01 - TM51151EN04GLA2 - LTE-EPS Overview PDF

Nokia Academy
LTE/EPS Overview
LTE/EPS Fundamentals Course
TM51151EN04GLA2
Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
Copyright and confidentiality

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TM51151EN04GLA2
used in Nokia Solutions and Networks

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Module Objectives
After completing this module, the participant should be able to:
Understand the reasons driving to the LTE/SAE project.

List the LTE/SAE main requirements.
Discuss the future of wireless communications.
Compare LTE/SAE capabilities with other mobile technologies.
- Review the 3GPP specification work concerning LTE/SAE.
Identify the major steps in the Network Architecture Evolution towards an

LTE/SAE network.
Underline the LTE/SAE key features.
Briefly explain LTE-Advanced.
Name the Standardisation bodies around LTE/SAE.
TM51151EN04GLA2
General Information
Phone and
messages
Fire escape
Break Room
Restrooms
TM51151EN04GLA2
Introduction :
Name :
How long :
Position :
Past experience :
NSN LTE Course Flow

LTE
LTE Radio
Planning
Essentials
Advanced
Introductory
Fundamentals
Flexi NS
LTE Flexi
MultiRadio
O&M
LTE
Air
Interface
LTE Radio
Planning
Specialist
Flexi NG
eNB
Commision
Integration
LTE
Features
Overview
LTE Radio
Parameter
LTE
Signalling
TM51151EN04GLA2
LTE
eNB TSH
Mobile Communications
TM51151EN04GLA2
GSM Subscribers Worldwide (Sept. 2002)

Area
Arabic States
Number
of
Subscri
bers (in
21.5
Mio.)
Asia Pacific
Africa
747.5 Million
GSM
subscribers
284.7
22.7
East Central
Asia
Europe
India
5.3
371.6
8.5
North America
16.5
South America
4.6
Russia
1080 Million
mobile
subscribers
12.1
Source: GSM Association
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Module Contents
15
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Specification work
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
LTE-Advanced in 3GPP Release 10
LTE market potential
TM51151EN04GLA2
A little bit of History

New technologies developed in the last 15 years in
telecommunication brought available transmission
rates to a total new level.
Two systems have affected the life of nearly
everyone:
mobile communication via 2G network

like GSM
Wired & wireless data connectivity
(xDSL & WLAN IEEE 802.11/a/b/g
standards)
3G networks the first step towards a convergence
between both networks
16
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The way to LTE: 3 main 3G limitations

1.- The maximum bit rates still are factor of 20 and more behind
the current state of the art systems like 802.11n and
802.16e/m. Even the support for higher mobility levels is not
an excuse for this.
2.- The latency of user plane traffic (UMTS: >30 ms) and of
resource assignment procedures (UMTS: >100 ms) is too big
to handle traffic with high bit rate variance efficiently.
3.- The terminal complexity for UMTS systems is quite high,
making equipment expensive, resulting in poor performing
implementations of receivers and inhibiting the
implementation of other performance enhancements.
17
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Motivation for LTE

The CSP view
Mobile network
traffic and costs
Traffic volume
Network cost
(existing technologies)
LTE reduces
the cost/Mb
Revenue
Profitability
Network cost
(LTE)
Time
Voice dominated
Data dominated
Source: Light Reading (adapted)
18
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Motivation for LTE

Customer view: better broadband experience
High-Speed
Broadband
Broadband
everywhere
19
LTE
on low
frequency
bands, e.g.
digital dividend
TM51151EN04GLA2
10-20ms
latency
173 Mbps
DL peak
data rate
Capacity
for all
LTE
on large
frequency
bands,
e.g. 2.6GHz
What are the LTE challenges?

The Users expectation
..leads to the operators challenges
Best price, transparent flat rate

Full Internet
Click-bang responsiveness
reduce cost per bit

provide high data rate
provide low latency
User experience will have an

impact on ARPU
Price per Mbyte has to be reduced

to remain profitable
Throughput
Latency
Cost per MByte
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
LTE
UMTS
HSPA
I-HSPA
LTE
LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
20
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LTE Main Requirements

Next step for
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
Networks, but also for
cdma2000 operators
FDD & TDD Modes
A true global roaming technology
Peak data rates to

exceed 100 Mbps in DL
/ 50 Mbps in UL
Low latency 10-20 ms
Enhanced consumer experience
Scalable bandwidth: from

