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NBS Yagi Design
NBS Yagi Design
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1976
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FOREWORD
iii
CONTENTS
Page
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
3.
RESULTS
1
1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.
16
5.
CONCLUS IONS
21
6.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
7.
REFERENCES
2.1
21
L I S T OF
Table 1.
F i g u r e 1.
TAGLES
and FIGURES
F i g u r e 2.
F i g u r e 3.
F i g u r e 4.
F i g u r e 6.
0.3822,
F i g u r e 5.
Figure
7.
F i g u r e 8.
Figure
9.
.-
10
F i g u r e 10.
F i g u r e 11.
Gain o f an Array o f Yagis, Stacked One Above the Other and i n Broadside,
as a Function o f Spaclng
11
11
f i g u r e 12.
12
F i g u r e 13.
F i g u r e 14.
R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 3-Element,
12
F i g u r e 15.
13
F i g u r e 16.
R a d i a t i o n P a t t e r n s o f a 6-Element,
13
F i g u r e 17.
14
F i g u r e 18.
F i g u r e 19.
F i g u r e 20.
18
20
F i g u r e 21.
.
.
14
15
Y A G I ANTENNA DESIGN
Peter P. V i e z b i c k e
T h i s r e p o r t presents data, using modeling techn ques, f o r t h e optimum design
o f d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h Yagi antennas. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s presented i n g r a p h i c a l
form t o f a c i l i t a t e the design o f p r a c t i c a l l e n g t h an ennas--from 0.ZX t o 4.2A
long--for o p e r a t i o n i n t h e HF, VHF, and UHF frequency range. The e f f e c t s o f
d i f f e r e n t antenna parameters on r e a l i z a b l e g a l n were a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d and t h e
r e s u l t s a r e presented. F i n a l l y , supplemental d a t a a r e presented on t h e s t a c k i n g
o f two o r more antennas t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l gain.
Key words:
Yagi.
Antenna, d i r e c t o r , d r i v e n element, g a i n , r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n , r e f l e c t o r ,
1.
INTRODUCTION
The Yagi-Uda antenna 111, commonly known as t h e Yagi, was i n v e n t e d i n 1926 by D r . H. Yagi
I t s c o n f i g u r a t i o n normally c o n s i s t s o f a number o f d i r e c t o r s and r e f l e c t o r s
and S h i n t a r o Uda.
t h a t enhance r a d i a t i o n i n one d i r e c t i o n when p r o p e r l y arranged on a s u p p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e .
Since i t s discovery, a l a r g e number of r e p o r t s have appeared i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t i v e
t o t h e a n a l y s i s , design, and use of the Yagi antenna [2, 3 , 4, 5 , 6 , 7, 8, 91. However,
l i t t l e o r no data seem t o have been presented r e g a r d i n g how p a r a s i t i c element diameter,
element l e n g t h , spacings between elements, s u p p o r t i n g booms o f d i f f e r e n t c r o s s s e c t i o n a l
area, v a r i o u s r e f l e c t o r s , and o v e r a l l l e n g t h a f f e c t measured g a i n .
T h i s r e p o r t presents t h e r e s u l t s of e x t e n s i v e measurements c a r r i e d o u t by t h e N a t i o n a l
Bureau o f Standards t o determine these e f f e c t s and g i v e s g r a p h i c a l d a t a t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e
I n addition., d e s i g n c r i t e r i o n
design o f d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h antennnas t o y i e l d maximum gain.
i s a l s o presented on stacking--one above t h e o t h e r and i n a columnar c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The
g a i n i s g i v e n i n d e c i b e l s (de) r e l a t i v e t o a d i p o l e ( r e f e r e n c e antenna) a t t h e same h e i g h t
above ground as t h e t e s t (Yagi) antenna.
2.
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
3.
RESULTS
a.
E f f e c t o f r e f l e c t o r spacing on t h e g a i n of a d i p o l e antenna
b.
c.
E f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t diameters and l e n g t h s o f d i r e c t o r s on r e a l i z a b l e g a i n
d.
E f f e c t o f t h e s i z e o f a supporting boom on t h e o p t i m u m l e n g t h o f p a r a s i t i c
e 1 ement s
e.
f.
3.1
ON MEASURED GAIN
3.2
*--
-e-
5
W
-T
:If
e
DE
REFLECTOR
21
-05
+,
.10
15
20
.25
30
.35A
0-L R 3
OIRECTORS-
LR3
DRIVEN
ELEHE NT
0.271
REFLECTOR LENGTHS
L R 1 = LR2 = 0 . 4 5 5 1
LR3 = 0 . 4 7 3 1
FREQ = 4 0 0 MHz
LR2
FIG. 2
4.2X
YAGI
FIG. 3
0.3X SPACING
0.4X
14
12
SPACING
>
3I J
m
L L I i
La
a-
x u
.*9
0.2X SPACING
0.06X S P A C I N G
on
o.1ox SPACING
z
Y-
.-->
-w
9a
40
FIG. 4
12
>
10
.3X SPACING
8
W
on
I-
w-
0 . 4 a SPACING
- w
+-I
40
2a
0.1X SPACIN
u-
CLO
,,/GAIN
4
'
L
7
O F D I P O L E AND R E F L E C T O R
2R
I
0 . 3 0 ~SPACING
'
'1 \. \0.4X
SPACING
II
0.35A S P A C I N G
1
ADD 0 . 2 ~
FOR R E F L
10
7 0
LENGTH O F ANTENNA I N U A V E L E N G T H S
mum g a i n occurred a t a
ue as t h e l e n g t h o f t h e Yagi
v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e wave
shown i n f i g u r e s 5 and 6 .
