ALGEBRA

● Basic definitions, Algebraic Expressions, Polynomials, Types of Polynomials, Operations

on Polynomials, Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials, Multiplication and Division of
Polynomials, Equations and Solution of Equations.

Students will be able to

● Write and interpret algebraic expressions using variables, addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.

Introduction
(1) An algebraic expression in mathematics is an expression made up of integers,
variables, constants, and algebraic operations (like subtraction, addition,
multiplication, etc).
(2) The idea behind the concept of algebraic expressions is to represent unknown
values using letters and those letters are called variables.

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Basic Terminology
Constants: A symbol in algebra having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.
5 6
For Example: 4, 0. 35, 7 , − 9 are all fixed values and hence are called constants.

Variables: A number which can take various numerical values is known as a variable.
For Example: 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, etc.
A number which is the power of another variable where the power is not zero is also a variable.
3 2 4
For Example: 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 , etc.
A number which is the product of a constant and a variable is also a variable.
4 3
For Example: 5𝑥 , 8𝑥 , − 8𝑥, etc.
A combination of two or more variables separated by a '+' sign or a '-' sign is also a variable.
2 4 6 3 3 2
For Example: 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , etc.
Algebraic Expression: A combination of constants and variables connected by the basic mathematical
operators, i.e., +, –, ÷,  is called an algebraic expression.
𝑝
For Example: 4xy, 2x2 – y, 4x – 27y + 3z 𝑞 , a2 + b2 etc. are all algebraic expressions.

Terms: The various parts of an algebraic expression connected by + or – sign are called terms of the expression.
For Example: 2x + 4y2 – 3z has three terms, namely, + 2x, + 4y2, −3z,
2xy – 4y2 has two terms namely + 2xy and 4y2.
Like terms and Unlike algebraic terms: The terms having the same literal factors are called like terms and
those having different literal factors are called unlike terms.
2 2 2 2
For Example: 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑥 + 10𝑥 , this expression can be re-written as: 10𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑦
.
2
Now, by adding the like terms, we get, 14𝑥 + 11𝑥 + 4𝑦.
For Example: (i) –6x2y and 4yx2 are like terms, whereas 2xy, – 3x2, 4xy2 are unlike terms.
(ii) In the algebraic expression 2a2b + 3ab2 – 7ab –4ba2, we have 2a2b and –4ba2 as like terms,
whereas 3ab2 and –7ab are unlike terms.
Coefficients: The numerical part is called the numerical coefficient and the literal part or the variable part is
called the literal coefficient. For Example: In 24xy, 24 is the numerical coefficient and xy is the literal coefficient.
OR
In a term of an algebraic expression, any of the factors with the sign of the term is called the coefficient of the
other factors.
For Example: (i) In – 5xy, the coefficient of x is – 5y,
The coefficient of y is –5x and the coefficient of xy is –5.
(ii) In –x, the coefficient of x is –1.

Example:
Write the coefficient of x2 in each of the following:
2 3 𝑝 2
(I) 17 − 2𝑥 + 7𝑥 (II) 9 − 12𝑥 + 𝑥 (III) 6
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4 (IV)
3𝑥 − 7
2
Solution: (I) 17 − 2𝑥 + 7𝑥
Here, we have +7x2 and +7 is the coefficient of x2.
3
(II) 9 − 12𝑥 + 𝑥
Here, the x2 term is missing. Therefore, there is no coefficient or coefficient= 0.
𝑝 2
(III) 6
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 4
𝑝 𝑝
Here, we have + 6
x2 and + 6
is the coefficient of x2.
(IV) 3𝑥 − 7
Here, the x2 term is missing. Therefore, there is no coefficient or coefficient= 0.

Polynomials
An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-negative integer powers is called a
polynomial.
2 3 2
For Example: 3𝑦 + 4𝑥 − 7, 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 9, etc.
4 −3 2 5/2
The expression 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 3𝑥 is not a polynomial since it has powers of 𝑥 which are negative
and fractions.

