TOWN PLANNING

7th SEM, RSA

URBAN: Urban means an environment in which natural surroundings have been
dominated by artificial or man-made surroundings.

TOWN: A place with more than 5000 population, more than 75 percent of
which are engaged in non-agricultural occupation and the density is more than
400 persons per sq.km.

VILLAGE / COUNTRYSIDE: A village is a clustered human settlement or community with

population less than 5000 and more than 75 % of male working population engaged in
agricultural and allied activities.
URBAN AGGLOMERATION: An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban
spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths.

MUNICIPAL CORPORATION: Local governing body which govern cities with

a population of more than 1,00,000 people.

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL: are for towns between 25,000 and 1,00,000 in

population.

NAGAR PANCHAYAT: are for towns with populations between 11,000 and

25,000 people.
URBAN PLANNING:
 Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development
and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and
the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such
as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.

 Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements.

 Town Planning is considered as an art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of
the town creating buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as
social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions
for both rich and poor people to live, work, or to relax., thus bringing about the
social and economic wellbeing for the majority of the mankind.

 Aristotle once said: “A city should be built to give its inhabitants security and
happiness”.

 Plato describes a city as “a place where men had a common life for a noble end.”
Objectives of TOWN PLANNING or URBAN PLANNING:
HEALTH:
a) To create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all the people –
rich or poor, to live, work or relax.

b) To make right use of land for the right purpose by proper division of land called
zoning such as Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Institutional , Recreational etc.
to avoid the encroachment of one zone over the other.

CONVENIENCE:
c) It is meant in the form of various needs of the community such as social, economic,
cultural and recreational amenities etc. such as water supply, sanitation, electricity,
open spaces, parks, gardens etc.

BEAUTY:
d) To preserve the individuality of the town by developing it on its most suited natural
conditions.

e) To preserve the aesthetic in the design of all elements of town or city plan.
Principles of TOWN PLANNING :
 There should be no haphazard method in planning process.

 Housing accommodation to various classes of people should be allowed to develop.

 Civic amenities like shopping centres, schools, dispensaries etc. should be provided
to all the residents.

 Adequate open spaces should be reserved for public recreation centres and also for
future expansion of the town.

 Public and Semi-public buildings should be grouped and distributed neatly

throughout the town or city.

 The system of zoning should be strictly followed.

 The growth of the town should be controlled by the provision of green belt.

The words of “Aristotle” who summarized all the principles of town planning quoted
as “A city should be built to give its inhabitants security and happiness.”
Necessity of TOWN PLANNING :
The “INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION” that took place in 1760-1820 is an important epoch in
the history of growth of towns and cities.

Impact of Industrial Revolution??

TOWN PLANNING as a Team - Work :

“Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins Championships.”

Michael Jordan.

a) Town Planner

b) Architect

c) Engineers

d) Sociologist

e) Geographer

f) Ecologist

g) Administrator
Duties and Power of TOWN PLANNER :
 To conduct the survey and collect the data for carrying out development schemes
inside and outside the limits of the towns and cities.

 To demarcate the boundaries of the land reserved for public use.

 To prepare the detailed estimate and to work out the cost of any proposed schemes.

 To determine the compensation to be paid to the owners for acquisition of their

property.

 To act as an expert valuer and financial adviser in land acquisition case.

 To guard the interests of the citizens of the town as a whole.

 Modern TOWN PLANNING Concepts :
 The concept of 4 leading thinkers of modern urban planning had a significant
impact in shaping the modern cities all over the world.

They are:

a) Sir Ebenezer Howard

b) Le Corbusier
c) Sir Patrick Geddes
d) Doxiadis
 SIR EBENEZER HOWARD (1850 – 1928)
 He was born as the son of a shopkeeper in the city of
London.

 After schooling he took a number of clerical posts.

 He spent 4 years of life living in Chicago, witnessing its

rebuilding following the great fire.

 It was during that time , he began to contemplate ways to

improve cities.

 After studying the industrial evils in Britain gave the concept

of “ GARDEN CITY.”

 He had an idea which he set forth in a book entitled

“Garden City of Tomorrow.”

