PATRICIA BYRD BEVERLY BENSONDesk Copy Information ‘To place your desk copy request or for more information, please call 1-800-278-2574 or 617-451-1840, or write to: To place a purchase order, please call 1-800-354-9706 or 606-525-2230, or write to “Heinle & Heinle Publishers ‘Wadsworth Book Distribution Center 7625 Empire Drive Florence, Kentucky 41042 ‘In Canada please call 1-800-268-2222 or 416-752-9100, or write to: Nelson Canada 120 Birchmount Road Scarborough, Ontario MIK5G4 FAX 416-752-9646“Toe pba of Probes A Reference for ESL Wis was ted by i ‘ste ote Ga Inpraton Team Hele Hee evi CL. iat Dacor Soom FMeHoph, Miting Development ieee Gabe MeDonl rdton Er Ale pig nthe pba ofthis regan wre Pubes. ae ‘Edi! Procon Manager Elbe Metis roc Monger: Sey Sere, Saye & Wiliams ‘oc Mang Mane Da Hava Manacning Caos Nay Bet emery ‘ner Deer Reni Ais ‘Copyright © 1994 y Heine Henle abies ‘npc Nopat tthe pebestor may be eo waited ny an yn) mean lato mana poepy reer en frson ‘Sorgen ev stem, io perme ning fo he oie oi & ile Pa ea on of Waewore Macfcre ntbe Usted Suro Ameo brary of Congress Cag nPbiaton Dota Sy Pain Proteltn reise fr ESL wer hy Pisa yd nd Beverly Reson aca ind Wawosserizs4 "Engi inguige— Tena ero pes. gl angunge— Compote sacar" Ela lmgesge~Gramm 1. Bes Bovey The area ssaaise cr woe? Contents 1. GRAMMAR POINTS SECTION Agreement 1 Unit 1. Noun-Pronoun Agreement 2 Unit2. —Subject-Verb Agreement 7 SECTION MT Articles, Nouns, and Pronouns 21 Unit3,— Aand An 22 Unit4, Avoiding Sexist Language 30 Unit. Definite and Indefinite Meaning for Nouns ‘and Articles 38, ‘Unit6. Generic Meaning for Nouns and Articles 40 Unit7. —Noncount Nouns 44 Unit Nouns Without Articles SL Unit9, Irregular Plural Nouns S6 Unit 10, Plural and Singular Forms: Consistency of Use in Writing 59 Unit. The 64SECTION MI Conditional and Hypothetical Meaning 73, Unit 12 Conditional Sentences 74 Unit 13. Hypothetical Sentences 79 SECTIONIV Coordination 85 Unit 4. Coordinating Conjunetions 86 Unit 1S. Compound Sentences $9 SECTION +ing Words and Infinitives 93 Unit 16, Gerunds 94 Unit 17. Infintives 101 Unit 18. Overview of sing Words 106 SECTION VI. Numbers 111 Unit 19. Writing Numbers to Report Data and Factual Information 112 SECTION VII Parallelism 117 Unit 20, Grammatical and Logical Parallelism 118, SECTION VIM Passive Sentences 125 Unlt21. Grammar and Use of Passive Sentences 126 SECTIONIX Subordination 133 Unit22. Complex Sentences and Sentence Combining. 134 Unit 23. Subordinating Conjunctions and Types of Subordination 139 SECTIONX Transition 159 Unit24, Making Transitions and Using Transition Words 160 ‘Conan’ SECTION XI Verbs 173 Unit 25. Future Time Writing 174 Unit 26. General Truth and Generalizations: Present ‘Tense 178 Unit 27. regular Verbs 182 Unit 28. Modal Auxiliary Verbs 188 Unit 29. Modal Auxiliaries for Advice, Recommendations, and Rules 200 Unit 30, Modal Auxiliaries for Logical Probability and for ‘Making Guesses 203, Unit 31. Modal Auxiliaries and Past Time Writing 206 Unit 32, Past Time Writing: Past Tense, Past Perfect, ‘and Past Progressive 210, Unit 33, Present Time Writing: Present Progressive and Stative Verbs 214 Unlt34, Present Perfect Verb Form 217 Unit 35. Sequence of Tense and Reported Speech 223 Unit 36. Subjunctive Verbs 231 . PUNCTUATION SECTION XI Punctuation 236 Unit37. Commas 236 Unit 38. Comma Splices 246 Unit 39. Contractions 251 Unit 40. Fragments 258 Unit41. Run-On Sentences 260 Unit42, Semicolons 264 ANSWERS AKI Contents *Anaserskispacel atthe tHe did not do the belaning of aeetence ates Romenork * A saris sd o mark sentence ‘ida poncwaton eno. Usual sic sentences ae rarity comet bt o ot Inet the sisi standards of I believe, she will Graduate now yeor “ = formal sademicweting. - Apoininghand mrksll oe Practice 1 undetiniag Single unertining indicates the ae subject ofasemence Double should increase a ceaccn mci Undeining maketh ver, -SUUdenE’S abiaity to think. e A fiownin face marks materials @2# people wear fotargrimmaiclly cont expensive cloves, ‘Times This syle of prints aed for An spstopbe i added o words Denes tomieoin as’ NAY Sat Ps Fs Roman explanations. {or two major purposes: 0 meaning oss et Inia posesive meaning and ‘0 mark concton. ’ ‘check mark suse to indcate 0 Fragments courier —Thissvleof ints wedfor Maria will atudy ‘sated opie peine examples, chemistry next alc print ale pracisused indice Subject verb agreements terminology he sine that 8 elaonhip between a subject special tem sed, Words anda ver The maj requ ‘ven asexamples inside ana pariclr form forthe ve ‘planation wil be inital in Alo ts of words ae ‘ven ii prt bold print Bold pit is used tomar prte eee ‘ofextmpes opin outthe wea “F= w1i1 can otudy Tringducustedinthetet chEMESEy next w ‘Symbols Used in This Handbook Symbols Used in This Handbook vil‘The Focus on Eating graphic on. x covers 12 common ES. ers divided Ino thre eons: the ranking (! 012) places the os serous err, the most Jimporant eo a the tp "Te fit ction contin the four mst esis errs. Tse ers aff the reader's abit fo understand the eas in paper. In tray of writen English, ‘dent shold fous on thee tops is "The mil section consis les serous bat lio important nos tht wally oot caste mitndersading. They fest pars of eaten, od tema be (racing. These ens arent generally a ule bound as obes an ake students dona tine listening aed ead a agli efor provement wally "The he errs ithe hr ston cin be handled tthe It age of ting. Keowlege of comma an apalizaton rales an good dinar wl be pf here His impotanto member tha wt problems re ot soa rom ech ‘ther and that distinctions among them are nt lays ler. However, the Foo 00 Eling cha is designed o help stuns make desnons tout how to improve thst ‘ora welter English an bout bot git leiming poets y focsing ‘on the mos secous probes first “Iproving the Grammar of Wren English The Eng Process, Improving ‘he Grammar of Write English: The Handbook. Applied English Grammar Tre develop he conection ewes eng kil and improved accrsy nd ‘ueey in writen Eagish vill nn Focus on Editing, SEI Capon 72 owing‘Composition acer generally ws some system o mark problems on det ‘apes Some teachers wise stem ike tha shown inthe Focus on Eng ‘hat In hese systems, the eachrs se mumers to dey pacar posems. Por sample, "I" wien aera etece ines tha the eee rapt an {ncomple sentence). Ota acer write wor &sbrevisios tint problems. These caches wll we the word fragment ote abreration fag nest “Sincomplete sentence. The Eiting Key help you find help in Provlem/ Slaton to ‘tthe pret probiem that as been pont oo by your composition teacher aitng by the Eating with “Explanation of Prblem/Slation [Numbers Uso in Abbreviations the Problem Unitto Turn to Focuson altag Used by Some Tallest by the for Help with The Composition Namberor” Problem Teachers, ‘Abbreviation 1 fragment Youwrotes 40, Fragments ioe fingmest rater ‘hana complete ‘ sestence, Some tired pan of imomplee evennein ine missing a verb ene Youwroteavetb Unit 21 and . ais inthe wrong." Units 25-36, tens. Or,you " sed the ong Pa rod frm, Or you eda ve sive sentence rode Income Chek azal ‘hermeaing hat oa youwanr have, den sty the eta. Serbs hata wed pasive forth meaning ass * Editing Key 2» ver fom You sella vet) 027. Iepular ie wrong Vers 722, Pet Tine Wiring 753, Prosent Time So! Weiing ae oan pr Youwiethe v7 7.Noncaunt : vwrongfomnfora "Nouns = plow v9. regular At Petape you left Piura Nous a ‘fhe fal. 10. Phra nd Single Forms: Conieney orUseln Weng a» mbjeccverh You wotethe v2. Sabee.Vath agreement vwrongfornoftte "Agreement we bjt onthe verb for subjctveth w agreement secemert » sounproncun —Youusedthe 1. Noun Frosoun agreement ag penn Agreement pronoun agreement on ope oun ati ers our ron » roa 4 ruronsentece Ifthe probem isa 1, Ren-On ee rumon sentence," Senences years » ‘compound semtence with | ‘coorinaing ‘enncton and ‘Editing Key eto the commscommas pie splice rate! severe paral ” ot parle ond order ok te problem isa comma spe" you wrote ‘compound sentence but have notased a ‘rordining ‘Ther ar two pst errs that You could nave sade: (1) You hd {problem with ‘garsmaticl lis {he foms ware ‘notte sae ‘gamma. @)Younada logic probiem — the forms were oof the me meaning You placed some parofe seneace inthe wong postion 38. Comm 7 word choice ——-Youselesteda——_ 24. Making Spies = wor that isnot “Trasions conect forthe sad Using wong word easing er the Transition — ‘grammar tht you Words eedtouse. ow stoice —— ion 720. Grammatical ‘ and Logical Param sage ® ord fom Youwsstine 9. egulr A seong fom of Pll Nouns ond 110, Pal and ond Singular Foun CConiterey otUseia Wiring 727 egal — Vets 715. Compoun = ‘Seances 9 tile ‘You selected he 722. Comper in sera etcle for ‘Sentences ‘Ge onensecing snd Sentence ‘tat you need Os, Contains yous ostan 723, Sorting acl when one is Conjensons ued fore and Types of ‘meaing that you Sibadeais, eed.n ection pence You mde a pnciaton ere. Some teacher wil se this umber or toed forall pes ‘of punctation sgeling You made nero with comms. ihr you et one out or yu pt one mth rong place. Some acer are more specific about Pncuaton errs nd wll ge artic Wor oF amen foe aril errs, You sli a word income wits 3742 737. Commas 8. Com Spies 1, Ran-On Sentences unis 37-42 9. teu Plural Noone 27 teal vate Editing Key delete or oven worder I went to rovp of words computer 1ab early orning. & F indeto make anew Wing te Lary Cee edie, Tamacolege student My a ‘lye as been more less aroine forthe past to ger Al wes ang, Tether tend clases ‘goto work Tcanot ay ‘hat hate my resent routes, butt won 8 milion ls would erainly welcome a few ‘hangs my resent ese fst change wool to sop waiting {erthe money coming fom home tat Fever receive on tine, The Ite sal of my ving fnpenss hs Been = rblem forthe pas 0 yeas Tam sre that rilon dollars would rebve ta problem. sentence sca problem “HIOis oe of the male asroom in ou A eampas hated 12 ides ‘mening orhandwriing en cle tig & eat ? Additional Symbols Used in Editing =Information About Problem/Solution [Strategie Competence. Commminicatve competence nvlves four aes: (1), agus competence, (2) discourse competence, (3) sccilingse competence, snd (2) sree competence, Th at of hese evolves nning stage or ‘dealing with niscommaicaton a wll st sate or improving communication. Problem’Souaoms designed t bel students improve hi euegic competence by providing tem with ateals rough which hey can ep thee and expand ther knowledge of particular ares of writen English grammar. ‘Problem Soliton forthe eden wits who needs as t-he- pla ond ‘asy 10nd information abou puticully woubesome ares of he gaan of ‘writen academic English, The coverage i frase on problem areas rater thin providing «general pesematn o Enlsh gma. Prolen/Slation seme [handbook to complement osopplement ex tha provide instruction in the ‘lng o academic English. T Accurate Flueney and Fluent Accuracy A maj gol of thiseference bok is ‘oelp ESL and EFL writes to become bth mae acute nd more fet ia eit ‘scademicweing. Throgh inprovedkrowledge of English and though use of he {informatio ad the examples inthis bok daring revision of paper, sade an lear wete more accurately. Lhe sme ime, scents can develop more ll tnd preser confidence in the wing woh hey can write wth move ese ad fuetey TL, Audience. The book i for high imemediatetadvansed ESL/EFL sens, ‘especialy hose who ae taking wing cout in ESLIEFL poor Developmental Studies programs, ania English departs. Problem/Soltion is ‘ko lard for tions Working in wn abs fo improve hei acura cc) ‘We expect that many teachers of ESL and of Eghsh composton wil se the texcto pid tens onforaton tt can ep with parulr probe in English grammar In aéton, sme teachers might ind Problem Boon ows for ‘herelies as guide to the ins of problems ther dente at experiencing. 