3G CDMA - WCDMA and

cdma2000
Rodger E. Ziemer
IEEE Communications Society
Distinguished Lecturer Program

Rules for Efficient Multiple Access

Three

laws

Know

the channel
Minimize interference to others
Mitigate interference received from others
Requirements

of wireless multiple access

Channel

measurement
Channel control and modification
Multiple user channel isolation
May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

Why CDMA?
Higher capacity
Improved performance in multipath by diversity
Lower mobile transmit power = longer battery life

Power control
Variable transmission rate with voice activity detection

Allows soft handoff

Sectorization gain
High peak data rates can be accommodated
Combats other-user interference = lower reuse factors

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

What is Third Generation? [1]

Flexible support of multiple services

Voice
Messaging email, fax, etc.
Medium-rate multimedia Internet access, educational
High-rate multimedia file transfer, video
High-rate interactive multimedia video telecon-ferencing,
telemedicine, etc.

Mobility: quasi-stationary to high-speed platforms

Global roaming: ubiquitous, seamless coverage
Evolution from second generation systems

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

W-CDMA Versus cdma2000 [2]

Parameter

W-CDMA

cdma2000

Carrier spacing

5 MHz

3.75 MHz

Chip rate

4.096 MHz

3.6864 MHz

Data modulation

BPSK

FW QPSK; RV - BPSK

Spreading

Complex (OQPSK)

Complex (OQPSK)

Power control frequency

1500 Hz

800 Hz

Variable data rate implement.

Variable SF; multicode

Repet., puncturing, multicode

Frame duration

10 ms

20 ms (also 5, 30, 40)

Coding

Turbo and convolutional

Turbo and convolutional

Base stations synchronized?

Asynchronous

Synchronous

Base station acquisition/detect

3 step; slot, frame, code

Time shifted PN correlation

Forward link pilot

TDM dedicated pilot

CDM common pilot

Antenna beam forming

TDM dedicated pilot

Auxiliary pilot

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

WCDMA Uplink Frame Structure [1]

I: data channel

DPDCH

N data 10 * 2 k bits ( k 0, ,6)

Tslot 2560 chips

Q: sync & control

Pilot:

N pilot bits

TFCI

FBI

TPC

DPCCH

0.667 ms

slot 0 slot 1

slot i

slot 14

radio frame = 10 ms
TFCI = transmit format combination indicator
FBI = feedback information
TPC = transmit power control

May 28-June1

DPDCH = dedicated physical data channel

DPCCH = dedicated physical control channel

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

WCDMA Uplink Modulator Structure [1]

DPDCH1

cd ,1

DPDCH3

c d ,3

pulse shape
filter (SRC)

cos( c t )

+
+

DPDCH2

cd , 2

DPCCH

cc

Q
+

pulse shape
filter (SRC)

sin( c t )
c long,1

May 28-June1

c long,2

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes

Cd, i selected from this tree

00000000
0000
00001111
00
00110011
0011
00111100
0

01010101
0101
01011010
01
01100110
0110
01101001

May 28-June1

Notes:
1) For fixed chip rate, desired information
rate determines length of spreading
sequence and therefore processing gain.
2) When a specific code is used, no other
code on the path from that code to the root
and or on the subtree beneath that
code may be used.
3) All the codes at any depth into the tree
are the set of Walsh Sequences.
4) Code phase is synchronous with
information symbols.
5) FDD UL processing gain between 256 and 4
FDD DL processing gain between 512 and 4
TDD UL/DL processing gain between 16 and 1
6) Multicode used only for SF = 4

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

WCDMA Downlink Frame Structure [1]

DPDCH

DPDCH

DPCCH

Data1 N data1 TPC

TFCI

Data2

Tslot 2560 chips

slot 0 slot 1

N data 2

DPCCH
Pilot

0.667 ms

slot i

slot 14

radio frame = 10 ms

N data 2 N data 2 10 * 2 k bits (k 0, ,7)

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

WCDMA Downlink Modulator Structure [1]

dedicated
traffic channels

primary &
secondary
common
control
channels

cd ,1
Clong

s/p

cd , n

other channels

Clong
Primary
Sync Code

Secondary
Sync Code

May 28-June1

G1

sum

primary &
secondary
common pilot
channels

s/p

CP

Gn

pulse shape
filter (SRC)

e j t

GP

CS

GS

c long,2

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

10

Transmit Diversity Strategy for Downlink

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

11

cdma2000 Uplink Frame Structure

Radio Configuration 3

channel
bits

Bits/
Frame
16
40
80
172
350
744
1512
3048
6120

modulation
symbol

CRC

encoder
tail bits

CRC
bits
6
6
8
12
16
16
16
16
16

tail
bits
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

Convolutional
or Turbo Coder

Data Rate
kbps
1.5
2.7
4.8
9.6
19.2
38.4
76.8
153.6
307.2

Code
Rate
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/2

symbol
repetition

symbol
puncture

block
interleaver

Repeats
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1

Delete
1 of 5
1 of 9
none
none
none
none
none
none
none

Symbols
1536
1536
1536
1536
1536
3072
6144
12288
12288

C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 2.1.3.1.1.1-8

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

12

cdma2000 Uplink Modulator

Secondary
Traffic 2 C
Pilot

Control

+
_

pulse
shape

sum

wS 2

cos( c t )

wC

wD1

sum

Primary
C
Traffic

Secondary
Traffic 1 C

wS 1

May 28-June1

c long,I

c long,Q

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

pulse
shape

sin( c t )

