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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    19 views12 pages

    ASM Cathodic Protection

    Uploaded by

    Karna2504
    ASM Cathodic Protection

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cathodic Protection Robert H. Heidersbach, Metallurgical Engineering Department, California Polytechnic Stote University CATHODIC PROTECTION is un electrochen- ical means of corrosion control in which the oxi tion reaction ina galvanic celliscomcentrated atthe axle und suppresses corrosion ofthe cathode in the same cell igure T shows a simple cathodic protection yystem. The stel pipeline is eatbodicaly protested by is connection fo a sacrificial magne Sum anode buried i the same soi elctrlyte ‘Cttogie protection i diferent nom anodic tection fee the article " Anodic Protection” in this Volume). tn cathoke protection, the object to be rroleced is the cathode, bot in anodic preiection, fhe object to be protected is the unode. ‘Anodic protection can be used on only a fiited amber of alloys in certain retriced environments, bhtcathode protection caa, in principle. be applied orany metal In practice, cathodic protection Is priarily used on carbon siel. The effectiveness of thoie protection allows carbon stel, which has litle naturel corrosion resistance, 10 be used in such comosive environments seawater. acid Sols saltdaden concrete, und many other corrosive ‘envinments, Properly designed and maintained ‘Sthodie protection systems cin prevent corrosion Indefely in these environnvents Cathodic protection was rt suggested by Sic Humphrey Davy in the 1820s as means of controling carrasion on Hriish naval ships (Ret 1). It became comnign in the 1980s on the Gull CCosst of the United States, where it Was se 10 ontrol the corrosion of Pipelines carrying high pressure hydrocarbons (UF p96. AN petro feum produces). Much of the terminology Ofc thotc protection sil relates to earresion contro of onshore buried ste! pipelines. aly al monernpipelines ate coated with an ‘organic protective coating. thats supplemented by fathodic provection systems sized to prevent sor rosin at holidays inthe protective coaing (se the anicle "Cortsion of Pipelines" in this Volume) ‘This combination of protective coating and ealbo fe protection is used on virtually al immersed or ‘ouned carbon stecl structures, with the exception ‘of offshore petroleum production platforms and reinforced eoneree structures. Ofishore platforms are usally uncosied but cathodivaly proteted (see the article "Corrosion in Petroleum Production Opeations” in this Vo Une), Cathodic protestion causes changes in the chemist of seawater nea the protected structure ‘nd this causes ihe prespiatinnol« natural coating ‘im the structure that reduces the need for cathodic protection corent. Concrete structures normally Fels om the protectiveness ofthe concrete cover 10 prevent the comosion of embedded steel (see the ticle "Corrosion in Structures” in this Volume) When corosion of embedded steel occurs because ofa los of this proectivenes, cathodic protection {sometimes used 10 extend the lite ofthe already - ed ep ion enti ede Fig, 5 (isi initia seas yucca on ee Tage 60s.) nd 100-mm diam » 2000-mm 4: © 80 in.) rods, Because ofthe bite feature of the material, graphite must be stored fd handled careful Polymeric anodes are used to mitigate the corrosion of rnforcing ste in s-contamint ev consrete (Fig. 11) The system consists of & mnesh of wirelike anodes, which ate made Of inductive polymer electrode material coated = i lominunc Teer Tsp D0 Tro ‘Sumit hoe Teat-240 “0 ‘Slain tn 20-290 ety in ic 7 pain 00 ES) 3. Energy characteristics of sacrificial anode alloys Col paterinat Hot wator cols water ive Magresiam N cota ate age sa td oc poe 1+ 7 sechgios tnd sed! water beater ‘onto copper conductors. The conductive polymer not only serves anh wctive anode material but Ako shields the