1V. Overall Organization, Te dificult fo stalets in nga grammar andbook ‘sfinding the ght entry fr te information tht hey ned Since many ESL seats ‘Seem o be comfable with dictionary forma the materials have been divi ito ‘Shor its tat areaangedinaptabetical oder ‘An Answer Key to selected tems povided tte ed ofthis bok (ener answers are provided oer ete queton thi dats can ‘derstand bow patil exercises 0 be done Tl sytem provides adel tri suppor foc indepenent sty an yet prereset becoming so Gependen on {he Ammer Key that they do ot have the expeseaeof tempting to work ea the snswer fr theme wi Information About Problem/Solution. ‘An Editing Key (px) eps tens in information based oneting yma sed by composton teachers Astigent cn lok for sheng symbol ad then {wietly find he relevant ston of Problem/Soluion, Teacher to, can use the Eating Key o pia stadents to aerials hat can ep with pate probes, ‘A section of crosreferences is provid af th en ofeach uni guide wees tober lated materi, ‘Organization o Bach Unit Typically,» nit is oranized into fou parts several infra, “problem information, practice seis, a cree erences. ‘The gener informaton about the opi has explanations on he eft od exales ‘height. This sect i ofen ellowed by 2 "eoblem sacton in whieh pariclar problem aa ace lusated. Problems” ae aways dived into tee sions problem sluion, nd evson “This presetation provides students with tw ways of thinking about theirown English grammar. Tie ca ler new ifomatonsbut English ly ie ndemanding of toe areas. In addon, saat can ee yp problems ad Team abou ways to revise sextencescotinng hase err. Tis presen it based on he dl aspects ofthe Eig Process: (1) fst a we ust ecopize lata problem exist (2) Second, he ter mt have some satis or comecting the problem. Vis ormat. The materia are in able format case of tle preference for that syle. Stems seem to find i easier o spurte examples fem explantions when ‘ne ates are in separate bos. To make mae even easier ead, dieret syle of ales ae used in ProblenSolon fo eee types of mater Infomation ables tat give general explanations are ina ferent sje rom *woblen tables phar oer can mre esl find mteal at hey az seeing, natin, materi as ben vied i chunks hat ae ny or stents 0 ‘ead and understand When they se working on ter va Without upp fom 8 teicher For example, aber tan having larg ection on ails and nouns, ha ‘nent hi been ve into nine wis, each contin stbeston ofthe larger ‘nent Stents can stay 2 much af the materia shy eed oon hunle aa arcu time. ‘VU How the Book Can Be Used by Students for Different Purposes. There ae thee major esos th ude! wl se Problem. Fist osc wl ad ‘dats saest has wouble wath priclar area of grammar and wil det he todo to sy pariulr sections. That tbe teacher wl phe dent ake tome choices nd wil be vl to sce th materials if teint is ‘estos Information About Probiem/Solution xviiProblem-Solution is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Beverly A. Benson, teacher, administrator, author, leader, friend. 1943-1993Noun-Pronoun:Agreement ‘Matching Pronouns and Nouns Proccuss must match the rou hat_ ‘The atudente put thet they rfertoin mnber Thiemeas tht Dock on their deeke Singlar pronouns ae wed oreo Sing nouns ad tar plural pronouns a usd io refer fpr nous. Noe thatthe pronoun does ot agree wih the GFELSUIE to far noun tai oifes bat withthe oun £2 PS : ttatirefers to Lookartesctod The teacher pat her books example cutters omy broherand Ison Rar dee. ‘only ae cars iavelved. My brother and T ride the Dus to school because it is aifsioult to find a place Tn English jie she andireflect he Guan pot Le books cn ha masculine Temiine, oc neural meming ask. He wae guesses xeon ‘ofthe non ht each pronoun eters to. he teacher gave Rim on "A While aninals are penelly efenedto the dog out Ste paw in Ste 1st people who ae emotiooly close trainer’ hand. {oan animal my ster to t wih mas ‘lino eninneponour whee pero, wy dog, Pronto, pute hie ava cver hia face wion be ving correct reference for masculine o feminine nouns Problem ‘Solution Revision *R fmsband must Many langues doot—-A husband mst sespect the lweteparte maleand respect the opinions of her female pesoins The opinions of he vite, writer nowsthate wife. trod abd eer ten an fe to women tah rouble rememmering the corest pronoun form. Chane er tas Not having correct reference for singular or paral nouns Problem Salton Revion “Bach student in Fachissingular The AL etudente in this class 19 wrlerhusewochoioes this class are requires to curs (I)makethe bjt pha! required totus intheie research tongre ith heprosoun in their research projects at the thars@)chungetie projects atthe Beginning of che pronouandienoun beginning of the Final examination prsctioagrewihthe final examination period’ Single sabes period 1 en 3Notice scoad ach atedent. hice means thatthe ‘this class ia ‘wrtermastbecsefilto required to turn ‘eidusng language that in hia/ber would suggestatonly research project mmenareintiecls— at the beginning Ulsetheclasis indeed of the final ‘mudeupealjofmle™ examination iden period. ‘many students at —Theplual noun sudems Many students at this university requesaplual pono, this university are unhappy about Thewnierhas wo are unhappy about The Aigh tuition choices ayorwe We the high tuition hot he oust pay. means thatthe writers chet Ehey must Show student athe ey petal! Many students smbiguoss itis possible oiss university the high tuition chat we MUSE Day ‘ot having correct pronoun refeence—innppropriate sithing 90 Probien, Sotto Reviion © many people Forfomalcdemic _wany people Srive drive too fact wringsple the writer too fast’ oven fever thous they should evie fr hough ehey knoe ow that Chey” copssentnoun pronoun chat ebay can be fan be Beal refrence Dbesiy) hurt oF that hurt or that you ‘thay can die in an can die in an secisent ecient ‘ noun reson Agreement MI © A seudent mst The wsiteismabigs A atuaent must rake good use of genenlonion wage, ake gond use of your timo. feiesc oun plrse—e is oF her tine sauder THe POOH geudente must make neenesisiote it good use of their the foal yl. To make fBerevsion te wer TR testo ces 0 aod ‘ing sexi language. = Practice 1 ‘Correct the pronouns i mesa nthe Following sentences. TL When [first sea person, often make adgemens about their personaly. 2. Totell something abst lassie fom he wy they desi wey iicalt ‘because so many stdets es in jeans. ‘3. Wis ot fro jdige a person bythe way hey ress. 44 Atte end of every quate, sade in my laos have teva thie Isrts; oe question sks whet he instructors ied hi ote corse gal ‘5S 1on'tthink tat everone thnk seiouly when hey ar filing ou te ‘vation forms. (6 Wen faculty members se the den cvaltion comment they can adjat ‘hee eachigg methods ad eqn “1. wonder ifmany college students worry abut is grades ike 140, ‘8 Every college student shoud study history and pola science beau this ‘og wl help hem become an achve member of seiey and help hem ma ineligent cisions, 9. Ifa pret vans her hiden tot ot righ she must teach oshow them ber Jove supp and compassion 10, When the relationship betwec him and his children dsnegrates, parent mas seis veo rept he lata. | f= Practice2 ‘Correct the pronouns ifm, nthe flowing sentences 1. Many people have quit smoking rece beease Wey Know that amoking can cut ean pres hy no a ming pete can ay 2. Many people know tt soking i a for their eal, bat they Keep akg case en you sate, you ca lax mor eal A. Inmy opin, «person cenct be goad parent you are ot ain. coocrd, an ving. 4 Most students respect thelprets, thieteachers an thei ren i they 80 oc espect these people they might wan 1 change yur behavior. [5 People who are seltemplojed can te computer for organizing their Infomation hase and or roesing eomespondence, = Practice 3 {Gore the pronouns ines, nthe following Sentences 1. The word af he 90% i dependent on compere andthe more apron ows shou the more asc hath ante 2. Many sopermarkts se computers: for example, in some sapermskess, hey ae inal smal computers tat inet wheres priate Kop ‘te nore 3 Tobeaneducatd pes, they ned wo do more than rate fom cole ‘4 Every person has hiser owe pesonality which affects ele hiking, feelings, and bluse ‘SA good prensa parent who can provide love and ert isfy members. Oe 7-2 Sabjocterb Agrement 7 A: Avoiding Sexist Language 9 reel Paral Nouns 1710, Pra and Singular Fos: Consistency of Use ia Weng ou-tronoun Agreement ML UNIT, “ecinially, grammars sy tha ll Elo abjects gre with thee ver when sn verbs represen tase forms. Tht in present nse content lara sbject ‘as asim frm ofthe ver whoo +s, an singular subjects verb ha als ‘+5 However, writes geenly do not have problems excet with he onion of +5 when tis eure. Therefore, th secton focuses on contexte ht gue te ion of +1 the ver. Explanation of the Problem SEES EeSEEEEEEEIEEEEEeeeeeeeee Subjecrverb ogreementisaelaonshi etnies treoenasbjectandaved. Tessar Tieae books een easy oes parca form fete 2, apenas enon Many students ar confused because _-‘THLB_ book eons easy. they ae nt sure which wor ite sublet. The subject in these examples are marke with one line and the ves ‘sth nes, Some stents sem tobe confess because hey asset + wih paral nouns English wes + sat the ef arsapettne ‘mow noun o make the plural om: fa oe meee brobiooks. These sents wan 0 imate the ver pla oo by aang +5 Thatchange might be lola, bt English oes nt work at way wn easy.Strategies for Correct Subject-Verb Agreement Se ‘Strategy 1. Lear fhe min subject word. You mast kno if the man sbjet ‘sods singular, plural or noncoun. Singular and aoncont subjects eqs ‘hangs inthe verb. The plural subject wes these form of he ver. ‘Strategy 2 Remember tht sujet-ve preement ooo wit: ple presen nse, ‘reenand pst of be (are and waster, rset perf ver fom hae, ‘resent and pas progressive ver ors, and stent and pas passive ver forms. Strategy 3. Generally ifthe subject as + then the ver wil NOT hve + A ral subject has asl ver: a sigur nonoust abject requires forthe ‘ert However, a ew noncanonical mathemati) nd tke 8 Snglar ver and ew plural noun re iepular (childrens peopl) ws take 2 plea vet ‘Verbs That Require +s Simple Present Tense. A present tense nr ane ‘eras rhea sci with Retudene needs notebook. Finglar count noun orth C7008 uses amen noun, Any subject that isnatcealy 1) "Stadonta need heat ch ral is tested as sng. insurance. Coffee grow sopeclally Buying hesith ineurance is confusing process for most pecple. 2 sabesyeb Amel ‘Be Subject er aproement als occurs reemet Writhbot prose pusteae forms Becsuse it is very quiet, Ofte Tam happy to study in the Librecy. my roomate and I these every atteznoon Yesterday, our classroom ise very Cold. The etudinte BIg very cold, too. Dorresive and pave vers change EHO Library Fight now. foapres withthe bec - He ware still studying ven the Iibrary closed lest alge ‘Students were told about ‘henge tHe norning that ‘urposed to take Present Perfect Sabjectvet apromeat als happens withthe rset perfect verb frm, ‘Bid-term exam, keg about having a party ie arene :‘Subjects That Require Verbs with +5 Singular Count Noun The ver fons listed above change when the sobjet is Sng nou, He I She. These vets so change wen he subjects he sh, oe ‘Singular Proper Noun Singular, ‘oper nouns case the er 0 ‘dng, 0. ‘Noncount Noun. Noncour noun ko teed sbjct-eb agrees Other Subjects General, any sabes tas nosey paral sete as ‘Segal, 10 They study in the tab. She guudies in the library. ‘han gtudise at ene, nailed to all students. To beck $a not to Fine. Stuaying in the Library helps nary students to Tnprove their grades. ‘That he disagrees with our plan is obvious to us all. apes tps Irregular Noun Subjects ‘Ploras Without +, Wee ned to remember ht some roa orm thie ‘lal witout a change in or: for example, peopl and pice ‘Nouns That Haye the Same Spelling for Bot Singular and Paral. Series au species se he ame pein for bo sng and lara uses, Because they end ins they appear tobe paral, bittey ae sometines usd ar singular ‘Nouns That Do Not Have Singular Forms. Some nats ae alvays pur ‘These fen nveve obet that ave mo pan much stor nd pant People need to be careful not ro leave valuable itene fn their c A new series of st Eextbooks is pl publication ext year. The feries includes 15 books ‘neo series of concerts are resented at the university. Hes features Jaze music; the second series ort of evervany life. Potential Problems with Certain Subjects aS CCoective Nouns. Collective nouns ‘re word soc as comnts fcul, ay, ju and am othe Unie. ‘States tesa generally wed 8 ‘nga oun, eating he group asa ‘whol unit tn er vrs of English, Speakers treat these nouns as prs ‘when the hn of the members ating {individuals ter than as members of DM onsjsecs sgn ‘The comittes has made ‘The comittes have made = Gecision about their report to the prosident. 