A polynomial that contains only one variable is known as a polynomial in that variable.
2 3
For Example: 8𝑥 + 15 is a polynomial in the variable 𝑥 and 2𝑦 + 2𝑦 is a polynomial in the variable γ.
A polynomial that contains two variables say 𝑥 and 𝑦 is known as a polynomial in two variables.
3 2 4 3
For Example: 𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑦 is a polynomial in 𝑥 and 𝑦 variables.
Example:
Which of the following expressions are not polynomials?
2 2 4
(I) 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 15 (II) 𝑦 + 2 3 (III) 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 (IV) 𝑥 − 𝑥
Solution: (III) and (IV) are not polynomials.
(III) 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥
1
Here, x is the variable of the polynomial and has 2
as its power and as per the definition of a
polynomial, the powers of the variables of a polynomial cannot be a fractional number. Therefore, it is
not a polynomial.
4
(IV) 𝑥 − 𝑥
 −1
⇒ 𝑥 − 4𝑥
Here, x is the variable of the polynomial and has -1 as its power and as per the definition of a
polynomial, the powers of the variables of a polynomial cannot be negative. Therefore, it is not a
polynomial.
Example:
Which of the following expressions is a polynomial?
1
2 2 4 4 3
(I) 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 (II) 4𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 5 (III) 3𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 (IV) 2𝑥 + 2 − 1
𝑥
2 4
Solution: (III) 3𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥
Because the powers of the variables x and y are non-negative integers which satisfy the definition of
polynomials.
Degree of a Polynomial in One Variable
The highest exponent of the variable in a polynomial of one variable is called the degree of the polynomial.
4 2
For Example: (i) 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 7 is a polynomial of degree 4.
9 6 3 2
(ii) 7𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5 is a polynomial of degree 9.

Types of polynomials with respect to the number of terms

(1) Monomial: An expression containing only one term is called a monomial.
2
For Example: 3𝑥, 5𝑥 𝑦, 6𝑥𝑦𝑧, etc.
(2) Binomial: An expression containing two terms is called a binomial.
2 2
For Example: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 5𝑥 𝑦 − 7, 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦
(3) Trinomial: An expression containing three terms is called a trinomial.
2
For Example: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧, 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 5.
Important Note: A polynomial having four or more terms does not have a particular name. These are simply
called polynomials.

Common Algebraic Terms

Term Notation
Variable 𝑥
Variable term 7𝑥
Constant 4
Algebraic expression 7𝑥 − 45
Algebraic statement 7𝑥 − 45 = 4

Value of an Expression
We come across many situations where we need to find out the value of an expression. The value of an
expression purely depends upon the values of the variables that form the expression.
Example: When 𝑥 = 6, the value of the expression 3𝑥 − 2 is 3×6 − 2 = 16.
Example: The value of 8𝑥 + 𝑦, when 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 =− 2 is 8(1) − 2 = 8 − 2 = 6.
Example:
Find the number of terms in the following expressions.
2 3 3 5
(I) 3𝑥 𝑦 (II) 4𝑥 − 𝑦 (III) 5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2
2
Solution: (I) 3𝑥 𝑦 has one term.
3 3
(II) 4𝑥 − 𝑦 has two terms.
5
(III) 5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 has three terms.

Example:
The degree of the polynomial 5x3 – 6x3y + 4y2 – 8 is?
Solution: Degree of the polynomial
Degree = Highest power of variables (in the term= - 6 x3y)
= Highest power of x + Highest power of y
⇒ 3+1 = 4
Therefore, the degree of the given polynomial is 4.
Example:
The difference between the degrees of the polynomials 3x2y3 + 5xy7 – x6 and 3x5 – 4x3 + 2 is?
Solution: ⇒Degree of 3x2y3 + 5xy7 – x6 = 8
⇒Degree of 3x5 – 4x3 + 2 = 5
Difference between the degree = 8 - 5 = 3.

Check Your Concept - 1

Operations on Algebraic Expressions
Let us understand the various operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication, which are performed on
algebraic expressions.

(1) Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

Method 1:
(I) We collect the like terms together.
(II) Find the sum or difference of the numerical coefficients of these terms.
(III) The resulting expression should be in the simplest form and can be written in the ascending or descending
order of the terms.
Method 2: By arranging like terms in columns and then performing addition.
Example:
Add the two algebraic expressions 7a – 3b + 5c, 2a – 3b – 4c and c – 4a + b.
Solution: Method 1: Addition
= (7a – 3b + 5c) + (2a – 3b – 4c) + (c – 4a + b)
= (7a + 2a – 4a) + (–3b – 3b + b) + (5c – 4c + c)
= 5a – 5b + 2c.
Method 2:
7a – 3b + 5c
2a – 3b – 4c
-4a + b + c
Sum = 5a – 5b + 2c
Example:
2 2 2 2
Subtract: 13xy – 6𝑥 + 4𝑎 – 1 from 25𝑥 + 16xy – 3𝑏 – 2.
Solution: Arranging the terms properly (writing like terms one below the other), changing the signs in the
subtrahend and adding the columns, we have
Method 1:
⇒ (25x2 + 16xy – 3b2 – 2) – (13xy – 6x2 + 4a2 – 1)
= 25x2 + 16xy – 3b2 – 2 –13xy + 6x2 – 4a2 + 1
= 31x2 + 3xy – 3b2 – 1 – 4a2.
Method 2:
25x2 + 16xy – 3b2 – 2
–6x2 + 13xy –1 + 4a2
+ – + –
31x2+3xy– 3b2 –1– 4a2
Example:
2 1 5 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
Add the following algebraic expressions: 5𝑥 − 3
𝑥+ 2
,− 2
𝑥 + 2
𝑥 − 3
and − 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥− 6