He explained the idea of Garden City by an impressive diagram of “The Three

Magnets” namely the “TOWN MAGNET”, “COUNTRY MAGNET” and “the third
magnet with attractive features of both town and country life.”
 GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW : The Book
 This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town
(such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air
and low rents).
 He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram which addressed the
question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-
Country'.
 It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in advance, and
surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land.
 THE CURE - Sir Ebenezer Howard
 It is important to understand the context to which Howard’s work was a reaction.
 London (and other cities) in the 19th century were in the throws of
industrialization, and the cities were exerting massive forces on the labour markets
of the time.
 Massive immigration from the countryside to the cities was taking place with
London.
 This situation was unsustainable and political commentators of all parties sought “how
best to provide the proper antidote against the greatest danger of modern existence”.
 To Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate people with the countryside.
 In trying to understand and represent the attraction of the city he compared each city to
a magnet, with individuals represented as needles drawn to the city.
 He set about comparing the ‘town and country magnets’ but decided that
neither were suitable attractors for his utopian vision.
 Instead he believed that “Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be
enjoyed together” – hence giving his solution “the two magnets must be made one.”
 "Town and country must be united, and out of this joyous union, will spring a new hope,
a new life, a new civilization."
The Three Magnets Diagram (below) makes three points: THE THREE
 Town life has good and bad characteristics MAGNETS - The
 Country life has good and bad characteristics
 Town-Country life can have all the good things People, Where will
about life in towns and life in the country - without
any of the bad things. they go?
TOWN COUNTRY
POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATIVE ASPECTS POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGATIVE ASPECTS

• Social opportunity. • Closing out of nature. • Beauty of nature. • Lack of

society
• Isolation of crowds. • High rents & prices. • Land lying idle. • Hands out of work.
• Places of • Foul air and Murky • Wood, meadow, • Trespassers beware.
amusement. sky. forest.
• Chances of • Slums & gin palaces. • Fresh air. • Low wages.
employment.
• Low rents. • Lack of drainage.
• High money wages. • Costly drainage.
• Abundance of water. • Lack of amusement.
• Well-lit streets.
• Bright sunshine. • No public spirit.
• Palatial edifices.
• Need for reform.
• Crowded dwellings.
• Deserted villages.
 TOWN-COUNTRY
COMBINATION OF BOTH ASPECTS
Beauty of nature- peace all-over the places.
Social opportunity- cumulative growth.
Fields and parks of easy access- equal chances.
Low rents- high wages.
Low rates- plenty to do.
Low prices- no sweating.
Field for enterprise- flow of capital.
Pure air and water- good drainage.
Bright homes & gardens- no
smoke, no slums.
Freedom- Co-operation.
The original Garden City concept by Ebenezer Howard, 1902.
Assumed data-
GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE
• A total of 6000 acre estate
• 1000 acres, purely for the central garden city as a home for 30000 people.
• Surrounding the central city 5000 Acres of land is retained for agriculture
and home for 2000 people, with cow pastures, farmlands, and welfare
services.

GARDEN CITY DATAS

• Central City:
Area: 12000 acres.
Population : 58000 people
• Agglomeration Cities:
Area: 9000 acres
Population: 32000 people
• Distance between central main city
and the agglomeration: ~10km .
 CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT
 Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern.

 Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that radiated from the
central park/garden.

 Civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre, Museum etc. ) are placed
around the central garden.

 The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as an arcade for indoor
 shops and winter gardens.

 The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric ringed tree lined
avenues.

 Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km .

 A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which run in the center of
concentric rings , houses the schools and churches and acts as a continuous
public park.
• All the industries, factories and warehouses were placed at the periferal ring
of the city.
• The municipal railway was placed in another ring closer to the industrial ring ,
so that the pressure of excess transport on the city streets are reduced and
the city is connected to the rest of the nation.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

Howard goes to great lengths to demonstrate how the revenue derived simply
from rents could be used to:
• Pay the interest with which the estate was purchased (providing a 4% return for
the initial investors)
• Provide a sinking fund for the purpose of paying off the principal.
• Construct and maintain all the works typically undertaken by municipalities
(including a detailed breakdown of associated costs).
• Provide a large surplus for other purposes including old age pensions,
medical
services and insurance.
ADMINISTRATION
• Howard did not advocate the complete municipalisation of industry or the
elimination of private enterprise, instead he proposes a cautious and limited
municipality that doesn’t attempt “too much.”
• The activities are to be closely related to the rate-rent of the tenants and
would “grow in proportion as municipal work is done efficiently and honestly.”
• With this in mind the structure of the municipality and its administration is
proposed with a Board of Management composed of The Central Council and
The Departments (Public Control, Engineering, Social and Education).
CITY GROWTH
• Assuming the Garden City model was implemented and found to be successful
Howard begins to describe how the City could grow and become part of an
integrated network of Garden Cities.

• The principle of “always preserving a belt of country” around cities should

always be maintained, argues Howard, so once a city has reached capacity a
new one must be founded outside the agricultural belt (the influence of
colonial-models prominent).

• Eventually there a central city (of perhaps 58,000 inhabitants) would be

surrounded by a number of smaller off-shoot cities, connected by railroad and
canal infrastructure.
 Garden City Principle in Practice
 The first Garden City evolved out of
Howard’s principles is Letchworth
Garden City designed by Raymond
Unwin and Barry Parker in 1903.

 The second one to evolve was

Welwyn Garden City designed by
Louis de Soissons and Frederic
Osborn in 1920.

