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1
How to learn from this module
This is your guide for the proper use of the module:
Start
No
1. If one of the factors of 18x5y + 12x4y – 6x3y + 3x2y is 3x2y, what is the other
factor?
a. x2 + 7x + 12 c. x2 – 7x – 12
b. x2 + x – 12 d. x2 – x – 12
i. 3a – 5b ii. 3a + 5b
a. i c. i and ii
b. ii d. cannot be determined
a. a – 2b; a2 – 4ab + b2
b. a – 2b; a2 – 2ab + 4b2
c. a – 2b; a2 + 4ab + 4b2
d. a – 2b; a2 + 2ab + 4b2
3
5. x2 – 49
1 2 9 2
6. a b
4 16
7. x4 – y4
8. (a – b)2 – 16
B. 1. a2 + 14a + 49
2. m2 + 6n + 8
3. t2 – 15t + 16
4. x6 – 27
5. 8a3 + 125
1 6
6. r 8
27
7. 2x2 – 5x – 12
8. 4n2 – 15n + 9
C. Answer these questions:
a. If the area of a square is 25x2 + 30x + 9, what is the measure of its side?
b. A rectangle has an area of x2 + 12x + 32. If the length is represented by x +8, what is
the width of the rectangle?
In the previous module, you studied about special ways of finding the product
of polynomials. The results are called special products. This time, we will do the other
way around. You will be given the product and you will determine its factors. This process
is factoring. It is the reverse process of multiplying. When we factor expressions, we
determine an equivalent expression that is a product of two or more expressions.
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Before we proceed further, let us review what you have learned about
factors, prime factorization and greatest common factor.
Following are some examples that will enable you to recall some concepts
you have studied before.
1. Factor: a) 36 b) 54 c) 72
Solution: For each given number, we may write the factorization process in a
form of factor tree as shown here:
36 54 72
9 x 4 9 x 6 9 x 8
3 x 3x2 x 2 3 x 3X 2 x 3 3 x 3x 2 x 2X2
Look at the darkened numbers in the last row. They are the prime
factorization of 36, 54 and 72.
Why do you think we call these the prime factorization of the given number?
36 = 3 x 3 x 2 x 2
54 = 3 x 3 x 2 x 3
72 = 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 2
GCF = 3 x 3 x 2
= 18
We say that 18 is the largest number that could divide 36, 54 and 72 exactly.
It is also called their greatest common divisor.
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1. Find the GCF of 4x2, 8x4 and 12x6
SOLUTION:
We factor each of the given monomials where the highest common
factor can be determined among the three monomials.
4x2 = 4x2 1
8x4 = 4x2 2x2
12x 6 = 4x2 3x4
GCF = 4x2
The processes of prime factorization and finding the GCF will be very useful
in solving problems involving factoring.
Remember:
A situation like this can be solved with the knowledge of common monomial
factor.
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To illustrate:
Examples:
Solution:
Find the monomial of highest degree in the polynomial which can be
factored from each term.
Consider both the literal factors and the numerical factors.
a. The lowest degree of the literal factors in the terms 9y 4, -15y3 and 3y2 is y2
and therefore y2 is the highest power which can be factored from the
literal factors in each term.
c. Find the product of the greatest numerical factor and literal factor.
Therefore, the greatest common monomial factor is 3y 2.
9y4 – 15y3 + 3y2
Divide each term by 3y2 to get the terms of the remaining polynomial factor.
3y2 ( 3y – 5y + 1)
7
= 2a (3 + 4ab – 7a2b2) (Dividing each term by the GCF 2a to
get the remaining polynomial factor )
Self-check 1
a+b
In Lesson 1, you were asked to factor polynomials whose terms have common
monomial factor. Here, you will be factoring trinomials of the form
ax2 + bx +c
where a = 1.
8
If a = 1, the trinomial will also be in the form x 2 + bx + c.
We may begin with a review of finding the product of binomial, say :
( x+6)(x+2) = ?
Do you still remember the FOIL Method? It will be useful when factoring polynomials
in the form x2 + bx + c as shown here:
F O I L
(x + 6) (x + 2) = x2 + 2x + 6x + 12
= x2 + 8x + 12
If we do the reverse process, that is, given the product, how do we determine the
factors?