1.4MHz up to 20 MHz
OFDM technology
Spectral efficiency increased (2-4
times compared with HSPA Rel6)
Flat Architecture, optimized PS
IP based interfaces
21
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Easy to introduce on any

frequency band
Decreased cost / GByte
Schedule for 3GPP releases
Next step for
A true global roaming technology
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
and cdma2000
Specification:
IMS
HSDPA
UMTS Rel 99/4
2000
UMTS Rel 5
2003
MBMS
WLAN IW
HSUPA
IMS Evolution
LTE Studies
LTE & EPC
UMTS Rel 6
UMTS Rel 7
UMTS Rel 8
2005
2007
2008
2009
year
LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been
simple multimode implementation and backwards compatibility.
HSPA and LTE have similar architecture.
WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization.
22
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Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2)

Enhanced consumer experience:
Peak data rates to
- drives subscriber uptake
exceed 100 Mbps in

DL / 50 Mbps in UL
- allow for new applications

- provide additional revenue streams
Max. peak data rate

350
300
250
Downlink
Uplink
173 Mbps in DL
Mbps
57 Mbps in UL
200
150
100
50
0
HSPA R6
23
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Evolved HSPA
(REL. 7/8, 2x2
MIMO)
LTE 2x20 MHz

(2x2 MIMO)
LTE 2x20 MHz

(4x4 MIMO)
Comparison of Throughput and Latency (2/2)

Enhanced consumer experience:
Reduce Latency:
- drives subscriber uptake
User Plane 10-20 ms

Control Plane < 100 ms
- allow for new applications

- provide additional revenue streams
USER PLANE Latency:
CONTROL PLANE Latency:
Latency (Roundtrip delay)*

GSM/
EDGE
HSPA
Rel6
ACTIVE
ECM_
Connected
(EPS Bearer
allocated)
IDLE
ECM_Idle
(no
resources)
HSPAevo
(Rel8)
LTE
min
0
20
40
60
* Server near RAN
24
80
100
120
140
160
DSL (~20-50 ms, depending on

operator)
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max
180
200 ms
< 100 ms
Scalable Bandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
Easy to introduce on any

frequency band: Frequency
Refarming
(Cost efficient deployment on lower
Scalable bandwidth:
from 1.4MHz up to
20 MHz
frequency bands supported)

Urban
2.6 GHz
LTE
UMTS
2.1 GHz
or
2.6 GHz
LTE
2.1 GHz
2006
LTE
UMTS
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Rural
UMTS
900 MHz GSM
LTE
or
2006
25
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LTE
GSM
900 MHz
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Increased Spectral Efficiency

LTE target is to increase 2-4 times
OFDMA technology
the HSPA R6 spectral efficiency

HSPA R7 and WiMAX have Similar
Spectral Efficiency
increases Spectral
efficiency
All cases assume 2-antenna terminal reception
bps/Hz/cell
HSPA R7, WiMAX and LTE assume 2-antenna BTS transmission (2x2 MIMO)
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
HSPA R6
26
ITU contribution from

WiMAX Forum shows
downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8
bps/Hz/cell
Downlink
Uplink
HSPA R6 +
UE
equalizer
HSPA R7
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WiMAX
LTE R8
Simulations show LTE can

provide:
>3 times HSPA R6
spectral efficiency in DL
>2 times HSPA R6
spectral efficiency in UL
Simpler Architecture to reduce OPEX

Optimized PS Domain only
Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture
IP Based Interfaces: IP widely used as the
Reduce Network Cost
network layer in the protocol stack of all

interfaces (both for the control and user plane)
Inter-working with legacy systems is an
integral part of service continuity

Re-use of existing equipment as much as
possible
Flat, IP based architecture

Access
Core
Control
MME
IMS
HLR/HSS
Internet
Evolved Node B
27
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Gateway
3GPP LTE Specification Work
End 2004
Beginning 2005
December 2005
March 2006
September 2006
December 2007
December 2008
3GPP workshop on UTRAN Long Term Evolution

Study item started
Multiple Access selected
Functionality split between radio and core
Study item closed & approval of the work items
1st version of all radio specs approved
3GPP REL. 8: content Finalized and specification frozen
Standardization
LTE
Workshop
2004
Start of the
Study
2005
Multiple Access
Decision
Close Study and

Start Work Item
1st full set of

specifications
2006
RAN/CN
functional split
2007
PDCP moved from

CN to EUTRAN
Technology
28
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LTE R8 Content
Finalized
2008
FDD/TDD Frame
Structure Alignment
3GPP LTE Specification Work & early deployments
March 2009
Protocol Freezing (Backwards compatibility starts)
December 2009 3GPP R9 was frozen
On December 14, 2009, the world's first publicly available LTE service was
opened by TeliaSonera in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo.
On September 21, 2010, MetroPCS began to roll out its LTE network in Las
Vegas, Nevada
March 2011
3GPP Release 10 was frozen.

