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Algebraic expressions
MODULE 1 MATHEMATICS THEORY
 1. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

o 1.1. Variables, coefficient & constant

o 1.2. Types of algebraic expression

1. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
1.1. Variables, coefficient & constant

An algebraic expression in mathematics is an expression which is made up of

unknown variables, constants and coefficients along with algebraic operations
(addition, subtraction, etc.).
It is to be noted that, unlike the algebraic equation, an algebraic expression has no
sides or equal to sign. Below are some examples.

  3x + 2y -  5 
  2x 2 -  3xy + 5 
  x -  20 
Consider the following algebraic expression,  5x  -  3 

 In this expression, x is a variable, whose value is unknown to us and which can

take any value.
 5 is known as the coefficient of x, as it is a constant value used with the variable
term and is well defined.
 3 is the constant value term which has a definite value.

1.2. Types of algebraic expression

There are 3 main types of algebraic expressions, namely:

 a- Monomial expression: An algebraic expression which has only one term is

known as a monomial.

 b- Binomial expression: A binomial expression is an algebraic expression which

have two unlikely terms.

 c- Polynomial expression: In general, an expression with one or more terms with

non-negative integral exponents of a variable is known as a polynomial.

Examples:

Monomial Binomial Polynomial

 One Term Two terms Three or more terms

Example:  x ,  3y ,  29 ,  x / 2  Example:  x 2+ x ,  x 3 -  2x , y + 2  Example:  x 2+ 2x + 20 

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 Algebraic expressions and equations
2. EQUATIONS
An equation is a statement that asserts the equality of two expressions, which are
connected by the equals sign "=".

For example: The expression 5+3 is equal to the expression 6+2 (because they are

both equal to 8), so we can write the following equation: 5+3 = 6+2.

Observation: All the equations which have their left-hand side expression equal to
the expression on the right-hand side are called true equations otherwise they are
called false equations.

2.1. Algebraic equations

The example displayed above, has included only numbers, but most equations
include a variable. For example, the equation x+2 = 6, has a variable in it.
Whenever we have an equation like this, with a variable, we call it an algebraic
equation.

In an algebraic equation, our goal is usually to figure out what value of the variable
will satisfy the “equal” condition.

2.2 Solution of an equation

As explained before, an algebraic equation is an algebraic expression which

typically relates unknown variables to other variables or constants.

For example, x+2 = 15 is an equation, as is y2 = 4.

The solution, or root, of an equation is any value or set of values that can be
substituted into the equation to make it a true statement.

For the first example, the solution for x is 13.

The second example has two values that will make the statement true, namely 2
and –2.

These values make up the solution set of the equation.

 Additive and multiplicative properties of equality

Using these two fundamental rules of algebra, solutions to many simple

equations can be obtained.

o a. Additive property of equality

States that the same quantity can be added to both sides of an

equation without changing the solution to the equation.

Example:

The equation x+4 = 7 has a solution of  x = 3.

According to this rule, one can add any number to both sides of
the equation and still get the same solution.

x + 4 +  4   =  7 + 4 
x + 8 =  11  has a same solution of  x = 3.

To use this property to find the solution of an equation, all that is

required is choosing the right number to add.

x + 4  -   4   = 7  -  4  or  x = 3, and the equation is solved.

o b. Multiplicative property of equality
 States that every term on both sides of an equation can be
multiplied or divided by the same number without changing the
solution to the equation.

Example:

For instance, the solution for the equation y - 2 = 10  is y = 12.

Using the multiplicative rule, one can obtain an equivalent

equation, one with the same solution set, by multiplying both
sides by any number, such as 2.

 2  * (y - 2) =   2  *  10 
 2y - 4  =  20  but the solution remains  y = 12
This property can also be used to solve algebraic equations.

Example:

For the equation: 2x = 14

2x /  2   = 14 / 2
x=7

Often, both rules must be employed to solve a single equation.

Example:

For the equation: 4x+7 = 23

4x+7 -  7  = 23 - 7
4x = 16
4x /   4  =  16 /  4
x = 4
 Solving more complex equations

Consider the equation 4x - x - 5 =  2x + 7

 The first step in solving this equation is to combine like terms on each side
of the equation.
On the right side, there are no like terms, but the 4x and –x on the left side
are like terms.
This equation, when simplified, becomes 3x - 5 =  2x + 7.
The next step is to eliminate the unknown from one side of the equation.
For this example, this is accomplished by adding -2x to both sides of the
equation, which gives x - 5 = 7.
Using the additive property, the solution is obtained by adding 5 to both
sides of the equation, so  x = 12.

The entire process for solving single variable algebraic equations can be
summarized by the following steps.

