SHARJAH INDIAN SCHOOL

GRADE :8 (GW) Subject: Mathematics

CHAPTER : ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND IDENTITIES
NOTES
Algebraic Expressions:
A combination of constants and variables connected by the signs of fundamental
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division is called an Algebraic
expression Examples of algebraic expressions are : 2x+4, 7y−3+6x, 3t 2+4t−1.

1. Terms
Every expression is separated by an operation which is called Terms.
Like 7n and 2 are the two terms in the above figure.
2. Factors
Every term is formed by the product of the factors.7n is the product of 7 and n
which are the factors of 7n.
3. Coefficient
The number placed before the variable or the numerical factor of the term is
called Coefficient of that variable.7 is the numerical factor of 7n so 7 is
coefficient here.
4. Variable
Any letter like x, y etc. are called Variables. The variable in the above figure
is n.
5. Operations
Addition, subtraction etc. are the operations which separate
each term.
6. Constant
The number without any variable is constant. Here 2 is the constant .
 Monomials, Binomials and Polynomials

Expressions Meaning Example

Monomial The algebraic expression having only one 5x2
term.
Binomial The algebraic expression having two unlike 5x2 + 2y
terms.
Trinomial The algebraic expression having three 5x2 + 2y +
unlike terms. 9xy
The algebraic expression having one or 5x2 + 2y +
Polynomial 9xy + 4 and
more terms with the variable having non-
all the above
negative integers as an exponent.
expressions
are also
polynomial.
 Like and Unlike Terms
The terms having the same variable with same exponents are called Like Terms.
Examples of Like Terms
 2x and -9x
 24xy and 5yx
 6x2 and 12x2
The terms having different variable are called Unlike Terms.
Examples of Unlike Terms
 2x and - 9y
 24xy and 5pq
 6x2 and 12y2

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions:

Addition
When performing addition or subtraction, we can perform the operations only for
the like terms. Let us understand it by an example:
Vertical Addition
Example 1: Add 7x + y + 7 to 3x + 2y + 1.
Solution:
Write down both the given expression into separate rows such that like terms
fall below each other
7x + y +7
+ 3x + 2y + 1
10x + 3y + 8 Ans.

Horizontal Addition
Add 7 x+ y + 7 and 3 x + 2 y + 1
Ans. 7x + y + 7 + 3x + 2y + 1
= 7 x +3x +y +2y +7+1
= 10x + 3y +8
Subtraction
While subtracting an algebraic expression from another, we change
the signs ( from + to – or from – to + ) of all the terms of the expression
which is to be subtracted and then the two expressions are added .
Note that subtraction of a number is the same as addition of its additive inverse.
Vertical subtraction
Example 2: Subtract 2x2 + 5xy + 1 from 7x2 + 2xy + 3.
Solution:
7x2 + 2xy + 3
─2x2 ─ 5xy ─ 1
5x2 ─ 3xy + 2 Ans
Horizontal subtraction
7x2 + 2xy +3 - ( 2x2+ 5xy +1)
= 7x2 + 2xy +3 -2x2 – 5xy -1
= 7x2-2x2+2xy -5xy +3 -1
= 5x2-3xy +2

MULTIPLICATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

i) Take note of following points for like terms:
(a) The coefficients will get multiplied.
(b) The power of the resultant variable will be the addition of the individual powers.
Example 1: Product of 2 x and 3x will be 6x2.
Example 2: Product of 2 x, 3x and 4x will be 24x3.

ii) Take note of following points for unlike terms:

(a) The coefficients will get multiplied.
(b) If all the variables are different then there will be no change in the power
of variables.
(c) If some of the variables are same then the respective power of variables
will be added
Example 1: Product of 2x and 3y will be 6xy.
Example 2: Product of 2x, 3y and 4z will be 24xyz.
Example 3: Product of 2x2, 3x and 4y will be 24x3y.

1. Multiplying a Monomial by a Monomial:

(a) Multiplication of two monomials:
Let us look at some examples:
Example 1: Multiplication of terms 4 and y will be 4y.
Example 2: Multiplication of terms 4 x and 3y will be 12xy.
Example 3: Multiplication of terms 4x and x will be 4x2.

(b) Multiplication of three or more monomials:

Let us look at some examples:
Example 1: Multiplication of terms 4, x, and y will be 4xy.
Example 2: Multiplication of terms 4 x, 3y, 2 and z will be 24xyz.
Example 3: Multiplication of terms 4x3, x4, y4 and 2y will be 8x7y5
2. Multiplying a Monomial by a Polynomial:
a) Multiplication of Monomial by a Binomial
Let us look at some examples:
Example 1: Multiplication of 4 and (x + y) will be (4x + 4y).
Example 2: Multiplication of 5x and (3y + 2) will be (15xy + 10 x).
Example 3: Multiplication of 7x3 and (2x4+ y4) will be (14x7+7x3y4).
(b) Multiplication of Monomial by a Trinomial :
Let us look at some examples:
Example 1: Multiplication of 4 and (x + y + z) will be (4x + 4y + 4z).
Example 2: Multiplication of 2x and (2 x + y + z) will be (4x2 + 2xy + 2xz).
Example 3: Multiplication of 7x3 and (2x4+ y4+ 2) will be (14x7+7x3y4+14x3).

Examples based on Multiplying a Monomial by a Polynomial:

Example 1: Simplify 2 a (4a – 2) + 7
Solution:
On simplifying, 2 a(4a – 2) + 7 ,we get, 8a2 – 4a + 7

3. Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial:

Examples based on Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial
Example 1: Multiply the binomials (2ab + 3b2) and (3ab – 2b2).
Solution: (2ab + 3b2) x (3ab – 2b2)
= 2ab x (3ab – 2b2) +3b2 x (3ab – 2b2)
= 6a2b2 – 4ab3 + 9ab3 – 6b4
= 6 a2b2 + 5ab3 – 6b4

Identity:
An identity is an equality which is true for all values of the variable (s)
Standard Identities:
1. (a +b) 2 = (a2 + 2ab + b2)
2. (a – b) 2 = (a2 - 2ab + b2)
3. (a2 – b2) =( a + b) ( a – b)
4. (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a + b) x + ab

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