Standardization
3GPP R8 ASN.1 Code

Frozen
2008
2009
3GPP R9 was
frozen
2010
TeliaSonera launched first commercial

LTE network in Sweden and Norway
3GPP R10 was Frozen

(LTE-Advanced)
2011
Metro PCS initiates LTE

deployment in the US
Deployments
29
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2012
Standardisation around LTE

Collaboration agreement established in December
1998. The collaboration agreement brings together a
number of telecommunications standards bodies: ARIB,
CCSA, ETSI, ATIS, TTA, and TTC.
More in www.3gpp.org
Next Generation Mobile Networks. Is a group of mobile
operators, to provide a coherent vision for technology
evolution beyond 3G for the competitive delivery of
broadband wireless services.
More in www.ngmn.org
LTE/SAE Trial Initiative. Is was founded in may 2007 by a
group of leading telecommunications companies.
Its aim is to prove the potential and benefits that the LTE
technology can offer.
More in http://www.lstiforum.com/
30
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Different Mobile Technologies Capability Limits

WCDMA HSPA
R6
HSPA R7
(HSPA+)
14 / 5 Mbps
42 / 11 Mbps
50 ms
30 ms
30 ms
20 ms
<5 ms
0.7 / 0.4
1.4 / 0.6
1.5 / 0.6
2.1 / 0.9
<0.51.0
1823
30
18
4555
12
Spectrum
IMT-2000 bands
IMT-2000 bands
2300, 2500, 3500
IMT-2000 bands
2400, 5400
Cell range in urban area (indoor

outdoor)
2.87.4 km
2.87.4 km
0.61.5 km
2.87.4 km
30100 m
Theoretical peak bit rate in ideal

case DL/UL
Latency (round trip)
Spectral efficiency data
DL/UL [bps/Hz/cell]
Spectral efficiency [users/MHz/cell]
WiMAX TDD
20 MHz
LTE R8 FDD
2x20 MHz
80 / 16 Mbps 150 / 50 Mbps
WLAN
802.11g/n
54 Mbps
260Mbps
All radio standards show comparable performance under comparable conditions and similar feature set:
Laws of physics apply to all of them.
User rates mainly depend on bandwidth, modulation/coding and availability of MIMO (2x2 assumed)
Spectrum Efficiency is determined by Frequency Reuse and Feature Set (e.g. FSPS, MIMO, )
Latency (e.g. PING Performance) depends on chosen Frame Duration or TTI
Coverage depends on frequency band, RF power limitations and duplex mode
31
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NSN Network Architecture Evolution (1/4)

3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA
Internet
Node B
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
User plane
Control Plane
Original 3G architecture.
2 nodes in the RAN.
2 nodes in the PS Core Network.
Every Node introduces additional delay.
Common path for User plane and Control plane data.
Air interface based on WCDMA.
RAN interfaces based on ATM.
Option for Iu-PS interface to be based on IP.
32
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3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
RNC
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
Separated path for Control Plane and User Plane data in the PS Core
Network.
Direct GTP tunnel from the GGSN to the RNC for User plane data:
simplifies the Core Network and reduces Signaling.
First step towards a flat network Architecture.
30% core network OPEX and CAPEX savings with Direct Tunnel.
The SGSN still controls traffic plane handling, performs session and
mobility management, and manages paging.
Still 2 nodes in the RAN.
33
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3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
(RNC Funct.)
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
I-HSPA introduces the first true flat architecture to WCDMA.

Standardized in 3GPP Release 7 as: Direct Tunnel with collapsed RNC.
Most part of the RNC functionalities are moved to the Node B.
Direct Tunnels runs now from the GGSN to the Node B.
Solution for cost-efficient broadband wireless access.
Improves the delay performance (less node in RAN).
Deployable with existing NSN WCDMA base stations.
Transmission savings
34
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3GPP Rel 8 / LTE
MME
SAE GW
Internet
Evolved Node B
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
LTE takes the same Flat architecture from Internet HSPA.