 1. Eliminate any parentheses by multiplying out factors.

 2. Add the like terms in each side.

 3. Eliminate the unknown from one side of the equation using the multiplicative or
additive properties.

 4. Eliminate the constant term from the side with the unknown using the additive
property.

 5. Finally, eliminate any coefficient on the unknown by using the multiplicative

property.

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Measurement of length
MODULE 2 SCIENCE THEORY - Part 1/3
 1. MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH AND AREA

o 1.1. Measuring length

 1.1.1. Measuring length using a ruler in metrics and imperial

units

 1.1.2. Measuring length using Vernier caliper

  1.1.3. Measuring length using a micrometer screw gauge

1. MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH AND AREA

In science, a measurement is a collection of quantitative or numerical data that
describes a property of an object or event. A measurement is made by comparing
a quantity with a standard unit. We can in fact measure many different things, but
mostly in the next sections we are going to learn how we can measure Length,
Area, Volume, Mass and few other quantities.

1.1. Measuring length

Length is the term used for identifying the size of an object or distance from one

point to another.

The standard unit of length based on the metric system is a meter (m). According
to the length that needs to be measured, we can convert a meter into various units
like millimeters (mm), centimeter (cm), and kilometer (km).

Centimeters and millimeters help measure smaller lengths and meters and
kilometers help measure larger lengths like distance. For example, the length of
the pencils can be calculated in centimeters (cm), while kilometers can measure
the distance between two buildings or places.

One hundred equal divisions of a meter give a centimeter. It is written as 'cm'. That
is:

 1 m = 100 cm

One thousand equal divisions of kilometer give a meter. That is:

 1 km = 1.000 m

Metric system and customary system

With the assortment of various units, the metric system seems quite a logical
system as compared to the customary system and converting units in the metric
system is much simpler than converting them in the customary system.

However, it is easy to convert units in metric to the customary system by using the
given conversion.

 1 meter (m) = 39,4 inches = 1,09 yards.

 1 yard = 0,92 m.

 1 centimeter (cm) = 0,39 inches.

 1 inch = 2,54 cm.

 1km = 0,621 miles.

NB: In Oil and Gas industry, all piping, vessels, valves and many equipments
use the imperial system (mainly inches and feet).

1.1.1. Measuring length using a ruler in metrics and imperial units

A ruler can be defined as a tool or device used to measure length and draw
straight lines.
The ruler shows both imperial and metric measurements. One side is 12 "inches"
long (imperial), while the other is 30 centimeters (metric). The yardstick (3 feet
long) or meter stick (100 cm or 1000 mm long) are two longer rulers.

To measure the length of an object, place the zero-hash mark of the ruler exactly
along one end of the object. Align the object you are measuring along the edge of
the ruler. Note the hashmark on the ruler along which the other side of the object
ends.

Here for example, the shoelace is 17,6 cm long in metric units of length, and 7
inches long in customary units of length.

Reading a Ruler:

 I. Reading Centimeters and Millimeters:

 o A centimeter is smaller than an inch. The long hash marks under which
numbers are written on the ruler denote centimeters.

o A millimeter is even smaller than a centimeter. The smaller hash marks

between each centimeter represents millimeters.

o 10-millimeter hash marks make 1 centimeter.

 II. Reading Inches:

o An inch is bigger than a centimeter. The big, long hash marks above
which numbers are written on the opposite side of the centimeter ruler
denote inches.

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 Measurement of length
1.1.2. Measuring length using Vernier caliper

The precision of length measurements may be increased by using a device that

uses a sliding Vernier scale. One such instrument that is based on a Vernier scale
which you might use in the laboratory to measure lengths of objects is the Vernier
calipers. Thus, a Vernier caliper is an instrument that measures internal or external
dimensions and distances. This instrument has a main scale (in millimeters) and a
sliding Vernier scale. It may be used to measure outer dimensions of objects (using
the main jaws), inside dimensions (using the smaller jaws at the top), and depths
(using the stem).
How to measure length using a Vernier caliper?

To measure outer dimensions of an object, the object is placed between the jaws,
which are then moved together until they secure the object. The screw clamp may
then be tightened to ensure that the reading does not change while the scale is
being read.

In figure 1 below, the main scale reading is the first reading on the main scale
immediately to the left of the zero of the Vernier scale (3 mm), while the Vernier
scale reading is the mark on the Vernier scale which exactly coincides with a mark
on the main scale (0,7 mm). The reading is therefore 3,7 mm.
1.1.3. Measuring length using a micrometer screw gauge

The micrometer screw gauge is used to measure even smaller dimensions than
the Vernier calipers. The micrometer screw gauge also uses an auxiliary scale
(measuring hundredths of a millimeter) which is marked on a rotary thimble.
How to measure length using micrometer screw gauge?

