 + y – 2 ÷ _y + 2_
y2 + 3y – 4 y+3
9. _m2 + 3m + 2 _ ÷ _m2 + 5m + 6_
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m2 + 5m + 4 m2 + 10m + 24
1. _2k2 + 3k – 2 _ ÷ _k2 + k – 2 _
6k2 – 7k + 2 4k2 – 5k +1
2. _2m2 – 5m – 12 _ ÷ __4m2 – 9_ _
m2 – 10m + 24 m2 – 9m +18
Let’s Summarize
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PK = _P K = P 1 = P
QK Q K Q Q
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What have you learned
Perform the given operation. Write your answer in lowest term. Assume that no
denominator is equal to zero.
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Answer Key
1. x – 2y
2. b. 2
3. 18a2 + 27a + 10 = (3a + 2)(6a + 5)
4. c. 6a + 5
5. 3ab
8d
6. c. __4___
5a + 25
8. a. _y + 5_
y+3
Review 1
Practice Exercises
1. a2 – 4a – 45
2. h2 + 16h + 63
3. 2m2 + 24m + 40
4. 10x2 – 31x + 24
5. y2 + 8y + 16
6. 4t2 – 8tu + 4u2
7. h2 – 4q2
8. 49m2 – 16
9. 25g2 – 9k2
10. 4 – 36y4
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Review 2
Practice Exercises
1. 2m2y ( m – 6y3)
2. 11w2y2 (3w + 1)
3. 3cd ( 3d3 + 2cd – c2)
4. (r + 2)(r + 4)
5. (c + 13)(c + 7)
6. (n2 – 2)(n2 – 6)
7. (x – 1)(x + 5)
8. (b – 8)(b + 7)
9. (k + 2)(k – 15)
10. (w + 4z)(w – 2z)
11. (p + 5x)(p – 16x)
12. (3x + 2)(x – 8)
13. (2m + 5)(2m + 1)
14. (2b + 11)(b – 1)
15. (2c – 3)(2c + 1)
Lesson 1
Try this out
1. _a_ 6. 15
b2
2. 4n 7. 6
5x3
3. _5a2 8. 4(a + b)
2
4. _18_ 9. x – y
mc2 2
B.
1. _(x + 4)(x – 4)(x + 4)_ = (x + 4) 2
8x ( x – 4) 8x
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2. _(a – b)(a+b)(a – 1)_ = a + b
(a – b)(a +1)(a – 1) a +1
C.
1. _ (x + 7)(x + 5)(x + 5) = ___x + 5____
(x + 7)(x – 7)(x + 5)(x – 5) (x – 7)(x – 5)
2. _(2x + 3) 2_
x4
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A.
1. 3_ 6. _ 3s _2s(s + 2)_ = 1
2 s+2 6s2
B.
1. _b + 1_ 6. __6__
-4(b -3) r+2
2. 2(y + 4)_ 7. _k + 2_
y–3 k+3
3. _6(y – 4)_ 8. _y + 3_
z+3 y+4
4. (x + 4)(x – 3) 9. _m + 2_
m+1
5. m – 4 10. _n + 4p_
n+p
C.
1. _(2k – 1)(k + 2)(4k – 1)(k – 1) = _4k – 1_
(2k – 1)(3k – 2)(k + 2)(k – 1) 3k – 2
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5. _(q – 3)4 (q + 2)(q + 2)(q + 2)_ = _(q – 3)2 (q + 2)2 _
(q + 2)(q + 1)(q – 3)(q – 3) q+1
1. c 4. _7a2
2. b 9b
3. z 5. 3axy
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6. (x + 4)2 (x – 3) = (x + 4)2
(x + 2)2 (x – 3) (x + 2)2
8. __2_ or – _2_
– p2 p2
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