TOWN PLANNING & URBAN Planning

MANAGEMENT
Definition:
“The planning and control of the construction, growth,
and development of a town or other urban area”
“A city should be built to give its inhabitants security &
happiness” Aristotle
“A place where men had a common life for a noble end”
Plato
What is Town Planning?:
Physical, social and economic planning of an urban
environment
It encompasses many different disciplines and brings
them all under a single mbrella.
Health:
•To create and promote healthy conditions and
environments for all the people
• To make right use of the land for the right purpose by
zoning etc.
• To ensure orderly development
• To avoid encroachment of one zone over the other
Convenience:
• Social, economic, cultural and recreational amenities
etc
•Open spaces, parkes, gardens & playgrounds, townhalls,
stadiums, community centers, cinema houses & theaters.
Beauty:
• To preserve the individuality of the town people
• To preserve the aesthetics in all design of all elements
of town or city plan.

The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the

organization of all elements of a town or other urban
environment.

The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting
of buildings and communication routes so as to secure
the maximum practicable degree of economy
convenience and beauty economy, convenience, and
beauty
An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the
town creating buildings and environments to meet the
various needs such as spocial, cultural, economic and
recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for
both rich and poor to live, to work, and to play or relax,
thus bringing about the social and economic well-being
for the majority of mankind.
Town Planning:
1-Well balanced social & economic development
2-Improvement of life quality
3-Responsible administration of resources & environment
protection
4-Rational use of land
Town Planning of Indus
Valley/Harrapa
Geography:
-Pak & North West India, between Indus River & Ghaghar
Hakra River
-Harappa Civilzation, Sahraswardi/Sindhu Civilization
It's Town Planning Concepts:
•Sophisticated and advanced urban culture
•streets in perfect grid patterns in both mohenjodoro &
harappa
• world’s world s first sanitation system
• individual wells and separate covered drains along the
streets for waste water
• houses opened to inner courtyards & smaller lanes
• impressive dockyards, graneries, warehouses, brick
platforms & protective walls
• massive citadels protected the city from floods &
attackers
• city dwellers – traders & artisans
• all the houses had access to water & drainage facilities

Gist Points: Development of Cities:

1- Social-Man’s interrelationship & behaviour • grew in size & density and surrounded by numerous
2- Economic-Financial environment towns & villages
3- Political-Ideological environment • cities interlinked by trade & economic activities,
4- Physical-Built environment relegious beliefs, social relations, etc
5- Cultural-Spiritual environment • vast agricultural lands, rivers & forests by pastoral
6- Ecological-Natural environment communities , fisher folk and hunters surrounded each
city

Role of Planners: Classification of Towns:

Consider – “human communities are always in the -Small villages-0-10 hectares
process of changing -Large towns-10-50 hectares
Recognize – “the complexity of communities -Cities-50 hectares
Concern – about the future
Areas:
Mohenjodaro~200 Hectares
If Planning deemed not commenced!: Harappa~150 Hectares
Uneven & Chaotic development – contrasting urban
scenario
Mixed Landuse – Industries springing up in residential Populations:
zones Mohenjodaro~35‐41000
Harappa~23500
Congested Transportation Network – overflowing
traffic than expected