Solution: Required sum = 5𝑥 − ( 2 1

3
𝑥 +
5
2 ) + (− 1
2
𝑥 +
2 1
2
𝑥 −
1
3 ) + (− 2𝑥 2
+
1
5
𝑥−
1
6 )
2 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 1
= 5𝑥 − 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3
𝑥 + 2
𝑥 + 5
𝑥 + 2
− 3
− 6
[Collecting like terms]
=( 5− 2
1
− 2 𝑥) 2
+ − 3
1
( +
1
2
1
+ 5 𝑥+ ) ( 5
2
−
1
3
−
1
6 ) [Adding like terms]
=( )𝑥 + ( )𝑥 ( )
10−1−4 2 −10+15+6 15−2−1
2 30
+ 6
5 2 11
= 2
𝑥 + 30
𝑥 +2

Example:

What must be subtracted from x4 + 2x2 – 3x + 7 to get x3 + x2 + x – 1?

Solution: Let the polynomial to be subtracted is f(x),
∴x4 + 2x2 – 3x + 7- f(x) = x3 + x2 + x – 1
⇒x4 + 2x2 – 3x + 7 - x3 - x2 - x +1 = f(x)
⇒x4 - x3 +x2 - 4x + 8

(2) Multiplication of a Monomial with Monomial

The result of the multiplication of a monomial is obtained by multiplying each term of the monomial by the
monomial and then taking the algebraic sum of these products.
Rule 1: (I) Multiply numerical coefficients, (II) Multiply literal coefficients and (III) Multiply results.
For Example: (i) 3x  5y = (3  5)  (x  y) = 15  xy = 15xy.
(ii) 2a  3b  5c = (2  3  5)  (a  b  c) = 30abc.
Rule 2: To multiply the powers of the same base, keep the base and add the exponents.
2 1+2 3 3 5 3+5+1 9
(i) 𝑎⋅𝑎 = 𝑎 =𝑎 (ii) 𝑥 · 𝑥 ⋅𝑥 = 𝑥 =𝑥
3 4 2 7 5 11 2 3 4 5 2 5 10 3
(iii) 𝑎 𝑏 · 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 (iv) 3 · 3 ⋅𝑥⋅𝑥 · 𝑥 · 𝑦 ⋅𝑦 = 3 𝑥 𝑦
Example:
Multiply: 4a2b  – 6a3b2c
Solution: ⇒ 4a2b  –6a3b2c = (4  –6)  (a2b  a3 b2 c) = –24a5b3c.
Example:
6 4 2 2 3
Multiply: − 8
𝑥 𝑦𝑧×24𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
6
Solution: ⇒ (− 8
 24)  (x4 yz  x2y2z3) = –18x6 y3 z4.

Example:
2 2 3 3
Multiply: 4xy  5𝑥 𝑦  6𝑥 𝑦
2 2 3 3
Solution: ⇒ (4xy  5𝑥 𝑦 )  6𝑥 𝑦
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
⇒ 20𝑥 𝑦  6𝑥 𝑦 = 120 (𝑥 𝑥 ) (𝑦 𝑦 )
6 6 6 6
⇒120 (𝑥 𝑦 )=120𝑥 𝑦

Check Your Concept - 2

Equations

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We shall understand the various terms and concepts related to equations as given below.

Algebraic Expressions
Expressions of the form 4x, (x + 5), (4x + y) are algebraic expressions. x and 5 are the terms of (x + 5) and 4x
and y are the terms of 4x + y. Algebraic expressions are made up of numbers, symbols and basic arithmetic
operations.

Mathematical Sentence
Two expressions joined by the equality sign (=) or an inequality sign (, ≤, ≥) are mathematical sentences.
Examples: 2 + 5 = 7, 8 – 3 = 5, 7x – 8 = 4, 2 + 3 > 4, 6 – 2 < 2 are some mathematical sentences. Those which
have the equality sign are equations and those which have an inequality sign are inequations.

Mathematical Statement
A mathematical sentence that can be verified as either true or false is a mathematical statement.
For Example: 15 + 8 = 12 + 11. This is a true statement. 14 – 3 ≥ 17, This is a false statement. All sentences
involving only numerical expressions can be verified as either true or false. Hence, they are statements.