conductors from chemical attack. These mesh snodes are designed and optimally spaced to provide long-term uniform protection at Tow current densities. The anede mesh is placed on the surface of « reinforeed concrete Siructure, covered with an overlay of Portland cement or polvmee-modifed concrete, and then connected fox low-voltage de power source. The properties of polymeric anodes used Tor con. on applications are given in Table 5 Precious motale are used for impressed-cur- rent anodes. because they are highly efficient electrodes and ean bundle much higher earvents than anodes fabricate trom other materials. Pre- ‘lows metal anodes are actully platinized titan Fig. & Zoro on he eo of fig uum oF tantalum anodes: the platinum is either lal to oF electroplated on the shbstraie. The Small precious metal anode shovwn in Fig. 12 perfm the same function as materials weighing Several times more Tead alloy anodes, containing 2% Ag, oF 1% Ag nd 6% Sb, are used for eathodic protection ‘ystems in seawater. Lead alloy anodes should ‘ot be buried in the sea boltom or used in Freyhwater applications ‘Ceramic anodes arc the newest materials saailable for cathodic protection anodes, These ‘nodes are supplied cither ux oxide coatings on transition metal substrates or 8s bik ceramics. Tie use as cathodic protection anodes for pro tecting reinforcing stecl in conerete is new but the kid coated tyansition metal anodes have been ‘sed since the late [960s i the chloral indus {Uy as anodes for chlorine production and seaw. ter clecrolysis, and cathodie protection of water tanks and buried steel structures, among other industrial processes. The oxide/metal componite anodes for chlorine environments consist of mixed ruthenium diox ie (RuO,) and tianium oxide (1i0.) coating Sintered onto a pre ttanivm (grade 1) substrate (ef 6). Such muterils, which are produced in sheet, mesh, and wite form, are based on patent fd dimensionally stable anode (DSA) technology {Ref 6). These nnodes are so named because they feman unchanged with regerd to their spe fpeometry. and dimensions daring thet ents ‘operating Mfc. Figure 13 shows examples of a fixed oxidevttanium mesh anode, based on DSA technology. tht is used to prevent corrosion of reinforcing seel in concrete ‘The basic chemical constiwents of the bulk ceramic anodes ure suboxides of titanium, with ‘TiO, and TiO, being the principal components. Such conductive ceramics are resistant to bol ‘oxidation tind redction in ston, acid and basic environments. Some characteristic properties 0 ‘conductive ceramics are given in Table 6. 470 / Corrosion Protection Methods Concrete vweign eating Fig. 9 Zinc tole onde o cnn on ofthoe pine Power Sources Impressed-current cathodic protection requires exiemal power sources, The most common Source of electricity i a local power utility. This Will normally involve the de rectifier arrangement shown in Fig. 3. Remote locations can use sola cells (Fig. 14), thermoelectric current sources, special fuebdriven electric generators, oF even windmills Design Most cathodic protection design is consucted by consulting companies that specialize in com ston control. Design procedures vaty among ef ganizations, bur the following general guidelines are frequenily followed for onshore buried struc tues (Ref 7) © Decide whether impressed-current or sacri cial anodes will he used ' Decide on the design life of the system {Determine or assume the condition of the co ing. From ths, the current density for cathodic protection can be estimated ‘© Calculate the maximum electric current re quired '# Deiermine the number and type of anodes required and their respective spacing 1 Calculate the ground bed resistance. Figure 15 shows the effect of sail resistivity and pl on the corrosion of zine sacrificial anodes {© Calculate the lead wire sive 1 Calculate the requited de voltage ‘© Determine the recifier size Locate the ground bed The advent of computers