Review of 15.3 - 16.4 (Except 15.

6)
1. Double Integrals

RR
R

f (x, y)dA:

(a) R is a vertically, or horizontally simple region:

(a.1) Vertically simple: R = {a x b, y1 (x) y y2 (x)}
b

ZZ

y2 (x)

f dydx

f dA =
x=a

y=y1 (x)

(a.2) Horizontally simple: R = {c y d, x1 (y) x x2 (y)}

ZZ

x2 (y)

f dA =
R

f dxdy
y=c

x=x1 (y)

(b) Double integrals in polar coordinates: dA = rdrd. To find the bounds,

(b.1) Sketch the region R and label the bounding curves.
(b.2) Draw a ray from the origin which cuts through R in the direction of increasing
r. Mark the r-values where L enters and leaves R. These are the r-limits of integration
which usually depend on .
(b.3) Find the smallest and largest -values that bound R. These are the -limits of
integration.


 (x,y) 
(c) Change of variables formula for double integrals: dA =  (u,v)  dudv, (u, v) D,
then


ZZ
ZZ
 (x, y) 
 dudv
f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) 
f (x, y)dA =
(u, v) 
D
R
I You may use the following formula to compute the Jacobian
 


 (x, y)   (u, v) 1
=


 (u, v)   (x, y) 
2. Triple integrals
(a) If f = f (x, y, z) is a continuous function defined on a box B = [a, b] [c, d] [r, s],

then we have
Z

ZZZ

f (x, y, z)dzdxdy

f dV =
B

y=c
Z s

x=a z=r
Z d Z b

z=r
Z b

y=c
Z s

x=a
Z d

x=a

z=r

y=c

f (x, y, z)dxdydz

=
=
(b) Evaluate

RRR
E

f (x, y, z)dydzdx.

f dV if E is a z-, x- or y-simple region:

(b.1) z-simple (Type I): E = {(x, y) D, z1 (x, y) z z2 (x, y)}, where D is the
projection of E onto xy-plane. Then we have
ZZZ

ZZ

z2 (x,y)

f dV =

f dz

dA

z=z1 (x,y)

(b.2) x-simple (Type II): E = {(y, z) D, x1 (y, z) x x2 (y, z)}, where D is the
projection of E onto yz-plane. Then we have
ZZZ

ZZ

x2 (y,z)

f dV =

f dx dA

x=x1 (y,z)

(b.3) y-simple (Type III): E = {(x, z) D, y1 (x, z) y y2 (x, z)}, where D is the
projection of E onto xz-plane. Then we have
ZZZ

ZZ

f dV =
E

y2 (x,z)

f dy dA
D

y=y1 (x,z)

(c) Triple integrals in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

(c.1) Cylindrical coordinates: dV = rdzdrd (assuming the solid is z-simple).
(c.1.1) Solve for z from the two equations that contain z. This gives the z-limits of
integration: z = z1 (r, ) and z = z2 (r, ).
(c.1.2) Draw the projection D of the solid onto xy-plane and switch to polar coordinates.
(c.1.2a) Draw a ray through (r, ) from the origin. The ray enters D at r = r1 () and
leaves at r = r2 (). These are the r-limits of integration.
(c.1.2b) As the ray sweeps across D, runs from = to = . These are the -limits
of integration.
2

(c.1.3) The integral is

Z

ZZZ

r2 ()

z2 (r,)

f dV =
E

f (r, , z)rdzdrd
=

r=r1 ()

z=z1 (r,)

(c.2) Spherical coordinates: dV = 2 sin ddd.