Open Sentences
Sentences which are true for some values of the variable and false for the other values of the variable are called
open sentences. When a certain value is substituted for the variable, the sentence becomes a statement,
regardless of whether it is true or false.
For Example: 2x – 3 = 7, is an open sentence. When we substitute 5 for x, we get a true statement. When we
substitute any other value, we get a false statement.

Equation
An open sentence containing the equality sign is an equation. In other words, an equation is a sentence in which
there is an equality sign between two algebraic expressions.
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For Example: 2x – 5 = 8, 3y + 4 = 2, x2 – 7x + 12 = 0 are equations. Here, x and y are unknown quantities and
2, 5, 8, 3, etc., are known quantities.

Linear Equation
An equation in which the highest exponent of the variable is one is a linear equation.
2x + 3 = 4, 3x + 4y = 8 are some linear equations.
Simple Equation
A linear equation which has only one unknown is a simple equation. 8x – 3 = 5 and 4x + 4 = 3x – 6 are examples
of simple equations. The part of an equation which is to the left side of the equality sign is known as the left-hand
side and it is abbreviated as LHS. The part of an equation which is to the right side of the equality sign is known
as the right-hand side and it is abbreviated as RHS. The process of finding the value of an unknown in an
equation is called solving the equation. The value/values of the unknown found after solving an equation is/are
called the solution(s) or the root(s) of the equation. Before we learn how to solve an equation, let us review the
basic properties of equality.
Properties of Equality
(1) Addition Property: If equal numbers are added to both sides of an equality, the equality remains the same. If x
= y, then x + z = y + z.
(2) Subtraction Property: If equal numbers are subtracted from both sides of an equality, the equality remains the
same. If x = y, then x – z = y – z.
(3) Multiplication property: If both sides of the equality are multiplied by the same number, the equality remains
the same. If x = y, then (x)(z) = (y)(z).
(4) Division Property: If both sides of the equality are divided by a non-zero number, the equality remains the
same. If x = y, then, x/z = y/z where z ≠ 0.

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Solving an Equation in One Variable

The following steps are involved in solving an equation.
Step 1: Always ensure that the unknown quantities are on the LHS and the known quantities or constants are on
the RHS.
Step 2: Add all the terms containing the unknowns on the LHS and all the known values on the RHS so that each
side of the equation contains only one term. On the LHS, the number with which the unknown is multiplied is
called the coefficient.
Step 3: Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of the unknown.
Example:
Solve for x: 15𝑥 − 6 = 9
Solution: 15𝑥 − 6 = 9
⇒15𝑥 = 9 + 6
15
⇒𝑥 = 15
⇒𝑥 = 1

Example:
3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Solve for x: 2
+ 3
= 𝑥 + 6
+ 6
3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Solution: 2 + 3 = 𝑥 + 6
+ 6
3×3𝑥+2×𝑥−6×𝑥−1×𝑥
6
= 6

9𝑥+2𝑥−6𝑥−1𝑥
6
= 6

11𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 6×6

4𝑥 = 36
 Level – 1

(1) Find the product of the following pairs of polynomials:

(i) 4, 7x (ii) – 4a, 7a (iii) – 4x, 7xy
Solution: We have,
(i) 4 × 7x = (4 × 7) × x = 28 × x = 28 x
(ii) (–4a) × (7a) = (–4 × 7) × (a × a) = –28a2
(iii) (–4x) × (7xy) = (–4 × 7) × (x × xy) = –28x1+1y = –28x2y
(2) Solve for 𝑥: 5𝑥 − 6 = 9
Solution: 5𝑥 − 6 = 9
⇒5𝑥 = 9 + 6
15
⇒𝑥 = 5

⇒𝑥 = 3

(3) Find the areas of rectangles with the following pairs of monomials as their length and breadth
respectively.
(i) (x, y) (ii) (10x, 5y) (iii) (2x2, 5y2) (iv) (4a, 3a2) (v) (3mn, 4np)
Solution: We know that the area of a rectangle is the product of its length and breadth
⇒ Area of a rectangle = Length × Breadth
(i) (x, y) ⇒ Area of a rectangle = x × y = xy
(ii) (10x, 5y) ⇒ Area of a rectangle = 10 x × 5y = 50xy
(iii) (2x2, 5y2) ⇒ Area of a rectangle = 2x2×5y2 = 10x2y2
(iv) (4a, 3a2) ⇒ Area of a rectangle = 4a ×3a2 = 12a3
(v) (3mn, 4np) ⇒ Area of a rectangle = 3mn× 4np = 12mn2p
(4) Find the product of polynomial (𝑥 + 2) and (2𝑥 + 3).
Solution: (𝑥 + 2) (2𝑥 + 3)
= 𝑥(2𝑥 + 3) + 2(2𝑥 + 3)
2
= 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6
2
= 2𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 6

Thus, the sum or product of two or more polynomials is also a polynomial.

