SUMMARY OF QUARTER 1

MATH 8

WEEK 1:

STEPS: EXAMPLES:

Lesson 1: Factoring Step 1: Find the

Polynomials with Common greatest
Monomial Factor common factor
The Greatest Common of the numerical
Monomial Factor of two or coefficients.
more monomials is the Step 2: Find the
common factor having the common
greatest numerical factor and variable with the
with variables having the least least exponent
Thus, the factored form of 4𝑚²𝑛+10𝑚 is 2𝑚
degree. Thus, the term ax n is that appears in
each term of the ( 2𝑚𝑛+5 ).
the Greatest Common
polynomial. 2 (2𝑚𝑛+5 )
Monomial Factor of a
polynomial if: Step 3: The
product of the GCMF Quotient of Polynomial and GCMF
1. a is the greatest integer GCF in step 1
and step 2 is the Check by multiplying using the distributive
that divides each of the
GCMF of the property. 2𝑚(2𝑚𝑛+5) = 4𝑚²𝑛+10𝑚
coefficients of the
polynomials, and polynomial.
Step 4: To
2. n is the smallest exponent completely
of x in all terms of the factor the given
polynomial. polynomial,
divide the
polynomial by its
GCMF, the
resulting
quotient is the Thus, the factored form of 12 𝑦² − 16 ²𝑦 + 24 ³𝑦³
other factor. is 4xy ( 3y – 4x + 6x² 𝑦² ).
4xy ( 3y – 4x + 6x² 𝑦² )

GCMF Quotient of Polynomial and GCMF

Check by multiplying using distributive property.

4xy ( 3y – 4x + 𝑦 ) = 12 𝑦² − 16 ²𝑦 + 24 ³𝑦³
Lesson 2: Factoring Steps in
Difference of Two Squares factoring the
Do you still remember the difference of
product of the sum and two squares
difference of two same
terms? Well, that is ( a+𝑏) Step 1: Get the Therefore, 𝑛² - 4 = ( +2) ( 𝑛−2 ).
( a−𝑏) = a 2- b 2 . Using this principal square
form, you can reverse the root of each of
process. the two squares

Step 2: Using the

principal square
roots, form two
factors, one for Therefore, -25 + c 4 = (c 2 +5 ) (c 2 −5 )
the sum and one
for the
difference.
Lesson 3: Factoring Sum or Steps in
Difference of Two Cubes factoring Sum or
The product of ( a+b ) (a 2−¿ Difference of
a𝑏 + b 2) is a 3 + b 3 , while Two Cubes
the product of ( a-𝑏 ) (a 2 +
a𝑏+b 2 ) is a 3 - b 3 . These Step 1: Get the
cube root of
concepts are very helpful in
each cube.
factoring sum and difference
of two cubes.
Step 2: Taking
the operation
between the
cubes, obtain a
binomial factor
using the cube
roots in step 1.

Step 3: Form the

second trinomial
factor as follows:

a. Square the
first cube root.
b. Take the
negative product
of the cube root.
c. Square the
second cube
root.
Lesson 4: Factoring Perfect Steps in
Square Trinomial Factoring
A perfect square trinomial is Perfect Square
the square of a binomial. Trinomials
Note that to be a perfect
square trinomial, it must Step 1: Get the
satisfy the following square roots of
conditions: the first and last
 terms.
 the first and last terms are
perfect squares; and Step 2: Use the
 the middle term is twice the sign of the
product of the square root of middle term
the first and last terms between the
roots.

Step 3: Square
the binomial
obtained in step
2.

Lesson 5: Factoring General Case 1: Factoring

Trinomial 𝒂𝒙𝟐+ + when
Factoring general trinomials a=𝟏
involves recognizing patters,
estimating, looking for clues Steps in
and multiplying to check. factoring
general
This lesson is made up of two trinomial in the
cases: form 𝒂𝒙𝟐+ +
Case 1: Factoring ax 2+𝑏x + , when a=𝟏
when =1
Case 2: Factoring ax 2+𝑏x + , Step 1: List all
when ≠1 factors whose
products equals
the first term
and constant
term.

Step 2: Get the

pair of factors in
the list whose
sum equals the
coefficient of the
linear term.
Step 3: Write the
binomial factors
in the form ( + 𝑟 )
( x + 𝑠 ).