fs changed some cathodic: protection design, test, and inspection procedures (Ref), but mos! cathodic protection is Stil designed aad tested in the manner deserted in U.S. government publications from the 19s and 1970s (Ret7, 9-11), Additonal information on com> puter-aided Gathodic protection can be found inthe article “Marine Corosion” in this Volume (see the Seetion "Cathode Protection” Case Histories ‘The Following examples provide specific details that supplement the general guidelines listed above. These exaanples have heen selected to Familiarize the design engineer withthe steps to be followed in selecting a specific corrosion con: trol method. An additional case history of an fshore platform cathodic protection design pro- edure can be found inthe article “Marine Cor: Fosion"” in this Volume. Other excmples are available in Ref 7 and 90 1 Resistance Caleulations* ‘The resistance of impressed-current anndes buried in soil can be lewered by sirroundine them with earbosiiceaus backfill material, such as coke breeze (crushed coke) oF Make graphite ‘This ts particulary beneficial in high-resistance soil Iso resistance 1s ten or more times the Duck resistvity—S00 to 1000 12» cm—Ihe vollage drop of anode current passing through the Dackill may become negligible with respect 10 the voltage drop through the soil. This, the resistance of « backfiled aiode can be consid fered 10 be lower than that of & nonbackilied fanode because the backfilled anode fs effectively longer and of greater diameter Tocreasing the diameter andior the length of cylindrical sme will decrease ts nde 10 Urolyte resistance. However, changes in length have a greater effect than changes in diameter ‘Many engineers first measure sinutare-io-an- ‘ode resistance by actualy impressing current into installed anodes. Tn this way, a recliier can be Seed to fi the elreuit resistance without relying ‘Adaecd yi peymission by 49be W. Mekinne, J Dondhr S1'Arode Campa rom Wl: Bryan, al Deniaing Inprecied Curent Case Prote tana Sy {eon Witk Dunc Anode, The Dunn Company. 199, poeoe Weldedion chin soci! onodes VO crete protect an othe plostorm ‘on questionable test and empirical data, Testing installed anodes for the purpose of sizing rect ers has the disadvantage of delaying completion ff an installation. However, it means that she cient cathodic protection current will be suplied finan efficient manner Single Anode. The following formulas are ‘relations developed fora single eyindical node ket 3 < a= (oi) 4 Ave & 00829 3 1ogt0 . & woe where A, is the electrolyteto-anode resistance. ingle vertieal anode to remote reference (in ‘ohms, Ry is the electrolyte-tosnode resistance, Single hofizontal anode to remote reference (ia fohms), p the electrolyte resistivity tin ohm entimieters), £ is the length of anode (in Feet). 4s the diameter of anode (in feet). and s equals ‘vice the depth ofthe anode (in feel). Fora single vertical anode, the fllowing sim- plied expression con be used! R . rT here &,..9.and are as given abowe, and K is the shape function representing the anode length to anode diameter ratio, which can be obtained From Table 7. ‘One-Row Vertical Anode Group. The toi anode-to-electrolyte resistance for group of vertical anodes. connected in parallel and equally spaced in one row. is expressed as follows Lg poe Renin me we where A, isthe tral anodet-tecrlye Cathodic Protection / 471 Fig. 1 Corporen, Cahadie Protecton Don Precious mel ingcedcoret enode Fig. 12 oy fhor pettom prior fo lunch n the Noth Se Corey SF WH Thome Conn spaced and in one row (in ohms) (« remo Cathode i assume is the number of anodes. pp isthe sol resistivity, measured sith pin spas= Ing oqual to S Gn hm-cenlimeters), Riya given above. P isthe paralleling factor obisined from “Table 8. und 5 isthe spacing between adjacent anodes (in fee, ‘More Than One Row Vertical Anode Group. An anode group composed of te oF ‘ure rows of vertical anodes, separated