TOWN PLANNING & URBAN MANAGEMENT

Definition:
The planning and control of the construction, growth, and development of a town or other urban area
A city should be built to give its inhabitants security & happiness Aristotle
A place where men had a common life for a noble end Plato

What is Town Planning?:

Physical, social and economic planning of an urban environment
It encompasses many different disciplines and brings them all under a single mbrella.
The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the organization of all elements of a town or other
urban environment.
The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to
secure the maximum practicable degree of economy convenience and beauty economy, convenience, and
beauty
An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings and environments to
meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy
conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work, and to play or relax, thus bringing about the social and
economic well-being for the majority of mankind.

Town Planning:
1-Well balanced social & economic development
2-Improvement of life quality
3-Responsible administration of resources & environment protection
4-Rational use of land

Gist Points:
123456-

Social-Mans interrelationship & behaviour

Economic-Financial environment
Political-Ideological environment
Physical-Built environment
Cultural-Spiritual environment
Ecological-Natural environment

Role of Planners:
Consider human communities are always in the process of changing
Recognize the complexity of communities
Concern about the future

If Planning deemed not commenced!:

Uneven & Chaotic development contrasting urban scenario
Mixed Landuse Industries springing up in residential zones
Congested Transportation Network overflowing traffic than expected

Objectives & Goals of Town Planning

Health:
To create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all the people
To make right use of the land for the right purpose by zoning etc.
To ensure orderly development
To avoid encroachment of one zone over the other

Convenience:
Social, economic, cultural and recreational amenities etc
Open spaces, parkes, gardens & playgrounds, townhalls, stadiums, community centers, cinema houses &
theaters.

Beauty:
To preserve the individuality of the town people
To preserve the aesthetics in all design of all elements of town or city plan.

Town Planning of Indus Valley/Harrapa

Geography:
-Pak & North West India, between Indus River & Ghaghar Hakra River
-Harappa Civilzation, Sahraswardi/Sindhu Civilization

It's Town Planning Concepts:

Sophisticated and advanced urban culture
streets in perfect grid patterns in both mohenjodoro & harappa
worlds world s first sanitation system
individual wells and separate covered drains along the streets for waste water
houses opened to inner courtyards & smaller lanes
impressive dockyards, graneries, warehouses, brick platforms & protective walls
massive citadels protected the city from floods & attackers
city dwellers traders & artisans
all the houses had access to water & drainage facilities

Development of Cities:
grew in size & density and surrounded by numerous towns & villages
cities interlinked by trade & economic activities, relegious beliefs, social relations, etc
vast agricultural lands, rivers & forests by pastoral communities , fisher folk and hunters surrounded
each city

Classification of Towns:
-Small villages-0-10 hectares
-Large towns-10-50 hectares
-Cities-50 hectares

Areas:
Mohenjodaro~200 Hectares
Harappa~150 Hectares

Populations:
Mohenjodaro~3541000
Harappa~23500

Town Planning of Moen Jo Daro

-Excavation showed:
The most striking feature of the Harappan cities is their town planning. The Harappan City was divided into
the upper town called the Citadel and the lower town. The various features of the Harappan town Planning
is given below:

Granaries: The granary was the largest structure in Mohenjodaro, in Harappa there were about six
granaries or storehouses. These were used for storing grain.

Great Bath This was another important structure in Mohenjodaro. The floor of the bath had five layers.
It was so watertight that even today it holds water. There were changing rooms. People probably used it
during festivals and religious ceremoies.

Town HallA palace-like building that looked like an assembly hall for the city government of for people
to meet.

Lower Hall:[/COLOR][/B] This was the residential area where the common people lived.
Streets: The roads and streets intersected at right angles. There were covered drains along the road.
Houses were built on either side of the roads and streets.

Drainage System The drainage system of the Harappan cities was the best known to the world in
ancient times. The brickwork prevented the dirty water from leaking. Wooden screens stopped the solid
wastes from being washed away with the water. Drains were built either side of the roads. They were
covered with stones which could be removed in order to clean them.

Houses: The houses varied in size. Some might have been two storeyed. The houses were made of burnt
bricks. Most of the houses had central courtyard, well, bathing area and kitchen.