 Another example was Radburn City

designed by Clarence Stein and
Henry Wright in 1928.
LATCHWORTH
• Letchworth, officially Letchworth Garden City, is a town
in Hertfordshire, England, with a population of 33,600
• It was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker.
• Letch worth – 35 miles from London

An Analysis
• Land of 3822 acres
• Reserved Green belt- 1300 acres
• Designed for a maximum of 35000 population
• In 30 years – developed with 15000 population & 150
shops, industries.

Latchworth Garden City- Arrangement from top.

 WELWYN
• Welwyn Garden City is a town within
the Borough of Welwyn
Hatfield in Hertfordshire, England.
• It is located approximately 19 miles
from Kings Cross and 24 miles from
London.
• On 29 April 1920 a company, Welwyn
Garden City Limited, was formed to plan and
build the garden city, chaired by Sir
Theodore Chambers. Louis de Soissons was
appointed as architect and town planner and
Frederic Osborn as secretary.

An Analysis
.• Land of 2378 acres
• Designed for a maximum of 40000
population
• In 15 years – developed with
10000 population & 50 shops,
industries.
W
• Streets are designed so as
to give the concept of a
Neighborhood unit.

• Separation of the pedestrian

walkways from the main
roads gives a sense of natural
beauty.

• Open and green spaces are

Given on a large scale.

• Personalization of Homes in
Welwyn with varying roofline,
texture and composition for
each house.
 RADBURN, NEW JERSEY
• Radburn was planned by architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1928.
• It is America’s first garden community, serving as a world wide example of the
harmonious blending of private space and open area.
• Radburn provided a prototype for the new towns to meet the requirements
for contemporary good living.
• Radburn was designed to occupy one square mile of land and house some
25,000 residents.
• However, the Great Depression limited the development to only 149 acres.
• Radburn created a unique alternative to the conventional suburban
development through the use of cul-de-sacs, interior parklands, and cluster
housing.
• Although Radburn is smaller than planned, it still plays a very important
role
in the history of urban planning.
• The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) used Radburn as a
garden city experiment.
RADBURN CONSISTS
• Residential areas
OF-
• 149 acres of interior parks,
• Walkways.
• 2 swimming pools,
• 4 tennis courts,
• 2 playgrounds,
• Archery plaza and a school,
• 2 outdoor basketball courts
• A community center, which houses administrative
offices, library, gymnasium, clubroom and service
and maintenance areas.
Housing blocks

Parks and greenbelt

Plaza
 CONCLUSION:
• Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City concept shows us a place where genuine
urban activities are carried at human scale.
• The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have served many uses
including the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage
conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management.
• Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and community
dimensions.
• The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial estates and
collective retailing spaces could be used within a comprehensive planning
approach to serve public purposes.
“CHANDIGARH” – the city beautiful…
PRESENT DAY CHANDIGARH
ROAD NETWORKS
ROAD NETWORKS
ASSEMBLY HALL
HIGH COURT
OPEN HAND
• Symbolic structure designed by the
architect Le Corbusier.

• It stands 26 metres (85 ft) high.

• It is the emblem or symbol of the

Government of Chandigarh and
symbolizes "the hand to give and the
hand to take; peace and prosperity,
and the unity of mankind"
 SECTOR - 17
• Nothing compares to the happening
crowd in Sec 17, where you can simply
wail away time nibbling on ice cream.

• Sec 17 remains the #1 most

happening place in Chandigarh. The
shady trees, the cool breeze and the
wide open skies above are relaxing
even when the temperature soar sky
high
 TOURISTS SPOTS IN CHANDIGARH

1. ROCK GARDEN

• The Rock Garden of Chandigarh is a sculpture garden .It is also known as Nek

Chand's Rock Garden after its founder Nek Chand, a government official who
started the garden secretly in his spare time in 1957. Today it is spread over an
area of 40 acres (161874.25 m²).

• It is completely built of industrial and home waste and thrown-away items

2. SUKHNA LAKE:
• In love or in despair,
Sukhna Lake in
Chandigarh is a constant
companion for every
person.

• People come here to

propose, to date, to
enjoy long walks and
also to dump their
sorrows.

Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh, India, is a reservoir at the foothills

(Shivalik hills) of the Himalayas. This 3 km² rainfed lake was created
in 1958 by damming the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming
down from the Shivalik Hills.
3. ROSE GARDEN:
• Zakir Hussain Rose Garden, is
a botanical
garden in Chandigarh,
India and spread over 30
acres (120,000 m2) of
land, with 50,000 rose-bushes
of 1600 different species.

• Named after India's former

president, Zakir Hussain. 
4. ELANTE MALL:

• Elante Mall is a shopping mall in the city of Chandigarh in India.

• It is the second largest shopping mall in Northern India and the eleventh largest in India.

• They produce their own electricity. Government is not able to give electricity to Elante Mall. It
will take 6 hr of black out in chandigarh,if government allows electricity to elante mall.  

• Elante is spread over an area of 20 acres. It is part of a mixed use real estate

development project by Larsen & Toubro called Elante. It is now a public attraction
QUESTIONS??
THANK YOU….