Air interface based on OFDMA.
All-IP network.
New spectrum allocation (i.e 2600 MHz band)
Possibility to reuse spectrum (i.e. 900 MHZ)
35
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NSN Network Architecture Evolution - Summary

3GPP Rel 6 / HSPA
Internet
Node B
RNC
3GPP Rel 7 / HSPA
SGSN
GGSN
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
3GPP Rel 7 / Internet HSPA
RNC
Direct tunnel
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
(RNC Funct.)
3GPP Rel 8 / LTE
Direct tunnel
MME
SAE GW
Internet
Evolved Node B
36
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Direct tunnel
LTE/SAE Key Features Summary

EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) /
SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) /
LTE ( Long Term Evolution )
EUTRAN
( Evolved UTRAN )
IP Network
EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network
IP Network
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
MIMO
Evolved Node B /
No RNC
PS Domain only,
No CS Domain
HARQ
IP Transport Layer
IP Transport Layer
Scalable bandwidth
UL/DL resource
scheduling
QoS Aware
(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz)
37
QoS Aware
3GPP (GTP) or
IETF (PMIP)
Self Configuration
Prepared for
Non-3GPP Access
TM51151EN04GLA2
Why do we now talk about LTE-Advanced?
During 2008 ITU submitted a request for radio Interface Technologies (RIT)
candidates for IMT-Advanced. Submission deadline was October 2009.
ITU requires enhanced peak data rates for IMT-Advanced:

100 Mbit/s for high mobility
1 Gbit/s for low mobility
In March 2008 3GPP has started a new Study Item on LTE-Advanced to

enhance LTE to fulfill all IMT-Advanced requirements and to become IMTAdvanced candidate
The 1st technical 3GPP workshop on LTE-Advanced took place in April 2008
3GPP specifications for LTE-Advanced included in 3GPP Release 10
3GPP
Study Item
start
2008
Technology
Submissions
Close Study &

Start Work Item
2009
Specification
Created
2010
2011
ITU-R
2007
1st workshop
Circular
Letter
38
TM51151EN04GLA2
Evaluation
Process
Specification
Created
LTE becomes LTE-Advanced with 3GPP Rel 10

LTE-Advanced Goals
LTE-A fulfills or exceeds the requirements of
IMT-Advanced defined by ITU
Meet and exceed capabilities requested

for IMT-Advanced
Meet 3GPP operators requirements for
LTE evolution
Mobility
Enhance macro network performance

Enable efficient use of small cells
More Bandwidth available
Able to achieve higher data rates ( up
to 1 Gbps in downlink for stationary
users)
Data rates
Enhance the coverage by increasing

data rates on the cell edge
Backward compatibility
39
TM51151EN04GLA2
LTE-Advanced:
First features standardized in 3GPP Release10
Key aspects in
3GPP Rel.10
Carrier Aggregation
..
Carrier1 Carrier2
8x
Carrier n
4x
MIMO
Carrier Bandwidth extension by carrier aggregation

Downlink: Up to 100 MHz bandwidth with 2 Release 8
carriers from different frequency bands
Uplink: Only single band carrier aggregation
New codebook for downlink (DL) 8TX MIMO
Feedback enhancements for DL 2TX/4TX Multiuser MIMO
2TX/4TX Uplink Single/Multiuser MIMO
Coordinated Multipoint
Coordinated multipoint transmission (CoMP), also

known as cooperative system
Relaying
Receiving transmission from multiple sectors (not

necessary visible for UE)
Single Relay Node architecture based on self-backhauling eNB
Heterogeneous
networks
Simple intercell interference coordination in time domain

Enhancements for office Femto handovers
40
TM51151EN04GLA2
Bandwidth Extension by Carrier Aggregation

Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation
3GPP Rel.10
..
Carrier1 Carrier2
Carrier n
up to 100 MHz
Flexible component carrier aggregation
different frequency bands
8x
MIMO
4x
asymmetric in UL/DL
Component Carrier
(LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
Mobility
20 MHz
10 MHz
Aggregated BW: 30MHz

20 MHz
20 MHz
in June 2009
Relaying
20 MHz
20 MHz
Aggregated BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz
300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps
300Mbps
Heterogeneous
networks
1.5Gbps
41
20 MHz
TM51151EN04GLA2
300Mbps
MIMO Extension
3GPP Rel.10
..
Carrier1 Carrier2
8x
MIMO
Carrier n
4x
Relaying
Heterogeneous
networks
42
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Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)

3GPP Rel.10
..
Carrier1 Carrier2
8x
MIMO
Carrier n
4x
Cooperation of antennas of
multiple sectors / sites
Relaying
Heterogeneous
networks
Interference free
by coordinated
transmission /
reception
Highest
performance
potential
Service Area
43
TM51151EN04GLA2
Relaying
3GPP Rel.10
..
Carrier1 Carrier2
8x
MIMO
Carrier n
4x
Fast deployment
Coverage with low
infrastructure costs
Relaying
Heterogeneous
networks
44
TM51151EN04GLA2
Heterogeneous Network
3GPP Rel.10
..
Carrier1 Carrier2
8x
MIMO
Carrier n
4x
Relaying
Heterogeneous
networks
Small Cells
45
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LTE-Advanced Summary
Requirements
Exceeds all ITU-R requirements
and meets time line
Fulfilling 3GPP requirements
Smooth evolution path from LTE
Technology Building Blocks