4"‘Me fury te discuasing the esse. te decision will he Jury are discussing the case, Mel decision will The faculty agrees about the changes in che attendance policy ‘The faculty disagree about False Purl. Theres grup of ‘Take news feon hone ts ours that end in shat ar notphanls. realy exciting. ‘These ase plurals are words sch as rnc mathe, ad pie. “Ties. Thetis of books, pay, sthe Bells” is a fanous roves and TV dows ae always poe by agar ALlan Poe. Te Sngulr—even ifthe worse le uae poblihed in 2848 sein the pr Pair. The wor paris soglar Some hfe pale of shoes hurts my people ae confused wieathe word's feet. fotbsed Compo tse eamp. ee, egn hurt ay feet ach and Eve. These words we not Hach ook as 2 table of problems when hey edly asiaguar contents and an index oun a athe fet exapl singular ‘ers used The rolem ass fr Some speaker wea cach reer is followed bya pha noun as inthe thied Rach Of the books Has a ‘rample Mostesucaedwates of table of contente and a gli se he sigur with soc index. ‘Sec ty age ad seo tha stutnea sijsrartascunceccorever, BIMEY cos of the went very bieyele should cons vith a safety helnee = e singin aia BOM Subject-Verb Agreement with Phrases Used for Counting eee ee SS ees ‘Atienberof Toispvwsispleal, A uniber of students are fing to Mexico tor the ssthropoloay. The Number of This poses singular. he mumbor of intorrationst has increases by 1008 in ihe pact 10 years, Fractions nd Percentages with ore than S0¥ of the Paral Noone When ey modify students who Take calculus plea nvm. factonsand percentages Za the couvse oa their fakes plural vr, Hivse attempt. Salf of the students uno course on theif first attempt Fractions and Percentages with ese than 40% of the ‘Singular Nouns. When hey modly 2 -Book i about current, Singlarnown, fractions and percentages environmental inaves. take a singular ver. ast epring, 758 of jorids’s citrus crop wae destroyed by the strong Fractions and Percentages with [Nomeount Noun When hy moiy ‘anomcoun nou, factons and conages take a singular vee winds and rain in the Fractions and Percentages with ‘ALshind of che comm ig Collective Nouns Either asingularora —pract Plural vb an te used when ction for percentages modify scaletve 29 Unfortunately, 668 of the teas are injured, Subject-Verb Agreement B‘Subjects That Lead to Difficult Choices es ‘When be subject of a setence seo the words in this able, eda macive spelen of US. Empioh do at are othe cect orm af th er, In raat ‘composition course, you might ask our each fr behis preference. Olen the ‘est sty io rn te setence to avd ping one of thes forms he sje’ poston None Sane achen ey atone es ‘SalvayssingrOecame times ‘Hone the Books has on “ptm "However cowadmaive 7x spelen of Eghishomteouisemly ong of the books have an {cow ism Irnonemodisesa Tone,° S* Rook oral aun, tbe tendency 0 se Dialer Ione mndiiesanoncout one of the coffee tastes oun te tendency istouse angular” 9909. ‘rb, ethaps a god satgy wou be ToureanotherwordasinBelastv0 TS. booxs do not nave caps indexes. ‘Major and Minority, Eouctes ————— ‘The minority te not often powerful where the majority tes of Ealsh seem o swith fom Singular to plural when sing hese ‘wor depending om ferent meanings {gven'o the words The examples how ‘hrs posible varitions Revo tO” syn natant pay eoeealmicinedec soa En the election, the hoe might bea wel rae pon i HY majority wae for a new tax policy. 1m the election, the ajority wore for a now tax ‘The majority of the ftudente agree on the ‘Te minority of the voters change. 7 “ sopaves space often powerful where majority groupe rule, ithe... orand Neliher...nor.The either the teacher or the ica bee ess fom te formofrefarence books axe we6ng ‘the second nu, Geral te noun ‘lone tthe er contol the ve. form, A palo is etsed fhe writer wats tse he pronoun Either the reference books fo the teacher is wrong Neither the teacher nor the reference books are wing. Neither the reference books nor the teacher ia wrong Bither dohn or they are in frror about the test dace. te have to go to the pookatore after chase. Biter of and Neither of The Neither of the snowers 4s tadiionlrulesays wwe asinglar correct. form of tev ithar of the courses seens One of abe fst example, the abject tin ofthe sentence is singular, sothe arb "Ore of my history teachers ‘eels o Problems sf cusedfrsome come from France. writes because he wordclosest othe asa ‘web spurl lathe Wirdexample,e Gna of my niatory teachers: relive casei conecad othe trom France. seme ne of thane pepe. What ishe ur teacher ie one of those ‘bjt ofthe env clase fomea tal amerodt ‘people? Me udional sworn that PEPE! pire their Cer eal eneiame students to outstanding word people, Tet, he verb agrees *££9588 With hep noun people, Some mtg ‘rin ound epomby Ost Conchor ingpiros bor he entenc, Students to mske phase outstanding efforts fh her clase Subject-Verb Agreement 18‘Using the wrong verb with a singular subject Problem Solton Revision Soy coacher ‘Thissenence dowsihe iy teacher weually Usually call on ne bascfarmofsubjeccveb call on me first ‘eat in clase; 2 agreement Thestbecis Sn claas, I don'= one know why. a singular count noun. The now why ‘ers simple reset tee. ‘ids she 2y 1ike our Theasbjetisthe singular really 1ike our Biology textbook. pronumieAds+s19. blology cexhook, Te classify cho bathof the verbs Te classifies the ingortant points inportant points and give clear and gives lear Gefinitions ‘etsatetene. sPhyoice require Avocoimtnouniwsed Physics requixes Ssnbect Adl+stoa “hours of st5dy- present tense ver Be act of econ 308 Tha end wih bey ae spur. pours of study ‘ing the wrong verb when the subject sa noncount noun Problem Solution Revision ‘the information Thesbectis formation The information ia An these arvicies anencoon'noun Addes these articles 2am Useful for my wiheved. ‘Seams Useful for Fesearch paper By esearch paper. ‘Those nave about Thesubectisnens a This news about my iy geades gake me noncoumtacun Chinge grades gales ne very maeDy theetothis Aalst vary happy ‘be ve. Seiten Teen ‘Tryegto rte enol eon nope on ‘Acomponi ijt Tbe atuieate and Fron Sotion Teen eLbdiey the concer sok “ma knees eeetNaiiaat gis ot aa Tome vet pus ies oy a ee ee iPot sy classes. noun Removetstom of ay classes. ‘heoan. Change the ver {ole Manyis sed oly ‘i poral wns. Change walotoh scone advices Advice isthe camectform Good advice about ——S a Baie out baying a ofthis moncount noun. buying a used car “Chenletry Fequre Anmooumtnom sued Chenietay requires Seed cor were Renove-rs hom the ‘given on the pours of study. asuublet Addeswoa houre of stuay. given on Fhe 7 noun Cngetie verbo ahow. present ese ver Show wae 16 ‘Subject-Verb Agreement ‘Subject-Verb Ag 7‘Using the wrong verb when the subject separated om the verb by alse corphrase| Problem Setation Revlon "the books that Thesubjedivaplual The books that are are required for noun—teoks Removers required for this, frome verbo. class. cost. $65. *Scudonts at this Thesubjetisplurl,so students at thie university has to wiehave universiey ha ey eeition on the "headenie svieers Whomeani audent.” —Acadanle edvieere provide advice for Theclawe mea wadens provide advice for Studente whe aske gakforadvcesbowther stodence uno ack for heip about for help about choir courses, thes courses: wstatsstice Tresemencebastwo Statistics courses courses are swoblems. (2) The are requires for Foquired for wary pronounintheclawe any aifferent Aieforene majors mstreertothemain maior because because is Leashes subject Change ioe. they Leash a a method for (2) Theo, change the verb ethos for prodicting the tomiiehthenewsubjet’ predicting the foture they Remover sromite Huuze, th - ‘eames wii lerwea? ‘Not seletng the correct forms ther i ther are Problem Soleo Correstion “there ig no Tree doer notcoelike there are no important verb There “wbject" of Anoortant jantages to thesentence isthe plural disadvantages to Stuaying in the noondiadbontages, Studying in the library: Library. = Practice 1 Draw ative under the word that isthe main subject of each cause and tvo Hines ‘under ech verb Then, rite the correct form foreach verb. There may be ‘ore than one mistaken each sentence. Theis Sentence has ben marked, Dut the problems have not been corrected, 7 aay fleet cigois of students: hose who goo cole fo eum nse who oo college to socials and thos who Wat got ey ‘rom home ad be ependet. ms 2. One group of tudes re the group that Wook fo the grade of “A AA god saen give tho hest fhe he des every assignment and tun allassignmets on time. 44 When modems do thei homework, they can patipat in ss and hey can ‘concetne mare nla tanker ent who does ot prepare for cass 5. Anexealnt dents oe who sos intrest ot of es 0. 6 Because he cares abou leasing, be works hard nore ter someshing new, unde also do homework eer night. 7. One carceritic of neptve sens are tht hey wally doa pay tenon ‘to lectures and usually o not rm inassignments tie, 8 Sortines these stents have many absences and doesnt ely care about what they lea ia scl. 19. Some students aly do homework because their eacher never rade the 10, The mos commas and munerous dens ia many oles athe "C™ 7 DEM orjecevers screens feTr The univers system inte Unked States are very diferent fom the ‘nvesy stems ia otter cout 2 Thiscollege haa seal amps that consist fa few smal uns ‘Usually the fist clas begin a igh olka the ast clas end at en select. 44 Atay colleges, every foreign sade have to pas an ESL placement test fore akingseademi couse, 5 Some ESL stadeats take oly ESL clases, and ising in an ES instiote Smt reduce the chances of herng American English an aking ‘American ends (6 Taking several classes lp o make the time go och fs. 71. ver tenho plano ge dere in ring an dental hyn nd to pasate examination, The Regent Test consist of wring an esas the etsy ave tobe witen in fomal English 9. Allstudnts whois taking caculas mast as the departmental fina heir homework and heir clas partition does ot cnt in the rie 10 Ove reason why tens ike aking re ses tht they can gli for ‘ancl i, See 1 T. Noncount Nouns 9. lrogule Prat Nouns ‘7A. Grammar and Use of Psive Sentences General Teh and Geneeiations: Preset Tense Modal Autry Verbs 33, Present Tine Weng: Present Progressive nd Stave Verbs 4, Present Pefet Verb Form 26, Subjantive Verbs 6, 8. 2» Mobiles sins hanes 3 ia Eran Pre oe unis PCa Catering Sea et ; atts nee ee an rete y a oe Me Cae Tar PG eee Cea ests pritt Cd pes a ceric ingular Borms: ‘onsistency of Loreena sted tersUsing A or An ‘anda have exactly the me 1 boughs en apple. Imei. As used bore words that ‘epi with vowel sound is sed loreal ther word, Using 4 or An with Words Beginning with the Letter ASS ‘Words abla withthe happy, hston historic, tr nea Interhean be confusing. hori, hot, pote, 8 S0W ihe his pronounced, tence hysterically funny thea the werd bene with sowie last night. Consonant sound, a Isued, Generally. te his Proves sth arice 2s usualy reir, tke his ot prononneed, honest, hoor homorale then the werd fepneweth Se secre ro be an ‘vowel and an ed honest. person, 2 Some people om wth th vroot rnp mnt ferme wor hon. However, bout a Aletory book to femnlvageinbth be Unted Sues ean nore about Hexion tata e Used Kigiom eee ypu rarenmesmainnignne our sity wae an Alstorte Using A or An with Words Beginning with the Letter E ae ‘Theletere way wpresensayouel an aaple, an elegant dress sound, 9s isu the conest ‘hoice with ach word, However, nsome word the etersex a SuodoLler, a Buropean, a tre pronounced ike you These words Buraasan needa Using A or An with Words Beginning with the Letter U ee sual the tere ugly leer umbrella, bought an repels a vowel sound, pie once umbrella st the ‘bookstore, ‘The pefclre- begins A doctor can wee wihavowelsound, an ultrasound Theefor, compound machine to check Pimsessudhasthe” the health of an folowing are preceded by unsorn Deby. a: lf irs moder alasome, ‘Masound, and Mave, Cesk your ‘tionary ecu he pas i writen 80 Swords or ar oe word BE acs a‘The refi un begins with He nade an unusual ‘vowel sound Thsefre, Foquest- trode cha tbe Following te preceded by la unconscious. unhappy. ‘otnown od aa ‘The prefix under begins park my car in Widhavowelsoung. an underground Thertore compound garage. pases sch a tbe Fotowing are preceded by (:underachever tnderage inderover, tderevinate, a indergow However uiesorstines unin, nique nit she prefers going pronounced ike you toe unary irs and to a university, [Sthecomectchoce uniere rather than a ‘ectse the word actully college. ‘agi vith agence, tndnouns The project pr Also. adjectives roi ate formed withthe requires a unkform prefixui-havethis effort by all the Pronuncition and so we students. com wml tnficatin, norm, touaterl wine, a ting. ‘Meaning of A and An Indeftnit Meming. ana are se ‘wth singular oust nouns er indent ‘meng Te fist erence this ptr poesoe i ith bees {he writer inks tha he reader does 2 ‘hare knowlege with ier. The Second menton ofthe profesor wes the becuse he wt andthe ener ‘ow bave he sume information, met a profeasor tron Sapan av the reception for new students. Her daughter the professor again lacer at the concert of teaaitionai catnase mate. Generic Meaning.A and on ae aso My sister is a doctor. As a ‘ed wit igulf count ous fer oetor, che must work Long’ seme meaning Adocorandalawer hours to help hex patients. ‘ero prosions rahe thn to people The second reference does NOT Saget he Decanting is ‘il abou be name of profesion. A tawyer mst expiais the laws clearly and accurately. A lawyer aust, the skillful use of Tanguage. ‘Using