To factor x2 + 8x + 12, think of the reverse of the FOIL Method. Referring to the
above example, note the following:
x2 is the result of x x. Therefore, the first term of each binomial factor is x.
We can write (x + _ ) (x + _)
The coefficient of the middle term of the trinomial are two numbers whose
product is 12 and whose sum is 8.
Here, you first think of two numbers when you multiply will give 12.
We may write these pairs of numbers in a table.
Product of 12 Sum
4, 3 7
-4, -3 -7
6, 2 8
-6, -2 -8
1, 12 13
-1, 12 -13
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The right column contains the sum of the pairs of factors of 12. Ask yourself
“What are the factors of +12 that will give the sum of 8?”
The 3rd row satisfies the two conditions : product is 12 and sum is 8.
The numbers we need are 6 and 2.
We now write the factorization:
x2 + 8x + 12 = (x +6) (x + 2)
Example 2:
Factor y2 – 9 y + 20
Since the last term is positive and the middle term is negative, it means we
need two negative numbers whose product is 20. and whose sum is -9.
Product of 20 Sum
-1. -20 -21
1, 20 21
,5 9
-4, -5 -9
2, 10 20
-2, -10 -20
(y – 4) (y – 5) = y2 – 5y – 4y +20
= y2 – 9y +20
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In the preceding examples, C , the constant term is positive or c> 0.
However, there are cases when the constant term of the trinomial is negative
or C < 0.
In this case, we look for two numbers whose product is the last term, -10 and
whose sum is equal to the numerical coefficient of the middle term, +3 . Since the
constant term is -10, it has a positive factor and a negative factor. The mental
process maybe written this way:
Thus, x2 + 3x – 10 = (x-2)(x+ 5)
We check:
( x – 2 ) ( x +5 ) = x2 + 5x -2x -10
= x2 + 3x - 10
Find two numbers whose sum is -17 and whose product is -18
11
3, -6 -3
Self-check 2
1. A balloon flies at a speed of ( x – 2) miles per hour . At this rate, how long
will it take to fly ( x2 + 6x – 16) miles?
In the following examples, you will see how to factor trinomial of the form
x2 + bx + c where a ≠ 1 . The skills you have developed in the previous lesson will be
used here.
F 0 I L
2
( 2x + 1 ) ( 3x + 2 ) = 6x + 4x + 3x + 2
12
Factors = 6x2 + 7x +2
As you can see, the numerical coefficient of the first term of the two binomial
factors is not equal to 1. As such, the numerical coefficient of the first term of the
trinomial product is not equal to 1 also. This leads to more combinations of possible
factors.
Like in Lesson 2, think of the reverse of the FOIL Method to determine the factors
of a given polynomial. To illustrate how these trinomials are factored, here are some
examples:
Solution:
Step 1. Determine if there is a factor common to all terms. There is none.
Step 2. Look at the first terms. Determine two numbers whose product is 5.
1, 5 –1, –5
Step 3. Now, look for numbers whose products is -8.
–4, 2 ; 4, –2
1, –8 ; 8, –1
Since the last term is negative, the second terms in each factor must be of
different signs. Here are some possible combinations in the factorization.
a. ( x + 2) ( 5x – 4)
b. ( x + 1) ( 5x –8)
c. ( 5x – 1) ( x + 8)
d. ( 5x + 1) ( x – 8)
e. ( x – 1) ( 5x + 4)
f. ( x – 1) ( 5x + 8 )
g. ( x – 4) ( 5x + 2 )
h. ( x + 4) ( 5x – 2)
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In each case, when we multiply the first terms, the product is 5x 2, and the last erm is –8.
Step 4. Look again at the 8 possible combinations. If you apply the distributive
property and combine like terms, which pair will give us the middle term
–18?
Check:
= 5x2 – 18x – 8
Think :
For the first terms: Find two numbers whose product is 2.
For the last terms: Find two numbers whose product is –4
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a. ( 2x – 4) ( x + 1)
b. ( 2x – 1) ( x + 4)
c. ( 2x + 1) ( x – 4)
d. ( 2x + 2) ( x – 2)
e. ( 2x – 2) ( x + 2)
From the above combination, select the pair which will satisfy this condition:
The outside product plus the inside product must equal –7x.
Combination c satisfies the given condition.