By & fistance substantially lager than that bewween the anodes within a single row. has 9 total resi tance approximately equal to the (otal par festance af all the eaws, The usual Formula Toe paralleling ress 1] Tee vee oper mh anode ed fo protest einen ten bridge decks, poring Garages, ond ther large sural rts Cory of Royer Table 4 Consumption rates of impressed-current anode materials Tham an, so sutra Recommended masimm Sesion curentpu h water a nek re oT Ey tee wore 28045 ke 010) O6048 Ke LOM mam (mA lene Manin pressure ne avdrstte TPs (Lee ps Maniowen fenperatre rang és" so) Mim instalation emer eco {Chemeal rensance por ASTM D 8 oy 7 days at teat conons Wit weight gu Tess than 17 Se Nal Pass Be Nas, Powe lo NaOH Piss Asta #1 Nov recommended Cruse ot Not rsommended “hed ret icin tx Reatance of Paes to Chemeal Reagents” an ber a Vol G0 of he Amn Bod 483 Vertical and Horizontal Anode Groups— Simplified. If vertical anode wimensiony are fssumed to be 8 to 12. in diameter and 10 fin length and if the horizontal anode dimensions are assumed to be Tt in cross section, 1 fin length, aod 6 ft below the surface of the electro Iyte (these assumptions are useful when design ing anode systom with high-silicon east izon an tes in soils in Which eMfetive bockil has been installed around the anodes), then the following empirical formulas san bo use F oF Ra yee whore Ris the elactrolyte-to;anode resistance, any number of vertical anades to remote refer fence (in ohms). 2 is the electrolyte-to-anode resistance, any number of borizntal anodes 20 emote reference (in ohms). isthe electrolyte resistivity (in ohm-centimeters). and F is the Adjusting factor for groups of anodes from Table 5), Note: where only one anode is used, F = 1.0. ‘Approximate anode to-electrolyie resistance vals for single anodes are quickly and easily ‘biained fromthe following: ©, = DOR, for » vertically installed 60:n fanode in a 104M column of backill, 1 ft in ‘diameter © R, ~ 0.005p, tor a vertically installed 2 ‘isin, anode, without backfl © R, ~ O.00bp, for a vertically installed b+ Lin, anode, without backfill #8 R —anode-to-clectroiye resistance fo a single ‘node (mobs) sstivity of electrolyte in hm centimeters) Example 1: Cathedie Protection System for Steel Storage Tanks. An impressed-current coatoie protection system is being designed 10 472 | Corrosion Protection Methods Fig. 13, Contry of ELIECH Sytem Corporation Solr cal, sad 10 provide elec for The corked protection ofebeied pipeline Fig. 14 stop corrosion on the bottoms of several large Siameter steel storage tanks that are in contact wath the sol tn order w distribute current to all sufue es, seventeen 1% thin, high-slicon east #rO8 fnodes will be installed verically in coke breece brskfil, These anodes will be spaced 20 R apart; the backils approximately 8 ftin length and 10a Indameter. The average si resistance is 4500 0 temat anode depth. What wil be the total anode to So restunce afer insalaion? ‘Solution. Because anodes are to be installed round the periphery of tanks, single-row confi: tration i ascimed, and Table 7 met he oan NY UL NHL 500 « 0.00150 sistance between all ‘anodes and sl Example 2: Cathodic Protection of @ Pipe- 2. An impressed-curten! cathodic protection Units to be connected to a pipeline. The right-of ‘ay 4 limited, and space permits only three I's 2ethin, anodes, which must be installed horizon tally hecause ofa rock she. These anodes are to be hackfiled with coke breeze (elfective size i 10 in fength 1 in cross section) and tid side by side parlel to each other, 6 R below grade and 10 apart. The cathodic protection unit must Supply 5.0.8 to protect the pipeline adequately I cable. connection, and pipeto-sil resistance are neglected. what de vollage must the rectiier power supply be capable of producing? Soll ne. Sistvity i612 000.9" cm at a depth of 6 Solution: gw Eo 2.000 0480 iar | srbumaat CHReRDaoiadee From Olin’ law: E = IR = 5.0 « 1142 = 57.10, “Therefore, the Feciier must produce 58 V Cathodic Protection of Steel Pile Structures* Exemple 3: Use of Zine Sacrificial Anos to Protect a Pipe Pile Structure. A pier Stvctare 20 Tk ile extending 150M from the Us of ined endian are dh for ethos protec.) Swale bere wll rllation. (2 stallion of anode wes on brie aubucrs the pir is located in a calm saltwater bay, The water not badly pollute and has am lemperature of 2". The water samples tee different locations show an aver resis= tivity of 25 (tem, A decision has been made to oat the piles with 1é-mil dey thickness a nal at epoxy and to apply cathodic provetion in the form ofa sacrificial anode system. Caleulasion of Stee! Areas Exposed 10 the Specitied Zones: ‘Area in aimospheriispash zone = 9D Ln “(sn = 35h Ate in tidal one ="DLn - “Gayo R sain Anca in submerged vane = Den = of Jo 16 ofS) ats Arca in soit 206 =DLn = “Gay 6) = os whete 1 is the diameter of he nile fi foen. 146 WMI 474 | Corrosion Protection Methods Table 8 Paralleling factor used for dotormining anode resistance ToT hve ‘ass borane 2s boon? ois Danis boos Coors 00131 Hons han Pavia The Total Current Required to Maintain Pro- tection as the Coating Deteriorates. Calculate the expected current requirement after 20 years fof service, Assume coating deterioration at the rate of 25 per year Intact coating in tidal zone after 20 years = 74 initial ~ 4076 deterioration = S0%% Current required 10 maintain protection of the hare steel im the tidal zone ater 20 years = 20) #2 x 0.50% 35 mA =35A Current required to maintain protection of the coated sel inthe tidal zone afer 20 years = 201 FE 0.50% S mae OSA Intact coating in submerged zone afer 20 years SN initial — 406% deterioration = 485 Current required to maintain protection of the bare sleet inthe submmersed zone after 20 years = 120m AF 160.55 M0 mA 6A Current required 10 maintain protection of the coated steel in the submerged zone after 20 years 1296 NE 0.48 1S man 08a Total current required 19 maintain protection of the tire structure inthe tidal, submerged, and seil zones affer 20 years HAST OS +66 +08 +09 FIBA Ascume no coating deterioration in the sil one “Anode Design Caletlations Average total current required to aiainsin pro- ‘ection of the entire structure for 20year ite ia Total weight of high-purity zine anode macerial required for 20-year ife expectancy Rx L «ATC xo where W is the wcight fin pounds), CR is the onsumption rate (in TbiAyi). L is the Wie din re years. amps). E ip the effcieney factor utilization factor ATC is the average total current din and is the 2SRS % 20% 9. = am ORS S610 tb Faved on the sisucture description and the ‘amount of vine requited, it con be determined that Fr this structure eight strings of two 39015 (10. > 10. Sin) zine anodes (6240 Th) sus. pended at the locations shown in Fig. 16 should Afford adequate protection Tor the 20-year life expectancy. The other tector to consider in 2 ae system in the amount af curren be ischarped trom the anodes. Resistance of the Anode Sestem, The Selb snide measures 1D 10 15 in, The outside perimoter ofthe anade i 40 in, The diameter of 3 Eylindrical object whose circurference is 408s 12-73 in. or 1061. The anode spacing is 25 Using te formate from the section "Resistance Cafeutationsfor the resistance of single andi ‘canbe cafeulted thatthe resistance of one 3905 fanode + mea steak | = 0.190 ‘The resistance of the anode system is ne pet 3 log 0. ‘sen nL where R, iy the resistance of ane vertical anode nohms},R, isthe resistance of the anode system {in ohms). 