(c.2.1) Draw the cross section in the yz-plane (let x = 0). Then draw a ray L from the
origin through the cross section making an angle with the positive z-axis.
(c.2.1a) As increases, L enters the cross section at = 1 (, ) and leaves at =
2 (, ). These are the -limits of integration.
(c.2.1b) As L sweeps over the cross section, the angle runs from = 1 () to 2 ().
These are the -limits of integration.
(c.2.2) Draw the projection D of the solid onto the xy-plane. Then draw a ray L0 which
sweeps over D as runs from to . These are the -limits of integration.
(c.2.3) The integral is
ZZZ

2 ()

1 (,)

f (, , )2 sin ddd

f dV =
E

=1 ()

=1 (,)

3. Vector fields
(a) A vector fields in space looks like F(x, y, z) = hP (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)i. A
plane vector field F(x, y) = hP (x, y), Q(x, y)i is a particular space vector field with R 0.
(b) Conservative vector fields and their potentials
(b.1) F is conservative if F = f , where f is the potential. Note that f is not unique.
If F = hP, Qi is a vector field on R2 , then we only need to check Qx = Py .
(b.2) To find the potential of a 2-D vector field F = hP, Qi, integrate fx = P , and
fy = Q to get two expressions of f , then write down the union of each term in these two
expressions of f .
4. Line integrals
(a) Two types
R
(a.1) Type I: C f ds (If f = 1, this is the arc length formula.)
R
R
R
(a.2) Type II: C P dx + Qdy + Rdz = C F r(t)dt = C F dr, where F = hP, Q, Ri.

(b) Evaluate the line integrals:

(b.1) C is a parametric curves given by r(t) = hx(t), y(t), z(t)i, a t b, then
Z

Z
f ds =

f (r(t))|r0 (t)|dt,

and
Z

[P (r(t))x0 (t) + Q(r(t))y 0 (t) + R(r(t))z 0 (t)]dt.

P dx + Qdy + Rdz =
C

For Type II line integrals, we assume that the parametrization is compatible with the
orientation of the curve, that is, r(a) is the initial point and r(b) is the terminal point of
the curve.
(b.2) If C is the graph of y = y(x), a x b, then
Z

p
f (x, y(x)) 1 + (y 0 (x))2 dx

f ds =
C

[P (x, y(x)) + Q(x, y(x))y 0 (x)]dx

P dx + Qdy =
C

(b.3) If C is the graph of x = x(y), c y d, then

Z

p
f (x(y), y) 1 + (x0 (y))2 dy

f ds =
C

Z
P dx + Qdy =

[P (x(y), y)x0 (y) + Q(x(y), y)]dy

(c) Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals:

R
C

f dr = f (r(b)) f (r(a)), where r(a)

is the initial point and r(b) is the terminal point of C.

(d) Independence of Path: If F is conservative, then

R
C

F r is independent of path.

(e) Greens Theorem

Assumption: The vector field F = hP, Qi is defined throughout the plane region D
enclosed by the closed curve C.
H
RR
General Form: C P dx + Qdy = D (x Q y P )dA
I Be careful of the orientation of the curve C.

Practice Problems
The purpose of this problem set is to give you an idea of the level of difficulty to expect
on the real test. The real test will have completely different problems!

1. Evaluate the volume of the solid bounded by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9 and the planes
y + z = 5 and z = 1.
2. Describe the solid E bounded by (x 1)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 in spherical coordinates, that
is, you are asked to find the limits of , , and for E.
3. A region R in the xy-plane is bounded by the parabolas y 2 = x, y 2 = 3x and the
hyperbolas xy = 1, xy = 3. To evaluate the area of R, we do the following
(a) Find equations for a transformation T that maps a rectangular region S in the
uv-plane onto R.
(b) Compute the Jacobian of T .
(c) Evaluate the area of the region R based on the transformation T .
4. Let C be part of the curve x = y 2 from (1, 1) to (1, 1).
R
(a) C xyds.
R
(b) C F dr, where F = hx, yi.
5. Let F(x, y) = 3x2 yi + x3 j be a vector field on R2 .
(a) Determine if F conservative.
(b) Find a scalar function f (x, y) such that f = F if possible.
(c) Compute the work done by F as it moves a particle from (1, 0) to (0, 1) along the
arc of the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 in the counterclockwise direction. Does the answer depend
on the path chosen from (1, 0) to (0, 1)?
3

6. Let F(x, y) = (ex 2y)i + (x2 + ey )j. Evaluate the following line integral
Z
F dr
C

where C is the triangle given by x = 0, x + y = 1, and y = 0. Assume that C has the

positive orientation.