Remember some
important points
in factoring the
general
trinomial.

If 𝑏 and c are
both positive,
then the factors
must be positive.

If c is positive
and 𝑏 is
negative, then
the factors must
be negative.

If c is negative,
then the factors
must have
opposite sign.
Case 2: Factoring
𝒂𝒙𝟐+bx +c when
a≠𝟏

Steps in
factoring
general
trinomial
𝒂𝒙𝟐+bx +c when
a≠𝟏

Step 1: Factor
out the greatest
common factor
other than one,
if there is any.

Step 2:
Determine the
sign pattern for
the binomial
factors.

Step 3: Find two

first terms
whose product is
𝒂𝒙𝟐 .

Step 4: Find two

last terms whose
product is c.

Step 5: Repeat
steps 2 and 3
until a
combination is
found for which
the sum of the
outer and inner
is 𝑏x
Lesson 6: Solving Problems While there is
Involving Factors of no shortcut to
Polynomial becoming
proficient at
solving word
problems, there
is a method
which is an
outline for
problem-solving.

1. Understanding
the problem.
Read the
problem very
carefully. It may
be necessary to
read it several
times. A sketch
may help.

2. Devising a
plan. Determine
what you are to
find, and then let
a variable
represent the
unknown. It will
be necessary to
write an
equation based
upon the words
of the problem.
 3. Carrying out
the plan. Solve
the Equation.

4. Looking Back.
Check your
answers.

WEEK 2

description Example
A rational A rational algebraic expression
algebraic is simply a quotient of two
expression polynomials or fractions whose
numerator and denominator
are polynomials. It is an
expression that can be written
in the form 𝑃/𝑄 where P and Q
are polynomials and Q ≠0.

Rational algebraic expressions

can be used to solve variety of
problems that involve rates,
time, and work. Using rational
algebraic expression and
equation can help us answer
questions about how to
combine workers or machines
to complete a job on schedule.

An expression is a polynomial if
it has a positive integral
exponent, no variable inside
the radical sign or on the
denominator.

Simplifying STEPS IN SIMPLIFYING

Rational RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC
Algebraic EXPRESSIONS
Expression
1. Factor both numerator and
The property of denominator.
Equivalent 2. Divide the numerator and
Fractions implies denominator by their greatest
that factors that common factor.
are common to
both the 3. Multiply the remaining
numerator and factors and their product is the
denominator of a rational algebraic expression in
fraction can be simplest form.
divided out. If all
common factors
have been
divided out, then
the fraction is in
its lowest term.
To simplify a
fraction means to
write it in lowest
term.

A rational
algebraic
expression is
reduced to
lowest terms if
the numerator
and denominator
have no factors
in common. We
can reduce
rational algebraic
expression to
lowest terms in
much the same
way as we reduce
numerical
fractions to
lowest terms.
WEEK 3

STEPS EXAMPLES
MULTIPLYING 1. Write each
RATIONAL numerator and
ALGEBRAIC denominator in
EXPRESSIONS factored form.
2. Divide out the factors
that are common to
both numerator and
denominator.
3. Multiply all the
remaining factors in
the numerator and
denominator

Remember: “The product

of two rational
expressions is the product
of the numerators over
the product of the
denominators.”

In symbols, 𝑎/ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐/ 𝑑 =
𝑎𝑐/ 𝑏𝑑 , where 𝑏𝑑 ≠ 0.
DIVIDING The quotient of two rational
RATIONAL algebraic expressions is the
ALGEBRAIC product of the dividend and
EXPRESSIONS the reciprocal of the divisor
ADDING AND To find the sum or difference
SUBTRACTING OF of similar rational algebraic
SIMILAR expressions, just add or
RATIONAL subtract the numerators and
ALGEBRAIC write the answer in the
EXPRESSIONS numerator over the common
denominator.
ADDING AND Dissimilar rational algebraic
SUBTRACTING OF expressions are expressions
DISSIMILAR with different denominators.
RATIONAL
ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS Remember: In adding or
subtracting rational algebraic
expressions with different
denominators, follow the
steps below:
1. Factor the
denominators, if
possible, to find the
LCD.
2. Rewrite the
expression using the
LCD.
3. Add or subtract the
numerator by
combining like terms.
4. Simplify the result as
needed.
SOLVING Equations having rational
PROBLEMS expression is called rational
INVOLVING algebraic equations. Rational
RATIONAL algebraic equation is an
ALGEBRAIC equation that contains at least
EXPRESSIONS one fraction whose
numerator and denominator
are polynomials.