Kot Diji
-Excavated in 1955-67, 22 km away from Khairpur
-Kot Diji fort-1790 by Talpurs
-Rani Kot/Fort Ahmadabad
Hundreds of years ago, at the edge of a desert in Sindh, the Talpurs constructed a pompous fort atop a
hill. This emblematic fort, dominating the town of Kot Diji in Khairpur district and known as Kot Diji Fort,
was built between 1785 to 1795.
Driving towards Khairpur district from the National Highway, it is hard to miss this forts opulence,
breaking the monotony of the skyline.
I remember my excitement and disbelief all at once when I first saw this mammoth construction. I could
not wait to get a closer look and to step inside to explore it properly.
It took us approximately eight hours to reach Khairpur district from Karachi. On our way we made pitstops
for tea and food. By the time we got to Kot Diji fort, I knew I had very little time to explore this place and
that I had to rush since the sun was about to set soon, leaving us with very little light for shooting photos.
When I got off the car, right by the entrance I noticed this place with a cafeteria with traditional handmade
items from Sindh decorated along the entrance.
This was the brave Sadiqa Salahuddin's 'khazana,' an off-shoot of the Indus Resource Centre (IRC).
Khazana employs local women and showcases various handicrafts made by them such as patchwork, hand
embroideries, table-mats, coasters and ceramics, all for sale. I took a quick look and then made my way
to the fort.
I had only heard about Kot Diji fort and seen photos online; but no photos can do justice to being in direct
audience to this marvel.
History suggests that this fort was built on a strategic location since it provided an edge over enemies
marching from the east. A fatigued army could be encountered before trooping towards irrigated lands in
search of water.
The fort was apportioned into three parts among the Talpurs. One of the parts came under the rule of the
Mirs in Hyderabad; the second portion went to the Talpurs of Mirpur Khas while the Talpurs of Khairpur
Mirs held the third portion under control.
It is recorded in history that the first Talpur ruler of Khairpur Mirs, Mir Sohrab Khan (founder of the
Kingdom of Upper Sindh), founded a number of forts in order to safeguard the frontiers of his rule. He is
accredited for constructing forts such as Imam Garh in the Thar region, Shah Garh towards Jodhpur,
Jaisalmer and Ahmad Abad at Diji.
The fort has only one main entrance on the east, saving it against any raiding enemy. The gate known as
Shahi Darwaza or the royal gate in itself is a work of engineering genius. Built on the plan of a curved
entrance, the fort has a small courtyard, which is accessible only from outside.
The space is further guarded by two heavy bastions keeping space to trap any proceeding army aiming to
destroy the fort by attacking from the musketry holes and battlements on the top. The access through the
bastions is from the east, while the wooden gate with heavy iron spikes totalling 234, stands towards the
western corner of the northern wall.
These spikes ensured that no heavy contingent, or elephants, could be employed to break open the
wooden gates. And through its history the fort has never been attacked.
Kot Diji is constructed on a limestone hill with kiln-baked bricks. Apparently the bricks were used since
they were locally accessible and limestone rocks were believed to be very brittle and would have shattered
easily upon impact with a canon ball.
The hill is about 110 feet high, above which the walls of the fort rise another 30 feet. It has three
strategically placed towers about 50 feet tall.
The fort was built at a time when cannons had become common and its design and position reveal that. It
includes several stations for cannons and because it is positioned high on a narrow ridge, enemy cannons
would have had to fire at a massive distance and with little accuracy.