2 2
(5) Let 𝐴 = 3𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6 and 𝐵 = 7𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 15. Find (i) 𝐴 − 𝐵 (ii) 3𝐴 − 2𝐵
2 2
(
Solution: (i) 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 3𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6 − 7𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 15
2 2
) ( )
= 3𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 15)

2 2
(
= 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 ) + (− 7𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑥𝑦) + (6 − 15)
2
= 8𝑥 − 14𝑥𝑦 − 9

2 2

2
(
(ii) 3𝐴 − 2𝐵 = 3 3𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6 − 2 7𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 15
2
) ( )
= 9𝑥 − 21𝑥𝑦 + 18 − 14𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑥 − 30
2
= 19𝑥 − 35𝑥𝑦 − 12

3 2 2 2 2 2 3
(6) Multiply each of the following monomials: 4
𝑥 𝑦𝑧 , 0. 5𝑥𝑦 𝑧 , 1. 16𝑥 𝑦𝑧 , 2𝑥𝑦𝑧
3 2 2 2 2 2 3
Solution: We have; 4
𝑥 𝑦𝑧 , 0. 5𝑥𝑦 𝑧 , 1. 16𝑥 𝑦𝑧 , 2𝑥𝑦𝑧

=(
3
4
×0.5 ×1.16×2) (𝑥2×𝑥×𝑥2×𝑥×𝑦×𝑦2×𝑦×𝑦×𝑧2 × 𝑧2 × 𝑧3×𝑧)
174
= 200
× (x2 + 1 + 2 + 1 × y1 + 2 + 1 + 1 × z2 + 2 + 3 + 1)
87 6 5 8
= 100
𝑥𝑦𝑧
 2 2
(7) Let 𝐴 = 3𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6 and 𝐵 = 7𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 15. Find (i) 𝐴 + 𝐵 (ii) 2𝐴 + 𝐵
2 2
( ) (
Solution: (i) 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 3𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6 + 7𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 15
2 2
)
(
= 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 ) + (− 7𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑥𝑦) + (6 + 15) =− 2𝑥2 + 0 + 21 =− 2𝑥2 + 21
2 2

2
( ) (
(ii) 2𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2 3𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6 + 7𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 15
2
)
= 6𝑥 − 14𝑥𝑦 + 12 + 7𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 15
2 2
= 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 14𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 12 + 15
2
= 𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 27
(8) Find the value of (5a6) × (–10ab2) × (–2.1a2b3) for a = 1 and b =
1
2
.
6 2 2 3
Solution: We have, (5a ) × (–10ab ) × (–2.1a b )
= (5× − 10× − 2. 1)× 𝑎 ×𝑎×𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑏 ( 6 2 2 3
) = (5× − 10× − 2110 ) × (𝑎6×𝑎×𝑎2 × 𝑏2 × 𝑏3) = 105𝑎6+1+2𝑏2+3 = 105𝑎9𝑏5
1
Putting 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 2
, we have
1 5
9 5
105𝑎 𝑏 = 105×(1) ×
9
( ) 2
= 105×1×
1
32
=
105
32

(9) Determine each of the following products and find the value of each for x = 2, y = 1.15, z = 0.01.
(i) 27x2 (1 – 3x) (ii) xz (x2 + y2) (iii) z2(x – y) (iv) (2z – 3x) × (– 4y)
Solution: (i) 27x2 (1 – 3x) ⇒ 27 x2- 51x3 = 27(2)2 – 51 (2)3 = − 540
(ii) xz (x2 + y2) ⇒ x3z – xy2z = (2)3 × (0.01) – (2) × (1.15)2 ×(0.01) = 0.10645
(iii) z2(x – y) ⇒xz2 – yz2 = (2) × (0.01)2- (1.15) × (0.01)2 = 0.000085
(iv) (2z – 3x) × (– 4y) ⇒ (-8yz) +12xy = (-8× 1. 15 × 0. 01) + 12 ×2×1. 15 = 27.508

(10) If 𝑥 −
1
𝑥
= 9, then find the value of 𝑥 +
2
𝑥
1
2 .
1
Solution: We have; 𝑥 − 𝑥
= 9
Squaring both sides, we get,
1 2
(
⇒ 𝑥− 𝑥 ) = 81

1 2
2
⇒ 𝑥 − 2×𝑥×
1
𝑥
+ ( ) 𝑥
= 81

2 1
⇒𝑥 − 2 + 2 = 81
𝑥

2 1
⇒𝑥 + 2 = 81 + 2 [𝑂𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 2 𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝐻𝑆]
𝑥

2 1
⇒𝑥 + 2 = 83.
𝑥

Level - 2 (HOTS)

(1) If 4x2 + y2 = 40 and xy = 6, find the value of 2x + y.