an before words that begin with consonant sound Problem Selaton Revision Tonce you tay @ Thewordhabibegim Once you Say & Cigarette and wihnconenusesoundso cigarette and njoy ssoking it, sbsitte a foran feajoy smoking ie, you ave assieres you are aadleved fo smoking, and te smoking, ena you will do it as you will ao ie as ‘an habit. a nanie. ‘ore in the U.8., Thewortchldbegis Hace in the U.S.. Yfeel freer and’ witacomaninsound,so 1 feel freer and. happier Decause no wbiiieaforan happier becat one will call ne cone will call me Syankeo,* an esl "Yankee, a chia of mined whive and of sixes vite and Asian heritage, Asian heriease, | ‘sing before words that begin witha vowel sound Problem ‘Solution Reviion SOE course, 1am Exeeplonbopis witha OF course, an ot @ exception. yowelsound,sousean, not an exception. Eww. asstsnout ‘evaluations, Soninistracors #1 vant to be & Instructor begins with 2 vowel sound so wean Hone eais wih vowel sound so wse an, watenoue evaluations, ‘Sininiatracora ould not now how Sell an dartructor teaches Z vant to be an honest. person. ‘Using oF an with noneount moons Problem Solution ‘uy parents ai not give me a Dpermiaeion ¢> Brady hore until 2 pessea the TOs sit is important to have a fun during a vacation. ‘Permission ea romeo oun. Do nous an ile for ts mening. Removes. wy parents aid not give me permission to scuay hore tunel T passed the 4s inportant to have fam during a ining an from oer inthe word another Problem ‘Solaion Revidon learn more about ry native Tanguase before! learn am ‘nather i wen one ‘ord Lookup the T think 7 should learn more about ‘ponunciatie forthe werd my native. Language ‘sina cout noon Imax have an aio ‘eters. Ths example neds afr geese ‘he meade onloviater for her Physics class. evaluations are 2 adainistrators, faculty, and student Secondly, ehrouahout history, war has been usee to stop the invasion of a sndependent countries. ‘The writer is making 2 etealizaon. Generic ening can be given with {singlarnoun oe witha ‘lal noon The single {oem isan + 000, The ‘lal oem doesnt use smarts See Ua 8, Generic Meaning” for swore information. ‘course evaluations fare very Important to administrators, faculty, and stent. Seconaly, ‘ehrouahoat history, war has been used to stop the snvasion of am independent Secondly, ehrouanout history, war bas been used to stop the Lnvasion of Inyour diction. Notice before T learn other one. independent ‘oun BB aca #Using ora where the freq Problem ‘Solation Revie Taiehout thie main Theis wed withthe Without chie waln Sngredient, ever a soperthefomsof ingredient, even Dest cook could adetves ‘the Dost cook ‘not make a feould not make & Gelicious meal Gelicious m vmey spend their Theexpsson used for They pend these vacation at a geaealzaionsabout vacation at the beach, a mountain, Yacaionspau wes he. Bech, he oF ancther Englshapeer goto the mountatan, oF Vacation place. euchertbemouainefor_snother vacation, 2 cation. place. or Practice 1 ‘Bs appropriate, adc or an to each of thee words or phrases. Tuareg doa —5.___ ose 9. uneriy profesor 2__angrycustomer 6_bighowse 10.__oninsred ver 3__ngry child ——7.__uplyhoute 11.__sighhofa pound 4—_onhappy student holiday 12_gret da of energy {The university sent me an nformaton abou is logy depen 2 Ourmatheschergave ws lat of homework odo over the weekend ‘3 Our math teacher gave ws homework todo over the weekend 4. Ley eam new vocabulary every dy {The university eat me an informative brochure shouts bicogy depart. i aon an = Practice 3 ‘Two of these sntenes are correct: Three need io Rave ares added Decide nhc sentences need articles and ich artes to ae. 1, We eed information about We final exam. ‘She s unhappy aout he ool wether ose usualy ties in university teary. nee My ster ie stent the Universi of ow, 5. neal computer tows to do ny homework = Practices ‘Kad or change or ani he folowing sentences You may need change more than one arena sentence iL The ph Museum of Anas varie of famous pnings rom many owns, 22 Doventown Adana hs uadergoand shopping mal that eas Undergrad ‘ats ‘Thor san restora that has Beil and elatng atmosphere for pole who st Undeound Alana 44 Ste Mountain is good pice for stor who are interested in camping king, Disney World in Farias enjoyable place, and itis chs to Sea Wok, MGM Grand and Universal Sos. eee + 5. Definite nd fdeinite Meaning for Nous and Aries + Nouns Wit Aries AL The EE awa SAy rn ‘ 7 LS Ne ie oat OT Sexist Language Defined Inthe pas, masculine forms ofthe pronoun es hin hms) and he ese man nd mantnd ware wed represent al people However, many proesions, pubeaons, and india! inseucons Sow requ that writer avon tat oder age because itigooes the exizene of ‘women. Using masculine word refer tall ropes called sexs language. “The word parent icudes bot fathers ted mothers A more scare sentence would use pal ron. the write Iefocuston fer hen ofthe hers stb we poacofully with other man fang with all the other forms of Life on thie @ A good parent mist take care of hla children and help then grow up to be Feaponsinie citizens. eed parents must take cars of thelr children and help them grow up to be responsible citizens. 1A good facher must take Gare of hie children and help them grow up to be responsible citizens. ‘Good fathers must take care of thelx children snd help hen grow up to be. responsible citizens. “Heh, i, a ina eer foe masclie sje. S010 women hve played onthe Bruilan ee team at changes, hen pronoun se wll ced hang, 0 ‘She her hers and ers ate sed oe feninine sje. ‘This change in wage was originally part ofthe feminist movement of he ie ois cemuy. However he wages woody aeceped inthe United Stes and doesnot ay the poitial ‘overtones tht one dT ye the scrped tandad for writen ‘communication bythe oneramen in ‘duration and in professions (nd thei pubbeains). vinen a mesber of the Brazilian soccer team ‘becanes a ational hero, be is famous in the sane ways Chat baskecball, foorbail, ‘and baseball stare are famous in the U.S. ‘Te term super used for the profesional onan wo also has family. She might be a foll-tine wanber of 8 law firm, But abe is also 6 full-tine wite and mecher, Generally, ber tine rust bo carefully managed, and she mast have a lot of eneray. ‘construction aites new Snelude BoEM men and women, warning signs are being ‘Changed. In the past the ‘signa eal “Men at ork. Now many signs simply say ‘ockera oF “Crew at work." Strategies for Avoiding Sexist Language Pronouns, This choice males your ‘king esr to manage besa You > zat have o remember ous ne of the combination forms. Also, hs se Iasi clara you ae writing bout ‘lpeope together ether than js ebout ‘men ous abot women. E3.............. BX teacher mist work with ‘ate students to help then learn quickly. Tecchers mst work with their studente to help then learn quickly. a”Strategy 2: Combine She and He ie poral is net selecte, wen oumbination pronoun hat combines ‘both mal and emule forms. This. ‘oeaon mat be costed throughout a particular composion. Select one form, and comity ‘You tave these coe: for sujet forms: she sf, or hfe For objec forms these hake ‘alae: River er her For psesive Frm, you can ke ther baer or her You en aso subse ofr te to wate hs or her, err his, ad so forth, Strategy 3: Avoid Certain Words. ‘When sing abot al peopl, oid the word mar and compounds with an ‘th at chalrman Use people tad. ‘arouse words hat lest include ‘then aed women Te flowing, words and pres hou ot be used to refs to al people asa group: man ‘mankind, man achievement the ‘average mx. manpower a fon Init, universies noe genealy se ether chatrperson or char aber than chairman Even when efertng tamale Strategy 4 Be Clear About Meaning. your tps about eer mer ome, te our pic eal in the ommpeston For example if you sre ‘ring about ater, thee oot se ‘he werd paren unless you re wing tout fates and mother together, her/his students to help then Jearn quickly A teacher must work with her oF hie studonts to help then learn quickly A toacher mist work with his/her students to help thea Team quickly. A teacher mist work with ie or her students to help then learn quickly. ‘through these greed and cerelesaness, people Neve Gestroved mch of the earth's surface, turning it te desert and destroying ‘me chadzperson of cur Gepartnent, Dr. Janes ones, has ha doctorate zon the University of Te chair of our Gepertment, Dr. Mary oi21, hae just publiched her tenth Book a this ess explore changes in the roles of the father that have occurred in the 0-5, in the 20th contury. mis reopopaibilicies to Me have gone through great “Avoiding Sexist Language Professional Association Guidelines for Publication and Presentations Aveidance of language ta involves Sexual as is now arguement for ofsional associations inthe United Stes and any ote couse. At ‘example ofthe requirement by Profession for pubiaon of ales in {heir jourals, hse ules are given in ‘he Pblcaton Manual ofthe ercan Poychlapea Associaton (1984, Se Baton, pp. 43-45) nits "Guidelines for Nonenst Language ia APA, eure” ‘the Anerican Peychological Association (1984) made the folloving stavenent in 1982, the APA Puplications and Comsunicatsons Board dopced a policy that Foguires authors who are submitting thelr ‘manuscripts to an APR Journal to use nonsexiet Language, that in, to avoid in their ranusericts Tanguage that could be construed ae sexist, ‘pe ad) A Note to Upper Division and Graduate Students “Te syle man for your major Hi of dy wil havea discussion bout the lnnguage equities of your profession for pblstion and for presentation of research at conferences. Generally these manual wl ie the professions res ‘nd wil also illest pial rbiems encountered by writes in tht proesin.k ‘nl te wise fr sade wits woke aware ofthe yl manasa ine Fels and study the spproaches doped by ter reson for research nd for ing tha do at exh sexual o etic Biss. = Practice ‘Us one ofthe srateges cussed above o reve the sexi language nthe following sentences 1. Thoughout the Hoy of mannd war las ben he main way counies ave ‘ined adorn, 2% a part wants is ile o grow into responsible as, be ould ovis hem with isspine, spon, and guidance,A Inmy opinion, x penon cxnot be a good doctor ihe is ot ain, conse, sndcompetet. Inthe Stone Ag, cavemen obtained heir knowlege by staying the ravings snd pices of previous tes. ‘ery sent as been tested a eas once in is ie | woul! lio ak fa roesor bined about ister, “ ‘Aparent mst we he oye and understanding When she an her il disagree eae “Te hirano he Recruitment Retention Commie was ten minutes Tae to the ast mesg. 9. an employer dese wel. ten Be presents pose image to his employees andecstomer, 10. A student onsen ins pelted o wrk on campus, and bes paid $525 an hoor. 1. Noun Pronoun Agrement A, Pal nd Singular Forms: Consistency of Use in Weting M Avoiding Sexist Language TNT) 5 Definite and Indefinite Meaning for Nouns and Articles English nouns coin with niles and dteiners for tre basic meanings indefinite mesting defite meaning and geperic meaning. The eminsogy fo cles uns some confusion about meaning ident ad definite ares are ‘ed formore than indefinite nd eit meaning, Tey are ali sed fox geotic mening. Combining Articles and Nouns for Generic, Definite, and Indefinite Meaning ee Generic Noun Phrases Generic meine Computers have changed the urtiomunereterioavboleclssof killa noedea by a worker people things, The example i Sn the outomabite industry. Eencliation aout epi of thiogs eu people Irs nt soot paral tovker na particular factor Bt abot workers inall ype of mtomebile facto Defnte Noun Phrases. Die means ‘The aaxth is one of nine ‘hat the wir think tate lisener 2 that circle around rows what beng led abot We be mua. ‘wre th sun th earth besnae we ll 3sIndefinite Noun Phrases Indefinite Once a miller Lived nese oun pases ar ured to nrdoce new a river with his wife ond {eformation Inde meas thatthe Ris daughter. When the weer thinks thatthe eader dees NOT river dried up, the miller oow whitis beg talked about This could no longer grind crample vies the Beginning ofa folk grain, a0 ne took @ Sab ory to show bow inden aisles we Sigging ditches. ‘The Job ‘ied inuoduce new information pai very 2sttlo, and the ‘tere formation is hoon ‘miller and his fanily were fnroducd, the epics av amiler ary Dungry. ecrns the miller river becomes the river: ajo becomes the Job Changing from Indefinite to Definite Meaning (en a writer ts with inenite ‘meaning un then changes o definite _Tooland at. tho reception. ‘meanag because the noun hasbeen She is studying economics enifed The weterasumesthat here, ‘mesing is a shared with he rear Definite meatng stented by sing pronouns och a hehe, andi Definite meaning can lobe indicated by ating word sucha hs thay, the, ‘hey Roush aome eggs and sone oranges. The e990 aro in the refrigerator. They ace the oranges or Andie Thecen aso teed for PFSRREASE. Sef meaning, When thet this ‘hange defte meaning scaled second reference Using The for Definite Meaning Inthe following stations, you can expec othe wth nuns or finite meaning 1. Unique. The noo fers 0 ‘he sun, the soon someting thats unique fr everyone in the wl 5 i cd isa omnes na es 2. Setting. Te ounis made wpecific the Blackboard, he by teseringEverore inthe students ‘hsroom wll understand the same nea for these nouns. ‘Parts ofa Whole The nouns seferto In ny apartment the fLeore Uteparsofsome wbolethat inten are covered with carpet talked abot ‘Skcept in the kitchen. 