13

cdma2000 Downlink Frame Structure

Radio Configuration 9
channel
bits

Bits/
Frame
21
55
125
267
552
1128
2280
4584
9192
20712

modulation
symbol

CRC

CRC
bits
6
8
10
12
16
16
16
16
16
16

encoder
tail bits

tail
bits
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

Convolutional
or Turbo Coder

Data Rate
kbps
1.8
3.6
7.2
14.4
28.8
57.6
115.2
230.4
460.8
1036.8

Code
Rate
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2

symbol
repetition

Repeats
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

symbol
puncture

Delete
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
2 of 18

block
interleaver

Symbols
576
576
576
576
1152
2304
4608
9216
18432
36864

Other similar tables in specification.

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

14

modulation
symbol
rate

01
1 -1
power
control
bits

channel
gain

fwd pwr
ctrl gain

long
code

YQ

puncture
timing
800 Hz

I/Q scrambling
bit extract
long
code
mask

YI

DEMUX

power control
symbol puncture

cdma2000 1X DL Modulation
Processing

decimate

pwr ctrl
bit pos

C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 3.1.3.1.1.1-18

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

15

cdma2000 1X Downlink Modulation

other
channels

YI
Walsh code
QOF code

YQ

phase rotate for QOF

XI

pulse
shape

cos( c t )

other
channels

XQ
I channel
pilot PN

May 28-June1

Q channel
pilot PN

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

pulse
shape

sin( c t )

16

modulation
symbol
rate

01
1 -1
power
control
bits

channel
gain

fwd pwr
ctrl gain

long
code

May 28-June1

YI2
YI3

puncture
timing
800 Hz

I/Q scrambling
bit extract
long
code
mask

YI1

DEMUX

power control
symbol puncture

cdma2000 3X DL Modulation
Processing

decimate

pwr ctrl
bit pos

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

17

YQ1
YQ2
YQ3

cdma2000 3X Downlink Modulation

YI1
same as below
YQ1

YI2

output
carrier 1

output
carrier 2

YQ2

YI3
same as above

output
carrier 3

YQ3

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

18

cdma2000 vs WCDMA
Chip

rate
Coherent Pilot Channels
Transmit Diversity
Underlying Network
Single Carrier versus Multicarrier Spreading
Cell Site Synchronization

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

19

References
[1] R. L. Peterson, Third Generation Personal Communications: Physical Layer
Status, Presentation at Clemson University, Feb. 1, 2001
[2] Manjit Singh and Manoneet Singh, 3G Wireless with Respect to IMT-2000 and
Beyond, Telecom 99
[3] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third
Generation Mobile Communications, New York: Wiley, 2000
[4] CDMA Evolution from IS-95, IS-2000, to 1XTREME, Technology Transfer
Training Class, Motorola, Inc., July 2000
[5] R. Ziemer and R. Peterson, Introduction to Digital Communications, Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Chapter 10, 2001

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

20

WCDMA: More Information?

http://www.3gpp.org
21.101 guide to all other documents
25.XXX series radio access network (RAN)

25.211
25.212
25.213
25.214
25.321
25.322

frame structure etc.

channel coding etc.
spreading and modulation
physical layer procedures (tx diversity, etc.)
medium access control (MAC)
radio link control (RLC)

26.XXX series voice coding

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

21

GSM/GPRS/EDGE: More Information?

http://www.3gpp.org
3GPP

ETSI

description

45.001

05.01

general description

45.002

05.02

multiple access, logical channels, etc

45.003

05.03

channel coding

45.004

05.04

modulation

45.005

05.05

radio
transmission and channel
models

45.008

05.08

radio link control

45.009

05.09

link adaptation

44.060

04.60

RLC/MAC

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

22

cdma2000: More Information?

http://www.3gpp2.org
Technical

Specification Group C cdma2000

C.S0002-A-1 Physical Layer Standard
C.S0003-A-1 Medium Access Control (MAC)
C.S0004-A-1 Signaling Link Access Control
C.S00024
1XEV-DO (high speed packet)
C.S0005
Upper Layer Signaling (L3)

May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

23

3G Information Sources

Third Generation Partnership Projects

http://www.3gpp.org
http://www.3gpp2.org
CDMA Development Group (CDG)
http://www.cdg.org
International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000
http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/sfg/imt2k/
Japan ARIB IMT-2000 proposal
http://www.arib.or.jp/IMT-2000/ARIB/Document/
May 28-June1

R. Z. Ziemer, Colora

24