Solutions to Practice Problems

1. It is convenient to describe the solid as a z-simple region:

1z 5y
The projection D of the solid onto xy-plane is the disk
x2 + y 2 9
which can be described by polar coordinates as {0 r 3, 0 2}. Thus we have
Z Z Z 5y 
dz dA
Volume =
D
1
Z 2 Z 3
=
(4 r sin )rdrd
=0 r=0
Z 2 Z 3
=4
d
rdr 0
0

= 4(2)(9/2) = 36

2. Method 1:
Step 1. We write the equation of the sphere in sphercial coordinates:
(x 1)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2x 2 = 2 sin cos ,
and so the equation of the sphere is = 2 sin cos .
Step 2. For the sphere (x 1)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, if we let x = 0, then the cross section
degenerates to the origin, since the equation becomes y 2 + z 2 = 0. Hence, we need
to cut the sphere along the plane y = 0 and get (x 1)2 + z 2 = 1. This yields that
0 2 sin cos and 0 .
Step 3. The projection of the sphere onto xy-plane is (x 1)2 + y 2 = 1, and so
/2 /2.
Method 2:
We draw the x-axis upward and regard x-axis as the usual z-axis, y-axis as the usual
x-axis, and z-axis as the usual y-axis. Then we define
x = cos , y = sin cos , z = sin sin .
6

From the Examples of Building Blocks, it follows that

E = {0 2 cos , 0 /2, 0 2}.
3. (a) R is bounded by

y2
x

= 1,

y2
x

= 3, xy = 1, xy = 3. This suggests that if we set

y2
and v = xy,
x

u=

then in uv-plane, the corresponding region is the square [1, 3] [1, 3].
(b) The Jacobian is given by
(x, y)
=
(u, v)

1

(u, v)
(x, y)

1  2 1
3y
2y
1
y2
=
=
2 (x) (y)
x
x
x
3u

= (ux vy uy vx )1

(c) The area is

ZZ

1
dA =
3
R

Z
1

Z
1

1
1
dudv =
u
3

dv
1

1
2
du = ln 3
u
3

4. (a) Step 1. Find a parametrization of C:

r(y) = hy 2 , yi,

y 1.

Step 2. Find ds:

ds =

p
p
1 + (x0 (y))2 dy = 1 + 4y 2 dy

Step 3. Evaluate the line integral:

Z
Z 1
p
xyds =
(y 2 )y 1 + 4y 2 dy = 0,
C

since the integrand is an odd function.

(b) Step 1. Find a parametrization of C:
r(y) = hy 2 , yi,

1 y 1.

Step 2. Find dx in terms of dy: dx = 2ydy.

Step 3. Evaluate the line integral: Let F = hP, Qi, then

Z
Z
Z 1
F dr =
P dx + Qdy =
(y 2 )(2ydy) + ydy = 0.
C

5. Let P = 3x2 y and Q = x3 . Then F = hP, Qi.

(a) It is easy to see that Py = 3x2 = Qx . Since the region R2 is simply-connected, we
conclude that F is conservative.
(b) The potential f must satisfies fx = P = 3x2 y and fy = x3 . Integrating the first
equation w.r.t. x gives f = x3 y + . Integrating the second equation w.r.t. y gives
f = x3 y + . Hence, f = x3 y.
(c) By Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals, we have
Z
Z
f dr = f (0, 1) f (1, 0) = 0
F dr =
C

Since the vector field is conservative, the answer is independent of the choice of the paths.
6. It is complicated to evaluate the line integral directly due to the fact that C consists
of three smooth curves. So the idea is to apply the Greens Theorem.
3

Let P = ex + 2y, Q = x2 + ey , and D is the triangular region bounded by C, then

Greens Theorem gives
Z

ZZ
F dr =

ZZ

(Qx
D
1 Z 1x

=
0

Py )dA =

(2x + 2)dA
Z 1
4
(2x + 2)dydx = 2
(1 x2 )dx = .
3
0
D