GRADE 8

SUMMARIZED MODULE

Lesson 1
Factoring Polynomials with Common Monomial Factor

Before you proceed reading to lesson 1, be sure to be familiarized with the following
terms listed below. It will help you understand this module better.
a. Binomial – is an algebraic expression consisting of two terms.
b. Common Factor – factor that repeatedly occurs in each term
c. Factor – an exact divisor of a number
d. Factors – terms to be multiplied to give the polynomial
e. Factoring – process of finding the factors of a polynomial
f. Greatest Common Factor (GCF) – is the greatest integer that is a factor of all the
given integers
g. Greatest Common Monomial Factor (GCMF) – the greatest factor contained in
every term of an algebraic expression
h. Monomial – an algebraic expression consisting of one term
i. Polynomial – a finite sum of terms each of which is a real number or the product of
a numerical factor and one or more variable factors raised to a whole number power
j. Prime Number – is a number greater than one which has only two positive factors:
1 and itself
k. Prime Polynomial – an irreducible polynomial with integral coefficient whose
greatest monomial factor is 1.
l. Trinomial – an algebraic expression consisting of three terms

The greatest common monomial factor (GCMF) of two or more monomials is the
product of the GCF of the numerical coefficient and the common variable factors.

Example 1: Find the GCMF of 24𝑎²𝑏 and 40𝑎²𝑏².

24𝑎²𝑏 = 2·2·2·3·𝑎·𝑎·𝑏
40𝑎²𝑏²=2·2·2·5·𝑎·𝑎·𝑏·𝑏
GCMF= 2·2·2·𝑎·𝑎·𝑏 = 2³𝑎²𝑏 = 8𝑎²𝑏
Note that the exponent of each variable in the GCMF is the same as the smallest
exponent of that variable in the given monomials. Factoring is the reverse of multiplying
polynomials.
Steps in Factoring Polynomials with Common Monomial Factor
Step 1: Find the greatest common factor of the numerical coefficients.
Step 2: Find the common variable with the least exponent that appears in each term
of the polynomial.
Step 3: The product of the GCF in step 1 and step 2 is the GCMF of the polynomial.
Step 4: To completely factor the given polynomial, divide the polynomial by its
GCMF, the resulting quotient is the other factor.

Example 2: Factor 4𝑚²𝑛+10𝑚.

Solution:
Step 1: Find the GCF of 4 and 10. 2
Step 2: Find the common variable with the least exponent. 𝑚
Step 3: The GCMF is the product of step 1 and step 2. 2𝑚
4 m 2 n 10 m
Step 4: Divide the polynomial by GCMF. + = 2𝑚𝑛+5
2m 2m
Thus, the factored form of 4𝑚²𝑛+10𝑚 is 2(2𝑚𝑛+5).
In 2(2𝑚𝑛+5)
GCMF Quotient of Polynomial and GCMF
Check by multiplying with the help of distributive property.
2(2𝑚𝑛+5) = 4𝑚²𝑛+10𝑚
Example 3: Factor 12𝑥𝑦²−16𝑥²𝑦+24𝑥³𝑦³
Solution:
Step 1: Find the GCF of 12,16, and 24. 4
Step 2: Find the common variable with the least exponent. 𝑥𝑦
Step 3: The GCMF is the product of step 1 and step 2. 4𝑥𝑦
12 xy 2 16 x 2 y 24 x 3 y 3 2 2
Step 4: Divide the polynomial by GCMF. − + = 3𝑦−4𝑥+6 x y
4 xy 4 xy 4 xy
Thus, the factored form of 12𝑥𝑦²−16𝑥²𝑦+24𝑥³𝑦³ 𝑖𝑠 4(3𝑦−4𝑥+6𝑥²𝑦²).
To check, apply the distributive property.
4(3𝑦−4𝑥+6𝑥²𝑦²) = 12𝑥𝑦²−16𝑥²𝑦+24𝑥³𝑦³

Lesson 2
Factoring Difference of Two Squares
Vocabulary List:
a. Difference of Two Squares – a binomial where the first and second terms are
perfect squares. The two terms are separated signs.
b. Perfect Square – a number whose square root is a whole number.
Do you still remember the product of the sum and difference of the same two terms?
Well, that is (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏)=a 2−b2. Using that form, you can reverse the process.
a 2−b2=(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏)

Steps in factoring the difference of two squares

Step 1: Get the principal square root of each of the two squares
Step 2: Using the principal square roots, form two factors, one a sum and the other a
difference.

Example 1: Factor the binomials that shows difference of two squares in example 1
a. n2 −4

Solution:
Step 1: √𝑛² = , since 𝑛(𝑛)=n2 Get the principal square root of n2 and 4.
√4 = 2 , since 2(2)=4
Step 2: (𝑛+2)(𝑛−2)
 Therefore, n2 −4=(𝑛+2)(𝑛−2) Form the two factors, one a sum and the other a
difference.

RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

Vocabulary List:
Ratio – is a comparison of two or more numbers that indicates how many times one number contains
another.
Polynomial - a mathematical expression of one or more algebraic terms each of which consists of a
constant multiplied by one or more variables raised to a non-negative integral power
Rational Algebraic Expression - a ratio of two polynomials
Negative Exponent – means how many times to divide by the number.

An expression is a polynomial if it has a positive integral POLYNOMIAL NON-

exponent, POLYNOMIAL
no variable inside the radical sign or on the denominator.
In the absence of any of which makes the expression not a 3y 3 y−3
polynomial.
3 x4 3 yn
x 3 x 0.3
2 1

x √6 3 x2
2y
x
√6 x

polynomial
RAE=
polynomial
LET’S HAVE MORE!!

3 X +Y
EXAMPLE 1. Both numerator and denominator are polynomial.
2Z

EXAMPLE 2.
X 2−1 Both numerator and denominator are polynomial.
2Y +3

Examples 1 and 2 are rational algebraic expression for each shows a ratio of two
polynomials.
x +2
EXAMPLE 3. The denominator is non polynomial because the first term is raised with a
y−1+ 2
negative number.
(3 X −1)3 x
EXAMPLE 4. Both numerator and denominator are non polynomial.
√ y+ 6
Example 3 is not a rational algebraic expression since the denominator is not a polynomial
the same with Example 4 because both the numerator and denominator are non-polynomials.