Town Planning of Moen Jo

Daro
Objectives & Goals of Town -Excavation showed:
The most striking feature of the Harappan cities is their
town planning. The Harappan City was divided into the
upper town called the Citadel and the lower town. The
various features of the Harappan town Planning is given
below:
Granaries: The granary was the largest structure in
Mohenjodaro, in Harappa there were about six granaries
or storehouses. These were used for storing grain.
Great Bath This was another important structure in
Mohenjodaro. The floor of the bath had five layers. It was
so watertight that even today it holds water. There were
changing rooms. People probably used it during festivals
and religious ceremoies.
Town HallA palace-like building that looked like an
assembly hall for the city government of for people to
meet.
Lower Hall:[/COLOR][/B] This was the residential
area where the common people lived.
Streets: The roads and streets intersected at right
angles. There were covered drains along the road.
Houses were built on either side of the roads and streets.
Drainage System The drainage system of the
Harappan cities was the best known to the world in
ancient times. The brickwork prevented the dirty water
from leaking. Wooden screens stopped the solid wastes
from being washed away with the water. Drains were
built either side of the roads. They were covered with
stones which could be removed in order to clean them.
Houses: The houses varied in size. Some might have
been two storeyed. The houses were made of burnt
bricks. Most of the houses had central courtyard, well,
bathing area and kitchen.
Kot Diji
-Excavated in 1955-67, 22 km away from Khairpur
-Kot Diji fort-1790 by Talpurs
-Rani Kot/Fort Ahmadabad
Hundreds of years ago, at the edge of a desert in Sindh,
the Talpurs constructed a pompous fort atop a hill. This
emblematic fort, dominating the town of Kot Diji in
Khairpur district and known as Kot Diji Fort, was built
between 1785 to 1795.
Driving towards Khairpur district from the National
Highway, it is hard to miss this fort’s opulence, breaking
the monotony of the skyline.
I remember my excitement and disbelief all at once when
I first saw this mammoth construction. I could not wait to
get a closer look and to step inside to explore it properly.
It took us approximately eight hours to reach Khairpur
district from Karachi. On our way we made pitstops for
tea and food. By the time we got to Kot Diji fort, I knew I
had very little time to explore this place and that I had to
rush since the sun was about to set soon, leaving us with
very little light for shooting photos.
When I got off the car, right by the entrance I noticed
this place with a cafeteria with traditional handmade
items from Sindh decorated along the entrance.
This was the brave Sadiqa Salahuddin's 'khazana,' an off-
shoot of the Indus Resource Centre (IRC). Khazana
employs local women and showcases various handicrafts
made by them such as patchwork, hand embroideries,
table-mats, coasters and ceramics, all for sale. I took a
quick look and then made my way to the fort.
I had only heard about Kot Diji fort and seen photos
online; but no photos can do justice to being in direct
audience to this marvel.
History suggests that this fort was built on a strategic
location since it provided an edge over enemies marching
from the east. A fatigued army could be encountered
before trooping towards irrigated lands in search of
water.
The fort was apportioned into three parts among the
Talpurs. One of the parts came under the rule of the Mirs
in Hyderabad; the second portion went to the Talpurs of
Mirpur Khas while the Talpurs of Khairpur Mirs held the
third portion under control.
It is recorded in history that the first Talpur ruler of
Khairpur Mirs, Mir Sohrab Khan (founder of the Kingdom
of Upper Sindh), founded a number of forts in order to
safeguard the frontiers of his rule. He is accredited for
constructing forts such as Imam Garh in the Thar region,
Shah Garh towards Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Ahmad Abad
at Diji.
The fort has only one main entrance on the east, saving it
against any raiding enemy. The gate known as Shahi
Darwaza or the royal gate in itself is a work of
engineering genius. Built on the plan of a curved
entrance, the fort has a small courtyard, which is
accessible only from outside.
The space is further guarded by two heavy bastions
keeping space to trap any proceeding army aiming to
destroy the fort by attacking from the musketry holes
and battlements on the top. The access through the
bastions is from the east, while the wooden gate with
heavy iron spikes totalling 234, stands towards the
western corner of the northern wall.
These spikes ensured that no heavy contingent, or
elephants, could be employed to break open the wooden
gates. And through its history the fort has never been
attacked.
Kot Diji is constructed on a limestone hill with kiln-baked
bricks. Apparently the bricks were used since they were
locally accessible and limestone rocks were believed to be
very brittle and would have shattered easily upon impact
with a canon ball.
The hill is about 110 feet high, above which the walls of
the fort rise another 30 feet. It has three strategically
placed towers about 50 feet tall.
The fort was built at a time when cannons had become
common and its design and position reveal that. It
includes several stations for cannons and because it is
positioned high on a narrow ridge, enemy cannons would
have had to fire at a massive distance and with little
accuracy.
Cannonballs could either hit the hill or would end up
flying over the fort and fall on the enemies' own forces on
the other side.
In addition to the main entrance through Shahi Gate, the
fort has as many as three secret small passages, which
were used in case of emergency.
After crossing the Shahi Gate we entered a small semi-
circular open space with high walls on three sides. These
provide a climbing access to the main fort.
After crossing the second gate a tunnel-like access leads
to the top through a third gate. The main portion of the
fort is beyond this point.
This military fort is designed to be fully equipped to offer
defence and to withstand an invasion. In addition to this
it houses heavy bastions, towers, an ammunition depot,
water reservoir, the Mirs’ harem, a prison, a place of
holding court and cells to accommodate guards and
sepoys.
These burjs were also used to mount the cannons at their
tops. These cannons were of different sizes, but since