0 i the number of anodes, Z is the Jengah of anne (in Tee), pis the water resistivity 058 os O38 bar 0.33) 0218, 0s nie one nie 0138 od ots boss bom Boor bs Sox be0 owe bane bon 9 ‘hens bas nes {in ohm-centimeters,d isthe diameter of anode ng Detween anodes (in p 1 og SEMIS! eoexnsi3) T6 n2yasita Slog 0. sas] 0.0147 oben Anode system outpat where F is the driving potential, sid R is the Fesistance ofthe anade system tothe electrolyte Driving voltage of galvanic rinc anole to po Iavized coated steel #8 ofthe order of 0.10 V Driving potential = 1.1. V 1.00 V = 0.10.V available after polarization =". — 68 availabe after polarization = The 5.8.A output after polarization is greater than the $8 A required Tor the total requirements given above. Therefore he ch ‘equirement is sate To verity that life expectancy is mer Average ttl current output for 20-year hile 8841239 ‘Total weight of anode material required: 2.585 «20 «96 050s ORS = S919 The total weight ofthe anode material used is 8 x 2% 390 ~ 6240 Th, Therefore, the life expec taney is sas, Cathodic Protection / 475 Fig. 17 trowcon ope sl prs cn igo at iron pete eno 476 | Corro: Table 10 Current densities required for coated and uncoated steel in moving and stagnant seawater and in soil areas poe Ce oe te pte ope Santee ite Mite pre ton Moving eavater S310 MSS Stognae seawater | 1383S OSLO Sal oeme STs oso wis Example 4: Use of Impressed-cur- rent Anodes to Protect an H-Pile Struc- fure. A 30 wide pier siructure that extend 200 from shore is supported by 20-H-piles that fare 92M long. The Hepiles ate connected ia our-pile clusters by W shapes. The piles are 10 ‘driven so that 50 twill he below the dredged mud line, 30 ein the submerged zone, fin the Tidal 2one, and & fin the aimosphericislash tae (Fig. 17). The pier is located ina saltwater hay in a highly commercial and industrial are. ‘There are commerci, industrial, chemical, and Sewage pollutants. The witer samples taken st Ttvee diferent locations show am average FeNse tivity of 30 rem, ‘A decision has been made 1o coat the Henley and beam with & vinyl coating of I0-mil dry thickness and to apply cathodic protection in the form of an impressed-curtent system, The 6 thouic protection system should be designed and st cost estimate of the coating and cathodic pro tection system should be made for 2 20-year life expectancy Calculation of Steel Areas Exposed to the Specified Corrosion Zones, The. 10 cross braces tnd the 20 vertical H-piles have a surface area of BA per linear foot Area in aimaxpher splash zone Ares in tidal vone = En Area in submerged ‘ane: Piles 0x = 240 a. Total = fap + 2300 — TaH0 8 Area in soil zone = Ln 02048) = 3000 ‘where Lis the length f pile oF eross brace in each Zone, isthe numberof piles or ess braces, and ‘isthe surface area of | linear foot of H pie oF ‘ross brace ‘Current Requirement Calculations. As shown in Table 10,» greater amount of current siti Iy required to polarize the structure und bring it 16 protective levels than is required to mntsin there levels. Tiel Zone: “The total area of stet in the tidal zone 6 640 Pe, Coating damige of $6 is assumed during n Protection Methods ‘Area of bare stool = 640 0.08 = 32-02 ‘Area of coated steel ~ 640 * 0.98 ~ 608 Fi? Current required to polarize the bare steel Sts smal atia Current required 0 fie ne Ss MAM 0A Total curtent required to maarain protection of ‘the Stel during Pigh tide per erary ize the coated steel Ihmecged Zion: “The total area of ste! inthe submerged zone is 7200 2, [Fone wssumes that after installation, the coating is 98% inact, there will be 6840 1 of sleet and 340 fy bare steel. The curren to polarize this see i #8 Fallows Bare steel current requirement 60 RE 3S mA = 1268 Coated steel current requirement esto ne Smal 0.55 « S mA = IBA ‘Total current required to polarize the steel in the tidal zone Sot 1.8 = 9A ‘Submerged Zone: Amaet coating in the submerge zone after 20 04 inal ~ 20 » 1% deterioration = 735 Bare ste! current equirement — 7200 18 * 0.25 x Wma? = 1898 Coated steel current equifement 7200 1? x 0.95 x 1.5 mai BIA “Total current required 10 maintain protection in be submerged zone 180 RL 261 A, Soil Zone: Intact coating in the soil zone after 20 years “400s intial ~ 20 » 0.5% deterioration Bare steel current Tequirement ~ 