44.Second Reference A wrteccan—‘T Dorroued gomo butter, an tention something or time wing aor e9gy and an apple fom a bec the ear doe no share the eighbor. T ate the apple Soe information Afertht ingore, ‘The butter and the egg aro (hevrercanges tothe becausethe in che refrigerator. Information e shred wih he eae ‘S.PhraselClavees. Awitercanmake We met the president of our ‘noun éeinteby adding adefining—untveraity at the reception phrase or la, for new students: ‘6 SuperlativeyNumbers Because ie: is the fantest runner on pare ofscteareconsiredtohave our Coan, Ho is always the ‘are and definite meaning hes wed fret pereon to finish a forphses, chs he let aden, a0 thesecind acer ane lat awe ome et 7. Known a Partislar Group. ener of paral gronp sre ‘meanings you sy" prime ‘inter people in Canada il assume ‘hat yon mean hei prime miiste. ‘me prime mintater vent 0 Japan yesterday. ‘Pointing A syeserean poi (witha sho pointed at the table finger nodotthe esi) stsomebing and seid, "Please hand ne ‘nde ie becsse she siumes that” Cho aloulator over there." the litees then understands the area bjt eng aled about, “Tiss almost ingot foe a ei cttccmnsrcccicetmsecdivie,Practice 1 “Kad he, where necessary, othe fllowing sentenes, Sone sentence need are ‘than one change and some Sentences are correct 7 ahh "Homework isa essential part of many college counes ‘inised homework for my writing ess in only ro hous ‘Staens who are in my wring ls ve become my lose ends Sens ae often very bat ith amily, work, ed schoo! obligation. Advices sometineseificul to follow even when alice makes ten. Advice tht my counselor gave me las year ws best eve tat have eve reeived English language has many exceptions os ue. “Many foreign stuens think that English a dict angage tla ‘Compaers have become necessary in many pope's ves, Comptes in writing Ib t my university are TBM compatible, Practice 2 [ad the to the folowing seatenes, where needed, “The Sze ofthe Unled States Before coming to United Stats, had no ides of size ofthis coun. *ARer looking st «mp, Toul ee tat United Sates occupies nearly tal Neth ‘Aneca,’And osdes Chia ad Canada, Unie Sates coed one of binzest countries inthe wold. However, this information cam fom book ‘Tn ele sie of his county unl are bere My gh tom Searle to Miami took almost five hour. In other words, taveling actos United ‘Stats na 747 jc aks amos five hours. "Besides, when oad dwn from ‘lane I could se highways that Seemed unending. "One da. | fel angry, ‘fortunately, tee was nothing my epee 1 a ive fr ftecn ‘motes to find a place fo get some fod. Size of tis county is bard to ‘esrb to someone who he never bet ere Practice 3 ‘Add the othe flowing sentences, where needed 8 ‘Reasons Enjoy This Class "There ae several reasons why my ESL class is mos enjoyable clas for me this semester. "To begin with is my Fit class of day. "Besa tarts at B Definite and Indefinite Meaning/Nouns and Articles MC 10.0 AM, an slop Inte andl avin lasoom on tine. Puree teachers very god, ad er tiade makes ESL weg elas mor exjoyabe STeacher is alba nce person who cates bout br stents and who gies ot ‘nous and uses blackboard very wll She teaches us how o wre beter ‘ad ow to rear for exams. "English is nota eat langage lear, it it nguage for business. "To bea succesfl business, [ ‘ow that Tree wo coecatate on lenng English language while Ta i ‘United Stas. In conclusion, tine, cache, nd importance of language make my ESL cls enjoyable me = Practices [Ad the to the following sentenes where needed. My Most Prize Poseson ‘ost prized possession that Lown i a pice of jewelry that called Sanja" "his pace af jewelry is important ome because has ben in my fama long mea itis ory vb, Jnr hat I ave was gv ome by my grande at my wedding and it was give ober by her moder a hae wading“ will cheah i for rx my fe and then sive it 10 my daughter have oe in ature ode pice of joel mn my fail, and ‘aay tn to oldest ugh nfl. va bec out of te ‘anderen Twas oklest grange. Taji also wort about $7300 ‘ow, but when my grandmother got fom her mothe, i was wort eal stout 75, These ae reasons why I valve my most pied posession. Other Units Relat Mean 3. Aandan © 6 Generic Meaning for Nous and Arcs 7% Noncouat Nous 7% Nouns Wiboat Ailes AL The FEW ssn mitra inemirtiemnesticise 9oa ( Generic Meaning for Nouns and Articles ‘Weofen communicate about groups of people elas of things eter than boat acl objects o people. We communicate sat the Kind of thing rater than the attr cject Allo te aries re wed for varios genes mening Combining Articles and Nouns for Generic Meaning ee “These examples the generic pa Inewragof nous Notice hatallypes Teachers give tests, ‘of noes sigue, IL PEREOUN) adap sndall aris cen te used foraeneric he elephant can be found ‘mearing in Atriea and india, He ie a teacher. Water Le necessary for alt Plural Nouns in Generalizations Plural noun withotanicles canbe Students rake teste. wed fet clases group. Mons live in Africa computers ore used for word The + Singular Noun in Generalizations ‘The wih singular noun soften wed the alLigntor tives for generic meaning This generic ype _Ehroughout Florida isthe one prefered in technical or ae Informative wring on plats animals, THE telephone hss ol ‘avenions and oer etna pis, ‘Aor An + Singular Noun in Generalizations ‘Avis singulienoun swied'o refer = want to be an engineer. tw ose member oro example of ‘ype The meaning i about gener Ippesand nt aout particles. A computer has three major [Rieans someting like"oee oftis component s- ind of hing” Noncount Nouns in Generalizations For geneic meaning, oncount nouns Wasi S¢ found in all human doncrhae nile. cultures 1 really enjoy Listening to ‘music on the radio. TEM ccserscsteanng or une ana arts a= Practice 1 ‘Write generalization ung each ofthe following woans. 1. cof computers scompeie stents ae hee 7, thera 9 araiio Cocep Concept 2: = _Practice 3 ‘Grete generic nouns inthe following sentences. ‘Sent ad Fess ‘ude tke many est dering thei years at scool These wets may be shietve or subjective, 7A contentious stent eres bw fo say for es nd howto take tes ffecively. “Counc oflencondct soma 10 Blp Staent sty for es, "The seria that took yesterday as very poo hope it helps eveyone do beter on our mir tnt. °Advie I always ‘wet a 2 ‘Generic Meaning for Nouns and Articles aga Allan Poe Bar Allan Po, born in Boson in 1809 i tl famous & pot ana short sory writer “lis hot try "The Murders in the Rue Morgue” screed os being te firs example of detective Ron. "Hs most pops store inlie “The Fall ofthe House of Usher." "The Gold Bug." and "The Cask of Ambntilado" “His best known poems are "The Rave,” "Use" and “Anabel Le" Water "ate is» chemical compound of kydrogen and oxygen, *Oecaing lost verter in ue, i aes te form of, som, wnt, nd seam. Sow, ‘sich is zen water vapor inthe form fie esta the pest ara Form of wate "These eral form inchs enpertres iw fering. Used Cars "very year Americans spond more than $54 bli 1 Boy more than 17 milion tse cars. "The Fedeat Trade Commission's Used Car Role requis {ed car deaes to plac large acters, ale "Buyers Guide," inthe tet ‘windows of used vehicles hat thy oer fr ale, Tigers "Tigers ae te lrgest member ofthe ct fai Found in Asa iges canbe Aivided imo Several geographic subgroups. "While tigers usally st wild ‘imal, dr wounded gers may atck human bing. “Tigers, homeve, match for lepers. Other Units Related to This Topic 78 Annan 1 S Definite nd Ineiite Meaning for Nous and Anicles 7. Nowcoun Nouns 1 % Nouns Without Arices AL The Generic Meaning for Nouns and Articles “8Noncount Noun Defined Noncout noun re words ike ‘The ceacher gave us infomation mathematics sugar aad Angormation about the cost inter Noncount nouns do nt have ‘Sopa or pla. Fo subjects ‘greet oncount nouns se he Se verb frm as singular nouns. Mathematice has alu sugar renains Cuba's naior agricultural product Articles and Noncount Nouns eS Asn an cannot be sed with oacount + aed am Snformation need information about ‘need gone Antormation anout thie schoo! Welt! have terrible Sipect rain, thunder, Lokening, sleet, ond enow. ‘The and other determiners canbe ied erste ne fordefnte manne ‘Hie funiture that x ences but curabte. rensed my furateure fron Noncount Nouns That End with $ eres is of nnsount ons hat cd with he eer. These words ok ke plaral nouns, bu they ae nonoount nos, AIDS, attics, dabees, conomir,lanmais, mathemati, eats, maps, news, pss pois tennis ‘aberealne Using the Names of Diseases and Medical Conditions When wing gneniztons about a Measles car Be a dangerous ‘dseae orcondion us the ponecunt disease. own without nace. ‘When refering oa pricularnsance had the meastea won £ fa daeseoecootion, some words war six years old ae the whileaher S088 Sotrg nother has Ababeter ‘Noncount Nouns 4sAn Alphabetized List of Common Noncount Nouns ee “The flloing ist provides» sample of words that are usally sed 8 noncoun, ours, tis aot complete Hit. Remember ht ocean reaning some of these ‘rd have coun frm, ‘averting chocolate garbage lead penn spinach ‘ice cher gan leiare pepper” sel AIDS cloth faoline—emonade Papo a flowing less dere person sugar ‘ger coal gold ighnng—petncon sting fsrpluse coe grass_——done photography tea fhe cole gravel lacks tear gat fsronamy coneree gravity ggage pase’ tennis. acon cunfidence gravy lumber. pcr welth Dagage copper ail” machinery pollo” weather ferley com hair mal ples wheat, ‘baseball camoneal_ ham mathemticr and wine Daskrball coton— happiness mealer sty oad eamty— courage hatred eat setigecion wool bef” cream ath Ielanchaly emery work beer crime alum uses ogurt ehavior curiosity lp nan serenity Viology rinse els newt her Birk control dew jorging—mivows oxide slang bod aes Juice oameal sleet, bootieeping dirt usee all ‘mallee owing fog Teraene oxygen male ‘rast food meds per snow ‘read otball Tomb potas Back, checkers Jat lars ptritim soccer gromd, hese fan lavgheer” pay sop Fed t chicken — Furie —laest peace sgagheni—_‘bellorgreon Identifying Noncount Nouns ———————————— 1 Things that Come in Small Pieces barley, corm flor; grass, gravel ‘uml pepper flack grown, or ‘hte, popeor ee, sal sand sugar ‘her 6 Noncount Nouns 2. Wholes Made Up of Siar Parts (the pars are often count nouns) 8 Subjects of Stady 44 Abstractions 17. Solde and Minerals {Sport and Types of Recreation (@nany are formed with ng) ‘Noncount Nouns nagage ca, clothing, eaupment, food, fr fara jel, gage, lumber machinery, mal, merchandise, troche lyst pall aclewce advice anger beauty, caro, nye, euaiy fi, hppiness hated, helper, gnoranct Importonce information, ce rowledge lanes, ove. ck. arto, peace releation, sniy, Serenity, sees robe, work ood coffee, gasoline (gs). lee, Aerasene lemonade milf 0, ir carbon dixie carbon monoxide, ‘ther, hele, drogen, ean ous (ake crypee ete iar pomotal ter gor brat conerete, copper ction, slat, oli rom ead mercy ser, Steel wood ‘baseball baseball bowling Bridge, hecers, chess, football hooey Joins soccer. swimming, es, welll! a”9. Nara Phenomena def, gah ami, i Teng mara ster om ‘hinder ‘ing res wi nncount nou for ener mean Problem Setaon Revision 10. DeeseiMacal Preedures AIDS atin, ith cour cance, cee ee maces mec fivice fron ay" wihnomomttoons advice fron 7 Pola nape sree ers Close telends and Menmee Tewrieras close friene and we fontiy Ober chee haters fanly ‘The flowing nouns ae often used by students in academic writing. A ‘noncount noun doesnot haves paral form. Remember tha Tor peer ‘meaning, nancount nouns cannot have an arte Problem Seltion Rein ‘iy teacher gives Homeworkina oncom My teacher gives ue the Ronewonks noun Remove tas homework every every night Remove he right or need Infomationisnnoncoust < need information Antormat ions about your universicy. san ents class, students gain Yrowledges about world history. ‘oun Remove 4 about your Krosledgeiennorcoun 18 this class, ‘oun, Remove 4. studence gain Hnowledge about world history. Sowniniie revit. yay ae tor ‘000 advice from ‘and ay fant ly wilt ask for a fd my