Cannonballs could either hit the hill or would end up flying over the fort and fall on the enemies' own
forces on the other side.
In addition to the main entrance through Shahi Gate, the fort has as many as three secret small passages,
which were used in case of emergency.
After crossing the Shahi Gate we entered a small semi-circular open space with high walls on three sides.
These provide a climbing access to the main fort.
After crossing the second gate a tunnel-like access leads to the top through a third gate. The main portion
of the fort is beyond this point.
This military fort is designed to be fully equipped to offer defence and to withstand an invasion. In addition
to this it houses heavy bastions, towers, an ammunition depot, water reservoir, the Mirs harem, a prison,
a place of holding court and cells to accommodate guards and sepoys.
These burjs were also used to mount the cannons at their tops. These cannons were of different sizes, but
since there was sufficient space on each bastion, these could be aimed in different directions.
Almost facing the third gate are some roofless rooms beside the ghulam gardish. These were used as
ammunition depot or what is locally known as barood khano.
Mir Sohrab Khan made this fort his abode a few years before his death, but soon handed over the power
to his sons.
In January 1843, British troops also stayed here at a time when Charles Napier was on his military
adventure to invade and conquer Imam Garh.
If any of you ever plan to visit Khairpur, do make it a point to make this your first stop. And if you live in
Sindh, you must explore this fort at least once.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1177325/kot...talpur-dynasty[/QUOTE]

Mehrgarh
~Dhadhar, Balouchistan/Bolan Pass, 2nd Oldest after Bhirra (India)
-Neolithic age-6500-2500 BC~farming, sheeps
-Size-495 acre old village has been founded
-Excavated in 1974 by Jean Francisco & Catherine
Townplanning: Mud Bricks, Metal using,
Period I- (7000-5500) Neolithic: Stone, Bone tools, farming, ornaments, shells
Period II-(5500-4800) Ceramic Neolithic: Woman decoratings, pottery, human figures etc
Mehrgarh (Balochi: Mehrgah; Pashto: ;Urdu: , sometimes anglicized as Mehergarh or
Mehrgar, near the capital of the Kachi District Dadhar, is one of the most important Neolithic (6500 BCE to
c. 2500 BCE) sites in archaeology It lies on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan.[1] It is one of the
earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia.[2][3]

Map of Pakistan showing Mehrgarh in relation to the cities of Quetta, Kalat, and Sibi and the Kachi Plain of
Balochistan.
Mehrgarh is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the Pakistani
cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. The site was discovered in 1974 by an archaeological team directed by
French archaeologists Jean-Franois Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige, and was excavated continuously
between 1974 and 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh, in the
northeast corner of the 495-acre (2.00 km2) site, was a small farming village that has been dated to
between 6500 BCE to 5500 BCE. The whole area covers a number of successive settlements.
Archaeological material has been found in six mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected.[4]

Mehrgarh Period I
Mehrgarh Period I 7000 BCE5500 BCE, was Neolithic and aceramic (i.e., without the use of pottery). The
earliest farming in the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley
and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The settlement was established with simple mud buildings
and most of them had four internal subdivisions. Numerous burials have been found, many with elaborate
goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices,
with more goods left with burials of males. Ornaments of sea shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli and
sandstone have been found, along with simple figurines of women and animals. Sea shells from far sea

shore and lapis lazuli found as far away as present-day Badakshan, Afghanistan shows good contact with
those areas. A single ground stone axe was discovered in a burial, and several more were obtained from
the surface. These ground stone axes are the earliest to come from a stratified context in the South Asia.
Periods I, II and III are contemporaneous with another site called Kili Gul Mohammed.
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh made the discovery that the
people of the Indus Valley Civilization, from the early Harappan periods, had knowledge of proto-dentistry.
Later, in April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early
Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh.
According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming
cultures of that region. "Here we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults discovered in a
Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500 to 9,000 years ago. These findings provide evidence
for a long tradition of a type of proto-dentistry in an early farming culture."[8]

[Period II and Period III

Mehrgarh Period II 5500 BCE4800 BCE and Merhgarh Period III 4800 BCE3500 BCE were ceramic
Neolithic (i.e., pottery was now in use) and later chalcolithic. Period II is at site MR4 and period III is at
MR2.[4] Much evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and more advanced techniques were
used. Glazed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed. Figurines of
females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two flexed burials were
found in period II with a covering of red ochre on the body. The amount of burial goods decreased over
time, becoming limited to ornaments and with more goods left with burials of females. The first button
seals were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies included stone
and copper drills, updraft kilns, large pit kilns and copper melting crucibles. There is further evidence of
long-distance trade in period II: important as an indication of this is the discovery of several beads of lapis
lazuli, once again from Badakshan. Mehrgarh Periods II and III are also contemporaneous with an
expansion of the settled populations of the borderlands at the western edge of South Asia, including the
establishment of settlements like Rana Ghundai, Sheri Khan Tarakai, Sarai Kala, Jalilpur and Ghaligai.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh

Gandhara Civilization
Location: Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan, in vale of Peshawar, Potohar Plateau on the Kabul River
Cities: Pushapura (Peshawar) city of man, Varmayana modern Bamayan, Takshahila Taxila.
Period: 1st millennium BC to 11th century AD.
Rulers: Alberuni, Ghaznavi & then Gandhara name disappeared
Texila: The Gandharan city of Taxila was an important Buddhist and Hindu [11] centre of learning from
the 5th century BC[11] to the 2nd century. Sawat+Dir+Peshawar+Taxila was called Gandhara.
Evidences: of Stone Age (Cave), Bronze Age , Gandhara script writings etc , Budhist art
This civilization is symbol of human, religious, art and history development.

Five-Year Plans of Pakistan

The Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of Pakistan (otherwise publicly known as Five-Year Economic
Plans for the National Economy), were the series of nationwide centralised economic plans and targets as
part of the economic development initiatives, in the Pakistan.[1] The plan was conceived by the Ministry of
Finance (MoF), and were studied and developed by the Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) based on
the theory of Cost-of-production value, and also covered the areas of Trickle-down system. Supervision
and fulfillment of this programme became the watchword of Pakistan's civil bureaucracy since early 1950s.
Inspired by the Five-Year Plans of Soviet Union, the programme was visioned and proposed by the Finance
Minister Malick Ghoulam[3] to Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan who initially backed the programme, in
1948.[4] The first five-year plans were approved by the prime minister Ali Khan in 1950 for the period of
1950-55; it was accepted in a view to serve in the rapid and intensified industrialisation, expansion of
banking and financial services, with a major focus on heavy industry.[5] Although not five-year plans did
not take up the full period of time assigned to them, some of the plans were failed and abandoned whilst
some completed successfully. Altogether, there were eight five-year plans (starting 1950 till 1999)[1] and
were replaced with the more effective programme, the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF)
under Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz (office: 2004-2007).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Y...ns_of_Pakistan

Five-Year Plans of Pakistan

The Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of Pakistan (otherwise publicly known as Five-Year Economic
Plans for the National Economy), were the series of nationwide centralised economic plans and targets as
part of the economic development initiatives, in the Pakistan.[1] The plan was conceived by the Ministry of
Finance (MoF), and were studied and developed by the Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) based on
the theory of Cost-of-production value, and also covered the areas of Trickle-down system. Supervision
and fulfillment of this programme became the watchword of Pakistan's civil bureaucracy since early 1950s.
Inspired by the Five-Year Plans of Soviet Union, the programme was visioned and proposed by the Finance
Minister Malick Ghoulam[3] to Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan who initially backed the programme, in
1948.[4] The first five-year plans were approved by the prime minister Ali Khan in 1950 for the period of
1950-55; it was accepted in a view to serve in the rapid and intensified industrialisation, expansion of
banking and financial services, with a major focus on heavy industry.[5] Although not five-year plans did
not take up the full period of time assigned to them, some of the plans were failed and abandoned whilst
some completed successfully. Altogether, there were eight five-year plans (starting 1950 till 1999)[1] and
were replaced with the more effective programme, the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF)
under Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz (office: 2004-2007).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Y...ns_of_Pakistan

History of Five-Year Plans (1947-1955; 1955-60)

-After Independence, Pak was facing socioeco & administrative, population, production, transportation,
education problems & was lagging behind in every field.
-PM Liaquat presented plan on 8 July, 1958 in parliament, concived by Malik GM.
Features
-SBP established for economic development to give kick start banking service in pak
-economic infrastructure was expanded, devising own currency
Impacts
-In middle of 50, indopak relations restored when indopak began expoert trade once again, India
recognized the currency of pak but the older relations were not restored.
-After assassination of PM Liaquat in oct, 1951 program failed due to lack of energetic staff
-in 1951 to 52 -shortage of clothes, grain, medicine and program collapsed
-in 1952 to 53 monsoon floods & PM Khuwaja Nazimudin was forced to end the programme after
sending his request for economic assistance from US & neighboring countries.
Reassessment & collectiveness
-in 1955, new studies were again conducted after the collapse of 1st programme.
-acc to cencus-90% population were living in rural areas, 10% urban, east pak was entirely rural as
compare to west, though urbanization had been on accelerating level.
-in 1955, Mohd Ali Bogra again revived the plan that published in 1956.
Features of 1956 plan
-agriculture development in east & west (less developed area) pak
-PM Suhrawardy of Awami League gave much priority to food, agri, farming & social development in both
states.
Result
-Practically, was not implemented on account of lack of foreign exchange of Awami League, physical &
personal assistance, shortage of knowledge etc..

