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2: Polynomials
Factorization
Factorization Is the apposite process of expanding brackets. The usual process includes changing a long
expression without any brackets to a shorter expression that includes brackets.
2 6 4 2 3 2
Special Products
Let x, y and z be real numbers, variables or algebraic expression.
Sum and difference of same terms or Difference of two squares
:
Square of a binomial : 2
: 2
Cube of a binomial : 3 3
: 3 3
Difference of two cubes :
Sum of two cubes :
Square of a trinomial : 2 2 2
Division of Polynomials
Carrying out the division of polynomials is no different in principle, to numerical division.
Solution for division of Polynomials
Long Division
Synthetic Division
Binomial Theorems
Binomial is a polynomial or expression of two terms. When a binomial is raised to a certain power, the
expansions are as follows:
1
2
9
3 3
The Expansion of (a + b)n
If n is any positive integer, then
(a+b)n=an+nC1an−1b+nC2an−2b2+⋯+nCman−mbm+⋯+bn
Where
nCm = combination of n objects taken m at a time.
Some Example of Binomial Expansion
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
(a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3
(a+b)4=a4+4a3b+6a2b2+4ab3+b4
(a+b)5=a5+5a4b+10a3b2+10a2b3+5ab4+b5
(a+b)6=a6+6a5b+15a4b2+20a3b3+15a2b4+6ab5+b6
(a+b)7=a7+7a6b+21a5b2+35a4b3+35a3b4+21a2b5+7ab6+b7
The coefficient of terms can also be found by
The sum of the coefficient of Variable
To set the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (ax + by+ ...)n, substitute 1 to each of the variables x, y,
....
Properties of Binomial Expansion
1. The first term and last term of the expansion are an and bn, respectively.
2. There are n+1 terms in the expansion.
3. The sum of the exponents of a and b in any term is n.
4. The exponent of a decreases by 1, from n to 0.
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5. The exponent of b increases by 1, from 0 to n.
6. The coefficient of the second term and the second from the last term is n.
Pascal’s Triangle
Used to determine the coefficients of the terms in a binomial expansion.
(a + b)0 : 1
(a + b)1 : 1 1
(a + b)2 : 1 2 1
(a + b)3 : 1 3 3 1
(a + b)4 : 1 4 6 4 1
(a + b)5 : 1 5 10 10 5 1
(a + b)6 : 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
(a + b)7 : 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
The Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem
If a polynomial in an unknown quantity x is divided by a first degree expression in the same variable, (x‐ k),
where k may be any real or complex number, the remainder to be expected will be equal to the sum obtained
when the numerical value of k is substituted for x in the polynomial. Thus, Remainder = f(x) x → k
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If the polynomial is divided by (x‐k) will result to a remainder of zero, then the value (x‐k) is a factor of the
polynomial. This is known as the Factor Theorem.
References:
Books
Barnett, R. A., et.al (2008). College Algebra with Trigonometry (9th ed). NY, USA: McGraw‐Hill.
Bird, J. (2003). Engineering Mathematics (4th ed). Oxford, UK: Newnes.
Ellis, W. & Burzynski, D. (2008). Elementary Algebra. Houston, Texas: CONNEXIONS.
Falduto, V., Gross R., et.al. (2015). Algebra and Trigonometry. Houston, Texas: Rice University.
Gibilisco, S. (2008). Algebra Know‐It‐All: Beginner to Advanced, and Everything in Between. NY, USA: The
McGraw‐Hill Companies, Inc.
Gillesania, D. I. T. (2014). GERTC Engineering Mathematics Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). DIT Gillesania.
Moyer, R. E. & Spiegel, M. R. (2019). Schaum’s outlines: College Algebra (5th ed). New York, USA: McGraw‐Hill
Education.
Tiong, J. R. & Rojas, Jr. R. A. (n.d.). 1000 Solved Problems in Engineering Mathematics.
Videos
The Organic Chemistry Tutor. (2016, Feb 15). Factoring Polynomials ‐ By GCF, AC Method, Grouping,
Substitution, Sum & Difference of Cubes [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXvt9OumKH8
The Organic Chemistry Tutor. (2016, Nov 4). Synthetic Division and Remainder Theorem, Factoring
Polynomials, Find Zeros, With Fractions, Algebra [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nx6qqka3ra8
The Organic Chemistry Tutor. (2016, Dec 5). Binomial Theorem Expansion, Pascal's Triangle, Finding Terms &
Coefficients, Combinations, Algebra 2 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s19dWIHficY
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