Family. “uathenatice are Mathonencsloositeawathenatice Ie really interesting plunlnow, btitisnat, really interesting promised to help Chis clase: Vocabularyisancncoum our teacher oun Removers. pramieed to bs ts Jann new ‘yocabulary in this Cisse ‘Noneount Nouns to ne Change tbeverdiois. to 20. = Practice 1 Place a check by each woncount noun inthe following ist 1 slay & __atvice money 10, infraation 11, dotlar 12, is (commu1. hina 2, __coone sisi 2. __elting 1 __ertion 24, vocabulary 16 __g0.enmeat 25, assignment, 1 eat 26, __ equipment 1. sin m7, ___catealnor 1. trom 2%, pies 20, computer 2, coin 21, ___eteson 30, aboery = Practice? {Correct any rors wth the noncount nouns the elwing sentence, ‘Most onary sort formations in computers and students se 1> leas bow ase these comptes Before they prada om alge 21k to sy and woald ike o get mre knowles fom books, at have a limited arnt of money for my education, My fiends ave me may advices abot how to study beer and how to improve ay Engl 4 Students cna some ne voeabulres trough ding books and ough conversation with alive speakers ‘5 People ie vst San Francico because ofits cable cars, Glen Gate Bridge, and good tanspeatices. Ot 2 Suboc.very Agrement PR Aanddn Sete ed Indefnte Meaning for Nouns and Aces ¥ 6 Generic Meaning fr Nouns and Arcs 8. Nous Without Aries AL The =o \Noncount Nouns UNIT 8 Maan es gas Contexts Where Articles Are Not Used Noscount nouns cant have sriles foe Water ig nocoscary for ese mein, ere Pion ounscamot ive ankle er —~Doctors study for sany ‘eae meaning years. entaaren need love and Sirection from adult Contexts Where Articles Must Be Used SS SS Asinglarcount noun msc tavean Sik or ermine foreach fs sible meanings, ete near ay home, naNoncount oun need ails or i Cape 9 Aonding cole in the United Sates changed me; it has bee establish ‘ny cotience, fered se an oppor to contin my edcaton nd ‘owed eth an achieve my oss, 10. Sten can un nowledge at edcaonl non, sch a cools nd colleges, td meia-rai and eleison, = Practice 3 Complete the following sentences using appropriate parallel ructare 1. The colos of te French ag ae 2 Forbreklst, koto et ‘3 Bofore 1 gett schol, Ido the following te thing. ist, 4 Av our schoo, we have sade from many diferent counties, For example, 5. Ferexerie,1 = _Practice 4 ‘The otowing paragraph the ist paragraph from asiudet esa. I has a problem with parallels. Examine both the content and the language and then Improve the paragraph. For example the long second sentence might be Improved by breaking ita several sentence. Punishment for Cheating one ofthe most common crimes in college, should be penalized. Tougher pnaies ike expulsion fem college might op potential heaters; second, chevting huns all students, and the, the mos important reason, ht wl hp emit ad abs and il lp stats develo oral nd seem stander. ee Wk Coordinating Conjneions IS. Compound Sentences ‘Grammatical and Logical Parallelism 123el Graininarand Useatrassise, foto ay ori ‘The Grammar of Passive Sentences ee Compete grammar ofthese two see SouncswievewGedflrece ‘The chinese Invented paper between sctieand priv seen, ODSY Paper money by tha Chinese, Anventes Active ve PasiveSubjet. The sbjost_snstne fa pauive sentence resiesthe action ERE Chinese ofthe er Thesabeccal SCE aan fentene does theactoa fever nay ‘Ale, he abject oF th pave setence {sth det eject of te active ay Passive vm Active Verb The pasive wnt ‘vei fomed by using the past invented til fhe active ve The ates sive verbs this pte: Be pasta Tavented ciple ofthe ve. By Phrase The subject ofthe active een seatene canbe weed nan veri BS Chinese Paseo the passive setece- TS ‘as scaled he orphrase, Fy The chinese 126 By-Phrase 2. The by phase is ot Omy car was stolen tase required. Teshald be sed only wheat igne by @ ehiet vies importa information. The By has inthe at example can easly be Jeftout because only thieves steal” ‘he second example, # more interesting pase is use ty car was stolen last night by a twelve bey. Using Passive Sentences rs Engl speaker ue pasve sentences when they want to change the focus rom the ‘abject the det ojet ofthe ver, Pasivesrtences awed inte flowing ‘Actor Unknown, Forsomeevents.it is The wheel vas ine Inpossblee know who did hess. early in the history of homan civilization. ‘Actor Unlmportant.Thepenon who ‘Thin report was prepared ithe stone notthe focus ofthe with a avant from the Ford communication For example in oun tec and siete wating. the {aus iso the proces rather han on the ect rth sett. Inher entets, 9, th foes ca bon the ‘vente rattan 00th people who twre ald ‘This university was founded in 1889 to serve renidente Actor Hidden. The name of he ator cnbe letout ofthe communistonto Maria fixea it. varia ead bide some infomation Thisiseafthe to thelr boas: “the use can belnterpreied posvelyor computer was damaged ‘nguvelybesedonifleng poms of Lightly when Se wae iw. Jo ie probably gall at hs Gcopped, but 1 repaired st. ‘ame st meatoned. Te boss Everything Le tine now.” Probably needs to ask some questions. GonersuiGecteetemen wr‘Choosing Between Active and Passive Versions of Sentences Many vers can hve eter an atv apmsive frm. The ative form used then he wer amt to foc onthe {eto orth actors, This writers edsng onthe sents However, sometimes a witer wan to {ous oa he information tht wou be in be dct objectin an active sentence. The passive semence puts tis Infomation ithe subject poston. Tis ti fonsing othe English ompostion coune Passive Verb Forms ALL studente_at_ehis school smasi_take English Eonposition before ehey ‘grauate. any Gnternational students worry about this course Because se is aifficule for ‘seadente who are not native Speakers of English. nglish composition mist be Eaten bp all stucenca ar Ehie school before they ‘graduate. ‘The courss Involves both argumentative and expository writing ‘The passive ver an have al ofthe os possible forthe active Yer. ‘The university's computers are repaizes by the Ceaputer Center. my computer is repaired by ny uncle, ‘Ten computers wore repaired by the Computer Center this week. hy computer yas zepatved yesterday. is computer fae been repeived trequentiy. ly compster tad been Hepeized before T bought : us Gramma an Uoot Pusive Sentenes PAN ‘Te computer ie being red. ‘The conpiter was betng repaired ‘The computer has been being reir, ‘The computer hed been being repsivea ‘The computer will be ‘eepasees, Fhe compiter will have been zepaires. ‘The coapiter will be being Bea Not sing the past parle Problem ‘Setation Revlon “english Pasive vebrveeibepost_ snatch couposition mat patipleformofihe main composition must bbe take by all Yer Chumgowleto be taken by ait stodente ac thie then students at ehie college eatlege. cheating is @ The wit pattwo pussive Cheating is a serious problen. yebetogeber butddnot serious problem, Student who cheat wethecomect eb for te ‘mst be punished Second part Added to Spd whould not be alow io make the pat ust be puntaea SSne should not be Sos eee ee nueeee ere ea BIW canons ana ve ot Passive Sentences tw»‘Confusing passive with present perfect er forms Problem Sot “Oy he od OF he Leon nso ane mom re fartee, we will pesive vet Fore the end of the Se ionrned sore nsvereaning the ve) SH=="er, we WAIL Shout Anerican —fachiswedThe iter Bave Learned 506 history. tastwo cies forcthing about American tisseneme Theft StH, [ExAMple FOS CODE jayne pte sic an tt By the end of the Meaning Theseoond quarter, we will amitteumeate Ger ttaa "Ganga Sodent and bir apres Felatonship wither Sage ean history: teacher spacause of Fotis meaning, Bocause of coapaters, ‘diappearisanacive computers, Eypeuritere wit Yet The were typeersters will bbe disappeared in probiby tying tose the have Gisarpeared the treney-first perectfom witheve. in the twenty~ century first century. “The witerbas wo chokes ‘Teachers are evaluated by Ba wrevisethissenene. (1) evaluated by thekx students. Teachers salar oun; Seusen = ange his thei for ral reference. (2) Make {he subject singular, bt remember that both en nc women can be teachers. Change ir t0 ers. A teacher Je evaluated by Der/ake stutente. 5 ww cramer at vic otenne snes CAM = _Practice 1 ‘Underine the passive verbs i he allowing enencay ten, mae wy nccessary corrections. Keni the thre sentences which boul be writen in active vie ot passive voice: Sentence # Sentence ¥— and Sentence) 1 Ther ar ap dileenoes beeen accel cool anda lope ove Aileen i ta acolee i emphasizes tral as subj ination seer subject 2. Once a student dees his major adi ied on the clege computer system, many course request aes ented. 3 Mostinoductory college couse are provided only geet knowledge of the subject 4 Many jobs today have someting to do with somputrs because age amu of aad information ar stereo competes ‘When a person nteviws fo job ti mpotant forth person to dress spropiely becaseappllcants aeoen judge byte wy hl hey ess. © Whispering in clas while he acer is erred show alco respect forte teacher ad the ter dens inthe ls, and tis even wars fr hose Who ae siting ett stent ‘My bots, for year medical sade, was atch cheating in is cheisy Sin exam: healed that clas, ‘A person's slf-disiplie and organization ota depend on wht mas each in hia. = Practice ‘dete the passive verbs nthe following sentences; hen make a scemay corretons. 1. Oarknowiedge canbe prove by reaing books wd by mang verve ‘ofthe word oun 22 When stents study histny, evel experiences can ofa rmenbeed mare cay thn reading book, ‘Many stadems choos thee major during tei ir year collee, but this not like to take Classes early in the serning F stay wp late every nights however, t still prefer early els Coordinating Conipetions and Subordinating ‘onjunctions with Meanings Similar to Transition Words and Phrases Conjunction ‘Transon Words Example For. Thecoortinaing asaresit x om pajoring in ‘rmanctinfrisseldom consequent biology. fort ‘ed. The sborintng then went to be a ‘imanctin cau therefore hedical doctor, ‘more common, Othe pamietarie eet ae nedical doctor atrial ‘therefore, 1 an Sane najoring in restos andre. miei 1 ai¢ noe inderstand the Femult, T nade & very tow grade ‘Making Transitions and Using Transition Words 161.And Taiscoortinaing alto injunction bas many furthermore meanings. Tansiton “ination Word ean beaded to ke the meaning more ‘exact OF transition words ‘ante subsea De ‘ae eet 9 word with the conse meaning. [Nor The cooing furthermore fanjunction ew for ination “negate” chokes. Substation of anston sword wl ually require aor evision of he eaten ob se the ‘mening reins be oglish 212 is required for al Students, and they fist take Biology 101, too. English 111 48 requires for all hey mst cake Biology 101 mglish 111 Se required for all Stidenca; in aaieion, they font take Biology io. Snoking is not allowed én Classroons, nor ean we anoke ia the cafeteria, Seoking 18 not allowed in lassroons| furthermore, vo the cafeters. : co Mating Tamstion nd Using Tranion words Bd But. Tis corning onjonction sed 0 set tpcontass is important se he ‘coe panetuaion when {ing however nd ter satis for sori conjunctions, Saborinating | enjutcons such ar ‘thong en alo be ed ‘saab for (rT oorating conjnction sets wp hoes. ony one of te hoes posible te ‘meming i ime bt beth choice are sb the meaning ie Sarto and The ‘example means tat Students mst ake 2 ee between times of dy forthe clase Intend evertles In adton noe ‘onthe cer hand Koowiedge of required for (graduation, ut Z think ehae all Students shoule be computer literate, Rnowledge of computers ie not required for graduations nevertheless, 1 think that ait students should be computer Iiterave ‘xiehowgn knowledze of computers is, hot required for graduation, ‘Ehink that a2 Studanta shesid be aglish 211 in the porning, oF we oan wait until late in The afternoon for thie clase! Wie can take nglish 111 in the snoring: on the ‘wait uneit tate in the afternoon for thie class. 7 124Yet General is coordinating conjunction Feoved to make 3 ‘comm on something tha was previo sed ‘Buss more tequenty ‘ed word So, This coordinating ‘jnction i riety ‘edt give casnuences. The sebordinating conjunction becouse canbe sate however revere ‘ait azerenlt forth roan ‘herfore oy roommate yet ne comnoe ao well on tests. My rooreate studies very hard, but he cannot do welt on vests, sy roommate studies very hard Computers are used Sn'all areas of odern Ife, 0 college graduates Computers are used Snail aeas of modern Lite; for college gradua ea t0 be Computer Literate. 