lin kt ha hc

A- phn loi lin kt

I Lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t
1. Lin kt ion
- L lin kt c hnh thnh do tng tc tnh in gia cc ion
khc du, xut hin khi nguyn t nhng i hay thu thm
electron
Ha tr ion ca mt nguyn t l s in t m nguyn t
ca nguyn t b ra (ha tr dng) hay thu thm vo (ha
tr m)
2. Lin kt cng ha tr xut hin cng vi s hnh thnh cp
electron cho 2 nguyn t lin kt.
Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t l s cp electron m
nguyn t cn xt c chung vi cc nguyn t khc
* Lin kt cho nhn l trng hp c bit ca lin kt cng ha
tr trong cp electron dng chung xut pht t 1 trong hai
nguyn t
Lin kt cho nhn thng c biu din bng 1 mi tn ngn
t nguyn t cho n nguyn t nhn
i vi lin kt cng ha tr (bnh thng) mi nguyn t
tham gia lin kt gp 1 electron to thnh cp electron chung
hay mt lin kt
i vi lin kt cho nhn , cp electron dng chung xut pht
t ch t mt nguyn t do c th biu din bng s
sau:
A: + B A+: BC th hnh dung l trc nguyn t A cho nguyn t B
mt electron gp chung, t A tha 1 in tch (+) v B
tha 1 in tch (-) v vit l A +-B+. in tch c gi l
in tch hnh thc
3. Lin kt kim loi
Lin kt gia cc nguyn t kim loi trng thi tinh th
hoc trng thi lng c gi l lin kt kim loi. Trong tinh th
kim loi, nhng nt ca mng li tinh th l nhng ion dng.
Cc electron ha tr tch khi nguyn t di ng tng i t do
trong ton khi kim loi. Lc ht gia cc electron ny v cc ion
dng l nguyn nhn ca lin kt kim loi
II- Lin kt gia cc phn t
1. Lin kt hiro
a - Bn cht lin kt H l tng tc tnh in gia 1 u tch
in + v 1 u tch in +.

1
X H ... : Y

Lin kt ny l lin kt yu: 20-25 kJ/mol v ph thuc vo

bn cht ca tng phn t. Nu + v 1- cng ln th lin kt H
s mnh ln v bn hn .
- iu kin hnh thnh lin kt H:
+ X phi c m in cao, bn knh nguyn t phi tng
i nh( O, N, F)
+ Y: c t nht mt cp e cha s dng, c r nh (O, N, F)
- C 2 loi lin kt H
+ Lin kt H gia cc phn t ( lin kt H lin phn t)
VD:
R

O+
H
O+ H

C th c loi lin kt H lin phn t to thnh vng khp

kn (dng ime) rt bn rt kh tch nhau ra ngay c khi bay
hi
+ Lin kt H ni phn t: Xut hin trong phn t c c

1
X H v : Y v chng phi tng i gn nhau khi
hnh thnh lin kt H to thnh c vng 5-6 cnh ( thng
th vng 5 cnh bn hn)
Trong phn t c lin kt H ni phn t: ngoi ra cn c
lin kt H lin phn t nhng v cng kh khn v n to ra
lin kt H ni phn t d dng hn v bn hn lin kt H
lin phn t
b) nh hng ca lin kt H
+) nh hng n si, nhit nng chy
- lin kt H lin phn t: t 0s, t0nc ln hn so vi nhng cht c cng
phn t khi hoc khc nhau khng c lin kt H hoc c lin
kt H ni phn t
+) nh hng n tan: Xt nh hng ca lin kt H gia
phn t v dung mi
- Nu c lin kt H gia phn t hp cht v dung mi th
tan ln
- Nhng cht c kh nng to lin kt H ni phn t d tan trong
dung mi khng phn cc, kh tan trong dung mi phn cc
hn so vi nhng cht c lin kt H lin phn t
+) nh hng n bn ca ng phn
VD: Hin tng ng phn tautome:

CH3 C CH2 C
CH3
||
||
O
O

CH
CH3 C
C
CH3
||
||
O-H . . . O

+) nh hng n tnh axit baz

2. Lc ht Vanevan
- Bn cht ca lc ht Vanevan l lc ht yu gia cc phn
t : do cc electron trong phn t lin tc chuyn ng cn ht
nhn ca cc nguyn t cng lin tc dao ng do vy n s gy
ra lng cc in tc thi. Cc lng cc tc thi ny li ht nhau
* c im:
- Lc ny tng theo phn t khi ( do in tch (+) ca ht nhn
v in tch (-) ca electron nhiu hn nn tng tc tnh in
mnh hn)
- i vi cc cht m c cng cng thc phn t hoc khi lng
hn km nhau khng nhiu, khi phn nhnh tng do lc
Vanevan s gim nhit si gim (do phn t cht hu c
tin v dng hnh cu nhiu ) s tip xc gia cc phn t
gim tng tc tnh in gim
* Ch : Lc Vanevan yu hn nhiu so vi lin kt H do
trong phn t trc ht phi ch n lin kt H, sau mi xt
n tng tc Vandevan
B. c trng ca lin kt
I Nng lng lin kt
Lin kt c c trng bi bn hay nng lng lin kt
- Qu trnh hnh thnh phn t t cc nguyn t lun lun
gn lin vi s gii phng nng lng, nng lng ny c gi l
nng lng hnh thnh phn t
- Ngc li, s ph v phn t thnh nhng nguyn t ring r
lun gn lin vi s thu nhn nng lng, nng lng ny gi l
nng lng nguyn t ha phn t (k hiu: A i vi 1 phn
t , EA i vi 1 mol phn t )
- Nng lng cn thit ph v lin kt A B gi l nng lng
phn li lin kt A B. V tr tuyt i, nng lng ny chnh
l nng lng hnh thnh lin kt A B
- Nng lng lin kt gia 2 nguyn t xc nh tng cng bc
lin kt ( n < i < ba)
II- di lin kt
Khong cch gia 2 ht nhn ca 2 nguyn t lin kt trc
tip vi nhau gi l di lin kt (d)
Gia 2 nguyn t xc nh di lin kt gim khi bc lin
kt tng
VD:
Lin kt
CC
C=C
CC
E [kcal/mol]
83
143
194
0
D (A )
1,54
1,34
1,2
3

III- Gc lin kt
Gc lin kt hay gc ha tr l gc to bi 2 na ng
thng xut pht t ht nhn ca 1 nguyn t v i qua ht nhn
ca 2 nguyn t khc lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t trn
Gc lin kt ph thuc vo:
+Trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm
+ m in ca nguyn t trung tm A v phi t X:
nguyn t trung tm A c m in ln s ko my ca i
electron lin kt v pha n nhiu hn, hai m my ca hai
lin kt m ln li gn nhau gy ra lc tng tc y lm cho
ln gc lin kt tng ln. Nu phi t X c m in ln s
gy tc dng ngc li
C - Mt s vn v hnh hc phn t
I - M hnh s y gia cc i electron v ha tr
- Trong v ha tr ca nguyn t trong phn t lin kt cng
ha tr c i electron lin kt v i electron ring
- Qui c: Trong phn t c cng thc AXnEm th A l nguyn t
trung tm, X l phi t, n l ch s cho bit s phi t, E l
i e ring, m l ch s cho bit s i e ring
- Mi my electron chim mt khong khng gian nht
nh. Hnh dng ca phn t ph thuc vo khong khng
gian chim bi cc my electron v ha tr ca A hay hnh
dng phn t ph thuc vo s phn b cc i electron
hay cc my electron v ha tr ca nguyn t trung tm
A
- Ni dung m hnh s y cc i electron v ha tr: Cc
i (hay cp electron trong v ha tr c phn b cch
nhau ti mc xa nht c th c (hay cc i electron trong
v ha tr y nhau ra xa ti mc c th c) lc y
gia chng mc thp nht
- i electron ring ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn nguyn t
trung tmA. Cn i e lin kt chu tc dng ht ca c hai
ht nhn nguyn t tham gia lin kt l A v X. Do i
electron ring ca my electron chim khong khng gian
rng hn khong khng gian chim bi my electron ca
i electron lin kt
II - Hnh dng mt s phn t
1. Trng hp AXn (n = 2 6)
Nguyn t trung tm A c t 2 n 6 cp electron lin kt
to vi phi t X, A khng c i electron ring
+ Khi n = 2 : hai i e lin kt c phn b trn ng
thng phn t c dng ng thng, gc lin kt 1800
VD: BeH2
4

+ Khi n = 3: ba i electron ny c phn b trn mt

phng hng v 3 nh ca tam gic u phn t c hnh
tam gic u, gc lin kt 1200
VD: BF3, AlCl3,....
+ Khi n= 4: 4 i electron hng v 4 nh ca t din
u, A tm phn t c hnh t din u, gc lin kt
bng 109,50
VD: CH4; NH4+
+ Khi n = 5: 5 i electron c phn b trn 5 nh ca lng thp tam gic
Phn t hnh lng thp tam gic
C 3 i electron nm trn mt phng tam gic u, tm
ca tam gic l ht nhn ca A. Ba i e ny to 3 lin kt
ngang, gc lin kt 1200
Cn li 2 i e nm trn ng thng vung gc vi tam gic
ti tm A to 2 lin kt trc.
di lin kt ngang < lin kt trc v i e trn lin kt
trc chu tng tc y ca 3 i e ngang, gc tng tc 900
lc y ln di lin kt ln, cn i e trn lin kt ngang
chu tng tc y ca 2 i e trc, 2 i e ngang cn li nhng tng tc y ca 2 i e ngang l yu v gc tng tc l ln
1200 lc y yu hn di lin kt nh hn
VD: PCl5
+ Khi n = 6: c 6 i e c phn b trn bt din u.
Cc gc lin kt nh nhau (900)nn di lin kt nh nhau v lc
y tng h ca cc i e l nh nhau phn t hnh bt din
u
VD: SF6
2) Trng hp AXnEm: ngoi phi t nguyn t trung tm A c i
e ring
Cn lu n s khng tng ng gia i e lin kt vi
i e ring ny
+ AX2E: i e ring c my e chim khong khng gian rng hn
i electron lin kt nn 3 nguyn t X A X khng cn nm
trn cng 1 ng thng nh trong AX2, phn t c gc: gc XAX
< 1200
+ AX3E: Phn t hnh thp tam gic, gc lin kt < gc ca t
din u (109,50)
VD: NH3; cc amin
+ AX2E2: C 2 i e ring nn khc vi AX 4 v AX3E m phn t c
gc, do tng tc y ca 2 i e ring gc lin kt < 109,50
VD: H2O
+ AXE3: Phn t thng
VD: cc HX
5

+ AX4E, AX3E2, AX2E3: xt t trng hp AX5

My e ngang to vi my e trc gc 90 0, gia cc my e ngang
to vi nhau gc 1200 nn nu c i e ring th i e ring ny
s phn b trn mt phng tam gic v khi lc y tng h
gia i e ring vi cc i e lin kt l nh nht
Vy ta c th c cc dng hnh ca cc trng hp trn nh sau
- AX4E: hnh ci bp bnh, do s y ca i e ring mnh
nn gc ca lin kt trc v lin kt ngang < 90 0, gc lin
kt ngang vi lin kt ngang < 1200
VD: SF4,
- AX3E2: 2 i electron ring nm trn mt phng tam gic
phn t hnh ch T, gc lin kt ca lin kt ngang v lin
kt trc < 900
VD: ClF3, HClO2
- AX2E3: 3 i e ring u phn b trn 1 mt phng, 2 i
e lin kt nm trn trc vung gc vi mt phng phn
t c dng ng thng
VD: ClF2, HOCl
+ AX5E, AX4E2, .....: xut pht t hnh dng ca phn t AX6
- AX5E: 4 i e lin kt phn b trong mt phng hnh
vung, 1 i e trn trc, i e khng lin kt nm trn trc
cn li. Do i e khng lin kt chim khong khng gian ln
nn gc lin kt gia lin kt trc vi lin kt ngang < 90 0,
di lin kt trc < di lin kt ngang ( lin kt trc
b y yu hn so vi lin kt ngang)
VD: BrF5
- AX4E2: lc y l nh nht th 2 i e ring phi phn
b sao cho gc y l ln nht hai i e ring nm trn
trc vung gc vi mt phng cha 4 i e lin kt cn li
phn t vung phng
VD: XeF4
III- Thuyt lai ha
1. Ni dung
Thuyt lai ha cho rng cc obitan nguyn t ( AO) khc nhau
ca 1 nguyn t gn nhau v nng lng v ph hp nhau v i
xng c th t hp tuyn tnh vi nhau to ra cc obitan
nguyn t mi tng ng nhau. Cc obitan nguyn t mi ny
c gi l cc obitan nguyn t lai ha. S AO lai ha bng
tng s AO tham gia t hp
2. Mt s dng lai ha
a) lai ha sp
b) lai ha sp2
c) lai ha sp3
d) lai ha sp3d: lng thp tam gic
e) lai ha sp3d2: bt din u
6