1
3.3
3.4
3.5
!
!
1
3.6
TABLE 1 .
G A I N RELATIVE
TO HALF-WAVE
DIPOLE I N d B
7.1
9.2
DESIGN CURVE
(SEE F I G . 9)
(A)
(B)
10.2
12.25
13.4
14.2
(c)
(6)
(D)
f = 400 MHz
REFLECTOR SPACED 0.21 BEHIND DRIVEN ELEHENT
-n
14-
>
U
3
LL
-I
13-
a
0
11
N = NUMBER OF D I R E C T O R S
S = S P A C I N G BETWEEN D I R E C T O R S
( R E F L E C T O R SPACED 0.21 ON A L L ANTENNAS)
p
I=1
S.0.2A
1 .o
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
OVERALL LENGTH,
FIG.
w
-1
0
b
0.32 Un
1 in.
10
11
12
13
0.16 un
0.08 cm DIAMETER
2.5.5 cn
J
14
1- --I-Ln
a
W
IW
x
U
n
8-
z
W
x
Wv)
A U
W
Z
r
W
UIW
ZU
I-
WI-
mr
W
0 na
c1
I-
U mu-
L w
on
C
s
u
o
2 Y
I- I--
2 =I
W i 3
I-W
-I
U IZ
0 W
I- ZI-
I-
W
W
2ZW
O E
v)d
W
U
c
(
n
I-
z
W
aI
W
I-J
Z
U>
d
S H 1 9 N 3 1 3 A V M N I S l N 3 W 3 1 3 30 H 1 9 N 3 1
v)
5
W
II
W
J
W
LL
0
I
Ic3
z
W
a.
P
3
v)
a
LL
0
i-
V
W
LL
W
W
t-
c3
-z
v)
I
P
c3
i
0
c
LL
In
u)
pr)
(u
0
c
m
0
0
10
t--
3-
QIPI-
TI
3-
22
20- 7 E L E M E N T Y A G I ANTENNAS
-+ 15 E L E M E N T Y A G I ANTENNAS
1I
FIG.
11
20
19
18
17
(L
-I
r1
4 . 2 X LONG
1 5 ELEMENT
YAGI
h = 2L
S P A C I N G S = 1.6X AND
H E I G H T h = 2.0X CONST
-0
f0
1 .o
2.0
3.0
F I G . 12
11
.. .
aJ
m
c
n
-0
aJ
tu
E
0
1-_---I
I
A
-
-\',
c;:
m
U
..
01
l
n
C
0
#I
W
QI.
D
W
N
-8-
__
. .
0
z
--
i
-
13
1 . 2 1 LONG YAGI
13
0,
-I-
R A D I A T I O N PATTERNS OF A 12-ELEMENT,
TI
al
14
. .
. .
. ..
-~ -
- ---T---------
e
'
..
-a
_
I
I
-
FIG. 19
15
element) are presented i n f i g u r e 13. The 3-dB E and H plane beanwidths measured 66' and
1 1 l 0 respecdively. The beanwidth of t h e 3-element 0.4X antenna, as shown i n f i g u r e 14,
measured 57 and 72' i n t h e E and H planes r e s p e c t i v e l y . The E p l a n e , f r o n t - t o - s i d e r a t i o
i s i n the order o f 24 dB, w h i l e t h e r a d i a t i o n to t h e r e a r was o n l y 8 dB down from t h a t i n
the forward d i r e c t i o n .
The r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n o f the 5-element 0.81 Yagi presented i n f i g u r e I 5 i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d
by a 3 dB beamwidth o f 48' and 56' i n t h e E and H planes r e s p e c t i v e l y . The E plane,
f r o n t - t o - s i d e r a t i o remained comparable t o t h e 3:element
antenna; however, t h e f r o n t - t o back r a t i o was improved c o n s i d e r a b l y and measured 15 dB.
I n r a d i a t i o n p a t t e r n s o f 6, 12,
17 and 15-element Yagis as shown i n f i g u r e s 16 through 19, t h e beamwidths became p r o g r e s s i v e l y smaller as was expected w i t h increased gain.
4.
1.
Frequency o f o p e r a t i o n , f (wavelength, h )
2.
3.