5 set Mating Trantion an Using trastion Words PAL ‘Afr befor, when, firs second. hil and other ne next rors Writes an vary thew thee sentences by using trrsiton words rather than hee ordnsting fonjuncons. Be crf to ‘we caect puaaation medical school bachelor's decree in biology. irae, © wi2l get ‘3 bachelor's Segree in biolony. Formality Levels for Transition Words and Expressions —— ‘Basie Form for Informal and Meaning Formal Use ADDITION alo is, second. CCAUSE-EFFECT then therefore ‘More Formal Most Formal ‘attonalty equa imgortant besser smoreoer Jarer simtarty ‘furthermore ‘mn addiion Tas bu no east aon... but lo warent ceccontinty fortlisreason as aconsequence ‘hus corsenty 7 DZD stating tensions and Using tanstion Words 168‘ase Form Basie Form {for Informal and for Informal and Meaning Formal Use More Formal Most Formal Meaning Formal Use" More Formal Mos Formal COMPARISON alto aswellas comparison TIME ‘feraviile ——fermand concurrently like bodhs.cand———Incomman with ‘her ibar frikesame tine prevcly ‘w comperedio ——_sinarty ho former Siatneouy| inte come way lt manner rlst Tinmelanely ——sabsequnty Mhewine aren inthe meatine ether nor carer Iter CONTRAST —howeier conversely heen frm, seconde Ieverthelesr———Incontano nae ‘onthe other hand In opposition to oe ‘onthe contrary pay otherwise = ia fs whereas EXAMPLE forexample——forintance as an example ‘other words an iltraton roccemply SUMMARY finally ‘erat accordingly CONCLUSION “therfore alinall ‘ara contequence filet Inbrey fry Incloaing contequenty——inconcason tar heskor onthewhole insure ‘has in summary toeoncade 2 y. 16é Mating Transtionsand Using Trnstion words XD nN tating Transtions and Using Tamstton Worse nor‘Using excessive number of transition words na paraeraph Problem: Sotation Revision ‘@A good wether Inveadenie wing, A good mother must, fnust not have only geellywitaswsea rot have only love Tove for hey Tinted amber of for her chilaren children but also tansonwordsina But also. Gevermination to puagaph Trasiion determination to help then in all wordsare sed when the help them in ail areas. For sinterisconcemedsbest_ areas. A example, 3 the eaiy of he Supportive mother Supportive mocher retonshipbeween wo will not Let her WLIl not let her semences.ASageneal’ children starve Cnildven starve, tule, aytolintyounelf Sho will do in other words, oreortwotrmiton whatever she has he will ao sends frevery 150-200 to do to find food Statover she has words Thewnterbacused. for her children fo do to find food fivetansdon phasesina She makes sure for her childsen. very shortpangaph In that er ‘childcen Im addition, she eéiingihispangrph.the ave clozhes to rakes suro that wrteraedstoredice tbe voar and a place her children have tanidon words whose to slee>. A Clothes to wear” titaremostimporantto supportive mother fanda place eo emphasie here, ill norture her sleep. Moreover, a meaning, Therevison children both Sepportive nother” showsone way the phyeleally and will nurture her gangphcouldbe —_peychologicslly Children both Changad Thistevslon Aw a rewult, er Physically and suumesthat thereader children will Peyenolegiceliy. wilundertendtht the slays know that Asa result, Hor weisgivingexamples, they can go to chtleren will Thetmalon wordeme thei mother for ‘always know that reserved io emphasize the advice and help. hey can go to reulthat hewrier et heir mother for coming froma mother's advice ena help. love and dvetion oer ctiren . Be eee eel Problem ‘Sotto Revlon @uowedaye Life in Nowadiyriscomidered a the Late Gltise ie Like somewiateldfathoned twentieth century, iiving ina fadisuabelytobewed Iife in cities is jungle. byminy navespeakes, ike Living in a inter writen English. junaie. Nowadays ad now days tread ore in peng than in wong. Wes aremore ikl 0 we 4 ord rch a erent of these dys. {Ql wantto cbaina good Many techies and wiles peatg-venoomr tucaion Andi wantto donot ike thew oft Trae co gpeain a pcwfoutpn SSedutponin Toas,te te SRE” Siecgehagen at ection. enmaane fetece They peera$2EO. Z vant = Seen oe fairest eee Secleeapecem tee ee ‘for use in making « is nis Promotion. emery Wise 10 use he ene Sle preered by your T'wane to obtain a fanaa ‘good eaueat loa, and T vant t0 get good job that evs weil and hos Blot of Spportunities for pz} ‘Making ‘Transitions and Using Transition Words «169.Using transition words as they wer coordinating canjuncons—creating comma splices ot Practice 1 ‘One ofthe following ventenoes is correct eit he sentences that have erOrs Rerisons can be mae using changes in punctuation and word cole. Problem Sato Revlon 31 know bow to Onlye FANBOYS 1 now tow wo type, however, sy worsean bude types Mowever, ny speed {every Getecompound soeed ia very stow. Senene ating commas, Slow. FANBOYS isn remiger Sy nay eg fattecoorining conjmcionsarefor and, TYPO? Nowevery my orb on yeu andso. SE0@S 48 VOR ‘The water rested 3 problemealledncomma 1 iow how to Splice Weanbeconesed type, buE my speed inseveral ways hate le very alow iret inthe “Coma Spe” ei of hi book. ‘Therein shows tee svags to caret hit problem (Change te comma afer pe taped and ‘ue acapial 2) ‘Change te comma afer ‘pete asemicolon. () Use te coordinating _onjuntion bu ter han {he trnsiton word however 170 Making Transitions and Using Transition Words Ea “Atoms in Chins, Teaed English pronaosation and veeabulay rom the ‘ato, therefore he aio can be a ure of econ 2 Children do nachave mech experience or knowledge aa est pret must sve them carefully, | When my roommate got angry Tapped however id not asept my ‘pelogy and he ed to make me find another plas toe 44 People have many eet opcions on everthing: thus, elective lester have ‘eknow how oie 0 peopl with whom hey ape. 5% tisactcomimon for four-year chil o lea 0 however my parents Jet me take lens because Twn 0 0 mish and nom Tam onthe ‘nest eam nd hav scolar tht pays my aon = _Practice 2 ‘Replace the coordinating conjunction in each of he llowing sentences Wha trandlon word of similar meaning. Be suet edt for correct punctuation after the change Some long sentences might berewelten ws two or more shorter 1. Computers can nease prodiciy so eve sll ompinies ee 0 conser computerization 22 More an! more companies re extalshingnow-senoking res ney are Ding nonsokers. ‘3 My familys notch and Tam acolege student, save ro work to py my 44 te Kecan ele, the eldest son has tke care fis pares, and Tm the ‘lest son, oT ow tat Iwill have responiiy fr my pares when they real Stet won te aery, my cen ife woul change, bat mor pony my ‘tre would chang, too. ss Making Tanions ond nog Teanton Words 171‘Conchusion to an Essay on Sourees of Knowledge "in conclusion, television and personal experience can be valuable seucesof knowledge ‘weve, the) should be aed int meshing and efficient mancr. Thus, yu cannot just wash television bt must choose Shows carefully. In adiion, nt all personal experience wll ierease Knowledge. “And, you sbould ot hak ht foal edseation s 0 be replaced ty laf education. Mos importa, you sould remember that being ‘Khonledgeable fen leads to sussex an ainacton Ont m ‘opie 714 Cooriting Conjonctins 1S. Compound Sentences 22 Complex Seuences and Semence Combining 723, Subordinaing Connon and Types of Subeenaton Future Time Writing Geer marie) pecs oy r : Past Tense, Past. av? = a Perot oe vr Pd eras ace 172, Making Transitions and Using Transition Words AP er SaB oe ‘Verb Choices for Future Time Meaning Eighth provides writers wih many choices fr communion abou Fre tie. ‘dion various chases for verb, wes can ala inde ftr tine with ‘verona tie pre, ‘Choke 1 All mada auiires canbe Sete meny ted fo fre ine meanings Twill mest you at tho dion oiniestng fwurine, dey cafeteria at 1:00 p.m. ‘Sao hve eter earings hat we ‘emerson ‘panedinthe "Moc Aunty eight goto the ‘ert anit ofthis book, Wis tbe most gcgraria before we go to frequently wed modal fortune, pe tneaes Walaa nests tthe wer i ery evinced ofthe cenit of te Choice 2 Simple preset one vets Our ‘Light to Rooton eaves ‘anbewodforscteduedeveat inte at 2:25 p.m, tale fur. Te verbs mow often wed stvereen, Ince arrive, be, esi, le, end, leave, open nd sare Choice 3 Presem progresivewabsate Our Flight co Boston Ae ied for commorzaon about Yeaving at 2:15 p.e. chi Shale fare tine event An afternoon, terial of tie ual nh 0 Clay the fae ie meg 174 Choices Be going to +verb is wedin 1 am going to go to the communicate abou ings hat have Library after elase teen planed. Be ging 9+ verb means that eft dine event ae the rel ‘of some current time pn Howevee, ‘witha tong meaning of promise” (rca and is general ted 9 Satences of fue tine promis ‘determination. fe ging 0 verb is ‘sed for frre ine plans but witht {be emetioral overtones of romisedcterminatin that re sited with wile going 0+ verb [frequen asd i conversions bt also wed ia wring (Chace 5. Simple prscatteme verbs We will go to the Iibraxy ‘xe ed independent classes whenthe after wo eat lunch. main ase ef to fue tine 1 am gotng to cat lunch tn ‘pecaly whenamodsliswediawe 1 peso ie cafeteria before 1 00 tothe Library ‘Writing Conclusions es Some wees concisions Conclson wo Esay 1 ‘specifica wo write. One tffecivetecbgu st wee Predions of fur esto be ues presente Bay the paper. These paragraphs are he otaason fortwo enays tat ico ‘ter ar ot th United States howls esc te import of frig as. While ‘be writers completely dsagee with feah ther, they Both ete sae {eetngue to come oa soncnon, More and nore foreign cars fare inported into the United ‘States every year. This is bad for the future of the country. ‘The United States ‘should soveroiy restrict the imporeation of foreign care for sale in America Secause 1 wii put the ‘anerican people back to fork. This enange in policy wili ‘also help the future generations of the country By having thom grow up ina Stronger, more productive Future Time Writing 175Contsion to Esty 2 tn the United states, people can enjoy luxury, fuel feconony, and fewer expences ‘buy a fine Japanese car. ‘Therefore, the Unized Seates government should reduce restrictions en Ingortes cars co thet opporeunieies for cutstanaing car valves = Practice 1 ‘amine the use of ature die Inthe following paragraph by marking all verbs and time markers. How many eifferent ways of indlatng future ine reused Dy this writer? Benes of My College Havcaton "expect my college education i going to change the rst of my ie Without an edcation finding» good jb wl be deal. Only an eGucaton wil give me the kind of eacer hat I Watt, abd if werk toward my gol, {expect get the sus hat | deserve or Practice 2 ‘Undetine the atre tne yrs and markers ate following esay. Noir the doles made by the writer Make ive changes verbs below. ‘The Impact of My Cllege Edveation "Lerpect my college education o have a profound impat onthe et of ny fe. believe tt the perso wil be ar padting from clege would eldsinly diferent fhe person I Was when Tenered colle. "Lesving the protection of my family ad counay to atend college here inthe United Stas has given mea sense of independence. "T have had (0 develop survival sills and became esponible Beate Tam ow accoumtable {or all of my actions. °Ths new independence affects my future Besse 1 ‘wolfe the need depend omer oop 3 oe Future Tine weting PES “At collage, 1 met» variety of people from diffe counts, races, ackgrounds, sad religions "This has made me toler of ther people and slbo open-minded and wing to eam abou ote cle. "This woul aft the rest of my ife because T would lek for similares in people instead of AierencesI wl also raise my chien ote oleate: people "Because of my expenses a oly, [am also abet work wel with shor people. have developed self Sacpineand am able mee deadlines. "Thave lio become efient and pct. "These eet tha Ble wl be needed to oban job and to survive inthe workplace, Tha, Iwi be roe capable of eauing a nd keeping. My colege education will make me mre independ, sein, ‘open-minded, and inowledgeable. "Ther trae woul change te eto my ey making me more eapaleofoeniting with oi people soit amd stk by making me amore desiabe employee. "My college ecto sping ‘chang the est of my fe by making mea ede rather tha fellow: OMe 1723, sabordinaing Conjunetions and Types of Subertination 126. General Th and Generations: resent Tense 28. Mec Aviary Vers PIS) treme writes i”mS Px General wet Eu Cera zhane Using Simple Present Tense Verbs (Chole 1. Simple preset ene verbs ‘anbe wed o mean future tine for 3 fehedled even. (Choke 2 Simple present ene verbs ‘ec wed ina eubordinate clause when ‘he main verbs about future tine. (Chole 3. Simple resent ese wed ‘wt statve verbs for present ime ‘meaning, Tes ers canot vial} be {dia the propesive ver fom. See {he "Preset Tie” ofthis book for sore informain. ‘Choice 4. Generalizations are usually ‘made using simple resent ese fms (tyre: Tis te is eipecialy portant in seademic wine our fight leaves at 2:15 After we arzive in Noneveal, we will vate with our friends before we all go to a baseball gane Cogether fee1_really good because ‘his coup tastes just Like the ind ay mothe makes AL loves chemistry and hates philoscphy. his city needa Smproved public transportation 18 General Truth Meaning See ee oo (Generatzatios canbe made shout play tennis every Friday ero bis. afternoon, Moria atuates in the Jerge works in the physice Generalizations realso made shout Water conataee ronpersonl information inelodeg Hydrogen and xa Scie and technical infomation, races of other sunstances, Grammatical Features of Generalizations ——— ES sully the et willbe simple present Holidays give poopie provide ros! and help us feel that we Gf people wien sinter Sometimes the verb pase inudes will O12 wl ne mse wich oraooter modal autlay toindcate—watez the wri’ depres fern about the facts, These examples ate nt sou fare tie During winter in Alaska, the gun will hie only for ‘2 Linited tine osch day. Peopie suse 1ive ally Lives i | 26 iIn genealieations, noun are wsly in Ae depends on adequate oneafhe gnercfrms This meats anount=s of water. However, Uiatcerainchicesofalanor thermos acoquate hac itferent ‘beused to nia that clases cr Seanings in different ‘ups ee ting deat Note the evixonmente, Desert plante ‘eco noncount nouns for generic Sed animale reguize leas ‘mewing inthe fst example Hand water than ost other forme ter The st example so wes of life plural aus without cles for generic ‘mening eminent, plants and ‘nina The scond example ines Sever ferent ip f genre nos: ‘he lephont fest all elephants 2 ‘upon and monkeys ate pura forms thot eles tat eferte clases of animale rater tan pacar tnimals. An Afcon an an American Inean “pica members of these {soups and ot parla peopl ‘the elephant Lives in Asie ‘moakes aro found in bot Sovironments, An Aezioan Living ia rural areas howe a greater variety of ving in the rural U.S Adverbs apd aiverbial psescanbe ‘This city posstbly needs €o ‘ed indicat thecerainy ofthe consider expansion of its Writer ortomake the stemens moe public eransportacion if modest fucn changes can be made seiehout additional taxes or Practice 1 ‘Correct the verbs the allowing paragraph Dictionaries "Dictionaries are valuable tol. "However s with ll oot, they ae valuable only when someone use them correctly. A stodent need to landerstand the types of information tht a dictionary provide “Most ‘ioe spies more than defiions and spling, "Toy ls a ving Jnformation about pomunclation and grammar. Ott information icles Symons art of eget, pla frms of eg ours 5 g General ‘Truth and Generalizations: = Practice2 ‘derline the ues of wil the allowing say Ta which of thee sentences can simple present tens verb be substitedbecaase the meaning refers to general {ruth rather than to fate time? Good Teachers ike being a stent and enjoy learning fom a good teacher. Good teacher, 10 me, like 1 teach. Fer them, teaching is ot oaly a ob Bat someting tht hey enjoy doing. “They also care about ir ster “Some people wil tecome teachers bess they cannot fi anything ener to do, but eters vl become teachers becate they enjoy teaching. “Those i the Second rou wil ake thi jobs more sero. They wil nt Ice onthe Se mates over and ove again bat wl ook fr ne es, tw ecology, and new methods to etch bate, "They wil Bein clases on ime nd they wil yt make every elas intresting" recommend chosing ‘lases with god eahes hess tents wil ar mor from aches whe lke to teach than fom teacher who donot coy teaching. “Good teachers sho cae aboot heir dents. "They wil cae whether thei stents understand the lectus abd wheter tee students need more ‘np. "Teaches in his group will make theselves available ouside of lass fost who need aional hsp. "They wil aso take hi time ten {omtden’poblems und give them advice "Good teachers will motivate and challenge their stodents, "They rovideimerestng assignments. "When I eter graduate schol net year, these arte standards that I wil we to choot courses and teachers. or Meee 2 subjecrVeb Apreemest 6 Generic Meming for Nouns ad Ailes 723, Serdang Coauntions and Types of Subetnation 1733. Present Time Weng: Present Progressive nd tive Verb ‘General Truth and Generalizations 181Leb. M y) wi i Arregular Verbs Irreutr verb ace veto tht ko follow he eplar pater of forming the pst dhe pat patil wth se. legs verb ae words ike rte (wrote, wien) (ar by (Bought, Bough) of et (et, le Regular and inepular verbs make the ng om inthe sume was: he ing form is given on his chart to make i complet. F Hen bet bid ind te bleed bow Past Patcple ‘swokefewatened een bom pom become gun bent bet bid femal ber bed wm 182 sin Form ‘woking i Becoming THEY Form Simple Past, reat rote breed bred ring rouge broadest broadest ld ae um burned ure bunt 0 bought ch ‘aught thoore ‘hone ling le erep ere eat eat te ‘ug ‘tne ‘dvedove ae a drow thew ‘team ‘reamedireant ari dont tive ore fat fat Seed ed feet fe ‘ete ‘ough int Sound me in ‘Bee fet ‘Bing Fung wy few fora forbade Sorecat Forecast 183hang lent ‘er 134 ‘Simple Past forget Sorgave a ame proud pew heard we ett et ‘alt ‘ot leapedteope nt te ley mist imioot owed if Past Price sng For Simple rat sng oem b cnn near carom orcad fram rare ~ ait roe fain = orang ie Forel ll oe ‘rm ‘pee me i me ins sonon ene i a tig given ‘siving as ow 5 fen to ral mat reat rng =, b a a a vat po tome = = sae va tag hasing is io oo rae io toe im a = ae ot Noe oe ie » sa a yg a ang Rs end rs ay e ee a ‘oa ge cee on hee = of a sa ed secping = = = ning i ian Fi oe Setinm = eee tr tne we Sot Fr pend toon ite a Sores Sets hing in a = fore a sone i vas aa ea aa se Ht cy at ome thined Some oe erat tone ter ao = ‘ee @ or Sloved ra snare is oe ire Son Som sve te bas she a = sie ry thins ine Es ~ neo tow ome a = = ae i ar 2 a = in aay alse, f in Sie oerhe = — aie a a ae ie = a in stn milo om sonal on Pn ao a cme oa ele 185pend om nt Spread Heal ck sing nk fre sng seep wall im teach tt first sndertnd 186 lt taghe ‘hough thee wote shdrow vera Past Partiple Sen bn ple Spread oad” suck ‘weledlen sous taken ‘aught ‘old thought thrown ‘hae sndertood vote wep withdrawn — ey ‘aking teaching ‘ele thinking throwing tirasting understanding wating wearin itharowing cerning veriing or _Practice ‘You would probably benef from looking over thecal Ist af regular verbe {oad out for yours which ones are sll problems for you. Try puting» ‘het of paper over the ist to cover all ut the fit form; write the other three forms om the pape, andthe check ose which ones you misnpeled or whose meanings yu donot know. Other Units Related to This Topic 721. Grammar and Use of Pasive Sentences YH, Preeot Pertect Verb Form 38, Soqunce of Tense ant Reprad Speech Irregular Verbs 187Verb Tradoma Defiton Example com by 1 ean type. request can 2 borzow 2 pen? permission you can use your ictionaries on che posit ‘you can take calculus iy te epetag if you could presale equst Basi Modal Auxliry Verbs resent ine possibity ‘That answer could be ee right. om val pst ie bility (no longer te) 1 could type faster —— vines T was tn Eyping nay ae clase pastime pssibiy ‘the test could have na ‘been ever harder. shalt should sat would may presen ine guest May 1 leave oarly? ‘Traditional Definitions for the Modal Auxiliary Verbs present ine permission vou may Leave eazy. aaa as al aaa resent ine probability sown was eived ‘You wile find he allowing word ted to defn the mod airy verbs. Some ste ike to memorize these dfn, they are preseted er ith sample eens for sonvenen review tae ie probity Mo may come 29 the bat he Sevnot sure that ne can leave work early. past tine probity Soman may have worked the night shift lect night. Fighe now; often dose. ‘Modal Auxiliary Verbs 189verb right should Tradiona Detain resent tie (slg probaiiy) are ine aig probity) ttn probity polite question fart (forma ye) vice general rat) fae ine expectation tain (general th) pastime ace ees gener tut) eine necessity 190 Example Verb Suna might be ack, bot he might just be tires. vie might get our cost Devers back in clase ‘Soven might nave gone to the library last nigh. He planed to, but T did not see him wt sali we teave nov? In this chapter, we shall dlacuse Sanagenent theory. ‘You shoud eat = good orning. Xe is 7245 right now. ‘The bos ehowld be here ae 6205. wold We ahould respect che opinions of other people. You should have gotten sore sleep Before the tired to think clearly. students must have health ingurance. You mst arrive esrly tomorrow in order to go tothe Library before ‘Modal Auxiliary Verbs fed ‘Tadiionsl Definition lope deduction (cera) pst time opal deduction (cenainy) sever wt fore inenon face ine promise fur ie cen nina (geal th) polite request reference (general th) past ime abit psttimepeernce Example ie mast be tired. He nergy. and he eeps yawning. ‘Suvan made a perfect score on the calculus ‘studied very mars f1 wia float on Twit study for che 1 wit meet you afcer class to stucy for the will be on Decenber 12. use my dictionary more Would you please osm 1 would rather study best year we would stuay vogethe every weokend, ‘This yoar, T work inthe Library on Saturday and sunday, would rather have seudiee cheniscry than Ristory, bu the history course was required for graduation 191‘Meanings of the Semi-Modals Semi Modal sth ame fra smal group of verb tha tlk th modal usiiis In meanng bo une them in grammar. Compare te examples of em-modss to ‘he examples piven carer in this un forte ols wth he ame mening SemiModsl _Tradtonal. Basle Modal Synonym Defiaiton Example con beable abi Juan de able 0 apeak both Spanish and catalan, possibiy Because we five in the ‘ean go king should onahtto uty oroblignon T ought to work on my project this but T do not yeally want should hd beter swongadvice You na better talk wich your aevisor about your schedule clansee for ut hove recessiyor lL. students reqirenent have to buy ee - we Modal Autry vert BOD Grammar of Be Able To ————————————— ‘Be ables thee modal cuninits Students are able to check ‘meaning, However, thas tvomsjor out books fram the Tibrary ‘Sierences in grimma for a three-week period Lasabicer esac ation At this university, a a, Student 4 able Co use the Rie eis te weet computer lab for free just by showing her/his picture Sdontifseation card. Beablewiswsetulasasynonymice Next quarter we wil be ‘con tecate the er-mosleante able to use the Library ‘ombinedwithoneofthekase mols ater in the evenings to get both meanings inne verb pirate. because ‘he closing time HII Be extended to 12 midnight. Grammar of Ought To and Had Better ‘Ought and had borer ark should Or. Jones aad, “You ought Inmeanng. Owhtioidifeentin ¢0 atuay harder for the ‘grammar because reguies the word final examination than yeu fo Ought isnotofen wedin formal ia for the mid-tesm.* ‘tents iui more in pean ‘han in writing Ha beter aay steps ese dents had better not {oon hadand never ies io Inspokon park sn the spaces reserved English had ite coteaced. for faculty menbers. the fine is a lot of money. Library fine right away, or you won't be able to Feglater for classes. 193Grammar of Have To Sanne eee) _ en Leena Seoacests. ionios Simei? sch roar ha top Setar apes ERD 15 ane Akon ee, yom on 3 aise ee Sereinhesremetten tel mean somes acer =e ens See the fina examination yesterday afternocn. she smust have boon very sick to Iniss such an important Grammar of Would Rather SR Would rather ised sate would xather eake shysice preferences ina polite manger Like chan take history. ‘ould hi sem-moda isfllowed by Sinton Rusetarte [00026 eter take ohyaice ‘erb does not have tobe repeated ihe ey same verb is wed wice Toasnera Would you rather have ‘question with his sem-redal, you need inner now oF go to the oly to give the shor fornfor your -Libyary iret? T would) ‘ice (The answer dos nothaveto RABAT’ ea first. repetthe exact words af the ueton) BS a wick tactic ute DRL slag with moda Problem ‘Setation Reviion ‘Ker children will Thebaiemadals combine Her children wil always Jnow ehae — wihaverwitautusng sleaya know chat they can to go to fe Removeioforthe they ean go to her her for advise or revson for sevice oF belp. help. ‘Adin + othe verb in modal + verb combination Problem Soliton Revkion "> student ean Thebsiomndslsdonot A student oan ue uses conputers for requkembjectier) computers for may heny pursotes. agement The wrierhas purposes. ‘wo choices for revision A student aes Cooputers for eany (remove + and make a sttenent about ponies for tuent @)Remove the moda, and make a eneal h Statement bout modern ‘stn to modal togeter In the sae verb phase ‘Sohation Revision Sie might can Cake Some dalens cfnglah se might be able fennis next incombine womodsls to take tennis sumer inooe vet phrase for next summa spoken wes: This ombiion i not prop foe formal rien Eaglsh. Substie Ieabletforcon I ‘Modal Auailiary Verbs ws