Membraan nucleus voortgang

Groeihormonen

Hier is ook RAS van sprake en cytokinen.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20/
Signal transduction pathways for cell surface receptors

These are complex processes and unfortunately dogged by terminology that is

confusing and not always logical - a legacy from the periodic discovery of
intracellular factors that were subsequently assembled into a relatively complete
sequence of signal tranduction processes. It is not in the scope of this book to
pursue all the molecular events but a broad outline is pertinent to understanding
hormone action and genetic mutations that can cause endocrine disorders.
Receptors that have inherent tyrosine kinase activity bind molecules that have a
specific SH2 domain (src homology domain). In turn, another accessory protein
may be activated such as SOS (son-of-sevenless). This can activate a monomeric
G-protein known as Ras that essentially acts as a signal transduction switch. Its
activation can lead to phosphorylation of Raf, MEK and eventually to mitogen
activated protein kinase (MAPK) which can initiate transcription (termed the MEKMAPK pathway).

Volgens mij hadden jullie dit al zo iets voor groeifactoren:

Maar GH = growth hormon dus dit stukje geld ook voor groeihormonen
Receptors for GH, prolactin, erythropoietin, insulin and a variety of cytokines
and growth factors do not have inherent protein kinase activity but are

associated with a protein that has tyrosine kinase activity. One of these proteins,
known as JAK (just another kinase) may activate downstream effectors that include
the STAT proteins - the JAK-STAT pathway. Binding of insulin to its receptor
induces phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRS) which activates
further signal transduction pathways including activation of nuclear
transcription factor B (NF-B). In essence, there is a cascade of protein
phosphorylations that ultimately end in the nucleus to induce transcription.
The transcription factor targets for kinases that are activated by protein and peptide
hormones include c-jun and c-fos which make up the heterodimeric AP-1 complex,
the serum response factor (often targeted by the MAP kinase dependent pathway),
and nuclear CREB-P (cAMP response element binding protein) which is
phosphorylated by protein kinase A and enhances transcriptional activity of closely
positioned promoters (Box 1.10).

box 1.10

(plaatjes staan erbij)

EGFR = (epidermal

growth hormone receptor)