000 0.70 x 1.5 maine = BHA Coated steel current Tequirement = A000 {0.30 «0.8 mA? 12a ‘otal current required fo maintain protection in the soil zone eset = 968 Total current required to maintain protection of the entire structure at the end of the 20-vear period 19 = 26.1 +96 7.6.4 Anode Design Calculations. The ance rte. rial is high-siicon content east gon. Constmp- tion rate 8 0.75 ID Average lta curten 30% required for 20-year ie sat + Final current 1.24 Total weight of anode material roquited for 20- year life expectancy eR XL x ATC aero where CR, L, ATC. and U ate as_ given in Example 3. In impressed-current systems. the eticiency factor, By is 100% (compared 10 97% for steric smote systems: 0.75 Ways % 20 yr 37.24 a Lite ‘The total umber of anodes will be determines by aking into consideration the water depth, nun hee ard spacing of piles, amount of curtent a: tle from each note fr ror consumption, find current disibuton fo the structure or this simucure, twenty 2m. diam % 60:0 Jong anodes with enlarged Reads have been cho- sent the aneades ure lo e hing in fen stings of twoaaodes cach. The top of te upper anodes he Stl elow the meaa fow water level (MLW), snd the top af the lower anode willbe 151 below. MLW. See Fig. 17 for anode locations, Resistance of Anodes (Ground bed resistance ‘The resistance of one Vertical node I Re 23 log .0s2p al were Ry is the anode-to-lectrolyte resistan (in ohms), pis the electrolyte resistivity (in obi centimeters}, L is the length of the anode «hy {el} and dis the diameter ofthe anode (in feet {2008203007 5g an | R= 0.140 ‘The calculations forthe resistance of several anodes in parallel are made Dy using the following formula arty ais '] Re 1.00829 aE 1%, pomett 1 Earneoee] where Ris the resistance of vertical anodes ia Paallel to electrolyte (in ohms, and p.m, Ld. dnd $-are as given previously ‘where two anodes ate sted vertically ia the same sining, assume length. L_ as equal 1 Teng of om snoges combined. From Fig. the spacing is 20 MMsEVOOP, 5,9 A120) toma?) | 2ut3072) 3 og 0.66410 a Twos] R= 00110 DC Circuit Cable Resistance. ‘Te circuit of 2 rectifier system consists nf ne or more anole hheader cables that run from the rctier pesiive terminal to the anodes. Current fram the unodes flows through the electrolyte and is collected on the structore, A negative return cable then re turns this current fo the teeter negative term ral. The cable size must be lage enough to earry the current Rossing through it and large enough to avoid n excessive voltae drop. For this installation, a No. American Wire Gage copner wine has sficient cureent-cat ying capacity. The voliage drop inthis wire with the ecifier at the shore end of the pier will be as tollows Voltage dro aw Resistance of wire (M) Current where Heater cable length Cable resistance = [ + Negative retar length] Wire resistance ‘The header cable length i divided by 2 because ‘the total cureeat isnot owing trough the entire Tength of eable, The current i being dropped oF in equal amounts at equal distances. The wire unit resistance 1 0.000258 1: Grewteabe pan ce oe) = 0.0305 0 0.0305 8% TSA, 2eV) Voltage dey where 78.1 A isthe greatest current flow expect fe tpolacization) from the toal current require meats given previously oral de Cireuit Resistance. The total de cit- cet resistance is the total of the flowing 'e Anodes to-clectrolyie resistance 1 Circuit cable resistance 1 Structureto-lectrulyte revivanoe (negligible) Anode resistance + Cable resistance yon + ages — BONS A Rectifier de vu: Voltage required = Maximum current required % Total eiouit resistance TRI Ax 00415 0 -3uV ‘Add 2 V for ade buck ‘voltage Allow 206 for sack aging sauy tos v Cathodic Protection / 477 Rectifier voltage required _ 6.29 V Rectifier ouput required = 6.29 V and 78.1 A Closest available reetiier = 8°V de, OA de “This rating s for a single phase. 120-V aie

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