Steps in solving rational

equations:
1) Multiply both sides of the
equation by the least common
multiple of the denominators
(LCD).
2) Solve the equation using
properties of equality.
3) Check the solution in the
original equation.
WEEK 4

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
RECTANGULA The French mathematician René
R Descartes (1596-1650), who is
COORDINATE known as the “Father of Modern
SYSTEM Mathematics”, developed a system
on how you will determine the
location of a place, a person, or an
object in a plane by representing
them with an ordered pair of
numbers (𝑥, 𝑦). This system is called
the Cartesian Coordinate System or
also known as Rectangular
Coordinate System.
 Rectangular coordinate system or
Cartesian plane is defined by two
perpendicular number lines that
meet at the point of origin (0,0) and
divide the plane into four regions
called quadrants. The horizontal
number line is called the x-axis and
the vertical number line is called the
y-axis.

The Cartesian coordinate plane

extends infinitely. Each point in the
coordinate system is defined by an
ordered pair of the form (𝑥, 𝑦)
where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real numbers.
This pair of numbers is called
coordinates of a point. The
coordinates of a point determine
the location of a point in the
Cartesian coordinate plane by
indicating its distances from the
axes.

The distance from the y-axis is

called the abscissa or the 𝒙 -
coordinate and that is the first
number in an ordered pair, while
the distance from the 𝒙 -axis is
called the ordinate or the y-
coordinate and the second number
in an ordered pair.
PLOTTING OF To plot point means to locate the
POINTS position of a coordinate in the
Cartesian coordinate plane.

Follow these steps in plotting

points:
a. Locate the 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
along the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Draw an
imaginary line parallel to
the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
 b. Locate the 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒
along the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Draw an
imaginary line parallel to
the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
c. Mark the intersection of the
two imaginary lines with a
dot.
d. Label the dot or point using
a capital letter.
Note: You may omit the imaginary
lines when your skills in plotting
points have been developed
ILLUSTRATING A linear equation in two variables is
LINEAR an equation that can be written in
EQUATIONS the form:
IN TWO
VARIABLES
ILLUSTRATING
AND FINDING
THE SLOPE OF
A LINE GIVEN How do you find the slope of a line?
TWO POINTS, The slope of a line can be obtained
EQUATION given the following:
AND GRAPH 1. any two points
2. equation and
3. graph

WEEK 5

description Examples:
REWRITING LINEAR Linear equation in the
EQUATION ax + by = c form ax + by = c can be
INTO y = mx AND VICE written in the form y = mx
VERSA and vice versa. If the
equation is written in the
form y = mx + b, the
numerical coefficient of x
 is the slope and b is the y-
intercept.

GRAPHING LINEAR Graphing linear equations

EQUATIONS IN TWO can be done using any of
VARIABLES these methods.
1. Using any two
points
2. Using x- and y-
intercepts
3. Using the slope
and a point
WEEK 6

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Finding the • Point – an exact location denoted Find the equation of the line passing through
Equation by an ordered pair composed of 𝑥- the points (3, 5) and (2, -4).
of a Line coordinate and 𝑦-coordinate in the
Given Two form (𝑥,)
Points • Equation – comparison of two
quantities or expressions using the
equality symbol (=)
• Line – composed of infinite number
of points and can be determined
using two points; its equation can be
written in the form 𝑦=𝑚𝑥+𝑏,
𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦=𝐶, or 𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦+𝐶=0

Find the equation of the line whose graph

passes through the points (-1, -3) AND (5,1)
Finding the Problem: A line has a slope of 2 and is passing
Equation through the point whose coordinates are (2,-5).
of a Line What is its equation?
Given the
Slope and
a Point

Thus, the equation of the line passing through

the point (2, -5) and has a slope of 2 is y = 2x -9.
This equation is written in the slope – intercept
form (𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏) where m=2 and b = -9.