Cooperative Transmission
Relaying
Enhanced MIMO, Beamforming
Carrier Aggregation
Self Organizing Networks

Auto-Configuration
Auto-Tuning
Auto-Repair
3GPP Standardization
Starting with Release 10
Study Item in final phase
ITU-R submission
LTE-A meets all requirements
Timing
2010 LTE 3GPP R9 gets ready
2011 ITU will select RITs
2011 R10 gets cast in stone
2014+ 1st networks with LTE-A
46
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Beyond 3GPP Rel 10

Flexible Spectrum Use
New Spectral Territory
D2D communication

Operator Benefits
Full backwards compatibility
Future proof long term evolution
extreme efficiency
Nokia Solutions and

Networks
Frontrunner in LTE
World class Research
ONE multi-radio access
47
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LTE market momentum
Time to reach 1bn connections:

LTE
WCDMA
GSM
7
11 12
Years
Estimates by Strategy Analytics, May 2012
LTE is faster adopted than any previous

mobile broadband technology.
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LTE Market Potential

Chance for new market entrants
500
Subscriber Growth (million)
400
300
200
100
0
2011E
2012E
2013E
LTE FDD
2014E
2015E
LTE TDD
Source: Pyramid Research & Heavy Reading, Jan. 2011
49
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NSN is LTE-supplier to 44 commercial LTE operators that

serve 45% of all LTE subscribers
50
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Mobile traffic explosion

+10,000%
Projected change by 2015
+50%
Mobile voice
load
+1,000%
Laptop data Smart device data Signaling
23 Exabytes/year by 2015
23,000,000,000,000,000,000 Bytes/year
51
TM51151EN04GLA2
23 Exabyte
/year = 6.3
billion people
each
downloading
a digital book
every day
Appendix
52
TM51151EN04GLA2
The right solution for each segment

WiMAX
W-CDMA/HSPA
For operators with 3G spectrum
LTE
Broad terminal eco system
Fixed or mobile network operators with WiMAX

spectrum
Mainstream; 3G evolution leverage large

installed 3G base
High data security and QoS
Device eco system started to evolve
Quick and cost-effective upgrade

of existing networks
Optimized wireless-DSL services
Utilizes 2G and 3G spectrum efficient refarming with flexible bandwidth
High capacity and low latency
Broad terminal eco system expected
Seamless 2G/3G handover

global coverage, global roaming
Flat and IP based architecture
Highest capacity, lowest latency
Short term availability
Very flat and IP based architecture
Proven technology
Economy of scale
Spectrum availability
and cost impact
Variety of
terminals
IPR
regime
Compatibility
with existing
standards
Lean
architecture
Voice
performance
Broadband data
performance
High speed data rates

with full mobility
53
TM51151EN04GLA2
Economy of scale
IPR
regime
and cost impact
Variety of
terminals
Compatibility
with existing
standards
Lean
architecture
Voice
performance
Economy
of scale
IPR
regime
High speed data with

limited mobility
Variety of
terminals
Compatibility
with existing
standards
Lean
architecture
Broadband data
performance
and cost impact
Voice
performance
Broadband data
performance
Broadband multimedia
with full mobility
54
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Copyright and confidentiality

used in Nokia Solutions and Networks

purpose, are made in relation to the

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Understand the reasons driving to the LTE/SAE project.

Identify the major steps in the Network Architecture Evolution towards an

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

NSN LTE Course Flow

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

GSM Subscribers Worldwide (Sept. 2002)

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

A little bit of History

mobile communication via 2G network

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

The way to LTE: 3 main 3G limitations

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Motivation for LTE

Source: Light Reading (adapted)

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Motivation for LTE

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

What are the LTE challenges?

..leads to the operators challenges

Best price, transparent flat rate

reduce cost per bit

User experience will have an

Price per Mbyte has to be reduced

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

LTE Main Requirements

A true global roaming technology

Peak data rates to

Enhanced consumer experience

Scalable bandwidth: from

Easy to introduce on any

Decreased cost / GByte

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Schedule for 3GPP releases

Next step for

A true global roaming technology

LTE & EPC

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Comparison of Throughput and Latency (1/2)

Peak data rates to

- drives subscriber uptake

exceed 100 Mbps in

- allow for new applications

Max. peak data rate

LTE 2x20 MHz

LTE 2x20 MHz

Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014

Comparison of Throughput and Latency (2/2)

- drives subscriber uptake