2 2 2
Solution: We have; (2𝑥 + 𝑦) = (2𝑥) + 𝑦 + 2×2𝑥×𝑦
2 2 2
⇒ (2𝑥 + 𝑦) = 4𝑥 + 𝑦
2
( ) + 4𝑥𝑦 [𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔⁡4𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 40 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦 = 6]
⇒ (2𝑥 + 𝑦) = 40 + 4×6
2
⇒ (2𝑥 + 𝑦) = 64 [𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠]
⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = ± 64
⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = ±8
(2) The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is 164. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let the two consecutive odd numbers be 𝑥 and 𝑥 + 2.
Given that: (𝑥) + (𝑥 + 2) = 164
2𝑥 + 2 = 164

2(𝑥 + 1) = 164
164
𝑥 + 1 = 2

𝑥 + 1 = 82

𝑥 = 82 − 1

⇒𝑥 = 81

∴ The two consecutive odd numbers are 81 and 83.

1
(3) The present age of a person is 3
of the present age of his father. If the sum of their ages is 60 years,
then find the age of the son.
Solution: Let the present age of the father be 𝑥 years.
𝑥
∴ The present age of the son = 3 years.
𝑥
Given that; 𝑥 + 3
= 60
𝑥 𝑥 3×𝑥+1×𝑥
1
+ 3
= 60⇒ 3
= 60

3𝑥+𝑥 4𝑥
3
= 60⇒ 3
= 60

4𝑥 = 60×3⇒4𝑥 = 180
180
𝑥 = 4

𝑥 = 45
1
∴ The age of the son = 3
×45 = 15 years.

3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(4) Solve for x: 2
+ 3
= 𝑥+ 6
+ 6
3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Solution: 2
+ 3
= 𝑥+ 6
+ 6
3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2
+ 3
−𝑥 − 6
= 6

3×3𝑥+2×𝑥−6×𝑥−1×𝑥
6
= 6

9𝑥+2𝑥−6𝑥−1𝑥
6
= 6

11𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 6×6

4𝑥 = 36

𝑥 = 9

(5) Express the following product as a monomial: 𝑥 ( 3) × (7𝑥5)× ( 15 ) 𝑥2 × (− 6𝑥4) and verify the product
for x = 1.
Solution: We have,
⇒ 𝑥 ( 3) × (7𝑥5) × ( 15 𝑥2) × (− 6𝑥4) = (1×7× 15 × − 6) × (𝑥3 × 𝑥5 × 𝑥2 × 𝑥4)
42 3+5+2+4 42 14
⇒ − 5
𝑥 = − 5
𝑥
Verification: For 𝑥 = 1, we have
( 3) × (7𝑥5) × ( 15 𝑥2) × (− 6𝑥4)
L.H.S. = 𝑥
= (1) × {7×(1 )} × { 5 ×(1) } × {− 6×(1) }
3 5 1 2 4

1 42
= 1×7× 5
× − 6 =− 5

42 14 42
𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆. =− 5
×(1) =− 5

Verification: For x = 1, we have

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 FILL IN THE BLANKS
(1) The exponents of the variables of a polynomial must be _______ integers.
(2) The symbol that has a fixed numerical value is called___________.
(3) 2017xy – 2xy = _______.
(4) Algebraic expressions are formed from ___________ and constants.
(5) The terms having the same literal coefficients are called _______.
(6) 2xy and –5x2 are ______________ of the expression 2xy – 5x2.
(7) The highest exponent of the variable in a polynomial is called ______________ of the polynomial.
(8) An algebraic expression with variables having non–negative integral exponents are called a _____________.
(9) Each factor together with the sign of the term is called the ________ of the other factor.
2𝑥𝑦−6𝑥
(10) 2𝑥 =_______________.

