BIOCHIP

BY
B.GOWTHAM PATNAIK

OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITION
STRUCTURE AND BASIC WORKING
BIOCHIP IMPLANT
APPLICATION
ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
CONCLUSION
FUTURE

INTRODUCTION
Collection of miniaturized test sites(micro arrays)
arranged on a solid substrate.
permits many test to be performes at the same time.
surface area is no longer than a fingurenail.
perform thousands of biological reactions in a few
seconds.
used to analyze organic molecules associated with
living organisms.

HISTORY
Developed in 1983 for monitoring fisheries.
Large scale development of biochips in the 1990s.
Today, a large variety of biochip technologies are either
in development or being commercialized.
Invented in 4G generation & the development is
stillcontinued.

YEAR SCIENTIST
1980

1983

1986

CONTRIBUTION

Fredsanger&
Walter Gilbert

DNA sequencing approach

Kary Mullis

PCR which amplify minute

amounts of DNA to quantities

Leroy Hood

Flourescence based DNA

sequency facilitating
automation of reading DNA
sequence

DEFINITION
Collection of micro array
arranged on a substrate.
Can perform millions of
operations
Can also performs
thousands of biological
operations.
Increase speed of
identification of genes.

COMPONENTS
Biochip implant system of
two components:
1. Transponder
2. Reader or Scanner

TRANSPONDER
It is the actual biochip implant.
There are two types of transponders-active & passive.
Using a passive transponder.
Biochip and reader via low frequency radio waves.

Transponder consists of four parts:

1. Computer microchip
2. Antenna coil
3. Tuning capacitor
4. Glass Capsule

Fig:Biochip Components

 Computer Microchip: Microchip stores a unique

identification number from 10 to 15 digits long.
Antenna Coil: this tiny primitve,radio
antenna"receives & sends" signal from reader or
scanner.
Tuning Capacitor: this capacitor is charged by the
small signal sent by the reader.
Glass Capsule: "Houses" the microchip,antenna
coil,capacitor.it is made of biocompatible material
such as soda lime glass.

Reader or Scanner:
Consists of an "exciter"coil which creates
electromagnetic signal.
Provides energy to "activate" the implemented
biochip.
Also carries a receiving coil to receive ID number.
Contain the software and components to decode the
receive code & display the result in LCD display.
All do in milliseconds.

WORKING
Reader transmits a Low-power radio signal and
activate the implanted biochip.
ID number is transmitted by the transponder and
received by the reader.
Reader display the ID number on the reader's LCD
display.

BIOCHIP IMPLANT

Injected by a hypodermic syringe beneath the skin.

Injection is safe and simple.
Anesthesia is not required.
Usually injected behind the Neck.

Fig:Perspective of actual size

BIOCHIPS CURRENTLY UNDER

DEVOLPMENT
Chips that follows footsteps
Glucose level Detectors
Oxy sensors
Brain surgery with an ON-OFF switch
Experiments with lost sight.

GLUCOSE DETECTOR
Chip can be integrated
with Glucose detector.
Chip allows to easily
moniter Diabetes.

OXYGEN SENSOR
The biochip can also be integrated with an oxygen
sensor .
The oxygen sensor will be useful to monitor breathing
rate.
The oxygen sensor chips sends light pulses out into
the body.
The light absorbed to varying extent, depending on
how much oxygen is being carried in the blood,and
the chip detect the light

APPLICATION
With a biochip,tracing of a person/animal anywhere in the
world.
A biochip can store and update FINANCIAL, medical
and demographic data, basically everything about a
person.
Biochip leads to a secured E-commerce system.
Biochip really have potential in replacing passport,
ATM, medical records etc.

ADVANTAGES
Small in size.
Faster & powerful.
Perform thousand of biological reactions in a few
seconds.
Increase speed of diagnosis of unknown pathogens.
Ability to detect multiple viral agent in parallel.
Ease of use.

DISADVANTAGES
They raise critical issue of personal privacy.
They can be emplanted into ones body with out their
knowledge.

SCOPE
A chip implanted some where in human body might serve
as a combination of
1. Credit card
2. Driving license
3. Passport
4. Personal identification etc.
No longer would it be needed to worry about losing all
above thing.
Can also widely established in veterinary field.

CONCLUSION
BIOCHIPS are:
Fast

Accurate
Miniaturized
Advantages upon conventional Analyzer
Expected to become economically advantageous
attributes that make them analogous to computer chip.