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Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia (Mass Moment of Inertia) depends on the mass of the object, its shape and its relative point of rotation Radius of Gyration
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Moment of Inertia (Mass Moment of Inertia) - I - is a measure of an object's resistance to changes in a rotation direction. Moment of Inertia has the
same relationship to angular acceleration as mass has to linear acceleration.
Moment of Inertia of a body depends on the distribution of mass in a body with respect to the axis of rotation
For a point mass the Moment of Inertia is the mass times the square of perpendicular distance to the rotation reference axis and can be expressed as
I = m r2 (1)
where
I = moment of inertia (kg m 2,slug ft2)
m = mass (kg, slugs)
r = distance between axis and rotation mass (m, ft)

Example - Moment of Inertia of a Single Mass

The Moment of Inertia with respect of rotation around the z-axis of a single mass of 1 kg distributed as a thin ring as indicated in the figure above, can
be calculated as
Iz = (1 kg) ((1000 mm)(0.001 m/mm))2
= 1 kg m 2

Moment of Inertia - Distributed Masses

That point mass relationship are basis for all other moments of inertia since any object can be built up from a collection of point masses.

I = i m i ri2 = m 1 r12 + m 2 r22 + ..... + m nrn2 (2)

For rigid bodies with continuous distribution of adjacent particles, the formula is better expressed as an integral
I = r2 dm (2b)
where
dm = mass of an infinitesimally small part of the body

Convert between Moment of Inertia Units

Multiply with
to

from

lbm in2

slug ft2

slug in2

2.37 101

3.42 103

7.38 10-1

1.06 102

2.37 10-6

3.42 10-4

7.38 10-8

1.06 105

4.21 10-2

4.21 105

1.44 102

3.11 10-2

4.48

lbm in2

2.93 10-4

2.93 103

6.94 10-3

2.16 10-4

3.11 10-2

slug ft2

1.36

1.36 107

3.22 101

4.63 103

1.44 102

slug in2

9.42 10-3

9.42 104

2.23 10-1

3.22 101

6.94 10-3

kg m 2

g cm 2

lbm ft

kg m 2

1 107

g cm 2

1 10-7

lbm ft2

Moment of Inertia - General Formula

Generic expression of the inertia equation
I = k m r2 (2c)
where
k = inertial constant - depending on the shape of the body

Radius of Gyration
The Radius of Gyration is the distance from the rotation axis where a concentrated point mass equals the Moment of Inertia of the actual body. The
Radius of Gyration for a body can be expressed as
rg = (I / m)1/2 (2d)
where
rg = Radius of Gyration (m, ft)
I = Moment of inertia for the body (kg m 2, slug ft2)
m = mass of the body (kg, slugs)

Some Typical Bodies and their Moments of Inertia

Cylinder
Thin-walled hollow cylinder

Moments of Inertia for a thin-walled hollow cylinder is comparable with the point mass (1) and can be expressed as:
I = m r2 (3a)
where
m = mass of the hollow (kg, slugs)
r = distance between axis and the thin walled hollow (m, ft)
ro = distance between axis and outside hollow (m, ft)
Hollow cylinder

I = 1/2 m ( ri2 + ro2) (3b)

where
m = mass of hollow (kg, slugs)
ri = distance between axis and inside hollow (m, ft)
ro = distance between axis and outside hollow (m, ft)
Solid cylinder

I = 1/2 m r2 (3c)
where

m = mass of cylinder (kg, slugs)

r = distance between axis and outside cylinder (m, ft)
Circular Disk

I = 1/2 m r2 (3d)
where
m = mass of disk (kg, slugs)
r = distance between axis and outside disk (m, ft)
Sphere
Thin-walled hollow sphere

I = 2/3 m r2 (4a)
where
m = mass of sphere hollow (kg, slugs)
r = distance between axis and hollow (m, ft)
Solid sphere

I = 2/5 m r2 (4b)
where
m = mass of sphere (kg, slugs)
r = radius in sphere (m, ft)
Rectangular Plane
Moments of Inertia for a rectangular plane with axis through center can be expressed as
I = 1/12 m (a2 + b2) (5)
where
a, b = short and long sides
Moments of Inertia for a rectangular plane with axis along edge can be expressed as
I = 1/3 m a2 (5b)
Slender Rod
Moments of Inertia for a slender rod with axis through center can be expressed as
I = 1/12 m L2 (6)
where
L = length of rod
Moments of Inertia for a slender rod with axis through end can be expressed as
I = 1/3 m L2 (6b)
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Related Topics
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Mechanics - Kinematics, forces, vectors, motion, momentum, energy and the dynamics of objects
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Mass and Weight - Weight and mass - the difference

Tag Search
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