there was sufficient space on each bastion, these could
be aimed in different directions.
Almost facing the third gate are some roofless rooms
beside the ghulam gardish. These were used as
ammunition depot or what is locally known as barood
khano.
Mir Sohrab Khan made this fort his abode a few years
before his death, but soon handed over the power to his
sons.
In January 1843, British troops also stayed here at a time
when Charles Napier was on his military adventure to
invade and conquer Imam Garh.
If any of you ever plan to visit Khairpur, do make it a
point to make this your first stop. And if you live in Sindh,
you must explore this fort at least once.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1177325/kot...talpur-
dynasty[/QUOTE]
Mehrgarh
~Dhadhar, Balouchistan/Bolan Pass, 2nd Oldest after
Bhirra (India)
-Neolithic age-6500-2500 BC~farming, sheeps
-Size-495 acre old village has been founded
-Excavated in 1974 by Jean Francisco & Catherine
Townplanning: Mud Bricks, Metal using,
Period I- (7000-5500) Neolithic: Stone, Bone tools,
farming, ornaments, shells
Period II-(5500-4800) Ceramic Neolithic: Woman
decoratings, pottery, human figures etc
Mehrgarh (Balochi: Mehrgaŕh; Pashto: ‫ ;مهرګړ‬Urdu: ‫مہرگڑھ‬
, sometimes anglicized as Mehergarh or Mehrgar,
near the capital of the Kachi District Dadhar, is one of the
most important Neolithic (6500 BCE to c. 2500 BCE) sites
in archaeology It lies on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan,
Pakistan.[1] It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of
farming and herding in South Asia.[2][3]
Map of Pakistan showing Mehrgarh in relation to the cities
of Quetta, Kalat, and Sibi and the Kachi Plain of
Balochistan.
Mehrgarh is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of
the Indus River valley and between the Pakistani cities of
Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. The site was discovered in 1974
by an archaeological team directed by French
archaeologists Jean-François Jarrige and Catherine
Jarrige, and was excavated continuously between 1974
and 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. The earliest
settlement at Mehrgarh, in the northeast corner of the
495-acre (2.00 km2) site, was a small farming village
that has been dated to between 6500 BCE to 5500 BCE.
The whole area covers a number of successive
settlements. Archaeological material has been found in
six mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been
collected.[4]
Mehrgarh Period I
Mehrgarh Period I 7000 BCE–5500 BCE, was Neolithic
and aceramic (i.e., without the use of pottery). The
earliest farming in the area was developed by semi-
nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley
and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The
settlement was established with simple mud buildings
and most of them had four internal subdivisions.
Numerous burials have been found, many with elaborate
goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads,
bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices, with
more goods left with burials of males. Ornaments of sea
shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli and sandstone
have been found, along with simple figurines of women
and animals. Sea shells from far sea shore and lapis lazuli
found as far away as present-day Badakshan,
Afghanistan shows good contact with those areas. A
single ground stone axe was discovered in a burial, and
several more were obtained from the surface. These
ground stone axes are the earliest to come from a
stratified context in the South Asia. Periods I, II and III
are contemporaneous with another site called Kili Gul
Mohammed.
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men
from Mehrgarh made the discovery that the people of the
Indus Valley Civilization, from the early Harappan
periods, had knowledge of proto-dentistry. Later, in April
2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature
that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the
drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was
found in Mehrgarh. According to the authors, their
discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the
early farming cultures of that region. "Here we describe
eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults discovered
in a Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500
to 9,000 years ago. These findings provide evidence for a
long tradition of a type of proto-dentistry in an early
farming culture."[8]
[Period II and Period III
Mehrgarh Period II 5500 BCE–4800 BCE and Merhgarh
Period III 4800 BCE–3500 BCE were ceramic Neolithic
(i.e., pottery was now in use) and later chalcolithic.
Period II is at site MR4 and period III is at MR2.[4] Much
evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and
more advanced techniques were used. Glazed faience
beads were produced and terracotta figurines became
more detailed. Figurines of females were decorated with
paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two
flexed burials were found in period II with a covering of
red ochre on the body. The amount of burial goods
decreased over time, becoming limited to ornaments and
with more goods left with burials of females. The first
button seals were produced from terracotta and bone and
had geometric designs. Technologies included stone and
copper drills, updraft kilns, large pit kilns and copper
melting crucibles. There is further evidence of long-
distance trade in period II: important as an indication of
this is the discovery of several beads of lapis lazuli, once
again from Badakshan. Mehrgarh Periods II and III are
also contemporaneous with an expansion of the settled
populations of the borderlands at the western edge of
South Asia, including the establishment of settlements
like Rana Ghundai, Sheri Khan Tarakai, Sarai Kala,
Jalilpur and Ghaligai.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh
Gandhara Civilization
Location: Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan, in vale of
Peshawar, Potohar Plateau on the Kabul River
Cities: Pushapura (Peshawar) “city of man”, Varmayana
“modern Bamayan”, Takshahila “Taxila”.
Period: 1st millennium BC to 11th century AD.
Rulers: Alberuni, Ghaznavi & then Gandhara name
disappeared
Texila: The Gandharan city of Taxila was an important
Buddhist and Hindu [11] centre of learning from the 5th
century BC[11] to the 2nd century.
Sawat+Dir+Peshawar+Taxila was called Gandhara.
Evidences: of Stone Age (Cave), Bronze Age , Gandhara
script writings etc , Budhist art