Yes, you have already factored. But the product as written may not be completely
factored yet. Examine the polynomial factor:
10 + 3x – x2
.
Think:
First terms: Find two numbers whose product is 10
Last terms: Find two numbers whose product is –x 2
a. ( 5 + x) ( 2 – x)
b. ( 5 – x) ( 2 + x)
c. (10 + x) ( 1 – x)
d. (10 – x) ( 1 + x)
The outside product plus the middle product must equal 3x.
Combination b satisfies this condition.
Thus, the complete factorization is:
Self-check 3
20 + 6x – 2x2 = 2 ( 5 – x) ( 2 + x)
15
A. The questions below are given to help you factor 4x2 – x – 18. Answer each
question.
1. The product of the numerical coefficient of the first term (4x2) and the last term
(-18) is -72. What are the possible pairs of factors of -72?
4. (4x – 9) + ( 4x – 9)
5. (4x – 9) ( + )
1. 2a2 + a – 15 4. 3x2 + x – 10
2. 3x2 – 8x – 3 5. 12x2 – 5x – 2
3. 2x2 – 5x - 12
1. The area of the rectangle below is 6x 2 + 22x + 20 and the other measures are
shown in the figure. What are the measures of a and b?
3x 5
16
Lesson 4 Factoring Perfect Square Trinomial
(x + 4 )2
x2 + 2(4)(x) + 42
= x2 + 8x + 16
(x – 6 )2
x2 – 2(6)(x) + 62
= x2 – 12x + 36
(5x + 4 )2
(5x)2 + 2 (5x)(4) + 42
=25x2 + 40x + 16
In the above examples, we have squared the binomials ( x + 4), ( x – 6), and
(5x + 4). When you square a binomial the resulting product is a perfect square
trinomial. It is also called a trinomial square. The two factors of perfect square
trinomial are exactly alike.
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Following are perfect square trinomials:
1. x2 + 14x + 49
2. 4y2 – 12y + 9
3. 25a2 + 20a + 4
4. 9n4 + 30n2 + 25 = ( 3n + 5)2
5. 64 – 16x + x2 = ( 8 – x )2
What can you say about the first and the third term in each trinomial?
What is the sign of the first and third term in each?
How is the middle term of the trinomial related to the factor of the first
and third term of the polynomial?
If a trinomial is perfect square, the first and last terms are perfect squares
and the middle term whether positive or negative is twice the product of the
square roots of the first and last terms. It may be represented in the form:
The trinomials given above 2are perfect2 squares for the following reasons:
a ± 2ab + b
__ __
2
1. x + 14x + 49 because 14x = 2√x2 √ 49
= 2 (x)(7)
= 14x
__ __
2. 4y2 -12y +9 because -12y = 2√4y2 √9
= 2 (2y)(3)
= 12y
___ __
3. 25a2 +20a +4 because 20a = 2√25a2 √4
= 2(5a)(2)
18
= 20a
1. x2 + 14x + 49
x2 49
x 7
x2 + 14x + 49 = (x + 7)2
2. 4y2 – 12y + 9
4y2 9
2y 3
25a 2 4
5a 2
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Since the middle term is +,
25a2 + 20a + 4 = (5a + 2)2
5. 64 – 16x + x2 = (8 – x )2
Check the factoring done in numbers 2, 3, 4 & 5 by finding the special product
(square of a binomial).
Remember:
To factor a perfect square trinomial, get the square root of the first and last
term. The sign of the middle term of the trinomial determines the sign of the
binomial factor. Since factors are identical, express the square of the binomial
factor.
Self-check 4
A. Tell whether each of the following is a perfect square trinomial or NOT. Give
reason for your answer.
1. x2 + 12x + 36 3. 9a2 – 12ab + 4b2
2 2
2. x + xy + y 4 . 4x2 + 10xy + 25y2
5. x2 – x + 1
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Refer to the figure below:
1. If the area of a square ABCD is 16a 2 + 40a + 25 units, what is the measure of
its side? What is the perimeter of this square?
2. Given the side a+3, what is the area of the smaller square?
3. What is the total area of the two squares?
4. What is the total distance around the two squares?
A B
25
16a2 + 40 a +
E a+3 F
D C G
Here, you will be introduced to another type of factoring. This is the easiest type of
factoring. As mentioned at the beginning of this module, factoring is associated with finding
the product, that is, the reverse process of multiplying.