Suppose the steepness of Mayon Volcano is

2/3 and its peak has coordinates (6,5), find the
equation of the line representing its slant
height.
Finding the We can simply find the equation of Let’s try to find the equation of the line whose
Equation the line when the slope and its y – slope is equal to -4 and whose y – intercept is -
of a Line intercept are given using the slope – 6.
Given the intercept formula below. Remember
Slope and that the y – intercept, denoted as b, is
a y- the y value when x = 0, and it is the
intercept point where the line crosses the y –
axis.

Solving Dependent variable – variable

Problems (usually 𝑦) that depends on the value
Involving of the independent variable (usually
Linear 𝑥)
Equations
in Two Equation – comparison of two
Variables quantities or expressions using the
equality symbol (=)

Independent variable – variable

(usually 𝑥) that controls the value of
the dependent variable (usually 𝑦)

Linear equation – an equation

involving variables in the first degree
Linear equation in two variables – an
equation involving two variables,
usually 𝑥 and 𝑦, that are both in first
degree; can be written in standard
form (𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦=𝐶), in general form
(𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦+𝐶=0), or in slope-intercept
form (𝑦=𝑚𝑥+𝑏)

Variable – a symbol such as a letter in

the alphabet that represents an
unknown value.
WEEK 7

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
Systems of Equations Coinciding Lines –
in Two Variables overlapping lines

Consistent and
Dependent System - a
system of linear equations
having infinitely many
solutions. The slopes of
the lines defined by the
equations are equal and
their intercepts are also
equal and their graphs
coincide.

Consistent and
Independent System- a
system of linear equations
having exactly one
 solution. The slopes of the
lines defined by the
equations are not equal,
their y- intercepts could
be equal or unequal, and
their graphs intersect at
exactly one point.

Inconsistent System – A
system of linear equations
having no solution. The
slopes of the lines defined
by the equations are
equal, their y-intercepts
are not equal, and their
graphs are parallel.

Intersecting Lines- lines

that meet at exactly one
point. In summary: A system of linear equations has:
a. only one solution if their graphs intersect
Parallel Lines – coplanar b. infinitely many solutions if their graphs
lines that do not intersect. coincide
c. no solution if their graphs are parallel
Solution – the coordinates
of all points of
intersection of the graphs
of the equations in the
system whose
coordinates must satisfy
all equations in the
system.

System of Linear
Equations – also called as
simultaneous linear
equations. A set or
collection of linear
equations, all of which
must be satisfied.
Graphing A System of The graph of a system of
Linear Equations in linear equations in two
Two Variables variables are two lines.
From the previous
learning activity sheets,
you learned how to graph
linear equations in two
variables. Remember that
 you have various ways on
how to draw its graph
given the following:
1. Two points
2. 𝑥 and 𝑦 –
intercepts
3. Slope and 𝑦 –
intercept
4. Slope and a point

WEEK 8

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Lesson 1: Solving Graph – a diagram used to
Systems of Linear indicate relationships
Equations through between two or more
Graphing variable quantities.

Cartesian coordinate
plane – the plane formed
by the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes called
the coordinate axes.
 Substitution – replacing a
variable (unknown) with a
numeral.

Elimination – removing of
one variable in an
equation.

Solution – a number or
value for a variable that
makes the equation true.

Lesson 2: Solving To solve a system of linear

Systems of Linear equations by substitution
Equations by method, the following
Substitution procedures could be
followed:
a. Solve for one
variable in terms
of the other
variable in one of
the equations. If
one of the
equations already
gives the value of
one variable, you
may proceed to
the next step.
b. Substitute the
 value of the
variable found in
the first step of
the second
equation. Simplify
then solve the
resulting
equation.
c. Substitute the
value obtained in
(b) to any of the
original equations
to find the value
of the other
variable.
d. Check the values
of the variables
obtained against
the linear
equations in the
system.

Lesson 3: Solving To solve a system of linear

Systems of Linear equations in two variables
Equations by by elimination, the
Elimination following procedures
could be followed:
a. Whenever
necessary, rewrite
both equations in
standard form
𝐴𝑥+𝐵𝑦=𝐶 .
b. Whenever
necessary,
multiply either
equation or both
equations by a
nonzero number
 so that the
coefficients of x or
y will have the
sum of 0. (Note:
The coefficients of
x and y are
additive inverses.)
c. Add the resulting
equations. This
leads to an
equation in one
variable. Simplify
then solve the
resulting
equation.
d. Substitute the
value obtained to
any of the original
equations to find
the value of the
other variable.