2nd Five-Year Plans (1960-1965)

-Despite the failure of 1st plan, 2nd was revived & restated by the military govt Pr. Ayub Khan
Features
-highest priority to industrial development, advancement in science, literature, railway, communication,
transport, agricultural industries, increase national income by 20%.
Result
-unemployment was tackled by industrialaiton
-industrial development in was carried out in west pak & while few in east pak

-provide opportunity for enterprises and private sector to invest for economic development
-financial services mainly depended on the foreign investment & aid from USA for eco improvement
-Thus, it was successful plan on account of foreign aid, particularly from USA

3rd Five-Year Plans (1965-1970)

-After inodpak war of 1995 on Kashmir, the level of foreign assistance declined & economic constrains
were imposed on pak.
Features
-3rd plan was same as the second but with the modest changes
-It encouraged the private sector for investments , it focused on the groth of GNP which was increased
122% & focused on enhancing the capabilities of private sector to operate in the pak
Result
-In the beginning of 3 years it becamse successful, but in the end of the years due to proclaimed
production goals it disappointed.
-It caused economic disaster, agriculture & farming declined

4th Five-Year Plans (1970-1975)

-was abandoned after the fall of Dhaka, was bypassed by ZA Bhutto, only annual plans were prepared and
they were mainly ignored. Moreover, he replaced the programme withnationalization programme

5th Five-Year Plans (1978-1986)

- initiated in zia period
Features
-To stabilize economy, improve the living slandered of the poor population. Increase defense expenditure
and flood refugees after USSR invasion in Afghan in 1979. (international oil prize increased)
- Controls on industries were liberalized or abolished, the balance of payments deficit kept under control.
Hence, pak became self-sufficient in basic foodstuff with exception of edible oils.
Result
- failed to boost private industrial investment though some national plans goals were attained. Due to
invest on rural, the infrastructure developed. Moreover, pak managed to stock the food.

Sixth Five-Year Plan (1983-88)

Features
-shift toward the private sector, to tackle major problem of economy: low investment & saving ratios; low
agriculture productivity; heavy reliance on energy; and low investment on education & health.
Result
- Economy grew at the targeted average of 6.5% during the plan period and would have exceeded the
target if it had not been for severe droughts in 1986 and 1987.

Seventh Five-Year Plan (1988-93)

- For totally public sector spending
Features
- provided for total public sector spending Rs350 billio
- 36.5% was designated for energy
- 18% for transportation & communications
- 9% for water
- 8% for physical infrastructure and housing
- 7% for education,
- 5% for industry and minerals
- 4% for health
- 11% for other sectors
- Much emphasis on the private sector as compare to previous plannings

- Total planned private investment was Rs292 billion

- Ration: Private 42 & Public 58
Result
-better for public sector

Eight Five Year Plans (1993-98)

- In late 1992, was submitted the report by industrialists, presidents of chambers of commerce & Senior
Civil Servants
- However, in early 1994 had not been announced due to successive changing of govt 1993 & was forced
on short term issues. Instead, economic policy for FY 1994 was being guided by an annual plan.
- From june 2004, the planning commission gave a new name to the five year plan with (MTDF) Medium
Term Development Framework. 32 working groups then produced the MTDF (2005-2010)
(MTDF) Medium Term Development Framework
- is a policy measures programme, drafted by MoF, economic coordination committee & the planning
commission of pak. Formulated to strengthen the national economy & infrastructure.
- In 2005, was drafted & launched by PM Shaukat Aziz
- -to turn the country into major industrialized nation to increase human development & achieve
MDGs.
- Emphasized macroeconomic connected development of science, IT, human resources, education,
taxation & financial development
- The programme traced back to 2001, when economic coordination committee working under Aziz and it
began to research the development of 10 year programme & adopted the concept of 3 year rolling plans.
Hence, the recommendations were prepared taking in consideration of the sanction imposed on pak in
1988, until the economy began to recover in 2001.
- Thus, finally, on 1st June, 2014, the programme became part of official policy on 5th March, 2005.