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Recall finding the special product in this form:
( x + 8) ( x – 8 ) = x2 – 64
( 2x + 4) ( 2x – 4) = 4x2 – 16
( 3a + 5) ( 3a – 5) = 9a2 – 25
The product of the binomial on its left can be described as the difference
between two squares. You see that the first and the second term are perfect
squares and the sign between them is minus.
Likewise, the above examples illustrate the pattern for factoring polynomial
expressed as difference between two squares.
1. x2 – 100
x2 100
x 10
( x + 10) ( x – 10)
2. a2 – 144
a2 144
a 12
(a + 12 ) (a – 12 )
3. 9m2 – 49 = ( 3m + 7) ( 3m – 7)
4. 16x4 – 225 = ( 4x2 + 15) ( 4x2 – 15)
22
5. x8 – 16 = ( x4 + 4) ( x4 – 4 )
= ( x4 + 4) ( x2 + 2) ( x2 – 2) (Factoring further x4 - 4 )
(First term)2 – (Second term)2 =(First term + Second term) (First term – Second term)
68 x 72
( 70 – 2) x ( 70 + 2)
= 702 – 4 Apply special product on difference between two squares
= 4900 – 4 Multiply
= 4896 Subtract
Find the product of 68 and 72 by the long method. Compare the results.
Give your own example. Check the results.
Self-check 5
23
II. Simplify by applying special product and factoring.
a. 49 x 51
b. 17 x 23
c. 99 x 101
d. 44 x 56
III. Solve:
5m
5m
20m
20m
24
a - ab b
2 3
a b a b
a a b
- a b
- a b a b
a b b
a b b
0
3 3
3 2
2 2
2 3
2 3
Therefore:
(a + b ) ( a2 – ab + b2) = a3 + b3
or
(a3 + b3) = (a + b ) ( a2 – ab + b2)
a 2 ab b2
ab 3 a 3 b
a - ab
3 2
ab
2 a b - a b
ab b
2 2
ab b
02 3
2 3
25
To check:
Therefore:
(a - b ) ( a2 + ab + b2) = a3 + b3
or
(a3 - b3) = (a - b ) ( a2 + ab + b2)
a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a2 – ab + b2)
a3 – b3 = ( a - b ) ( a2 + ab + b2)
In each case, one factor contains two terms, the other factor contains three
terms.
The first binomial factor is made up of the cube roots of the two cubes in the
binomial expression. The sign between them is the same as the sign between
the cubes.
The second factor, the trinomial, in each case is made up of the squares of
the cube roots, with the product of the cube roots as the middle term. Further
note that if it is sum of two cubes, the middle term of the trinomial factor is
negative ( – ). If it is the difference of the two cubes, the middle term of the
trinomial factor is positive ( + ). In either case, the two factors have only one
minus ( – ) sign.
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Solution: a3 + 8
3
3
a + 3
8
a + 2
opposite sign
(a + 2 ) (a2 – 2a + 22 )
= (a + 2 ) ( a2 – 2a + 4)
Solution:
64x3 – 1 = ( 4x – 1)[ (4x)2 + 4x( 1) + 12]
opposite sign
= (4x- 1) (16x2 + 4x + 1)
27
Self-check 6
1. 1 + 8x3
2. y3 + 64
3. a3 – 125
4. 125y3 – 8z3
5. 27y3 – 125
For example, ax + x + 4y + ay
You could see that if taken as 1 group, the four terms do not contain any common
factor. However, x is common to both first and second term, and y, common to the
third and fourth term. In such a case, the polynomial can be separated into groups of terms
which have a common factor.
That is:
ax + 4x + 4y + ay = ( ax + 4x) + ( 4y + ay)
= a ( a+ 4) + y ( 4 + a) Factoring each binomial
= x( a + 4) + y (a + 4) Commutative Property of Addition
for 4 + a
= (a + 4)(x + y) Factoring out the common factor
a+4
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1. Factor : x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 6
Solution:
x2 – 2x2 – 3x + 6 = (x – 2) (x2 – 3)
Solution:
4m3 -4m – 3m2 +3 = (4m3- 4m) – (3m2 -3) Grouping of terms
= 4m(m2 -1) – 3(m2 -1) Finding common factor of each
binomial
a. Factor : x3 + y3 + x + y
Solution:
x 3 + y3 + x + y
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= ( x + y ) ( x2 – 2xy + y2 + 1) Factoring out x + y
b. Factor: a3 + b3 + a2 – b2
Solution:
a3 + b3 + a2 – b2
c. Factor : x2 + 6x + 9 – y2
Solution:
x2 + 6x + 9 – y2
= ( x2 + 6x + 9) – y2 Grouping of terms
Solution:
30
e. Factor: -5b2 – 40bc – 80c2.