TRUE OR FALSE
(1) – 4 is the coefficient of xy in the expression – 4 + xy.
(2) 4x is a polynomial in variable x.
(3) 4x2 y and – 4yx2 are like terms.
(4) The expression – 3xy + 8xy is a binomial.
(5) Every binomial is a polynomial.
(6) A monomial multiplied by another monomial always gives a monomial.
(7) A quantity which has no fixed value is called a constant.
(8) The polynomial – 3 + 8x – 9x2 + 17x3 is in the standard form.
(9) The degree of the polynomial 3x2 y + 5x3y2 + 9xy – 11 is 3.
(10) The coefficient of x2y in the expression 4x – x2 y is 0.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

(1) Which of the following is a polynomial?
1/3 1/2
(A) 𝑋 + 1 − 2𝑥 (B) 𝑥 +𝑥 +7
3 1/3 6 2
(C) 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( ) (D) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 5
2 2
(2) The value of 25x + 16y + 40xy at x = 1 and y = –1 is
(A) 81 (B) –49
(C) 1 (D)none of these
(3) The product of two factors with unlike signs is ________.
(A) Positive (B) Negative
(C) Cannot be Determined (D) None of these
(4) If (3x – 4) (5x + 7) = 15x2 – ax – 28, then a = __________.
(A) 1 (B) –1
(C) –2 (D) none of these
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
(5) The number of second-degree terms in the expression⁡2𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑦 + 5𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑥 𝑦 − 4𝑥 𝑦 is
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 4
1 5 3 2 3
(6) The degree of the polynomial 2 2
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6𝑦 + 4𝑥 𝑦 is
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 5 (D) 1
(7) When x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3, the value of the sum of 5x2, –2x3z and 3y4 is
(A) 40 (B) 10
(C) –37 (D) 47
(8) The solution of 0.2 (2x – 1) – 0.5 (3x – 1) = 0.4 is
1 1
(A) 11 (B) − 11
3 −3
(C) 11
(D) 11
5 2
𝑥 −7𝑥 +18
(9) The additive inverse of 3 is
𝑥 −2
5 2 5 2
𝑥 +7𝑥 +18 −𝑥 −7𝑥 +18
(A) 3 (B) 3
𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2
5 2
−𝑥 +7𝑥 −18
(C) 3 (D) none of these
𝑥 −2
(10) The value of x for which (3x – 4) and (2x + 1) become equal is
(A) -3 (B) 0
(C) 5 (D) 1
(11) Three-fourth of a number is 9. Find the number. (2015)
(A) 24 (B) 12
(C) 36 (D) 27

(12) If one-third of y is subtracted from its half, find the result. (2017)
−𝑦 𝑦
(A) 6 (B) 5
𝑦 2𝑦
(C) 6
(D) 6

(13) If 𝑥 : 𝑦 = 2 : 3, then find the value of 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 : 9𝑥 + 5𝑦 . (2017)

(A) 4: 11 (B) 5: 14
(C) 11: 4 (D) 15: 7
(14) One-third of 𝑥 is added to its half, find the resulting sum. (2015)
5𝑥 6𝑥
(A) 6 (B) 5
11𝑥 11𝑥
(C) 6
(D) 5

𝑥 4 8 𝑦−𝑥
(15) If 𝑦
= 5
, then the value of 9
+ 𝑦+𝑥
is (2012)
2
(A) 2 (B) 3
3
(C) 2
(D) 1

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

Directions: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by a corresponding
statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(A) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) If an assertion is true but the reason is false.
(D) If an assertion is false but the reason is true.
(1) Assertion: The variable and constants of the algebraic expression 5𝑥 + 2 are 5,2 and 𝑥 respectively.
Reason: Variables are the alphabets used to represent unknown numbers and constants that have a fixed value.
(2) Assertion: If 𝑝 = 4, 𝑞 = 7, then the value of 𝑝𝑞 is 21.
Reason: The expression 𝑝𝑞 indicates the multiplication of 𝑝 and 𝑞.
(3) Assertion: 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2𝑥
Reason: A number being added to itself is actually twice of that number.
5
(4) Assertion: 2𝑥 + 3 = 8⇒2𝑥 + 3 − 3 = 8 − 3⇒2𝑥 = 5⇒𝑥 = 2
Reason: If we add/subtract a number to L.H.S. of an equation, then we should add/subtract the same number to
R.H.S. to balance the equation.
(5) Assertion: 2𝑥 < 12 is not an equation.
Reason: An equation must have an equality sign.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

(1) Identify the terms and their coefficients for each of the following expressions.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(i) 7𝑥 𝑦𝑧 − 5𝑥𝑦 (ii) 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 (iii) 3𝑥 𝑦 − 5𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 + 𝑧
(iv) 9 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎 (v) 𝑎/2 + 𝑏/2 − 𝑎𝑏 (vi) 0. 2𝑥 − 0. 3𝑥𝑦 + 0. 5𝑦
(2) Subtract 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 7𝑧 from the sum of 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 and − 4𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 11𝑧.