 - Hold the object whose dimension is to be measured between the anvil and spindle
of micrometer screw gauge with gentle pressure

 - Note down the main scale reading just before zero of a circular scale. This is called
the main scale reading (M.S.R.)

 - Note down the number of circular scale division (n) which coincides with the main
scale line. Then circular scale reading, (C.S.R.) = n * least count.
 - Add the M.S.R. and the C.S.R. to get reading.

Example: Consider a micrometer screw gauge with the least count of 0,01.
The main scale reading is 2,5 mm, and the circular scale reading is 38.
Hence the total reading = MSR + CSR x LC = 2,5 + 38 x 0,01 = 2,88 mm

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Measurement of area
MODULE 2 SCIENCE THEORY - Part 2/3
 1. MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH AND AREA

o 1.2. Measuring area in metric and imperial units

 1.2.1. Imperial units for area

 1.2.2. Metric units for area

  1.2.3. Units of area, conversions

1. MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH AND AREA

1.2. Measuring area in metric and imperial units

Area can be defined as the amount of two-dimensional space taken up by an

object. The area of all the shapes depends upon its dimensions and properties.
Different shapes have different areas. The area of a football field is different from
the area of a basketball field and so on.

1.2.1. Imperial units for area

Imperial units of area measure are: Square Inch, Square Foot, Square Yard, Acre
and Square Mile.

a. Square Inch: A square inch is an area square shaped, with sides measuring
1 inch.
The notation can be 1 inch² or 1 in².

b. Square Foot and Square Yard

A square foot is a square area measuring 1 foot by 1 foot. Room sizes in building
plans are often measured in square feet.

The common notation is 1 ft², though 1 feet² can be used.

A square yard just happens to be equal to 9 square feet, 9ft².

Acre
1 Acre is 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. An acre doesn't need to be an
exact square shape. For example, the average soccer field is usually just over 2
acres in size.

Square Mile
A square mile is a large area, 1 mile by 1 mile. 1 square mile is equal to 640 acres.
Cities, farm fields and large lakes are examples of places where measuring size in
square miles is common practice.

1.2.2. Metric units for area

The metric units for measuring area are: Square Centimeter, Square meter,
Hectare, Square Kilometer.
Square Centimeter and Meter
A square centimeter is a square area 1cm by 1cm.
A square meter is a square area 1m by 1m.

Hectare
A hectare is an area of ten thousand square meters, 10.000 m². Very often hectares
are used to measure farmland sizes.

Square Kilometer
A large area that is 1 Km by 1 Km. The notation is 1 Km².

1.2.3. Units of area, conversions

Below is a list of some conversions between metric and imperial units for
measuring area sizes.

 1 in² = 6,4516 cm²

 1 ft² = 0,0929 m²

 1 square yard = 0,8361 m²

 1 acre = 4.046,9 m²

 1 square mile = 2,59 Km²

 1 cm² = 0,0001 m²

 1 m² = 10,7643 ft²

 1 m² = 1,1960 square yards

 1 Km² = 100 hectares

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 Measurement of mass and volume
MODULE 2 SCIENCE THEORY - Part 3/3
 2. MEASUREMENT OF MASS AND VOLUME

o 2.1. Mass

 2.1.1. Metric and imperial units mass

 2.1.2. Relation between SI and imperial units of mass

 2. MEASUREMENT OF MASS AND VOLUME
2.1. Mass

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass measures the

quantity of matter regardless of both its location in the universe and the
gravitational force applied to it. An object's mass is constant in all circumstances;
contrast this with its weight, a force that depends on gravity.

Your mass on the earth and the moon are identical. Your weight on the moon is
about one-sixth of your weight on the earth. It is important to mention that mass
can never be zero.

2.1.1. Metric and imperial units mass

The kilogram (kg) is the base unit of mass in the metric system. Other units of
mass which are commonly used are the milligram (mg) gram (g) and ton (t).

 1 Kilogram = 1000 g

 1 Ton = 1000 Kilograms

To measure mass in the imperial system, ounces (abbreviated to ‘oz’), pounds (lb)
and stones (st) are used. These are listed in increasing order of size and you can
see the relationship between these units below:

 16 ounces in 1 pound

 14 pounds in 1 stone

2.1.2. Relation between SI and imperial units of mass

For the units covered in this chapter, the two systems are related as shown below:

 Mass
 1 kg = 2,2 lb

 1 ounce = 28,3 g

 1 stone = 6,4 kg

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