Solution:
Self-check 7
II. Solve:
x3 + 8x2 + 15x
31
What to do after (Posttest)
a. 4xy c. 4x2y3
b. 4xy2 d. 4x2y2
2. Which of the following are factors of 2x2 + 7x + 6?
3. If one of the factors of 20x 4 – x2y2 – 2x2y2 – 3xy3 – 4y4 is 5x – 4y, what is the other
factor?
32
a. 4(x2 – 16y2)
b. (2x – 8y)(2x + 8y)
c. 2(2x2 – 32y2
d. 4(x – 4y)(x + 4y)
a. 3x + 2y
b. 3x – 2y
c. ( 3x + 2y)2
d. ( 3x – 2y)2
a. b + a ; b2 + 2ab + 2a2 c. b – a ; b2 – ab + a2
b. b + 2a ; b2 – 2ab + a2 d. b – a ; b2 + ab + a2
1. If the area of a square is represented by the polynomial 64 – 122x + 49x 2, how will
you represent the measure of the side of this square?
2s
2s
3r
3r
33
Answer Key
Pretest
I.
1. b
2. d
3. a
4. c
5. d
34
II.
A.
1.3( x + 4)
2.2m ( 5 + 3m)
3.xyz ( yz2 – xy2z3
4.y ( a + b – c + 3)
5.( x + 7) ( x – 7)
6.(1 a + 3 b ) ( 1 a – 3 b)
2 4 2 4
7. ( x + y) ( x – y) ( x2 + y2)
8. (a – b + 4) ( a – b – 4)
B.
1. ( a + 7)2
2. (m+ 4) ( m + 2)
3. not factorable
4. (x2 – 3) (x + 3x2 + 9)
5. ( 2a + 5 ) ( 4a2 – 5a + 25)
6. (1 r2 – 2 ) ( 1 r4 + 2 r2 + 4 )
3 9
7. ( 2x + 3) ( x – 4)
8. ( 4n – 3) ( n – 3)
C.
a. S = 5x + 3
b. width = x + 4
Lesson 1 Self-Check
Lesson 2 Self-Check
II.
2
1. a + 8a + 15 = (a + 3) (a + 5)
2. p2 – 3p – 10 = (p – 5) (p + 2) 1. (x + 8)
3. x2 – x – 20 = (x – 5)(x + 4) 2. (m + 1) (m + 3)
4. y2 + 7y – 18 =(y + 9)(y – 2)
35
5. b2 – 5b + 6 = (b – 2)(b – 3)
Lesson 3
B. 1. 2a2 + a – 15 4. 3x2 + x – 10
= a + 3)(2a – 5) = (x + 2)(3x – 5)
2. 3x2 – 8x – 3 5. 12x2 – 5x – 2
=(x – 3)(3x + 1) = (3x – 2)(4x + 1)
3. 2x2 – 5x – 12
= (x – 4)(2x + 3)
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
Lesson 6
36
2. (y + 4)(y2 – 4y + 16) 5. (3y – 5)(9y2 + 15y + 25)
3. (a – 5)(a2 + 5a + 25)
Lesson 7
3. 4y2 + 4y – 8
= 4(y + 2)(y – 1)
Posttest
I.
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. b
II.
1. (x-3)(y+4) 5. (a – 7b) ( a + 3b)
2. ( 4x – 1 ) ( 2x + 3) 6. (2x-5)(4x2+10x+25)
3. ( -x + 2 ) (2x + 3) 7. ( 4x + 5) ( 3x – 4)
4. (x-y)(x+y+5) 8. (2x-8)(x+2)
III. 1. 8 - 7x units
2. 9r2- 4s2 = (3r – s)(3r+s)
END OF MODULE
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