This civilization is symbol of human, religious, art and

history development.

Five-Year Plans of Pakistan

The Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of Pakistan

(otherwise publicly known as Five-Year Economic Plans
for the National Economy), were the series of nationwide
centralised economic plans and targets as part of the
economic development initiatives, in the Pakistan.[1] The
plan was conceived by the Ministry of Finance (MoF), and
were studied and developed by the Economic
Coordination Committee (ECC) based on the theory of
Cost-of-production value, and also covered the areas of
Trickle-down system. Supervision and fulfillment of this
programme became the watchword of Pakistan's civil
bureaucracy since early 1950s.

Inspired by the Five-Year Plans of Soviet Union, the

programme was visioned and proposed by the Finance
Minister Malick Ghoulam[3] to Prime minister Liaquat Ali
Khan who initially backed the programme, in 1948.[4]
The first five-year plans were approved by the prime
minister Ali Khan in 1950 for the period of 1950-55; it
was accepted in a view to serve in the rapid and
intensified industrialisation, expansion of banking and
financial services, with a major focus on heavy industry.
[5] Although not five-year plans did not take up the full
period of time assigned to them, some of the plans were
failed and abandoned whilst some completed
successfully. Altogether, there were eight five-year plans
(starting 1950 till 1999)[1] and were replaced with the
more effective programme, the Medium Term
Development Framework (MTDF) under Prime Minister
Shaukat Aziz (office: 2004-2007).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Y...ns_of_Pakistan

IV. History of planning in

Pakistan: 5 year plans.
Five Years plan of Pak
-The 5y Plans for national economy known as 5y
economic plans for the national economy, are the series
of nation’s economic development programs.
-concieved by MoF, studied by (ECO) Economic
Coordination Commission based on the theory of Cost-of-
production value & also covered the area of tickle-down
system under the supervison of civil bureaucracy since
early 1950s.
-Inspired by th USSR 5y plans, proposed by the Finance
Minister Malik Ghulam Mohd to to PM Liaquat who backed
the program in 1948.
-Though plan had been failed and successful since 1950
to 1999.
-Then, replaced the more effective plan (MTDP) Medium
Term Development Program by PM Shaukat Aziz’s tenure
in (2004-2007)
-MTDP-was initiated to strengthen national economy &
civil infrastructure.
-drafted by Aziz to to turn the pak into major
industrialized nation, to achieve MDGs, emphasized
macroeconomic connected to development of science, IT,
human resource, edu, labour, & taxation finance
management.