(3) Find the value of 5𝑥 ( 6) × (− 1. 5𝑥2𝑦3) × (− 12𝑥𝑦2) when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0. 5.

(4) I am an integer. When you multiply me by 2 and subtract 10 from me, the result is − 6. Who am I?
(5) The product of a number 𝑥 and 7 is 56. Find the number.
(6) Find the value of 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 8, when 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 3.
(7) The sum of two consecutive integers is 9. Find the smallest integer.
(8) Solve: 3(𝑥 + 2) = 9.
(9) If 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑧 = 5, find the value of 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧.
2
(10) If 5
of a number is 18, what will be the product of two digits of the number?
(11) Find the value of ' 𝑎 ', if the product of 𝑎 and 10 equals to 60.
(12) When you add − 15 to a number, the result is 25. Find the number.
𝑣
(13) Find the value of 𝑣 in equation 3
+ 2 = 4.

(14) Write the following in algebraic form:

(i) Seven added to eight times a number divided by two.
(ii) The quotient is obtained by dividing a number by twenty multiplied by six and added to seven.
(15) Solve the equation by trial-and-error method.
(i) 2(𝑥 − 1) = 6
(ii) 4(𝑥 − 3) = 8
(16) The length of a box is 16 𝑐𝑚 more than twice its width. If the width is 𝑦 𝑐𝑚, what is its length?
Find out the area of the box when 𝑦 = 1.
(17) In this section each question has two matching lists. Choices for the correct combination of elements from
List-I and List-II are given as options (𝑎), (𝑏), (𝑐) and (d) out of which one is correct.
Match the equations with their solutions.
List – I List – II
(P) 2𝑎
= 5 (1) − 4
10
(Q) 5𝑎 + 18 =− 2 (2) 30
(R) 30𝑦 = 60 (3) 25
(S) 𝑥
− 5 = 10 (4) 2
2

(a) P-3, Q-1, R-2, S-4 (b) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2
(c) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4 (d) P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2
(18) Match the statements given in the List-I with the equations given in List-II. List-I
List – I List – II
(P) Four times a number 𝑥 increased by 3 (1) 3𝑥 − 4 = 16
gives 19.
(Q) Think of a number, divide it by 5 and (2) 4𝑥 + 3 = 19
add 11. The result is 23.
(R) 15 multiplied by 𝑥 equals to 20. (3) 𝑥
+ 11 = 23
5
(S) A number multiplied by 3 and then (4) 15𝑥 = 20
subtracted by 4 gives 16 as the result.

(a) P-3, Q-1, R-2, S-4 (b) P-1, Q-4, R-3, S-2
(c) P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1 (d) P-4, Q-1, R-3, S-2

For more questions, please scan the below-given QR codes

Level – 1 Level – 2
https://bit.ly/3D4KRYr https://bit.ly/3RmKZqz
 CHECK YOUR CONCEPT
(1) (i) (D) (ii) (A) (iii) (C)
(2) (i) (D) (ii) (A) (iii) (A)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

(1) Non-negative integers (6) Terms
(2) Constant (7) Degree
(3) 2015xy (8) Polynomial
(4) Variables (9) Coefficient
(5) Like terms (10) y-3

TRUE OR FALSE
(1) False (6) True
(2) True (7) False
(3) True (8) False
(4) False (9) False
(5) True (10) False

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

(1) (C) (6) (C) (11) (B)
(2) (C) (7) (D) (12) (C)
(3) (B) (8) (B) (13) (A)
(4) (B) (9) (C) (14) (A)
(5) (C) (10) (C) (15) (D)

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

(1) (D)
(2) (D)
(3) (A)
(4) (A)
(5) (A)

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

(1) (i) 2 terms, Coefficients are: 7, -5 (10) 20
(ii) 3 terms, Coefficients are: 1,1,1
(iii) 3 terms, Coefficients are: 3, -5, 1
(iv) 4 terms, Coefficients are: 9, -1,1, -1
1 1
(v) 3 terms, Coefficients are: 2 , 2 ,-1
(vi) 3 terms, Coefficients are: 0.2, -0.3, 0.5
(2) -6x+10y - 2z (11) 6
(3) 45 (12) 40
16
(4) 2 (13) 6
(5) 8 (14) (i) 4x + 7 = (ii) (6y/20) + 7
(6) 32 (15) (i) x=4 (ii) x = 5
(7) 4 (16) 18 sq. cm
(8) 1 (17) P – 3, Q – 1, R – 4, S – 2
(9) 4 (18) P – 2, Q – 3, R – 4, S – 1