Newtonian Mechanics

 Newtonian mechanics is based on the laws

presented by Isaac Newton (1642-1727).
 At very large speeds (an appreciable fraction of
the speed of light c), Newtonian mechanics
must be replaced by Einstein’s special theory of
relativity.
 If objects are very small (at atomic 10-10 m or
nano 10-9 m scale), Newtonian mechanics must
be replaced by quantum mechanics.

1
Force
 Newton's First Law: If no
net force acts on a body

( Fnet = 0), then the body's
velocity cannot change;
that is, the body cannot
accelerate.

2
Inertial Reference Frames
 An inertial reference frame is one in
which Newton's laws hold.
 An accelerating elevator is a non-
inertial frame.
 A reference frame at rest or with
constant velocity is an inertial frame.

3
Mass
 The mass of a body is the characteristic
that relates a force on the body to the
resulting acceleration.

4
Newton's Second Law
 The net force on a body is equal to the product of the body's mass and the acceleration of the body.


The acceleration component along a given axis is caused only by the sum of the force components


along that same axis, and not by force components along any other axis.
F net  ma ( Newton ' s sec ond law ) .
  
Fnet, x  ma x , Fnet , y  ma y , Fnet, z  ma z

5
 In SI units, the force is
1 N  (1 kg) (1 m / s )  1 kg  m / s
2 2

TABLE 5-1 Units in Newton's Second Law

System Force Mass Acceleration

SI newton (N) kilogram (kg) m/s2

CGSa dyne gram (g) cm/s2
Britishb pound (lb) slug ft/s2

a
1 dyne = 1 g·cm/s2.
b
1 lb = 1 slug·ft/s2. 6
Free-body diagram
 In a coordinate system, we represent the body
as a dot, each force on the body is a vector
arrow with its tail on the body.
 A collection of two or more bodies is called a
system, and any force on the bodies inside the
system from bodies outside the system is called
an external force. If the bodies are rigidly
connected, then we can treat the system
 as one
composite body, and the net force F net on it is
the vector sum of all external forces.

7
Sample Problem 5-1
In Figs. 5-3a to c, one or two forces act on a puck that
moves over frictionless ice and along an x axis, in one-
dimensional motion.
 
 The puck's mass is m = 0.20 kg. Forces F 1 and F 2
are directed along the axis
 and have magnitudes F1 =
F3
4.0 N and F2 = 2.0 N. Force 
is directed at angle
= 30° and has magnitude F3 = 1.0 N. In each situation,
what is the acceleration of the puck?

8
SOLUTION:


Fnet , x  ma x .
F1 4.0 N
ax    20 m / s 2 .
m 0.20 kg
F1  F2 4.0 N  2.0 N
ax    10 m / s 2 .
m 0.20 kg
F3, x  F2 F3 cos   F2
ax  
m m
(1.0 N) ( cos 30 )  2.0 N
  5.7 m / s 2
0.20 kg 9
Sample Problem 5-2
In the overhead view of Fig. 5-4a, a 2.0 kg cookie 
tin is
accelerated at 3.0 m/s2 in the direction shown by a , over a
frictionless horizontal surface.

 The acceleration is caused by three

horizontal forces, only two of which are
shown:
 F 1 of magnitude 10 N and
F 2 of magnitude
 20 N. What is the
third force F 3 in unit-vector notation
and as a magnitude and an angle?

10
SOLUTION:
   
F1  F2  F3  ma ,
   
F3  ma  F1  F2 .
 Along the x axis we have


F3, x  ma x  F1, x  F2, x
 m (a cos 50 )  F1 cos (150 )  F2 cos 90

11
F3, x  (2.0 kg) (3.0 m / s 2 ) cos 50   (10 N) cos ( 150  )
 (20 N) cos 90 
 12.5 N

F3, y  ma y  F1, y  F2, y

 m ( a sin 50 )  F1 sin(  150 )  F2 sin 90
 (2.0 kg) (3.0 m / s 2 ) sin 50  ( 10 N) sin ( 150 )
 (20 N) sin 90
 10.4 N

12

F3  F3, x î  F3, y ĵ  (12.5 N) î  (10.4 N) ĵ

2 2
F3  F3, x  F3, y  16 N

1
F3, y
  tan   40
F3, x

13
Sample Problem 5-3
In a two-dimensional tug-of-war, Alex, Betty, and Charles
pull horizontally on an automobile tire at the angles shown
in the overhead view of Fig. 5-5a.

 The tire remains stationary

 in spite of the three pulls.
Alex pulls with force F of magnitude 220 N, and
A 
Charles pulls with force FC of magnitude 170 N. The
direction of FC is not given. What is the magnitude of
Betty's force FB ?

14
SOLUTION:
  
FA  FB  FC  m(0)  0
  
FB   FA  FC
FBy  FAy  FCy
FB sin ( 90 )   FA sin 133  FC sin ,
 

 FB   (220 N) (sin 133 )  (170 N) sin 



15
Force components in the x-axis :
FBX   FAX  FCX

FB cos (  90 )   FA cos 133  FC cos 

0   ( 220 N) (cos133 )  (170 N) cos 


1 ( 220 N ) (cos 133 )
  cos  28.04
170 N
Therefore,
FB  241 N

16
Some particular forces
1. The Gravitational Force

Fg  mg
The magnitude of the gravitational force is mg,
the direction is pointed towards the center of
the earth.

 The weight W of a body is equal to the

gravitational force on the body.
17
 2. The normal force
When a body presses
against a surface, the
surface (even a
seemingly rigid surface)
deforms and pushes on
the body with a normal
force that is
perpendicular to the
surface.

The normal force always self-adjusts to equal the force

pressing the body to the surface. 18
3. Frictional force

 If we slide or attempt to slide a body over a surface, the

motion is resisted by a bonding between the body and
the surface.
 The resistance is considered to be a single
force f , called the frictional force, or simply friction.
This force is directed along the surface, opposite the
direction of the intended motion. Sometimes, to simplify a
situation, friction is assumed to be negligible (the surface
is frictionless).
19
 4. The tension force

 The tension force pulls on a body.

 The cord is often assumed to be massless.
 We usually assume pulleys to be frictionless
 A string has a single tension force (magnitude). The
direction depends on the body on which this force acts
upon. The tension forces on two sides of a frictionless
20
pulley are the same in magnitude.
Sample Problem 5-4
 Let us return to John Massis and the railroad
cars, and assume that Massis pulled (with his
teeth) on his end of the rope with a constant
force that was 2.5 times his body weight, at an
angle  of 30° from the horizontal. His mass m
was 80 kg. The weight W of the cars was 700
kN, and he moved them 1.0 m along the rails.
Assume that the rolling wheels encountered no
retarding force from the rails. What was the
speed of the cars at the end of the pull?

21
SOLUTION:
We first find the acceleration of the cars in the x direction :

Fnet ,x  Ma
T cos   Ma
T  2.5 mg  (2.5) (80 kg) (9.8 m / s 2 )  1960 N

• The mass M of the cars is :

W 7.0 x 10 5 N
M  2
 7.143 x 10 4
kg
g 9.8 m / s

22
 T cos  (1960 N) (cos 30  )
a   0 . 02376 m / s 2

M 7.143 x 10 4 kg

2
v  v0  2 a ( x  x 0 )
2

v 2  0  2 ( 0.02376 m / s 2 ) (1.0 m)

v  0.22 m / s

23
Newton’s Third Law
 When two bodies
interact, the forces on
the bodies from each
other are always equal
in magnitude and
opposite in direction.

 
F BC   FCB (equal magnitudes and opposite directions)
 
FBC is the force on book from crate and FCB is
the force on crate from book.
24
Sample Problem 5-5
Figure 5-14 shows a block S (the sliding block) with mass
M = 3.3 kg. The block is free to move along a horizontal
frictionless surface such as an air table.
 This first block is connected by
a cord that wraps over a
frictionless pulley to a second
block H (the hanging block),
with mass m = 2.1 kg. The cord
and pulley have negligible
masses compared to the
blocks (they are “massless”).
The hanging block H falls as
the sliding block S accelerates
to the right.

25
 Find (a) the acceleration of the sliding block, (b)
the acceleration of the hanging block, and (c) the
tension in the cord.
Consider mass M : T  Ma
The positive direction of a is to the right.

Consider mass m : mg  T  ma
The positive direction of a is down. Because the cord is taut,
the magnitude of a is the same as above.
m
a g  3.8 m / s 2
Mm
Mm
T g  13 N
Mm
26
Sample Problem 5-6
 In Fig. 5-17a, a block B of mass
M = 15.0 kg hangs by a cord
from a knot K of mass mK, which
hangs from a ceiling by means of
two other cords. The cords have
negligible mass, and the
magnitude of the gravitational
force on the knot is negligible
compared to the gravitational
force on the block. What are the
tensions in the three cords?

27
 At a knot, the tensions are different.The tensions
on both sides of a frictionless pulley are the same.

SOLUTION: T3  Mg  M (0)  0
T3  147 N
  
At the knot, T1  T2  T3  0
 T1 cos 28  T2 cos 47   0  0
T1 sin 28  T2 sin 47   147 N  0
T1  104 N and T2  134 N
The tensions are 104 N in cord 1, 134 N in cord 2, and
147 N in cord 3 28
 Sample Problem 5-7

 In Fig. 5-18a, a cord holds stationary a block of mass m =

15 kg, on a frictionless plane that is inclined at angle= 27°.
(a) What are the magnitudes of the force on the block T
from the cord and the normal force on the block 
N from the
plane?
29
SOLUTION:
  
T  N  Fg  0
T  0  mg sin   0
T  mg sin 
 (15 kg) (9.8 m / s 2 )(sin 27  )
 67 N
N  mg cos   0
N  mg cos 
 (15 kg ) (9.8 m / s 2 )(cos 27  )
 131 N 30
(b) We now cut the cord. As the block then slides down
the inclined plane, does it accelerate? If so, what is its
acceleration?

 SOLUTION:
mg sin   ma
Positive direction is down the inclined plane

a  g sin 
a  (9.8 m / s ) (sin 27 )  4.4 m / s
2  2

31
Sample Problem 5-8
 In Fig. 5-19a, a passenger
of mass m = 72.2 kg
stands on a platform scale
in an elevator cab. We are
concerned with the scale
readings when the cab is
stationary, and when it is
moving up or down. (a)
Find a general solution for
the scale reading,
whatever the vertical
motion of the cab.

32
SOLUTION:

N  mg  ma
N  m (g  a )
Positive direction for a is up

(b) What does the scale read if the cab is stationary

or moving upward at a constant 0.50 m/s?

33
SOLUTION:
N  (72.2 kg) (9.8 m / s 2  0)  708 N

 (c) What does the scale read if the cab accelerates

upward at 3.20 m/s2 and downward at 3.20 m/s2?

 SOLUTION:
N  (72.2 kg) (9.8 m / s 2  3.20 m / s 2 )
 939 N
N  (72.2 kg) (9.8 m / s 2  3.20 m / s 2 )
 477 N
34
 (d) During the upward acceleration in part (c), what is the
magnitude Fnet of the net force on the passenger, and what
is the magnitude ap,cab of the passenger's acceleration as
 
measured in the frame of the cab? Does Fnet  ma p ,cab ?

 SOLUTION:

Fnet  N  Fg  939 N  708 N  231 N

• The acceleration ap,cab of the passenger relative to the frame

of the cab is zero. Thus, in the noninertial frame of the
accelerating cab, Fnet is not equal to map,cab, and Newton's
second law does not hold

35
Sample Problem 5-9


 In Fig. 5-20a, a constant horizontal force of Fap
magnitude 20 N is applied to block A of mass mA = 4.0
kg, which pushes against block B of mass mB = 6.0 kg.
The blocks slide over a frictionless surface, along an x
axis. (a) What is the acceleration of the blocks?

36
SOLUTION:

Fap  FAB  m A a
Fap  (m A  m B )a
Fap 20 N
a   2.0 m / s 2
m A  m B 4.0 kg  6.0 kg


(b) What is the force FBA on block B from block A
(Fig. 5-20c)?

37
 SOLUTION:

FBA  m Ba

The acceleration of block A and block B is the same

FBA  (6.0 kg) (2.0 m / s )  12 N

2

38
Homework (due Oct 4)
 7P
 11E
 25P
 43P
 47P
 49P

 Mass of Package = 15kg

 Mass of Monkey = 10kg 39