Diameter o f p a r a s i t i c elements ( d i r e c t o r s - r e f l e c t o r s )
4.
used i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , d/A
Element Diameter, d
= 2.54 cm. (1 i n . )
d/h
= 0.0042
Boom diameter
,D
= 5.1 cm. ( 2 i n . )
D/X
= 0.0085
Element spacing
Overall l e n g t h
(47 i n . )
16
STEP 1:
Plot the lengths of the parasitic elements obtained from Table 1 for 0.81 long
Yagi on the corresponding curve In figure 9.
1
L
D2
0.4241
LR = 0.4821
STEP 2:
For our design, where the element diameter to wavelength ratio d/X
0.0042,
plot and establish this point on the director curve and indicate by a check
mark
STEP 3:
STEP
4:
(4. This is
For the same d/1 ratio, determine the uncompensated length of the reflector
LR
0.4851.
With a pair of dividers, measure the distance along the curve between the initial
points 0 , = D to D2 determined i n Step 1 . Transpose this distance from the
point established in Step 2 downward along the curve and determine the uncompensated length of director L
= 0.4381.
O2
From the foregoing, the uncompensated parasitic element lengths for the 50.1 MHz
Yagi are:
= 0.438X
D2
LR = 0.4851
To these values, a correction must be added to compensate for the boom diameter.
STEP
5:
= L
O3
= 0.4381 + 0.0051 = 0.4431 =
264.5 cm.
O2
= 0.4851 + 0.005X = 0.490X = 293 cm.
LR
The driven element is designed so that the Yagi can work either into a 50 or 200 ohm load
impedance. For a 50 ohm impedance, a folded dipole and a quarterwave balun can be employed.
Precise matching to 50 ohms can be accomplished by using a double-stub tuner connected into
the feed line.
17
SHlSN313AVM N I SlN3W313 30 H 1 9 N 3 1
18
Frequency 827
HHz, A
Element diameter, d
d/X
STEP 1:
--
36.34 cm.
(14.3
in.)
0.48 cm.
= 0.013
Boom diameter, D
D/X
= 0.035
Element spacing
Overall length
E s t a b l i s h p o i n t s LD = L 0 2 * L ~ 3 ** L ~ l and l o c a t e
1
and i n d i c a t e t h i s s t a r t i n g p o i n t w i t h a check
(4.
T h i s i s t h e uncompensated
d i r e c t o r l e n g t h of D1 = D2 = 0.4141.
STEP 3:
LR =
STEP 4:
0.473X;
3'
Transpose t h i s d i s t a n c e from t h e i n i t i a l
(4
= 0.4091.
3
Measure t h e d i s t a n c e from D1 = D2 t o D4.
initlal
(4 p o i n t
Transpose t h i s d i s t a n c e from
= 0.3911,
d e t e r m i n e remaining d i r e c t o r lengths.
LD5
0.381X, L
to
'8
LD
Similarly,
LD = 0.385X,
6
DJ
= 0.3771.
13
Again,
r e f e r t o f i g u r e 10.
0.035,
0.0261.
Thus,
p a r a s i t i c elements t o the f o l l o w i n g l e n g t h s :
19
SH13N313AVM N I S l N 3 W 3 1 3 30 H19N31
20
= L
+ 0.026X
= 0.414X
O2
D3
= 0.3951 + 0.026X = 0.4211 = 15.3 cm.
L
D4
D5
D6
= 0.3811 + 0.0261 = 0.407X = 14.8 cm.
DJ
L
'8
LD13
i n d i v i d u a l requirements.
I t i s u s u a l l y measured and c u t t o o n e - h a l f
5.
CONCLUSIONS
6.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
7.
[l] S h i n t a r o , U., and Yasuto, H.,
Ltd., Senda, Japan, 1954).
REFERENCES
AP-14,
AP-14,
[ 3 ] Barbano, N.,
[ 4 ] T h i e l e , G. A.,
[SI
[6] Shen, L., D i r e c t i v i t y and bandwidth of single-band and double band Yagi a r r a y s , I E E E ,
Trans. Antennas and Prop.,
AP-20, pp.
21
5,
[7] Cheng, 0.
K . , and Chen, C. A., Optimum element spacings for Yagi-Uda arrays, I E E E , Trans.
Antennas and Prop., AP-21, pp. 615-623 (Sept. 1973).
[8] Chen, C.
A . , and Cheng, 0 . K., Optimum element lengths for Yagi-Uda arrays, IEEE, Trans.
Antennas and Prop., AP-23, pp. 8-15 (Jan. 1975).
191
!
Nose, K . , Crossed Yagi antennas for circular polarizatlon, QST, pp. 21-24 (Jan. 1973).
[lo] Healey,
[ l l ] Nose, K . , Adjustment o f Gamma-matched parasitic beams, QST, pp. 44-46 (Mar. 1958).
[I21 The Radio Amateur's Handbook, Fifty Second Ed. (AH Radio Relay League, 1976).
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