~I compiled it from the developing countries, hence, the developing countries of plans can be
resembled with Pakistan

Urbanization:
According to Mitchell urbanisation is a process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from
agriculture to other pursuits common to cities.
Causes of Urbanization:
Various reasons have led to the growth of cities. They are as follows:
i. Industrialization:
Industrialization is a major cause of urbanization. It has expanded the employment opportunities. Rural
people have migrated to cities on account of better employment opportunities.
ii. Social factors:
Many social factors such as attraction of cities, better standard of living, better educational facilities, need
for status also induce people to migrate to cities.
iii. Employment opportunities:
In rural sector people have to depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. But Indian agriculture is
depending on monsoon. In drought situations or natural calamities, rural people have to migrate to cities.
iv. Modernization:
Urban areas are characterized by sophisticated technology better infrastructure, communication, medical
facilities, etc. People feel that they can lead a comfortable life in cities and migrate to cities.
Rural urban transformation:
It is an interesting aspect that not only cities are growing in number but rural community is adopting
urban culture, no longer rural communities are retaining their unique rural culture. Rural people are
following the material culture of urban people. Urban rural transformation can be observed in the following
areas.
Spread of education:
The literacy rate has increased among the rural people. They have become more modernised.
i. Change in Dress habits.
ii. Adoption of modern Technology
iii. Enlightenment of women.

iv. Modern transport and communication. E.g.: Cell phones have become common even among rural
people.
v. Active involvement in politics.
vi. Growth of infrastructure like Banks, Post office.
vii. Awareness among rural consumers.
viii. Increasing demand for sophisticated products like cosmetics etc.
Thus it can be noticed that there are significant changes in the life style of village people. Indian villages
have adopted urban culture and urban style of living. However, all villages in India are not transformed.
Only certain villages situated close to the cities have been transformed.
Effect of Urbanisation:
With a high rate of urbanization significant changes have taken place. The effect of urbanisation can be
summed up as follows:
Positive effect:
i. Migration of rural people to urban areas.
ii. Employment opportunities in urban centres.
iii. Transport and communication facilities.
iv. Educational facilities.
v. Increase in the standard of living.
Urbanization can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable limit. Extensive urbanisation or
indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects. They may be as follows:
Negative Effects:
i. Problem of over population:
Concentration of population is a major problem of cities. It has resulted in accommodation problem,
growth of slums etc.
ii. Disintegration of Joint family:
Joint family cant be maintained in cities on account of high cost of living: People prefer to live in the
nuclear type of families.
iii. Cost of living:
High cost of living is a major problem of cities. In Metro cities like Karachi, Lahore etc. it is very difficult
for lower income groups to maintain a decent standard of living.
iv. Increase in Crime rates:
Urban centres are known for high rate of crimes. Theft, Dacoity, Murder, Cheating, Pick pocketing, rape
etc. are common in urban centres.
v. Impersonal relations:
Urban centres are characterised by highly secondary relations. The concept of neighbourhood, community
life are almost absent in cities. Urban life is highly monotonous. This may have an adverse psychological
effect on individuals. People are often self centred and they have no concern for the fellow human beings.
vi. Problem of Pollution:
In industrialized cities pollution is a major problems. It may be caused by industries or by excessive
movement of vehicles.
viii. Stress:
Urban life is characterised by stress which may even strain family relations. In cities employment of
women is almost inevitable to meet the increasing cost of living. Changing role of women in the family
creates stress in the family which may result in divorce or strained relations.
Thus urbanisation has its own merits and de-merits. Urbanization cant be avoided. But the negative effect
of urbanization can be minimised.
iX. Water & waste Disposal Problem: