‘Anown opxaiohoIAE avaoRaghs cm OAGO (A. Parente Kor J. Descour, FakMh apy. FxoMA) APXAIOAOTTA Tt kau lac ToAAd 6iBAia éxouv exdoGei teAeuTala, Kuping CTO EEwTEPIKS, ia THY apXaLoAoyia Kat aneu@Uvovtai oto MAatTU Kowvd. AuTé opeiAetat oTo SAO Kal peyaAUTEpo evdiapépov TOU KéoHOU yla va ywpiaet TOUS MEPAGLEVoUG MOAITIOHOUG, NOU UTMpEAV To EeKivnHa auto mou eipaote orepa. Tra Bi6Aia rapouaidZerar cuvABuc 6,11 Mo EvTUTWOLAKS éXet BpEBE: LEXHL CHYEPA Kt Etat Sivetat n evrumwan Mag HOAIC Kaveig MoE! THY TATA Kal OKGWEt TO TIPWTO Xwpd- ‘gt TIou 8a cuvavTgel, 8a Bpet EnGaupoUs, épya Téxvng Kal GAAa BaULaCTa Npaypara. Xwpig va GéAoULE va anoyontevoouLe Kavévay, Ga MpooraSy}coULE va SeiEoue 26a Tig yva@oeic, TH OKANpr SouAeia, THY UTOPOVH Kat THY EMpOvH TOU xpELaZovTal, KABGC Kal Tig Aiyeg TWBavorntec Mou Exel 0 aPXALoAdyoS va ANOKAAUYWEt TO EUpNua Tou Ba Tov Kaver Bte8vig YwOTO,AwuyBodsoxnos NOwos xeiponthexus ‘nou peOqee omy nepioyn te Lenora. "Exes nna 1.000 xpowav. To kos TOU ver 15.3 ex (Meua. Bepoio) Zeypaend and ro onfkaie Reon rng Fale Kpavie nov aponxs 10 1960 orn Xahwdr- ‘eh Avnet o¢ =Neavieprahoeisn> Yuva 1 (Movs. Bepoiag. Nota apyaioAoyia H Biaigeon tou xp6v0u ve nep\SboUS iva atyxpovn enuvénan via va Bon @foet tov werEMnTr omy xardtath atm xpovoASynan (oxerR| fh an ‘Auen) Kal TH yewRt karavonan Tm ‘oropiag H waropia tou mAavfrn Hor apxice: ONG pw ugavoret o avepunes Tiny oropia me yng eEraCEK NANO: AOFIA, Me tv eupavion tg Lrg dvi orov navejtn pag aoxoReirain TAAAIONTOAOFA evi APXAIONO- IA epeuve orooxeia ine nohmouKhe \etopiag tou avOpanou and ray eno: xf mg euwpaviarig Tou OTH Yn H APXAIOAONA Giaipeitat oF Bxdp0- peg neprOBous avhoya we tm xo toda 1 tov noAmigué nov weneTs. Erol ExOUUE Thy MPOIETOPIKH AP- XAIOAOTIA nou Eexiva and rm ern (© Homo Sapiens eeeupiont rondo xupast, Tav mapayuyn anokemaparay ano Yow mupiva You MUpONBOW Kal mY Rorooneuf henidwr H stexnan Tov Aemibwv- onorrel ean SioBnooio a rv NapayrA (GeNieuv, Ebu BXenoupe trav mupiva nuprahwou ye cpeawn amp LEspyoOIO Hat {co AeniBe ano napeyove nerpuye (Movs. Bo}ou) ng eupdvions rou avBpinou om yn. O npatog autoc avepunos Ate: Tal dvépumog tou Neavreptan (aro To dvoya te Mepioxtig Mg TEpu: Ving énou avaxaAipanray ae amma avpdriva Aeipava tne Méans Na AaioAGucne Ertoxrig). Meraxeipicerat nétpes aSOUAEUTES H ehaxiora Sou Aguéves, GUAa Kal xORKaAG. via oma at epyatela. Tov dvépuno autév xapaxmnpiZouy ta oyniibec negah. 0 xaunhog Aawidg, to yept6 Badioua Ze uevakivnon Tou avepanou o9e' erat to yeyoves én. om Euparn ‘eBe (40.000 xpévia pw) 0 dvéipu- Tog tinou Kpoyawby (and to 6voua ng nepioxtg Cro-Magnon om Fak Nig rau 8p68nxav ra nptTa Tou Aci \yava), Aurés @ Homo Sapiens, 0 -Eo- 95 av8puinog= nou eivat o npéyo: 6g wag. Boukeye my nétoa ue Be: Hrorexvia Kai Zaypagiar cTOuG Bp yous apioroupyfwara, Snug outa hou @pé@nKav ara onAaia tou Aa: ‘ont (Fadia) kat tg AATaHga (Lona Via). 0 FadAog e8VOACyOS - apxai0: Aoves H. Lerol-Gourhan mou eden ‘8 ta @fuata auré ouynépave misc o1 Spaxeyeugies Exouv AatpeuTixd xe paxtnpa. H Mpoiwropixn, enoxt apxiter neal ‘Rou 600.000 xpowia now ant jac, BE Baia Sev unopodue va aroxkciooune ry mBavornra va apyiter Kai wept tepa. Navrote wa ves avaKanuy ei vat Suvatév va avorpeyer Te cto: xeia nou éxouue ofuepa H poioropixh enoxt Biaipeirar oe reaaepg MepIdBoUG N ovopadia Tw onoiwy mnyager ané ta uAKa nou Xencivonoinoe o év8panog: ey MA AAIOAIBIKH nepioSo, xara ty onoia © dvpunog enckepyatoray chat ‘va ty METpa, to RUAO Kat TO KOKO0 ‘oniey axponedn You ZeoxAou (Avarapearamn M.Koppec) Ao. tm MEZOAIOIKH nepiobo Kat ™m NEOAIBIKH nepioBo xara. my onoia (© av8pumoc aoxI9e va nAdeE: raha ayyeia ue to xépt. xwpic to0x6. Emmy nepio&0 auTiy avnKOUV ta Levan xd uvnucia ong yevxip x Axohousei n EMOXH TON METAA. AQN nou Bev enpavizera: duug raU- oxe0va navreu. FpdT civai n eno: xf Tou XAAKOY xara ‘mv onoia 0 vepunog etaxeipiornKe apxixd uplag Tov xaAKS (Cu) kat tov x08 (Au). ora Bpioxovray azn gon, Ka Tomw eeriags npooueigetg O xaos, xonolueye ya inv wavaoxeun, Orhwv, ayyeiny, Koounydwr Ko vid © xpUOEG Mav To EuyEvES MOAD- Two HETaMO. Tupw ora ueoa mS 2ng xidieriag npo XpweTod, Aaoi tne AAvaroainic Mecoyeiou apxizouv va SouAevoUY Tov ited (Fe). Tore ap- xigei n enoxt tou EIAHPOY nou éOu- Ge avrimeiyeva owANpA Kal aveeRT- Ka. Tov iio nepinou naip6 EEEAIOOE- Tai Kat xa@epoverai n Foagh, ‘Exot umaivouue ory ioropiRt nEpio80 UE Thy “KAaOIKT| ApyatoRoyIa~ nou eEe- rater nig EAANViKA, ErpoUoKI Kat Pujuainn) Apxaiohovia. Tr ouvésawve exeivn tv emfoxt} Tou AiGou opw aa 70.000-75.000 xpovia wapi- Tepa and afiepa, nou apxiet n Te Aeuraia nayer@ng enoxt. noe 0 vépunog tou Neavteptak” To 35.000 "LX. nepinou cupavigerar o Homo Sapiens A avpurtos tou Kpo- aviev. Emv apxn © avepunog Rou Get ouaind, yeraxivelta’ ouvexioc uAAEyet Kapnou, piges, xéoTa Kat kuvmya ya va tpagel, Me mn erat (on and my NANAIONIOIKH orm NEO- AIGIKH repioBo © dvOpunog nepva {and 10 EYAAEKTIKO oto NAPATOT: KO orddio: Avaxaaurret ry yewpyia ai ty ktnvotpogia. Ero nave va efapréral anAuTa and TO @uoKS rou mepiadov. Me ty napayayn Biauoppaverar Kai n wioxmnoia Kat opyavaverai n xowevia. Twpa ra Unapxouy Kataoxeuaatés Kat nepa- yoyo! Ot avépumor mou nadiérEpa kaTomoUoay oF omaia KataoKevé~ Zouv xarouieg, Em KOWaviKh oY won e&éxouea Béon éxein yuvaiKa: bnrépa. auth nou yew naiBid ors yn Biver xapnots Emy EXba ta apxaiétepa avBpir va Aeiyava éxouv Bpe8ei om Ma- eBovia (omMAaIo Netpadavuy om XadniBixt); Kpavio av8piinou rou Neavreptak me nodyung naAaioAB- nig Mepi6Bou) Kai orm Geooadia (army nepioxh YUpw an6 tm Adpica} rm Méon naAaIOABiRH ENOXN avr kouv Aeigava avapiniva nou 8péér kay omy NeAondvvnoo. a B. Fno- pa’es. mv Eu6oia, mv Kegarond kat adhow. ‘Ong einaye xiGhag, 1 NEOAIGIKH ‘emoxh eugavigerai 6 Homo Sapiens nou KaAAepyel ™ yn Kat exrpéper Goa. Ee npisto orabio Bev ywupiter mY Kepauenh, yiaurs Kat mpoT, Tepiobo¢ tm¢ VEONBUTIG EnoxnE ovoudtera: MPOKEPAMEIKH n NPC TONEOAIGIKH nepiofos. H xupieg NEOAIOIKH ntepioboc Biaipelrar o¢ ‘peIG @pdiveig: Thy APXAIOTEPH NEO: AOIKH erioxf (rou unodoyigoune nepinou omy 67 xiietia X), ™, MEEH NEOAIOIKH eroxt (Sn xide~ ia) katt NEOTEPH NEOAIGIKH enoxt (4n xudierian.X.) nou, ov EX AABa, teAeIaver Alyo ers ro 3.000 TUX. onéte apxiter n XAAKOKPATIA, NcoN@iey exponaky row Awnviou (awanepocraon M. Koppec), HAPKAIOTEPH NEOAIOIKH cnox’, iva yrwor omy EAAasa xupiNg ‘ané nig B40 aKponsreig, autéq TOU ‘Auinviou kat Tou FeoKhou, Kovra cro Boro. Mavtwe Bev civar uovo 7 Beo- ania nou Karowhenke excivn Tv tmoxt. Kai a¢ dAAa een me EAAG- Bag undpxouv oimouoi m< A NEOA emoxtic nou duwe Sev éxouy avagxa- ei. H apxirerrowkr) mg enoxtig au- Tig eivai ardovaram: rerpardcupes fh RaumuAdypayuieg (oe Karon) Ko Aiiéeg. Ta epyaheia nou xpnowo- oiodoay nav an nuptreAiGo A and ‘aytavé — 9 ondiog npoepxétay and 1m Mfjto. Ta oxfcra twv epyaheioy iva Tipe Kang weyaAdTepa Kat Ho Boukeuéva and aud me Toonyoo uevne nepidsou, To onouBaisrepo Suwg eniteuyua mg enoxtg elvai to MAdoWO KaL TO YroWO MHAWOV xEr- otiKay Kupieg avraeyiéven. Enou- Baio avrikeiuevo Kat Yio TOUS xpr- ote 600 Kat yia pag, 10 ayyeio, pag at ta Kepayeié Boadquata eival 10 onyaveixétepo Kat m0 Mhodaio oe Ap10U6 eio Aeipavou apxaiou nod Tioyod nov wag xenowevE! ax Sia- ‘ywworikd aroryelo. Exrog and ayyeia Of VEONBIKO! KEpayEWTEG KOTO fonedaav Kat ei5iha avBounduoo- ‘ga Kat Zwouoppa. Ta ayyeia eivat Ae OU axtatos Xwpi¢ Baan xai BES ‘omy apy. To xpiua eivar xaotavo- éxkivo, apyétepa aroxtoty xpiua ta _Kat Zuypoganh Bioxéounon ue ‘pooBero ACUKG F UROAEUKO enix ‘gua, Me ty nelpa nou arroxrouy ot ayyeionAdores mourigevrat Kat 7a oxtjara Kai xavaaxeuazovrar ayyeia ue 8don, Me thy e&6hiEn ro ayyeia amextouy enigarn diaxéopnon f kat eyxdpaxmn, evi 1 Guypagiorh eEagaviterat arabiaxd. H/MEEH NEONIGIKH neploSo¢ xaparmpigerar and xepayewh urrot UBL’ (evxdpaxtn Kai Yoar) ent ong ta ayyeia Buuizouy xAAKiva oKcUn, €ro1 Bev anowAcievai n yw] TeV UeTEAwY nou xenoWOrOINV- Tav An oTny AvatOAR, IBiaitepo ev Biagepov exer Kain xaTaOKEUA eb. iw Tou eixovigoUV. eKTOE ano TG Yyuvaircies uop@ég (nou ywupicane ¢ niponyoduevn nepiogo) Kai avBor xéc évOpoves yopgés, H Méon Neo- AiBiKm nepiodec Eexupi~el Yio TG ‘oxupes axpondieiy nou Bnjioup- Yyouvtar KaBig Kat ya THY anapxh okeoBouni¢ opyavwonc, H_NEOTEPH NEOAIGIKH nepiotog ou omy Medonévynoo eupavicera’ vopitepa an’ out am B. EXNABa, yor paxpigera: and my ayyeionaagte A TG MOU eva Tijpa Twa MOAI TRO eEeAIyuEWN, Ta ayyeia éxouv xpaM Ta: TO wade fro oKoUpO aT (Bau 116) xeaua (apaup>, apaupexosun epayetnn) urepéxet via Eva xpoviKd Sidomua. Gonoy eypavigerar ro ‘oTABuuévo (yuaiotepd) weAave oF KOwRIvD GOVTO KABIG KAN ROALD utia. Enuavima véa aroma eivat ta epayied oe ota, uaUpo A kaoTa- vouaupo xpxiua MoU Kawa papa vo ouy BiaxGoqinon guypagioTh aarp fh e¥XGpGKT, RoBi RAL 0 BiGKOOLOS ue yYoagitn Kau autéc ue nox’ arpa lua dxpag nou npBav ané to Booed. H apxrrexrour ng pane autAc. mo xapaKrnpioTiNh avfKel OtOV OKI- ‘ud tou Auviou (kovra oto BOO) 4rtou napampouvrar 6 oxupayarixot TepIBOAOL, cxeBOV KUXAMOL. © Evae Binda arov AAO, Fro Kévepo Bpiaxo- Tay aur6 mou apyotepa, orm Munn vaiKh enoxn 89 ovouaate’ weyap0. O tUnog tou EyapAU Xai 1) BiaraEN Tay ApxITEKTOVIKGN GrOKKElWY THE KPOTOANE Tov Aunviou BivaL rum ka tg nepidsou aurfs. To uéyapo eupavigerai ue B00 loves UerORD apaaTabuv. To xipie Baya #xet Ki AUTO RONOvEG KaL EoTiEG ROI GTO 64: Bog tou avoiyet adAog BAAAOG Emmy Koftm n NEOAIGIKH nepioBoc xapaxmpiZerar and axoupoxpuun eepawetkt) We xapaxer) Kal MAaoTIRh Biaxdounon Kar BiXarUTeS AABEG Enuavrend xapaxmpratixé te Kor ng anoteAti n xprign wnéviny rAiv= Bow wg o1KoSoKS UAMO. H METH NEOAIGIKH enoxh xaeaxmpicerat ‘and tmy KepopeiRf| nou mpOoBEE veo Bidxoouo¢ nopampeitat via us pO xpoviNG SxdoTNHA:N OTOAIGWON, Muxwon me empaveiag tw ay- yelwv. Karémw 0 tp6noq auroe Bia ‘kéouniong e€apaviZera mat va Kepa- ueiKa yivovtar Kang npoxeipo5ou- Acuéva we xapaxtH N OTABWTH Bia- Kéounon. H apxitexrovnn (Kuwode, Féptuva, Karoaund «4 Beixvet ot ‘Ayyeie ane ro ain we nokvxpUN Bo: ‘xéoynon (E8y. Apyavohoyi Move nave srnyar= (never) xoponrno farmé rye mepiodou Kepou - Zupou rar Kurkeauv. Avapee0 oe onelpes (roars) Eva mhoio TabSeve! (EBV. APYmOLOYKS Move. fara and rmAd néve o¢ nétpwn xpnniba, je quAés xakxbotputes Kat noAAG Suara Kat napapryata 1 KEVEPIKOU OFiTOS Ox yewpyoi nat ar xrnvorpépa:Kabiig Kai 01 »karaoxeuaotég mg NEOAI QIKHE enoxiig opyavwvovrat Mot pagovrar rn yn (npwTn HOPHA \B1O- kmoiag. nov BiaogaNKerar ue m xpron vithov nou encupibvovrat ious ue ng oppayibec). Me thy opyé: ‘woon amon © dvOpuno¢ aoxie. va npoBknyarizera yia to nou 8a Sawer tous vexpouc, Tea ma Bev Tous 8atouv of onmhiée adhe ac ‘a8adeig AdxKOUG A Kapa POPS To: noBernjiévoug oF jKpd mBGpIa Ti ouvé6aive exeivn mv eno Twv HETGAAWY vogepm, and my Avatohh. n eraMorexvia Be onuciaver «enava: raon= otov EAAadiKO xupo. H Eno: xf Tou XAAKOY e&eAiocerat oyana a ahAdZet rm HoppH tou tére ENA wad KéouoU GrabiaKd. Fiyé arya éD- xovtat omy EMé5a at yivovra Ywword ta entrevyuara tg Avato: Arig Héow twy napaaiuy ing Mixed Aging. Etoi énatEav onavriKd pOAD kai Ta vnaid tou Ayyaiou ~ evbidue> 01 otaBpoi nou avantiaoovrat oe OAIOuINES HovdBEG ~ KaBIIG KOI 7 Kpnmn, Aexitouv 01 Badaooies Euro: pikéc avrahAayéc: ova vnaid (xupiwg Ku*Aaec) iSpvovra: napadaAsoaa KévTpa HE eunopK6 xapaKTTipa. H Enoxt rou XAAKOY # XAAKOKPATIA omy EMdba Graseiar oc tp repiod0ug, my MPRIMH KAAKOKPA- TIA. 1m MESH wai tny YETEPH, Kara inv MIPGIMH XAAKOKPATIA. ova: TEdyBNKE oTHE KuKAdBEC 0 Nowtonu- habixOg moAstiouds max ory Kori © Mpwroutvenikdg 1 Mpoavaxtopnes Muvwaxdg noAmoydg © MIPATOEAAAAIKOE NOAITIEMOE (Hrerpurixh EARABa Kat ekonovn- 906) tie noNAé Kévrpa va avartuo- covral akhé iva civat auta nou Sx0uy avaoxage! cuetnuatiKd. ‘Exot 8a ndpouue £8 To mo ywuore naps: Seiya’ Tou Kéoxu om Aépva. H Aépva eivatn mo abyxpown ané nic vaoxapés autéc, Ka! uae Biver noAUta crOKXela, Fe ja Te XvNTG toneBwyEvy napasadsona epioxt} xtiZerai n ndAn mg Aépvas ‘oxupwHEWN Ue Teixog TOU Ue aAAe nGAATAGG emioxeuec Kal eneKTédeIG efhiogerai o¢ ButA6 nepi6oRo ue ev Btdueoa Supdria Kai nevarSoxTHOUS Upyous. O ainiouds eivar ktigMé vos Yyopw ané éva KevzpKRO olknua ouv Beto ne 6p000. To eowrepKd TOU o- rhuatog Beixver tov mhodto mg n6-Ang Kai ro uyMAd noArTionKs entite- 30 Taw KavoiKwy nq: Ta Bupapara igav EO\wn enévOuon, ta Sdneba eoepav enadeiyers. KAqoxootéo., axel ToIKo!, opydvwan oxebiou ponyiévn, dha evrurwaracouv. H texvohoyinr mpdobos nou égepe 1m xprion TOU XaAKOU sivat a.oenrr Hxepayeixn moutiferat r600 He xa vouipia oxfyara nou épxovrat and ‘mv Avatar dao Kai an xaBapd eh Anwunés opues Ta onitia He nérowa BeyéAia Kat onnida Kai TAN avudouia © B05 nov npwroxenoworoine © Xp, Tooivrac ota téAn Tou 190U aul ‘va axpopé thy nptoqin ercoxt TOU xa ou ctig KuxAabec. ApyOTEpA © 6905 aBiepxdOnKe Yio OAdKANpN THY eno: xh TOU XahKoU oF dha ta vnaid Tou Alvaiou, ‘Exot ouvavrape kat 7 Btai- pean o¢ Nadro - Méoo na: Voreponu RAABIRG, ‘O01 oxeBOv 01 KURAaBiKo! omKioHOl var nopaato exroe ad aurotg aU Bpionovrar oF weytka vno%d Ue eb ‘gopn evBoxaipa. To mo KaXd naps: Berya KuRAadiKod oMKiduOU ate Aei'n Xadavepiavn) rg Zupou (ka ‘orp. © npwroKurdabicde noAmoude cu vonanke and Tm yewypawixh Gon TW vaIY MOU aROTEAOUY puoiKe OovBequ0 avayeca am M. Agia Kat ray Eupiorm, Ta kurAaBinixa Kapd6ia Spywvay Te BéraoaEs KAI UeTEgE av avéiieoa ora dAAa nat oytawd ROU was xpnowEter wc evdEveTKe oreixelo avraakayiv. jag Kat 9 un Nak Tou MpOEACUON civar yur xouv Karon terpdrheupn, BG0 Bu hudmia xat aud aro unos Epes, orn hieon exouv oyedév navrore my catia. Téspa eupavicovra vexpora- ‘geia (Ay. Koopa 8A. APXAIONOFA 17 (1984), OModuxpovoniourou, Tagixa Buia... 0. 6) H uera6aon and my NPOTOEAAAA KH nepiobo arn MEEOEAAAAIKH yo: paxmpigerat ané my eyxaraeraan orov EMadKS xGp0, vewy guAETT xiv opBuv: Noor my Kevtoun ER: AadBa Eoxovrar oka ané tm Geooa Na. Ero Kd@e vnol A vmod tuv Kurds: Buy BpeBnKay ixvn OMRLOUGY aKSUG 1 tav To vnol Sev eixe KadNepyfor hieg exrdoei¢, Avro anoBexviet 6m fot KukAadiveg fray vaurixol - no pol Kat mexparéc, Or npdrtes avaoKo- {65 oT KuxAdbes évwvav and Tov Xp. Taouvra to 1898-98 (Zupoc, Me. oc - Avrinapos, AuopyéC x.) © Kuxhadiaoe noAriouse xwpiteras de TpeIg Gages: Tov MpwrOKUKAGSL- KO MOAITOUO NInAdg-AdKROUdE (MF hog = Nafac), 3200/3, 100-2.800 nx Tov nokmmious Képos - Eop0s, 2.800- 2.200 1.X. Kot tov naAmIgH6 @uAaKO- rf MONG |, (MrPAog) 2.200-2.000 r.X Tov MecoKuKAadiK6 2.000 1.900- 1.850 MX. Kai Tov YoTepOKUKAGBIKG OAMONS 1.550 AX. wg THY éxonéN You n@aiereiou tng Oras, Evi a1nputorusrabixo! otxiou0i Be! XvOUV Two 01 KATOIROL TwY KURAGBIN Eiqay Tov andAuto édeyxo Te 86> Aagang (ehaxiora oxupULEVO! OM ui), era uso me 37 xINETIAG MX ra npdypara ahNAgouy Kat 1) KoA Mopudpive avrmeiveva tne MputonuxAaBitc enoxne. XepeernpioTmé Tou KuehaBinou rnokmayou, © xpampioroc wor Koja om vnonurne pepLcr po mou above! omy mepioyh Taw KUeAGBaY Fa civ lous Ho and Te MUpOTEpES tes, fg avanrubne me Texene aUTAG (EBV. ApyaokoyKs Move) “xeBidypone e¥éhiing ruw npwronundo: ‘Binoy sida ovpquve je My KaTETOEN mou Exave 0 ¢. Renew avarrioget Buvard vauriK® nou Op- xi€ei va ouvayavizerar om Béhaaca TO RUKAABING, Ta onina wy KuwhaBiriv fray wiKod (ro ONG Bud BwudTia) xwoic eoTia lari ra void Bev eixav Béon vie va apayouv Kavowa, Kai To REx TV ToiKuy fav eAdxioto (0.50 1) mpd: ia rou anoBeinvier 6x xa ot atéveG fray ehagpés, and whadi6, nadSua at narqyévo md. Fup and TOU OuKioHOUG UTpXAY TeiKn HE MGxOG tag 1.60 4 To cxeBio wv oniruiy npooapyote- ray aro xispo nou SiaBErav, ‘Erot ta onina fav GMAote euBUypaUNO xa aAKoTE KaunuAsyoou Ta ta vexporagela éxoune va nooue rug ong Bud pate @aoEIG TOU NO Arrionod ("IMAdG = AKKOUbER Ka KE- pog = Bupoc) ot vapor sivas Kida Oxnuor “Ue KaTOYN TpaNeLocisH Tpeig MAeupes tou tdeou vrvovTay ue makes, evid n arevorepn waco Tay jue EepoNi8id agou ronoBerouv- Tay péaa 0 veKpac, Ern Minko auvay- TOUE Garaporibelg tapOU oKAAK ‘uévoug oTo waraxo épdyo, eva oTn Eup eivar NaN miGWIBOXNHOL XT ‘uévor pe piKpés Manes KATA TO EK GopiKe adaTua, Exo Gove OY KO UGA LEVEL IRE dvoryua nou KAEi- \VeTaI je ya TAGKA Ki EXOUV etKovIKA zigo80, aay népta amiTio¥. Tous r6 (90Ug Xonguoro.oUoay via ntepIo0S- Tepoug and évav vexpd, aNAé nipdae~ xav névrote va un werorivnBel to Kpavio Tou mponyaouevou vexoou and t™m @éon tou. Ta Ktepiouara gow avéhoya ue my xoivwwen S607, tou veKpol, dMove rhodes Ki BAho- re grwxd. Mepiausavav pug név- Tore avrixeiueva KaSHEpWhG. xer- ong, Fa va enienpaiverat 0 té005 avin and thy MhdKa mou Tov KAU: Fre, xrC6ray rorKaAdKt. AV To veKpo: Tagelo 8p\oK6rav oF mAayid KOpou0 Biro rng @arero¥. Elva an rnXd no) ‘géper icpoyhugixh ypoph. To onyio rnc Yow eivor srunaevar we oppayibee e Biaraky oneipog. H yeah uTh Bev ‘xe onoxpurrorpoentel onda (1.700 1500 m3) (ious Hpoxdeiou. Tore ACUKES Kpoxdhec onudseuav Tov rao. H onapkn eixovie 105 Bou aroug té90¢ oByNGE TOUG je Aemrég cro duunépagua 6 1 Ku rrabirec niorevay rag 0 T4906 OV Hlerasavéna xoxox. ‘AGoroko eivat va woe: Kaveis vo Ty rowan opyéva0n Tay Kuda: Srrav. Maveug an ra onitia. nou £xoUV avaoxage’ avoug BapopouG omigyoug Kavéva Bev Eexwpiver oo nit row apxnyou, uévo ova vexpo TapEIa GpioxoUKe uepIKoUS TagOUS, ro mowoIoug and rove ddAouR wal Tonodemuévoue ot mo KEvepi Be tn, Aut to Yevow6e four va oma Etre ox KurAaBite5 Ma RUpLOuE Vor ge vévn f punes, H Kuwdabint) tem xopaKmnpierat and xepaueiné nov omy nai rept 080 (Tinka ~Adwroube)civat nate aKcuaouéve pe TO XE. xupIG 1906 at avfnouy oe uo TunoUe Te RU Avvbpinés Kat i osainnés Mubibec nov ouyvd gépowy Biaxoounon ane xapayutvo YopoKonKano. Em Bed- epr pon TOU KuwhaBimow MOAT ‘00 (Képo< - Bupoc) n mua ano- FQ NOBL/ aL Aatyd. Topa naBiEps Verai n xorion TOU KepayeHou tpo- xo0, va oxquara tow ayyeiov Tokko RAaoiazovra: Kal xoui8 9opA Yona Honoisitar nat Bepvini naGie nat xpayara, ovny apxt outeivd eve ue Tov naIp6 oxoupavouy Erov nokrriou Mou - Adrxoubuv aves nai n xphon tou donpou vm aiwTKOU papuGpoU, and To oncio ataoneudgoveay ayyeia nat Oren aig not e6iNO. Ta ei6GNG aUta aparmnpiorné Tou Rokmoyod Tav KuraaBuy, onadevouy ty eEENEA ou. Zmv apxh pordCouv je MraxoU- 106 86rocAa Aetoouéva an ro KK Hyption nevada eovareian uw Bona Tous texvitec va Bacowv rio KeDaKTMpICUEVA E\BONI: Mixpa 810- Adoxnja we, oneweve avarou- kég NemTouépeieg eiBGAla e&eAlo- ‘ovrat ce yuvaineies wopeés ue aML- YBANUTO KepaA\, ue avayAupp Ta yc Ta, ™ ym, ta aUTid, to Toya. Eni- ‘ong anebiBovrai 10 oTH0s, KaWa ops 0 ouparsc, oF KoU\IAKO! HUG, 10 N81K6 tpiyavo Kal ta yovara Kab Kai To BaKTUAG Tay roduiv, Em 8 (gon Tou nOATauOD avijCoUN Exar Ma ye t0 Ke@dN! ce oxhua Adpag ‘shawppa yept6 npos ra nigw, 1a xép10 ‘craupapéva Katw and 10 othBos, To né\uara Aoks Kai ta yévara ehaped Auyiopéva. MeydRo yépog Tw eiBu- Nov autov emovigouv eyKuovod: org yuvaixes, To vonua Twv ei5u- Niu aute Bev éxe1 axOua arooapn- motel, navies 0 KaSnynTas. Xe. Nroujiog moreves mig aroTehouv ei Bog uAaxToU. Evid 0 NwronuKrad- Og, 0 MpuroenAaBixdg Kato Mputo- uwiaKdg TOATONEG eXxav napEAN- An mopeia, omy enduevn aon: Me ‘OKUKABIKG, MEODEMABKOS Kat Meoouvexnde nodmouds, paivera: va avamt¥aoovrai TeAsiwg Biagope- ‘xa: Emyv Kprim, 0 Makaicavaxtop Og nlokrTigu6 eivar TOA To npony- évog and Tov MecoekhaBix6 nou ‘gaiverat va -oraBoSpouci= H npatn xpovonoynan tou KonTKoo oAtniGHoU avfKet tov E6avG o ‘ontoog my Gdcie otny e&EAEN 7G xpniikiig Kepauemiic. H xpovoAdyn- (on GUTH oyu rrav OAD Oxo €r01 éyive BeKro to euputepo cuotn- ua nou ciohyaye o Kad. Nuhaos MAéray, nou Bagiomxe omy o1KOBO- Kh eEEAIEN tay KpRTIKGY avaxTo wy Kat orig avrioroixieg Tou Mv OU TOAMOUOU je Tov AyurTHaKS, "Exar Exoune NeoA@mh Nepiogo () - 2.600 ()) RX. Npoavaxropuxf| Nepiobog 2.600 nx -2.000 1X. an6 my eioayuyA tou XaAKOU We tn oIKOBOUNON wy NID Twv avaxtépwv Kyw0, daicrou Manav MlaRatoavaxropixr} 2.000 m.X--1700 1X. and my omoB6unon Tuy ava KTOpwY GT UeYaAN KATaTPOGH yous, Neoavaxropimh 1.700 mX.-1.400 x AAn6 Ty avouKOBGuran Tuy avaxto: uv w¢ my TeAmh Kataotpogh rs kvwood Meravaxropixf 1.400 m.X.-1.100 mx an thy kataatpagt rg Kvwwoou He pL Tn Bupa Karéxenon, NeoN@rf Kat mpoavaxropin epiod0g Ta nipara av@pariva vn nou 6pé- 8nkav —uexel ahuepa— omy Kofi ‘avfixouv orm NEONIOIKH enoxt. Ap- XIKG OF dv8punot KaroIKOUORY oe ‘ominAiég (Miajoug, Auvnood, ome ‘Tou Axpornpiou, MatuBdtag KA) karénwy duwg éoniakay npwrdyoves Karowieg and nérpe axarépyaotes, MAvBoug Kat KAaBIG. (KvwoRG, Bai ‘otéq, Karogundc xa) Tore ta mé- ‘Tpiva epyahela fhrav Hovéatouot e- AeKelG, porraAa Ka puxpd epyazia ‘and opravé ané m MAO, KaBKEI Kat ootewa. To ayyeia me enoxfig aurtg eivat evBpOCIBA Kal axbounra cry ax evo om auvéxeia yivovrat ovanW6 He xapaKtd Sidxoouo and paBbi~ ‘021, Teheiec, teBAaguéves nou yeul- Zovrat je donpo xpmua. Ein cuvé- xe1an Biaxoounon e€apavicerat ovis Mourigerai to oxfHa Taw ayyeiay Mévo ja ceipd ayyetov Tg @arcrod 8xe1 xpaua. Me m™ uetavdoteuon véwv guAwy cana 171M. Aoia épxerat omy Kort © OAKES Kal BiaiBovra ronwviita oe “¥B0g, “006, -706, Me thy enoxi Tou XAAKOY apxites ‘omy Kofin véa nepioBo¢ nou xepa- xmpierai ané wny axa) me vous ia wai Taw oxECEWY Ue tov undo no xéowo. Tore (nepinou ora 3.000-1 100 1X: ‘1 kuplapxot tg Mecoyeiou fray Korres, we avartuypévo noktTioy6. H Kpnitn, to =Kévtp0 Tou KoquOU" ei: Xe eumopimes oxéoE ig ue Od9UG TOUS Aaoug mg Meooyeiou (Kunpo. Aivu fro, Goivinn, Kupling EAAGBA, Iran Xepo6vngo) Kat To vaUTIKG THE FTO roku Suvaro. Bro Fp, Ceord «Alu tou vyows pooapudernne n apx.reKroviKt To Konriwv: Ta anima eixav naxeig To! OUS Ka: HepiKd ané ta Bopdtia HrOV undyera. Alva ané ta onina aura et av aria Kal ot oréyes ToUG Aeav Gninedeq, To vedowo Tov Kpntov ‘Fav MOAU ehagps, Exot ToURARLaTOV Beiqvouv o1 BuapopeG aneMoviaesc To smaharie Bpioxdrav a omcio x6 lg UnepUpAHIEYD ROL KEVEPIKO Ka ‘oréyate OAOKANPO TOY KpATIKO ua vious. 11g ano8rixeg, 1 Aarpela wd (ouyrevrpwroxt BacrAi) e€0vdKa). 01 B1ap0p01 ownou0t avmKay oF Bia PopETIKA KpariBIa aUxVe aveinard Eviaia Bioiknon enéBane 0 Basis Tig Kywood Tou omoiou n e£ouoia amhwvérav Kat népa and rv Kerirn (rene ro Md€o Tou Mivetaupou Kat Tov 48\0 Tou Onoda). Kpnraxdnpoiévra 8péBnxav omy Aiyunto, 1 Mecoriorapia. tr @owvian, my toma: via Kat aXAod, To KpnRd E4NORKO ABI nat Mooievta juetadNoupyinc TV Onoiay Ouwg or npuTeS UEC Ei ‘yovray OTo viol (yaAKaG Kat KaO! epec ano ty Kirieo nai my loro vig). H enoxh tou XAAKOY xapax pigeral, omy Kpfmn, ané Kowwvia jaTEAOUUEYN KUDWG aNd aypoTe Biotexveg Kau vauTROUG He tov Bane Ad nou eixe Tov aMOAUTO EAEVKO. Ot Kehteg Zoucay of -avBpumwva ye Toa, nove avy Téxen Kat TY APxt TexTovikt) ToUug Bev EenEpacay urs Axoun xat Ta naa avexrop Tous nou frav oAuipoGa Sev EyIvav luvnuciaxa. H Goypaginh (ro1xoyea- (pieg Kat BtaxdounoM ayyciov) apxe. 16 Tunonompévn nepeexer eAdxiora tv avapiintvn uopen, Kupio Béua anoreAei n @Uon: GUTa. Goa (noAAS NOUN) Kai Badaonwves KOGUOS. H MAaoTIKA TOUS iva nepIopLoEYn, ives av@piraveg aremavigeig, Avr: Sera n ayysiorAaatixh eivas iBiaite EXETING je TH Ypawh nou BpeOnKe otny Koftn, To Hove nou pnopouue va MOU Eivat 6x1 0 AioKoR THs Bae ‘tol amoreAsi To nadorEGO delyno iepoyAUpMAG Ypagtig {1-700 NX) ‘nou 8peenKe emmy Kon Ka axOHa Bey éxer artoxpurtroypagnéet evi n Foauunt A’ nou Kat auf Bev ano- xpurtoypagh@nne axdua —eivat poEAARWKH YoU, eSBPOHOS TE Foauuxne 8 Xapaxmaiotixd yia my eroxh YoU XAAKOY eivat rat opioutva xEpaLE xa ayyeia (pu8u0U Aviou Ouvou (pplou) nov ExoUV KaBETEC KOKKRIVES Tenvoneves, oto nuByéva, Yoau- uses, Enions undpxouy xumeAAa Bia 1a, opaipoeids avycia we RuAWBpIKS aid Kau ayyeia ae oxrwa Zim. ATO TM. Acia épyerain -paupsatonec: npoxous, Ta e.6iNla nou épeByKaV ory Kprimm anewxovigouy navrore yuvameiec popes nar civar Tou 18 ROU TW KUKAGBIKBY E:BUAiWy. MED KO_ogteIva, TOMURNg KaTOOKEUNS Bpeenxay omy Teanexa Aacoiou xa éMa nézpiva nou Bupigouy axyu- ‘tiaka, om Meoana, H enagh tov Konrav ue Tous Aryu- nrioug @eupeirai On ordanKe avop: sf} va Yuwpioouy orny Korn Thy Te Xuinn Me KaTaoKEUR NéTPIVEN ay: Veiav: Me ognves éxoBav rouaria and métpa, ToUug EBIvav To 6A0KO ‘oxtva Kat orn auvéxsia to oKAAKaY ue GU\Wwo toundvi nou BoakeuaN ye Enionc ot Korres éravay eioayuayh xpUoDd Kai Tov BoUAeuav ue pevaAn téxvn, (BA. APKAIOAOTIA 1, oFA. 1 ‘Ba84pa5, O Xpuode..). 0 xadKos ‘Anon You avaKropoU me Kyucou (ype are 19007nX), Baivera! xaBapa nhoxour PL rm avin we You womhmoug anateres poor and ro avexrapO [Anown rou avaxropou rnc BaoTou. Enews pACTEDR OKPIVETa To GORTODING OUYRBE- ‘mye Kora Seba Reyupice ro mato avartopine KPO AAnogn You avorropou Tay Maliay. EBu Bdenoue nc mhaxocrpureC oUAEs, 104 BPO oug sal rov 8A. Tova mou avaKouv avoug Nahovoxpimavinaus Hoevousov omy apxh Boudcuéray KaBe: 06, Via ikea eyxeipibra, o™m aU: Xe1d aVapeixeNAE UE KadOITEDO Yio Ty xaTaaKEUR KaAUTEpIIY OTM Xr On, EYKEIPIBIaW Ue ro waKpUS Aer ba |AAAO xapaKrnpiot® rou KpntiKot oAMOHOU evar OL agpayiBes nov auwuéves and S1apopes NéTpEG KO aig wa KOwKaAO Kai ERE @AVTOBOVTO elxav nowies anewovioeis nou Bon, Bave roug apxatokdyoug va KaTaAd Bowy ty cv8eaN rou noAmoyoN Eng tayée me enoxne aut Kovra ‘ong ormAauiderg KoNOTHTES cueaV) Zovtar Kar Kristol Bodatal repo 5.05 10 wétpwy Biayérpou 1 naroinies eivat KaAoxtiouéves We kavowixh Biaipeon ot Swustia. OL roIKor eivat Yepoi Kai KEAUEVOX jE oviaua Mepiodog rwv nehoway avaxropuv pw ato 2.000 n.X. arpv Kww06, ba TO kai Ta Mada xrigovrar ta npdira Kpempac napapainou pueou pe hoyaw (Gove ovdonahunce. Ayyeioniaorinh, Thos ‘ote nas ype gmexvour Eve evelo ‘Sppownd ouvoro (Move. HpoxAiou) Eynupse yubonhona nahi vo move ve poe row votre x01 79 San8@ Tu ove ropa me Kwwood Bivovrag yr ono, roatnyou (AiBovoa rou Bpovou) ‘hoxidie ano gayevnavn (vyouc ane 3 uc 5 cx) now naplcravour NpeoO}e OMeAHY IG Kwaoou, poprupuvros ye To mac Mav yHioueveco1 Basra navowieg Eva nohuapogs mine pe Toixeug nerpivous, EuNeBeare nar nae (Movs, Hponheiu), smaddna». Ta avaxropa aura civatn anddgeign mg UnapENG KEVEPIKNS eEouoiag o€ Kévipa rAoto onuc aura. H avénrufn iepoyAupinhs yoo Gig Kaun eupavion mg FeauumAs A ‘ypapng om aiard eivaroreva Beye: Ves HET Ypagetoxpatia Tuy ave ktépuv. Thy i6ia auth enoxt napa ‘peirat €vrovn avenue me Kepa being omy onoia enixparet o 98 dg sbarbotines nou xapaxrnpigerat and npoeEoxés me erigaveiog tou ayyeiou (yivovrat otov uyp6 ANAS) scaBkig Kat, apyorepa, 0 -xayopaiKos (BUBLOG» KaBapd avaxtopixh téxvn Endvw om yatipn eniodvesa rou ay- ‘yeiov Guypagitovrat ue dongo, nop TOKAAI | KOKKIVO xpdja WEyaAN Tot iNla. BiokooUTHY BecTuY. ET BiGB00y TOU KepaUEKON TpOxOU ogeihoveat ta woréhuga KepaueKe ule ta Aentérara toxxouara. Napar AnAn e&fAién nagampeira: xa orm, appayBoyaugia —Orou xpnowo- novodvraininoddrwieg nérpEG NED # -Moptave s79p0 7H Keuo0u, eva mBapia, 01 Kenres anoBameuey 1p Puro.o¢ oxtwa rouporcyaAnc one xAupe ‘m BpeOnxe ovo avonrop0" re ZORpON Bi yoprupa ya to enineBo ane YAU ‘orn Keri (Move, Hpandeiou) 8tong onoieg oxaAifovra: epoyhuixd ‘onueia ypaipie KaBiix Kat napaorart ka Gejova. AMO GUTa NGL ANS ra iB Na ywpiCouye my evéunaoia tov Kontaw To 1700 n.X. nepinou, wa Eaounh ataotpo@r epeinaiver ra tpia weve ha kontixa avaxtopa. lows va frav ‘eIgudg TOU KareoTpEYE Rat NOMS huepn trig M. Aoiag end tny Tpoia wé- ol thy Mlahaictivn, Mnopel Sue xat ‘va fray emiBpoun, iowg EAAAWNY OU ABN ane to 2.000 WX. e1o8adAouv orny EAASBa. Mepiodog rav véuv avonropuy H karaarpogh tou 1.700 WX. B¢ of fe Kal tO téAog Tou MoAmoHOU "ng Korieng. Ta avaxtopa avoinabo: ouvrat xai ywupiZouv véa. weyard- tepn alyAn. Kvwod, Caigtéc Kat Mé ua Eavaxtigovrar aré my apxt nave ota epeima ye weyaronpena pon: Raia, KiovootoiKies, whyoxootéo.a Now ewivouy Tous nodods, TOUS opopous, gwraywyous nou Bivouv (ug Oe EowrepIKa Biopepiouara Ta onoia éxouv nopteg nou averyoKAc: vouv. H vtémia yuuéndaKa xonowo- Rovira Yia emmaAUyers TOO KaL SanéBuv. H otéyn Tew Kripiuy eivar enine®n Kat ommpicerar o& Boxapa. (01 Kodoves civat EOAWOL KOpUOI TO NOBEMUEVOL Ye TO GTEVS UEDOE rng96 ra Kata. =UAWa eiva Kat Ta Kio voxpava (npospouO! Tay wUKNval KY KL Tuy Bupmiy Kiovoxpévov) aBiog Kar EUAWa Boxépa BianeD- vyouv naBera nat opiZévtia Tous Toi xoUg netuyaivovrag avniciopixh KaTdoKeun, ATO Ta tpia avoxTopa urd Twv MaAiny eivat to Nyorepo noAutehés, Tapa eupavigovtar Kat GAAa aimodouruara oay =mpd avd kropas. To 1,600 1X. omy Kvwod xtigerai n Nona OiKia. Eixéva tv oTIKaW RaTOIKUiY TG NOANG EXOULE and obvOAO UIKpIY MMaRIBiay and ‘gayevtav nou avanapierouv oo. Soumes npoddyer¢ onmov We Bus at TeX opdgous, ‘Avaxtopa Kat aminia eixay weyahes ‘anoBriKes yeudtes MIBGpIG GrOL gu Aayav tp5g4ua. Emny mepiobo auth Aavriket Kat TO onpavTKoraro avanto: (po Tou Karw Zaxpou. nov eixe eh: pinés oxéoeis we my Kimpo Kau my Aiyurtto Evrunwotaxd civat 10 oBiKd BiktUo Tou Kataoxeudomne via va ouvBéet tug Siapopes ndAzig, xwpid Kat era Aeig ue my Rpurtedouoa. Hray 1600 rahooxediaguevo nou ova. xvapIa Tou ouvexigmnay va oBeuouy ot AvBpun01 1609 oto Meoaiwva 600 at etoug vedtepous xpdvoUS. AMAG 1 e&arAwon tuy Konti Bev nepropt amnre ato xdp0 TOU vnGION TOUGH fang Bidgopec ayopes. Mivaines anowieg eynatactaGnKay 96 ry modes B60E1G Gre Ge yhoK TOU AY Yaiou (Miko, Ku8npa, PéBo, Kapna 80 RaBkig Kai orny KEpKUpA, rn ZK Nia w.4.). ModAés ané autéc T1¢ evxa: TacTace.e Epepay To dvoua Miva H vaurixf) Spaompidra wv Kon: Tov ToUug EvEpE oe eNaeA Ue TOUS Kunpioug eroug onoioug éSuoaw. yopw oro 1800 NX. roxela me Yypagnig tous H véa Gv8ion tww Mivexniov xévrpaw @aiveral, extos and my apxrreRrovt- ‘ef, om Biaxdounon twy Kipiay: No» noypagies, avayAuges Braxoout cig ToixuW We Bayydo.a xpoyaTa, ipoypagiKés ToKovAagieg GrOAt Fouy avantopa Kat enaderg AMG Kal Ol AMEE TEXVER MpOO ‘Aimoug méAexug Ko! T0Up0« eiva Te 1ep6 oUHBOAG TuW Miva (MUD. HpoKAZION). Sevouv: H mAaonih dive: Bauyaord Beiyuara me BekoTEXvINg Twv Ken: rv" @ayevtiavh, uadojoze (xUHeyN ‘F KaAoUnIA), xovOdG, ehepavTObov To at RAAGG Eival Ta UAIKA NOU XEN uonoiouvtar yia my KaTaoKeun Biapopuy yKpoavTIKEWsEvuY Ka EF SuNiaw. BEBaie n Kepauemh civar avrote iBiaiteoa CEchiyuévn: Meya: Rot niBOt jue TAOUGIO BieKOoUO Cu YeasiKo A avayAugo A KL oUvBUa- poiévra ts entoxtc. “AnAo eiBoc ei vai ta ayyela nou endvw ae avorxto: X@UUO POvTO GEpOUY OKOTEIvoxDE- tun Biaxdounan, Me my texvinh auth fQvantuaaovra! So puBpoi: © BU de me xAwpiBag Kai © Bardoni0c 'pU865. KapaxtnpiTiKd eivas Kai TO AatpeUTHd aUUBOAO TH ENOxAG. © Simdoug nerEKUG Tay naibd hoiney now n Keren yeioe Ze réro1a dvOton, pia véa Karaotpo- 9A fipBe va epeingoe ra yeyara kévtpa Tou reAmmguod tg: Oa10T6G Ayia Tpid80. MaNa, TUNES, APxe ves, Aumioos, Foupvia, Wipa, Nodak kaorpo, Zé4p0s, Kvwodg, «4. yRpE huigoveat Kat Kayovra Eapvind. ZU uva We TH yun opiquewuy ap: XaIoAoywv 0 AByOR TNE KaTaCTPORG Umipe n tepdona ExpNEN TOU Nar oreiou mg Favropivns (@npag) nou ‘ray kat aria tov Karanovrigyod uc ‘yakou utpoug me Ghipag ~ Kat Tu arog tov 8. napaXiov me Kerns at naraotpogric ané ro nahippo.- 6 mUjua TOU erohou THE Meravaxopixh nepioBos, Th guauKt auth Karaotpogh BiaBe xerat efGnAwon Tov Axauv ond my Mledonévvnao. Mepixoi oimioyoi avor “aypooe xronodou. To ‘pias 10. obdeAnpe. M rex TOU OY Yesoypateou viveva ew8nrn xopn rn Gor ogra aur (Mug. HpaxAciou)KodouoUvtaL. vea yoaph KdveL my ploTIKG oxfuaTa ayyeiay TOV Ypiuto — BraKOOURTIKO rvEOua. EUpAVOA Ts (ypauUKA B'), veoe aUpOPEA YE MAaTEIA xEIAN, To apro- Aiyo UETG To 1.400 TLX. Vea, veAWH UBUEC EpAviteTa: oTHY KEpOUEIKN, —OXNLO GAABaNTDO KAR. O SidKooveG KAtATTPOGH ekapaVices my KYwed. (© avaxropixes pubude, Le xapaxty- elval avTipUo.oKpariKes UE EvTOvE [_Moxnanasrouranis | Meat eahiag | PSPS 7 vaxtopuy Brénouue tny éBpa Tou PAKEIKA, Léow MopAAGKNY KEVIpY —rmjlevo TOUR MOIXwiB| Kat YO READE. KévTpOU TOU TIOAMOUOU va UeETaTO- SIOXETEUOTAV MO Thy We Tuna eM: pa rout rho, OL dvBpes ExoUy ROW niifetar npog 1a 6épeia. Twpa my KoIvuvia GE NOAA uepy. ARS ™ 64- Ta ySAALA yia Va ny EuNOBCOVTaL ApwroKadedpia éxouv o1 Muxtiveq Aagoa ripBe ctoug wuRnvaious n eni- _xIvthoeig TOUS TOV ayiva. ZUyxpO: kat 0 Muxnvaixég nokttioudg. Bpacn Tou Mivwixou nokimoHOo We Yue apHVOUY Kal yevertBa KAI OU: H Muxnvaikn nepiodoc 1 Yoreposh-antoréAcoua va Snuioupyndei o véos tani oe evdeikn appevunstnrae AaBing (1.600-1.1007.X) anoveAci ro noAmoyes nou evopdomKe Konto: ‘Onwe nat om Mivwinh Korii, erie ‘éhog THE eAAASUNAG XaAKOKPATIAg —_jLUKRVAiKBE. (1:500-1425 m1X) Moxtives ummpxe averruynevn raEn EnAnwka (puAa npBav pepvovTac ia- Méoor Muxnvainol xpévor Siotexvav tww onolwv Ta npoiovra G Tous Kat araixeia TOU MoNOWOU A MeooEAAaeiKA entoxh jouytav, omy apxn, auta twy Kon: Tous fou avanruxénKe Kai MHipe my AV Kat BaBUtata ennpeaguevos and Twv. H KEDaUeIMA Kaupigetal OF TPele reAik Tou open YewvIag mv thy KpfM, 0 ME moAmoydc Kpard —Katnyopieg: tnv eyxwpia. exeivn MoU puwixh napaBoon, aur nou evé- évtovn THY MpoouKOrMTG TOU. Ta uyieltar tr piv Kal TEAS TV KO- ‘nveuoe ra pnp én, ‘oTowxeia nou SaveiZerai amonoiouy- Bape juvisixh (etoayLEvn) apKErS H Muxnvainf eno urobiaipetrar oe Tax, ryayarm tng opyavuOne waivers: cTtavia OTH Kup EAAGBA. H viO- pels @aoe: Nodin h YorepoeAhc- Kar ato BidKooHO Tay GYYeluy, Md THA NapAYUNH NeprAaHEave: BVO Ka- ‘xn | (1.600-1.500.X. epinou). Mé- orn yAUTTINA EUpaviovta: atoxE!a —myopieg: Th Iveta KAI Tv aoUDe (on, Yotepoe\AaBixt Ui, (1.500-1.425 jvquexdboue xapaxthoa xpoun. 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Env TAI UnepovKE va éxoUKe Eiva TOU NUE BeoKpaTKA Baan, Tey HURVaIRN Ye- 940M THE TOLaG MEpLOBOU YewutEtaLO Zovoay rote oF Gv¥puniot ~ my (Bia xv emovigovrt yuvaiKeg fomoYE- -aVOKTOpIKSG puBOGs Ou poKKLE Enoxt dhig OMY Kofrn, uydvEvraL Yeia Tuy WuvevTUN) ce OMTWEG RUM KABAPA EYRUPLOG (EMAABIROA)-O MO 1a véa avéKtopa (1,700) — uows yioy, cToug, TapouG ToUE BE ExOUY _TMLOUEVOG KASGOG Texone fraY aU x0 WopigouNe TY KEBAHEW TOUS RPE ROME oMaEK. ALTO uTopEi TOG Tg WETaMOTExVi9g Ck MOUS {BxéB.0 mg Axpémohng nv Musnvi Ye va eroyare nov ‘amoxahoponnav expr Yo 1982. To heund neve elves 86 fig ehAneIy RMPra nepivexva ynpourtive auré exxeribia, nov éxouv KoayNBE! —_XpuaEs NpoUUNIBes OMd TOU Muxnvainadc r6pOUG (Vaal V TOU bbe xpu0d comps nar vicho, goivera To oyumnarid mveupa Tv Kowhow A) Eivt You T6ou ave MX. H wae TOU Exe Bix Murnvoior ng smpoourmannrar, pe érrove XepaxInpmind (EBV. ADYOO: hove Movs), uxnvaixoi répor wag éBwoay teyé- XGipa wowwaguévn of KpaviBia He vepxng Bev éxei_m SpnoKeuTIKA Aov apioue ToWiAwW EpyuN, rha, Kévrpo va avaKropa. Karola tov eEoUgia Ty ono|a aoKel MAELGBA KooWRpaTa, oMOOKEUEC. EpyaAEia. BAIA RAL DIOIKNTIKG REVTPO NOU peu, IepoUPYIN, BIGKOBW KA, Ta xaAniva oxcin Tg VE. Repw6Bou enion¢ ouyKEvtpADE Kai TIC OMOVO- YpKaV KaK ot TEAEOTES, © PAE (owooreuée) Mrav Mousierara, Té- Kec uMpEDIeS. Ta avaKTOPA QUT uy onoluN dev Exel anogagavierei olor Enoaupot éxovv SpeBei KpuE- civainoAUdpOGA. LeydAa oUYKpOTH- axoua. Kara ndoa mBavomnra Nav evar Kat and TO ndTuya Ko! Bap lata dno Src waBaivouye ano avditepa UMGAANAKE oteAExN THe évot G€ Sidwopa kon Tay anton —Yparéc rmyés, éueve Kal TO TOALG- —kevrpIRc eEOUOIAG Vic va OW8OLV aT KGMoWov erineiue- —piOUO MOIKIAD TIDOOUMIAD TOU MEAG: Ta wiKpG KEVtOG TOU efapriovray vo xivBuvo. 7108 and my Kevrpm) e&oucIa BioiKOWV- AVTIKeIeva and MOAITING UeradAa Fra avaKropa aNoBrKELOVTA! To NO: Tay ané aUYBOUAIG npoKpiTOW (ye: ummaxav dip8ova cous yuRnvaiKoig AS\MO UAKO ROL GUVTPOUVTAL Ot _POUGIA) Kal aNd TOrUKOUG doxOvTES régoug Mag Bivouy My mova me TPUTES UAEG NOU xenoluevav om dru O1 Korele — YeTAED TOUS Frav TexviKng TuY Muxnvaiay Kat TOU BloTexvia Ka! Ta aypoTIKA MpOiovra Kai 01 BaciAsic - eiBoc KoworapKio. MOUTON Tous AUCTUXRE Hovaxa To EB 0 Baathiag (wava®) eivai ory Topa ma eBpaubverat n avayen Via xouodpt Bev ofEiSaverar ETOIMOAAA —KOPUMF THC KOWWUWRG MuPapBAG. Ty SnLOUPYia HOvINOU GroRTON. Xpued avruciuieva BiaasBnkav evi civar 0 apXMVOC Tw EvorAwy Buve- To donut KaTaarpagrKE. tieay.r avatar BikaoTiKh Kai Ko- +H KABOBOG rwv Aupréwy» 1100 nX. Qaypaoia civarn uUKRVaIKR onAoUD- vouIKH apxn. Meta To Lovdexn ePxe- ia. Ta Fign tev purnvainw Baad rat o arparnyés, © naAEuapxEG (Aa To. 1-100 MX. ot Aupueig. eNAnviné Buy eivai and ra wpaiérepa Kai te- wayémnc). O KaBEvaG and Touc BU UA Kal Uo! épxovraL and mY AeiSrepa oe KaraoKeun Kai BiaKS- auTouG aoxnyOus Exe Bik"| TOU aUAN _HapLOXT| MG MivBoU Kat EyRaBioTaY- ohinon, H eikéva nou pag BivoUV oF Kal RpOOUMKO, BiABETE yaleGKaIGA- ral OTY NeAoROWNGD. H weraKivn avaonayes via Tov 130 audva NX: ha Mep\oUGIAKA eroKXE!a. EBW o uo on GUTH NOU Bev FYav Mapa UEPOS Tove ayveia xoparrnpioniKa rg Munnvones rexvne: a) Autos upinabos nuhmos (1320-1240 nx) 4) AproesSes akaBoorpo He pays: Ine Buixooye (1250 nx} 9) WeuBoorovos opgapeas (¥150 m3).Avanapéoroon rou purnvatsou peydpeu, nou evrumwerde o mour9s To¥ xpAMATUN KO! ‘a mominia me SonBounONS Karon wor Town tou Bokwrou TOON (ft ‘Snoauped rou AtpEa) Npwroyewperpiios ouposeas we vn ATH Bronoopmon tne enoyte: Toes Kat ‘evrpor mutha (Move. Kepovemou). eyaAdvepnG weraxivnan Kat ava: Ravdragyg nAnBuouOY nou Eade X@pa omnY avaroniKh Eupinn civan, OWupwvE YE mm YviuN OpiouEvON \oTopexiv, uneueuyn Via Thy Karap- euon Tou |uKnVaikod nOAiouOS Thy ibia exeivn entoxt apxiter Kai 0 patos eAAnviKog antowtoye: “Eh Anveg mg untponokimutig EAhGbac = Auodeig ané 1 OeooaNia, lwves and thy Artix Kar Awpieig ano ty AV. Tlekonévurjao ~ épraoay ova vn @14 Tou Avyaiou Kat ora yestoviK’ apaiia rng M, Agiac Kat iBpuaay Te pote eXAnvKeG anoles, OU ‘ouuc Bev eixay eumopd xapaxttipa MAG anotehoUoay mAeworts aypor. Kec nowatntes, H opyavwan rg Kowaviag ty eno: xi gut Baow6rav orov oiKo, Bach ovaba napaywyre (uéAn piag OM: VeveIag Kak o RivAtOg Kal aKivn TOG ‘Ing MAOGToG). AGO HraV 01 76EEIG NOU. anoreAodeay thy Kowavia. Ot Aivot kat MAodoIat ApIGTOI nou xpaTOLEAY ova xépia tous my efuola Ka! oF unedoiriot (Bouho1. Bites, SnutouD- Yoi). Me tov xaipé 01 euyeveic agai eaay ty ekousia and Tov 6agiNa Yyeyoveg nou eixe oav anoréacoua ‘my apxh me Bnuioupyiag rng nEANG = KOTOUG, To onuavtmKétepo Sue yeyoves (ang ounpuxng nepiesou) umpée n xption and roUug EAnvES, rou pov KiKOW aAgGBNTOU Nou to npOOBPHS- Dave ong quvmrnés avaynes mS ‘yAdooas tous, Téte yod@mnav Kat ‘ra ounpixd érn (hG0a ora Ueoa TOU Bou at mX. Kat OBdeaeia ora xeAN, Tou), ava onoia Bivera o xapaxth ag tay Bedv tng Enoxhg ‘And 70 1,100 n.X. Kat UeXa apxizes n Emragiog yeuverpmés opgopéas ané 10 ‘Aiwuho You Kepopeinos. To upos ru $70 ve! To 135 u. Ohowhnpn 9 errgaves Tou ahimera ané yeuheTpId poriea. 20 ‘Opo¢ Tov has, opBoyuvI Heron ciKo- exp exneh (EBY. Apyorohoyne Movecio) umowurnvainh nepio8oc_n ahAtiag JOKOTEWOI xPOvOL= Kat BiapKEI NED ROU we TG apxés TOU Bou at. (770 NX). Ero Biéornua aurd nou elvat heradarms. napampeitar node A omioBoxdonan MoU oBnyE! ota Biaxd vie 6a8uibeq vear EENENS nou sBpauiverai om yeuueroI EMioxf Ka! Tov Yeuerpmo PUBL. 8) Ynowuxnvaixy nepiodoq: Xapa- sempigerai ano ayyeia oma oe oxrwa he oxé5ia Zwypagiord, omy apxN oto xép1. Eivat uoupec raves, xb Aol, OuoKEVEpA NuiKUKAIG, KUUG Toxidelg yeauués, Oda ue wavee xpiya rave» cto yunvO MmRd TOU ay. ‘yeiou. romoBernutva ypu oto Nae Tou, Hy Kat o€ atevés avonToxouLieG Goves névw oe oxovea Bauevn ert gévera 8) Nowroyewperpxh nepiosoc: To Oxtua tev ayyeiay napauéver anhd ai Ta pori8a Bev arAazouv noAd, ¥) Fewperping mepiobos: raya hori8a yeunerpixe wouopga xat Av8punduopga KaAdrOUY OAOKAN- ibn thy eripaveia tw ayyeiwy Taay- Vela nou oxeriZovtat we tm Bonoxeu: Tinh Go eivar weyaha Kat yepsra Bia xéainan, Kaveva pepo Tou avyeiou ‘Bev uéver ededBepo. Té00 eivar Ba ‘koounuiéva now yas Bivouy my evel rugn ét 01 Gvpunor exEivOr Kate xovray ané ro ~9680 YoU Kevad: Deiyua Tou eiBoug aurou rng xepO- eis anotehouy ta avyeia rou =A TWADU (@pesnKay ato Airuho, crov Kepauerxs, 0 apxcio verporapeio rng ABhvaG), H eméva Tou edAnuKoS KOouOU Exel vn Thy enoxt ewpavier uixpé ave. Espmnrec noivwvikes oudBeG Ue RAEI ath yewernvorpogieh oixovouta2» Nparoxopivtionés apiahhog HwWous Ho: ig 6.8 ex: 20 naw Epos n AcovroxEO: ‘Aq woprupe wa av avorekinxn enidpoon ‘mou Bexerarn Kepauena Tne nepwobow au" ‘ih. Fre auya rou epuBaMNoueivei ype ‘prouever 18 nokewioreg oe xupe UpoU 2 Ea (Bperenno Movocs). APXAIKH MEPIOAOZ H APXAIKH MEPIOAOE (700-480 nx) xapaxrnpigerai and my eBviah OUV- iBnan Tay EAvrvwy nou exppacouv T mavenAAvia Aarpeia ~ o1 OAGumOL 801 xabuepavovrai mia — Kain opye vwon tay OAUMAKOY ayovay (76 1X, nou Bivouy oToug ‘EAANVeES Tm Buvarémnra va ouveisntonovjoouv Tay Kow tous piga, 7m yAvo0a TOUK, nig ouvaBeiés Tous Ka ™ Bpnoxeia Tovg. Elvai n ctiys nov To Gvoua EAMves KaBiepovEraI ia TOUS avOpanouc autoug nou evivouv ‘Aa ta napandvw oroixela. Enione KaBiepaveTar To npocapLOSLEVO (ong avayres mg eXAnviRG yA@ooN = poIwiKd» adga8nTO. [And 10 750 we to 580 .X. naparmaet Tat aig nepisa6repec nReKG, Kowa vont) pion, O mAnuoUd eixe aUEn- Bein yn Nav duc poipaguewn, 0 tpénog eneradreuorig te Bev fp OmAARE apKeTh TpOpH, oF euyEVEiG ‘kparoUoay ova xépIa Tous nig mio Eo (popes Kai exreraytves nepioxts ‘uxv4 01 pixporTnatieg noukoboay ‘myn Toug Kat yivavrav BouAo: Tew euyevdv. H xpion aur avtwerum- OTMKE He BiapoperKd tpENo Ka OE BiagoperKd xpoviKd Staoruara THY KAGE nepIoxh, Tia napdBerya vib n ABhva avémtuee Giotexvia Kat eun6pi0, n Bndpm otoxeuce om lamoxmon yng He eneKtarxKous no: Aeuoug, GdAec nBAeK-KpATH, TON, Eareihav to mAeévaoya Tou nAnBu: YOU Tous ong nodudpIBueG ano leg nou iSpuoy. AndppOI THE KP ong aum¢ unpge Kain BaBucia sEa08evion —mou oBfyna® omy Ka tépynon= mg Baodeiag. 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Ta Sroxela aura aeouowivovrat and Youg ERA WER nat BivouY GF OdeG A opeés mg texng véa Govévia. 0 Toc auiwas x. unopei va Been Bei ven ro onuavtnh oF mek Anvinne Tex”: Elva Neva EME vyewmnong me ueyadng edAnvicre acre RaSGE aL THE avOKKOBS- lunone tov nodtwv nérpiwy vos apaAanna ra ayyeia Stexoouodvra. be xawoUpyia Byars Kat axtuata rat n Aupikt noinan yewwérat H ayyeioypagia tg apxaixg eno- Xie) Sleyop@averal ue. brav0ReS TapaMayés ouuguva us Ta Eoya- ‘ommpua: Ta arrma epyoortpre ~nou hav Brayop@iaer Tov yewerpMEpusLd— napanéiZouy, evid pean 4y81on napampeita: ota KopIvBiaKd epyaotipia. H KOptv80s, ue Tm YP yoon s€eAlE me KeoauesKne me, araxtd ng ayopés téa0 nig edAnvi Eg O00 Kat exived mg Aone (ano wieg mg Kanw IraNlac). 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Avtidera and Tous KopivOious texvite nou xe vouv uxpoypagies avyeiay, 01 o8n- vaiot xepauonAdores xaraoxeud- Zouy ayyeia (Aoutpogspouc. augo- ei, uBpiec) twv onlay ro hos Ee TREpvG Ta 50 EX. KOL KGWIG O98 GTE- VvetKat to 1 pérpo. H Biagpop4 ato ue- YyeB0c tww ayyeiay Kat tav Beyataw Tou ta SiaKoquody oBnyouV tous ‘aBnvaioug ayyeioyaapous orn xer (on GAANg TexuiKtg, TG TexeE TOU Teptypauwato: Ot uopeés Bivovtat hie am6 nepiypanya. ApyrEpA Ut: Bereta n KopvBLaKh \leAavouopen Texuinn, Navtiag 9 texonn vou nepe ‘ypauuaros, ue” ™ xAfion AcUKOU xpiparos yia ta yupvé wépn rou o6. arog 6piokerat oe avaion, Ta Gea. 1a eivat wuBoAoyind, npwKd, Zaypa \pioueva ue Buvayn Kat xGon, ue Bu: vvarés xapnudes. Em Gaypagixh opt ouevov and ra ayyefe aura avayvts- piCoue to iBi0 xépr KaKAMTEXUN, EroL ‘Sxouv Bo8ei ta oveuaa: -Cuypdoog Tou Nohughiou», and to 8éua nou Biaxoouel Eva ayyeio, xZuypaeoq tov Kpidv» Ka. 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OU Spednee orn yahhnn nokn Auxerre. “KU pia mg Auxerre ai to dvopa Tou ertavupou dpxovra yeyovos fou emrpénet my aKxpi6i, xpovorsynor Tous Fopws oro texeuraio v 1pr9 tou 6ou © Kovpo« rou Fouviou (Ev. ApyaotoyS Mouocio) tyer te ve nb mo pnpaors Go ro athe Seiyvovrag raen We mine. uiva (525 1X), Evag yaenTAg Tou E€nnia, 0 Guypdeog rou Avgonisn avtl va xpnayionoueex waupo xosua Yea nig woopés erdivw GTOv KKKWvo indo Gwypagize: uapo to gévTo, ‘agrvovrag Tie Hoppe KOKKWvES. THY Gv8ion TOU EpuBpouOppoU pUB}OD @Aénoupe oro. xéA9g tou Bou auova onére Eexupitouv roMoi Gaypdpo: kal ayyetonAdores we ta BaupaoTs tous épya Hapxaixt nepioBog eivat xatn enoxs Kovpos rns Avadugcou (540515 nX) ing yévwnong me edn ueyé- Ang mhacniig, Bev Eépouie nou yewsionke, névtwg rapovowcerat € 5id@opa jutpn je Era XOOVI- ie 8149096, YOpw ota weoe Tov Tou ‘tdva TAX. 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Ta yAumTra tou NapBewava - ye: rome Kat Zwpo0g - Mov Tapa 6pi- OKOVEaL oKopriouEva ce Bidagopa' uowatia, 6AAa ato NovBivo, GhAa orn, Piun, aMa oro Mapio Kai ada exouv peivel army EMdba, pnopooy va xpnowedooUy ws napaberyua via Mexdnn you wae rou A:6s omy Odvynio (460 7X) evarnpov puByed, exowige ev: fv one roue Baera aBhoug Tou Mpaxan ‘nov orokiouv nig perones YoU waou, MovoowhAeio omy Adapraccd, Anorehe! run yrniiou ayonnr arn Miko Adta ‘Akko nopovoto rip (Topi) ray ro Menjio raw Napnidav arny save. To Mowo- ‘uAkclo nov @henoupe atmy emova, EovouTHOnKe oro Bperovvine Movocio et Bve: {tous emowerres ray eRdve, TOU Mag AB Ta TORRE avTE NyEVOVIKG UYMUEIO TH ML ‘vias. Mooewivac rou Aprewoiou (470-450 1X). EdcUtepo, ehoepi, oe eravernuéyn ivan ouro vo dyatya anorehel tva an a Ropugoio emreuyyora Tac xUTEUME {AGhuivaw ayetparay H oopponte now ne ‘Tuxe 0 nahkrréxyng oe ouyBucay® we Tv ‘ivyon Towdaue To varOUpENIOTE® YopO- ‘empe rou yhumrod. (0 Ano§uoyevoc rou Avoinnou ané rn Es uave (325300 1X) ou8nre yovo TO Popelnd eure evriypoge mou Spoxerer 10 Movocio vou Borinovov. Xeportnpr rind You: To pnp6 nepahs, Te ynhe noe. Ever atexxla nou Blvouy nelvoupieg aver hoyieg avo avepamve oupa H ximon eh Adker, 10 wévrpo Bépous Bev néorel ma aro éva moB! Skhd opxier vo powpaever tro Bio nodio, ivovres ovo owe nono. fvkwyois Ta xép10 iv tos reamsTy eMKovoypéipnan me yAurTKTG ‘mg enoxtig tous. Fra 15 xpdvia nou Exave 0 yAUMTTG B1GKooUOG TOU Nap: Bevave va TeAewoe napatnpeirat éno10 e&6NE): Ot rruxég Tu eveu- drwy nodAanAaaafovrar Kat Bou: Asvovrat o€ 6A80c: aur4 rou xapa: xenpi€et ta yhurrra tou NapBevava eivain Suagaveia twv podxuv. Meo fné ta updoyata undpxe! to coua ue Ty xivmon xat tov nado tou. Kat ny xiunon auth elvat dvern, dXAore spoyavriKt» Kar AAAOTE MEAL OpUTE Kf Tig (Bteg TaoEIG axOAOUBE! Kat N YAU xf aT vexpiKés atf/es nou CU xv6 elvar avayhuges Kara 3/4 ‘And ra yéoa Tou 4ou auiva NX. ™m ‘yaurtuxh xapaxrnpiCet oxt mia 0 ea ioydg adnan YaURUET Ta KaK N x80, 01 rovtoeig vivovrat edwoesBele Kat Ct rTux@oeig Twv podxuv mo Bide: veg, To 312 1X. nepinou, o yAdrrng ‘Adomnog ~ avriBera and roug npo- RaTOXOUS TOU, ~ KavEl Ta KEGEAG Twy ayanyérwv Tou €Aagpa uiKpdTe- pa Kal TO omua AeMTOTEpO Kal THO Steyv6, aufavovrag thy evrunwon ou yous. AAAG Kat n KivTon NAG Gee Ropuds, REGAL KaL dKpA ExOUV Biagoperun KatevBUvoN Ero! NOUN evruriom eivat exeivn tng Kivnons. Exevind ue Tay edAnviKt Goypagah ‘ng KAQOIKAG NIEPIOBOU, ExTOS ano nv ayyetoypagia, nora Be OwENKE wapitepa ané tov 40 auiva TX. Ot uaprupiec via tn weyaan Zaypagih iva gudoAoyIKéS Kat iowg KAI GeIpe AeunoV AnKGBwW (oyd5a A) va oc Zouv réto1e ouvstoric. Fpw To 430 1X. 0 Guypavos Ava@apKoS (Gijsgwva we mAnpo@opia nou ave- Yypaget o Puyatog apxitéxtovas Bi "pOvBIOG). Guypdiguoe oKnviKa yia apdcraan Tou AioxdAoU Ue npoo- TKO aXeBI0. AUTOG FFaY o BEE hg TOU MpoormKOU oxEdIOU. EB 8é8a10 npénei va avagepBel Kai n Zwypaginh Tay Taguv tne Bepyivac ov Seixvouv 1 yudion Kat 1h BeEo- Texvia GTO oxEDIO TOU KaAATEXT (oréon 3/4 we évrovn poor) Mipwronbpog Sewpetrat xat 0 Qaypd {905 AMOAASBUpOE rou NpitTOG Oxia Ge 1a épya tou nat yi aut éhabe ty Enwvuuila H Baoitcla rou Meyahou Ade EavBpou oppayiter to téhog mG KAABIKHE nat eyxavndger ty ANH: NIETIKH nepiobo rou SiapKel we ty ohoxAnpurin} Pajainr) Kataxrron, tay EXAqviniv Booey (33530 1X). Thy EXnvioriKA nepio’o S1a- xpivouv 800 xopaxtnpioTiKé: a) H Kupiwg ENAdBA MapaKUAZe, evs 6) Ta BaoiAeia te AvaToNAG, nou pofiABay an6 tm Braipean mg auto. Kparopiag rou Meyahou Ade: Favépou, aveouv Kat Suvayivouv Kparivrag Zavravé to eAAnViKG vedua: H Alyurrog KuBepvérat and roug Aayibee #| Nrodeyaiou, ro 6a Gideio mg Aoiag and tous FedcuKi- Bec, eva EXAdba pe m Maxedovie ‘ané Tous Avriyovibe. O1 adore on- avriKes néAeig - K\Srn AE KUpIIG EdAabac, n ABfva Kain) Zndpm, uo avGvouv. 01 eunopiKol Bpsjot NED: Youv mia é&a ané my ABfva Kat 7 Znapm uno pe ané pciwon manu ‘p00. Tapa tn Buvayn sxouy o1 Tue rodrreieg (Axalkh EUMOArTeia Kat AL whixh Zunonrteia). To Kowovind ‘npo@Anua omy Kuplug ENAABa civat Bvtovo Ady tng avEpYIAg NOU TAT Tel ToUG KatoiKoug me. H yewpyia Kat to eumépio Biotexviniv nocd Tw Béyovras mys ané tov avra- Yowioue tay avaroAmiby xpariov Ing Meooyeiou. Ta eynopixd xévtoa eragepénxav. Tipo 0 8ép06 Exouv 7 POB0s Kat n AAAS, Flap’ 6ka aura n nveunarinh ZA ene Kupliug EXABag Sev orauard. O Mu- OTIRIOLOG, TOU NpUTOEHOAvioTKE ota TéAn Tou Sou aidva RX. nhpE ‘T0pa peyanes diaordoeg. Orenages Twv EANfvay ue my AvaroM gee vouy odoéva Kawvoopies Bebtates A etapopgdvouy tous nahods 8e0us Bivovrac Tous mio tapnyoANTKG xa paxtiipa. Tous motoug ouyKevrpi Vouv Oxi mia 0: Nonades Sesmnrec GAG vEes Hoppéc Bew nou ave poownedouy tous uovdipxes, O: ra Aaumuipieg Tou KéqHOU BpioKoUY Bié- Robo oF va pudocogiKa peiuara, O: TwiKot Kat o1 ermxoupior @ASCOROL {avvievorga onaboi rou Zhvuva Kai Tou Enikoupou) cheuBepavouv To Toyo and ra eniyeta Kat my rapay- evn Gah Tg enoxrig TOUS. Ooo via ‘mm hoyorexvia Kai nc texves, To Kévrpo Bapoug Kal eB yeratoniorn: ke: 1) AdekGvopeta, 1 Avtdxe.a, 1 Tépyauog eivar ta xévzpa Grou ava: ntuogovrat ta ypduuata, avavedr vovrat 01 téxveg Kal avBouv 01 ert- comnues, H apxtrexrovuer mg EAAnwierinng epid8ou Siver onpavnd uwnueia Kupive om Mikod Acia: Fap6e1q Népyaues, E@eaos, AiBuHOL. Koho- ‘paw (KAdDOG) «6 1 vaoi aKohoubouv oe yevnes Yyoouués my apxtterrovamny me Nponyouxewng nepiddou. Xapaxrn pioTIKG crOKEIO THE MaxpaoraTKAG ‘pxttextovunc anoreAei n Bdon na ‘a ony onoia xtiZovtat ot vaol, Axo: Aoubwvtag To apaBeryua Tou Nap Beviova nav eunAourifovrds to, 01 véot vaoi eivat xaragToAatot and aura. Or Bwpol yivovrar ert @Anrikétepa Kat and éntoyn Biacts: ‘oe4V Ka YAUITTON BraxBo}OY, O1 Br ‘aupot eivat nia Ka8tepuuévn apxt- TEKTOVIKH HODH Kat Bplorovrat oF ‘ha oXeBO¥ Ta wep Kat TOUS vaouG le tous onoioug otevf oxéon exouv at 01 864 Epyo mg EdAnvionutig enoxtig nou xapaxrripige ta mBAn Eivat 0 @apo5 ig ANeEAvBpeIag nou éxnoe, ya rov Mirokeuio tov B’, 0 KviBi0g 2- ‘otpatog (285-246 1X.) kat BcwphBn, Ke ux éva and ra Era Saupara ms Tne. Emv téxwn. n eni®paon mg nods fig Kat mg koWwwuiKe Gane eivas ei ‘avrg: O varoupadouds om yur ih yiverat mio évrovag: 01 MAiKies, 1 apauspewon, 01 Biépopec HuxiKES KaTasTagei¢ Kat yeviKd 0 Gv8purnog GE Oheg TOU THG EXBNAGDENG, BiVOUY ré0eg EuKaipies aTouG KadAréxver va epcuvfjgouv Kai va anobioouy \wuxinés BiaBEveIg, Thy adeEavBpivh yAurox xapaxmplie: yaAnveia Avringoouneurxé épyo roy pudvOL m6 Repyapou anorekcto Nooxsev xa To na 4316 Tou nou Gavovra ané ra iti. ‘Evo ‘vee evar ot evondee Tov ooHaros neu qhavouy wivnon Eniong Suvarf evar rat a xppcen rev mpooum wow BONY Eypohivou (omy Mépyoyo tuewav Hove to BeyEho). To ueyeB6q YoU iver 36.8 X EAAHNISTIKH TIEPIOAO> H Baoitcla rou Meyahou Ade EavBpou oppayiter to téhog mG KAABIKHE nat eyxavndger ty ANH: NIETIKH nepiobo rou SiapKel we ty ohoxAnpurin} Pajainr) Kataxrron, tay EXAqviniv Booey (33530 1X). Thy EXnvioriKA nepio’o S1a- xpivouv 800 xopaxtnpioTiKé: a) H Kupiwg ENAdBA MapaKUAZe, evs 6) Ta BaoiAeia te AvaToNAG, nou pofiABay an6 tm Braipean mg auto. Kparopiag rou Meyahou Ade: Favépou, aveouv Kat Suvayivouv Kparivrag Zavravé to eAAnViKG vedua: H Alyurrog KuBepvérat and roug Aayibee #| Nrodeyaiou, ro 6a Gideio mg Aoiag and tous FedcuKi- Bec, eva EXAdba pe m Maxedovie ‘ané Tous Avriyovibe. O1 adore on- avriKes néAeig - K\Srn AE KUpIIG EdAabac, n ABfva Kain) Zndpm, uo avGvouv. 01 eunopiKol Bpsjot NED: Youv mia é&a ané my ABfva Kat 7 Znapm uno pe ané pciwon manu ‘p00. Tapa tn Buvayn sxouy o1 Tue rodrreieg (Axalkh EUMOArTeia Kat AL whixh Zunonrteia). To Kowovind ‘npo@Anua omy Kuplug ENAABa civat Bvtovo Ady tng avEpYIAg NOU TAT Tel ToUG KatoiKoug me. H yewpyia Kat to eumépio Biotexviniv nocd Tw Béyovras mys ané tov avra- Yowioue tay avaroAmiby xpariov Ing Meooyeiou. Ta eynopixd xévtoa eragepénxav. Tipo 0 8ép06 Exouv 7 POB0s Kat n AAAS, Flap’ 6ka aura n nveunarinh ZA ene Kupliug EXABag Sev orauard. O Mu- OTIRIOLOG, TOU NpUTOEHOAvioTKE ota TéAn Tou Sou aidva RX. nhpE ‘T0pa peyanes diaordoeg. Orenages Twv EANfvay ue my AvaroM gee vouy odoéva Kawvoopies Bebtates A etapopgdvouy tous nahods 8e0us Bivovrac Tous mio tapnyoANTKG xa paxtiipa. Tous motoug ouyKevrpi Vouv Oxi mia 0: Nonades Sesmnrec GAG vEes Hoppéc Bew nou ave poownedouy tous uovdipxes, O: ra Aaumuipieg Tou KéqHOU BpioKoUY Bié- Robo oF va pudocogiKa peiuara, O: TwiKot Kat o1 ermxoupior @ASCOROL {avvievorga onaboi rou Zhvuva Kai Tou Enikoupou) cheuBepavouv To Toyo and ra eniyeta Kat my rapay- evn Gah Tg enoxrig TOUS. Ooo via ‘mm hoyorexvia Kai nc texves, To Kévrpo Bapoug Kal eB yeratoniorn: ke: 1) AdekGvopeta, 1 Avtdxe.a, 1 Tépyauog eivar ta xévzpa Grou ava: ntuogovrat ta ypduuata, avavedr vovrat 01 téxveg Kal avBouv 01 ert- comnues, H apxtrexrovuer mg EAAnwierinng epid8ou Siver onpavnd uwnueia Kupive om Mikod Acia: Fap6e1q Népyaues, E@eaos, AiBuHOL. Koho- ‘paw (KAdDOG) «6 1 vaoi aKohoubouv oe yevnes Yyoouués my apxtterrovamny me Nponyouxewng nepiddou. Xapaxrn pioTIKG crOKEIO THE MaxpaoraTKAG ‘pxttextovunc anoreAei n Bdon na ‘a ony onoia xtiZovtat ot vaol, Axo: Aoubwvtag To apaBeryua Tou Nap Beviova nav eunAourifovrds to, 01 véot vaoi eivat xaragToAatot and aura. Or Bwpol yivovrar ert @Anrikétepa Kat and éntoyn Biacts: ‘oe4V Ka YAUITTON BraxBo}OY, O1 Br ‘aupot eivat nia Ka8tepuuévn apxt- TEKTOVIKH HODH Kat Bplorovrat oF ‘ha oXeBO¥ Ta wep Kat TOUS vaouG le tous onoioug otevf oxéon exouv at 01 864 Epyo mg EdAnvionutig enoxtig nou xapaxrripige ta mBAn Eivat 0 @apo5 ig ANeEAvBpeIag nou éxnoe, ya rov Mirokeuio tov B’, 0 KviBi0g 2- ‘otpatog (285-246 1X.) kat BcwphBn, Ke ux éva and ra Era Saupara ms Tne. Emv téxwn. n eni®paon mg nods fig Kat mg koWwwuiKe Gane eivas ei ‘avrg: O varoupadouds om yur ih yiverat mio évrovag: 01 MAiKies, 1 apauspewon, 01 Biépopec HuxiKES KaTasTagei¢ Kat yeviKd 0 Gv8purnog GE Oheg TOU THG EXBNAGDENG, BiVOUY ré0eg EuKaipies aTouG KadAréxver va epcuvfjgouv Kai va anobioouy \wuxinés BiaBEveIg, Thy adeEavBpivh yAurox xapaxmplie: yaAnveia Avringoouneurxé épyo roy pudvOL m6 Repyapou anorekcto Nooxsev xa To na 4316 Tou nou Gavovra ané ra iti. ‘Evo ‘vee evar ot evondee Tov ooHaros neu qhavouy wivnon Eniong Suvarf evar rat a xppcen rev mpooum wow BONY Ey© aowuoos kabiorée endvis o€ nevOnpa. To yne\Surd auro evo! an0 19 Anko O ETO veg pureomaceie npootidouy ayxo aro epyo, 0 Bede Keune! an 70 0 env o7O ‘nolo xaBerer, pe oxaupee houpiBec xpOvETOS. Ypie and ray Kare Irohia. Tro haus (povro Eexupicouv 01 giyaupcs Coypoor ‘Sutvec pe repnepa (Mou. 10u AouBpou). Ex@paon Kar arand BovASUA TOU UNKOO, Evid vroves KivmOEIG aX OU- londoeig tou aayatos divovra: omy réqyn mg Mepyauou. H nupig ENG- a xparé mv rapdsoah me ahha ‘upmAnpaovet ra yAurTiKd épya_ ue ‘oroiyela toniou. Ta xapaxmpionKd ‘aura Bev éyeivav auornpa tora. O1 waArréxves rafiGeuav nat Kara: oxevatay épya ae Gho tov EAANVIN. ‘TOTE, KOU, eruxoWavia Ka OL ah- AnAemiBpdoeic umipeav évroves Kat ‘ouoiBaies, To noprpaito ue tov ev ovo aroUIKIGHO Eivai oT Bay THE Tex Tw VoHoUTIV nou YivovTaL id VaroupaAwotiKeés anemovioec Twv 5iag6pwy uovapxav, Baonewy Kd. (6A APXAIONOTIA 1 nat 2 (198): 2) avtigro1ga GEA. 31 Kat 68, M.Omo- Youidn, To voulguarixe noptpaio), AMG Dev eivat yovexa To vowoua ou anorehel HeTaAAKS épyo te yung, AloKos, Kérontpa, ayyeia «6. Spya mg peraNdorexviag pag Bet xvouY UeyAAN romiAla ory Text ‘kai ROAU FAOUoIa gavracia, Tia mm GwoypadiKn m¢ enoxtc auTig nopotue va pAnooUpE Hovaxa Ue uyrpioeis: 1 toxxoypagieg mS Tlourniag inoreAowy avriypaga eh- Anvindv épyu. Ta eddnvond épya et X@v @tdoet omy fraAia ax AdgUPA Ttuv Pauaiav, n Be avtiypagh épyav réqung fray GuvnBIOuEVO paWonE- vo, One aptupasy Bid@ope< ypo- irég mnyés. Thy EdAnvionih enoxA ‘om Garypawmn| — org KaL om YAU fl — o71G ouvBéaeig naipver ye 206 kat r0 ronio, Npurdruno via Tv eroxh Béya anoteXouv o1 vexpés ou oe, H ‘OAwvB0¢ kai n Anos £xouv Bia lguAdeet onjiavniné Tquara and Wn giburd tg EXAnwoniKtig nEpI6BOU Nou, avriBera ané my nponyosuevn ‘exvixfN onoia xenowonoiodce xo Aiki tng @adagaas, xpnowonotet un (piBeg Kapapéves and KUBIKA KOLAE- ym uaAduata (ya KaBera yngibird TwY Tokxuv) Ka ané nerpdara (ya opdevna ynpdurd twv SanébuV), (6X. APXAIOAOTIA 2 (1982), OFA. 31 M, Ziyavidou, Burin karoiKia omy ‘apxaia MEAAG. 3 xai 4 (1982), 084. 73 at 71 avriotoxa, A. Xpuobnouhox, Wnpibare), Thy ayveioypagia mg EXAnMoTins enoxtig oniadevouy anuavtixés 81a" \Bopeg and nig nponyouyeves nepre- Boug, H wedaveuopen Kat n epuepd- open texvinf| eynaraheinovrat ya Sypehog ANA: Mepind ayysia eAAN- wotimé éxouv my emipaverd Tous ‘oxentaouévn we Neuxé enixpnowa no ‘wa oro omoio to ey eivat Laypage ‘Ouévo je téunepa. Zuxvd we THY Te Xvimf| aur ovvSuaerar Kai np6o8e~ Jn avayhuen BiaKdounon. Emy eh- Anwiomixt, ayyeioypaia Eexwpie: n Texvintl THe, avayAUONG EMupaveiag nou Supizer auxvé éoya weradhore xyiag. AMAA n xeponerR KaBnepe vig “xetone, aut Tuy oMoou loxeuay, fray oXduaUpN (yEAGvO- xpuun). To Bepvii ouoppawve ro xe ajik6 aAAG Kat To npoorareue. To ovo SiaKxoountix6 croxxelo autiw Twv ayyeion KaBnuepwvtc xorions fhrav xayia gopé anorunueva av Ewa fh Ada pps poriss. PQMAIKH IIEPIOAOS Me to téAog tou Sou audva nx. ot Payatot avayeryydovrar ova mpayua ‘ra tng EAaBAG He TOUS TpEIG MaKe: BoviKods mokéuou. To 168 Xn MaxeBovia yiverar tufua tou Pauai KOU Kpatoug. Av at Papin erp© aowuoos kabiorée endvis o€ nevOnpa. To yne\Surd auro evo! an0 19 Anko O ETO veg pureomaceie npootidouy ayxo aro epyo, 0 Bede Keune! an 70 0 env o7O ‘nolo xaBerer, pe oxaupee houpiBec xpOvETOS. Ypie and ray Kare Irohia. Tro haus (povro Eexupicouv 01 giyaupcs Coypoor ‘Sutvec pe repnepa (Mou. 10u AouBpou). Ex@paon Kar arand BovASUA TOU UNKOO, Evid vroves KivmOEIG aX OU- londoeig tou aayatos divovra: omy réqyn mg Mepyauou. H nupig ENG- a xparé mv rapdsoah me ahha ‘upmAnpaovet ra yAurTiKd épya_ ue ‘oroiyela toniou. Ta xapaxmpionKd ‘aura Bev éyeivav auornpa tora. O1 waArréxves rafiGeuav nat Kara: oxevatay épya ae Gho tov EAANVIN. ‘TOTE, KOU, eruxoWavia Ka OL ah- AnAemiBpdoeic umipeav évroves Kat ‘ouoiBaies, To noprpaito ue tov ev ovo aroUIKIGHO Eivai oT Bay THE Tex Tw VoHoUTIV nou YivovTaL id VaroupaAwotiKeés anemovioec Twv 5iag6pwy uovapxav, Baonewy Kd. (6A APXAIONOTIA 1 nat 2 (198): 2) avtigro1ga GEA. 31 Kat 68, M.Omo- Youidn, To voulguarixe noptpaio), AMG Dev eivat yovexa To vowoua ou anorehel HeTaAAKS épyo te yung, AloKos, Kérontpa, ayyeia «6. Spya mg peraNdorexviag pag Bet xvouY UeyAAN romiAla ory Text ‘kai ROAU FAOUoIa gavracia, Tia mm GwoypadiKn m¢ enoxtc auTig nopotue va pAnooUpE Hovaxa Ue uyrpioeis: 1 toxxoypagieg mS Tlourniag inoreAowy avriypaga eh- Anvindv épyu. Ta eddnvond épya et X@v @tdoet omy fraAia ax AdgUPA Ttuv Pauaiav, n Be avtiypagh épyav réqung fray GuvnBIOuEVO paWonE- vo, One aptupasy Bid@ope< ypo- irég mnyés. Thy EdAnvionih enoxA ‘om Garypawmn| — org KaL om YAU fl — o71G ouvBéaeig naipver ye 206 kat r0 ronio, Npurdruno via Tv eroxh Béya anoteXouv o1 vexpés ou oe, H ‘OAwvB0¢ kai n Anos £xouv Bia lguAdeet onjiavniné Tquara and Wn giburd tg EXAnwoniKtig nEpI6BOU Nou, avriBera ané my nponyosuevn ‘exvixfN onoia xenowonoiodce xo Aiki tng @adagaas, xpnowonotet un (piBeg Kapapéves and KUBIKA KOLAE- ym uaAduata (ya KaBera yngibird TwY Tokxuv) Ka ané nerpdara (ya opdevna ynpdurd twv SanébuV), (6X. APXAIOAOTIA 2 (1982), OFA. 31 M, Ziyavidou, Burin karoiKia omy ‘apxaia MEAAG. 3 xai 4 (1982), 084. 73 at 71 avriotoxa, A. Xpuobnouhox, Wnpibare), Thy ayveioypagia mg EXAnMoTins enoxtig oniadevouy anuavtixés 81a" \Bopeg and nig nponyouyeves nepre- Boug, H wedaveuopen Kat n epuepd- open texvinf| eynaraheinovrat ya Sypehog ANA: Mepind ayysia eAAN- wotimé éxouv my emipaverd Tous ‘oxentaouévn we Neuxé enixpnowa no ‘wa oro omoio to ey eivat Laypage ‘Ouévo je téunepa. Zuxvd we THY Te Xvimf| aur ovvSuaerar Kai np6o8e~ Jn avayhuen BiaKdounon. Emy eh- Anwiomixt, ayyeioypaia Eexwpie: n Texvintl THe, avayAUONG EMupaveiag nou Supizer auxvé éoya weradhore xyiag. AMAA n xeponerR KaBnepe vig “xetone, aut Tuy oMoou loxeuay, fray oXduaUpN (yEAGvO- xpuun). To Bepvii ouoppawve ro xe ajik6 aAAG Kat To npoorareue. To ovo SiaKxoountix6 croxxelo autiw Twv ayyeion KaBnuepwvtc xorions fhrav xayia gopé anorunueva av Ewa fh Ada pps poriss. PQMAIKH IIEPIOAOS Me to téAog tou Sou audva nx. ot Payatot avayeryydovrar ova mpayua ‘ra tng EAaBAG He TOUS TpEIG MaKe: BoviKods mokéuou. To 168 Xn MaxeBovia yiverar tufua tou Pauai KOU Kpatoug. Av at Papin erp(0 vade rou Ohvuniou Aidc noprfroxoU puByod. EyKaodnKe 10 381/332 1X. ané row autoxparopa ABprav6. Merny curate aurh @ ABPIOVSc npoonOnae va. CUvevioR! TOUS TEdinvec ove Navethhve opoonovisons oun. ‘To M8cio rou Hon ArnKoW wmopobee vo nepiAdBe! 5.000 Bcovée. 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Kor Graipman Twy KEpaKiv TOU GTaUPoU GApUY aBaIpKKaY TpYYavUN. Ta TOE gapiavh Ka) MOU Beixvouv On Ya. To xtipio ateyétera and TpoUANO aMloreAouv ta jéTwRa Tuy MpAKL- Adyoug aopaAciag ra Kripla EIxaY Ni Nov ouvABwe EXeI UIPMAS TWuNave. AWSpIKiV Kauapdv Tuy TeeodpwY ya avolyyara. H eioooG oto Hove Tpinoyxo! Kat rerpdroyxo vaol: xcpaidv Tou craupou. Aros eyyps- —OTHp\ yivoTaV ano TwAdwves. Ta KEN EraupoeiBelg vacl ova oKeAn (ra 3% PETaLGE opBovAvION TeTpaywvaXW- fTaV TonoBeTMEva BinharSinda ye at Ta 4) Twv onoiww npoowiBevtal 90 Bnjiloupyavrag TéaoEpa YovIERd GTO jinpoOTA, UMMoxav OL eoTieG Koyxec. MeooBufavrivo! araupoei- Biauiepiouara ye ctéyaon xaunAste- (uayeipela), ondmo! xOpO. Kat Beis voo!: O rior autéc. ueraBarr pn aNd autfy Tou araupod To crau- xtipia BonérTKa, OG, xTi~eTai KupIWG KATH TOV 90 KAI PIKE OxFa Golveral KaBAPA OMY TNE Téxves Mapampeiral werd and Evopovn Speaorparoune arn KOK TOU repov. Ungaro Tou Sou owsva ane THe Emovo xovuuevn ue 1m jc8080 rH ey» Ayia Topla TMG KuvoravrwounoAne. Kio savoTwhe, mv nepioso auth exe veyehn omiKovoa uopeh, Exe enoBoBel whacrixd Kara ov 120 ave o1 popges. 00 orn ton, Mpoxtrro: via xoua nov evalve: To K@Mog. —_mruyohovia, peovea, Cuypuginh O90 wo! Oro YpiBura, ano For oc Zeoro mepi W vehmh evrumuon mag Cuumnpavel rv nhecmaaTaTE Yow yop. KTOUY BuvayixGenTa no! Kivnon, ArMrOHe: ‘moras val varie Hemove voor pe Bosooners ben ou Ay. AvBpea ovo, Brcko ‘urn evar and ro Bve, vonww. nc)Tov NEPIOPIONG mE EMoVouaXLKE Tepi6B0u, .eyaAn aru. H yAurttxg ‘Ywopifet efeipenint avin omny en: luevn MeploBo, Bivovtag épya xupiug ‘oxttextovKod Biaxéquou. 1 exoves eivar Kuplag avayAupe Oe péradAo h GdAa vAma Src Hop- udpwes mdkes Ayarnuévo Séua fanerehei n Navayia Beouevn H exrAnataovixt) Cayoaouch ue mv avaothAwon tev eiKGvNW arOKTG Ta Tov wiaiteps mg xapaxttipa. "Exe: ‘eBel tépya onc aiperés Biauaxes at n «evodpxwon Tou Adyous vive. Tal Kiplo eiKovoypaginé Ea. EXKANOIG OULBOAIEE! TOV KOCHO LE uneptaro onueio tov tpodMo énou euwovizerai 0 Mavtoxparopas, O xi 0g Tou lepod rautizerai we tov ad- ato KéouO (1006-1105 al.) Kal Bia xwpigerat and tov oparé dnou 8pi- OxovTat oF mova! Fro TeraaTOapO 10 Tg aviBag emovoypapeirar n Mlavayia wg ueoodaénthe avaucoa Tov avBpuno Kat To Bed. FUvroua 80 KaBiepwBei Ka to Aubexdopto, FlokuBéravo UNKd, vo ynpiBwrd 82 oroNige: to eawtEpIKS eKRAqaNY Tg pedodutavtAg MepI6Tou nou ‘Ta xapmAa Toug uépn wEpoUY opBo- papudpwon. 01 ZaypapiKés woppés ms nepisdou heté Thy emovouaxia xapaxmpizov- Tal and tov unepGarmé tous xapa- Kripa kat 7 aapF artouapuven and ‘THY MpoonBeIa peadiorinis andbo- ‘ong. Thy iSra auth entoxt} ouvundp- xouv Biéigopa pedpara omy téxyn (0) whaarxigouges Hoppe, 6) werum KEG avaroNouaes nveunatég> hop@és, Ero tékog tou 1 tou at. ano- KroUv Kdnova unoia anddwons OWV- ‘1oBnudtwv. © Gwypapmoc BidKoou0g, ou avti- Seta and tov ynpiBuTo ankdveras Ge 60 To UYOS Tw ToixwY, yiverat faitia va BnuoupynBouv ra eiKovo- yoagixd mpoyodiuara, Kard tov 120 a1. 0: uopwés yivovrat ‘Suvauinés, amoKrouy uUNdég KopLo- oracikg, péouoa wat MuKYH TTUXOKO- Yio pe Evtown xerion ts yeauuic Kavefoxtiv BeonpaniKe KpGTOG To Bugévno, xpnowonoiet ty téxvn ay evBidye00 weTakO oupavol Kat \yng. © xBqu0¢ Tuy wei rou MASTo- Va waAsitat va urepaomiodet tm ha- Tpeia Tuy emévev. H téxvn viverat o UAKES @opEAG TOU MVEUUITIKON KO ‘you. “Ero: n aneikévion Sev noénes vo napayéver omy uni andBoor AAAS evo omy rvevuarxt Yorepoéuzavrivi nepiosog H napousia Active omy nputeou- {90 Kai n Bnutoupyia gpdyRIKWY Ur kponyeuiowiov a Bidpopes remixes Mando ouvBuaoyaw we Aero TouBka aTOTEAGUY Moua® Eustepine BrKoopo Tov exxhnowoe Emm weratufavnen nepioBo xopoxrnpwria v0 1) 1990 vo xenoyo nolouvra: ora ynerdute. opxrrextovme Beyare. dnue aura tBu and ‘m Mown me Xapos army Kaveravriounokn (Kayo TZ)HW Moxzdomen Exe tae evo ond 10 Bouptora Beinyera Cuypaeretc evn Oxo sehsvinn: Tov Ayia Nixbhae rev Opens, karaxequariZouy my BufavrvA au: Torparopia nov ie ty avaxnom rou 8pdvou and roug Flanavchoyous (1261) napayever xwoiouévn oF Kea 1idia (autoxparopia tne Nixalac, m6 Tpanetodvrag, Beonordro mg Hnek pou, rou Muptwc). Napdka urd 1 Kwvoravnvounehn, grey touéa me réxvne, €Xet NOVTOTE NYETIKO 260 Ziovrag tv +Avayévenon tev Ta- Aatondyun Emy apxtrertownt elvat gaveoh n Taon exAerTiCuOD. FlowiAio one pod6YIG TUY vay, alvBETa oxé- Bia, (nepiotwa, mAsyIes arOES K.A), O eEwrepinés SidKoqioG ayyite Hy umep8onh: Aerré roOBha yonowo- owauvrat ae MAABOs ouvdUdoLOY vrai eiBixd repquonAagrnd Kou ya aovehouy ouurdng%oua Néot tunot vawv eu@avigovra xara ry Yorepodufavnv nepioo: 0 veinrés rdnog Ka\ 9 eraupenioreyos, Ton9¢. O miro eivas Booth G10 OOyEIO Kal arov ép00 oxi ‘TaUDOEBH EyyevoayilEvo vad, Ew (0 Bev TEpoG oxnuarivel craups Hove Tia my KoouIKR apxireKToviet Ine eroxfig, ext6¢ and ra ywnuela me Kuwotavevatnehne, éxouNe oT ENAGBa ta exmAnctixé Guyxporfua Ta Tou Muatad (Gh, APXAIOAOTIA 2, 982, ©. Nanagstas, To aarixé Bu Lavivé omit. aed. 37-44), Ein Zaypaginh napampetrar n yera~ ‘204 epyaompiay Ey and to x0p0 ing KuvoravtivotmaAne Kupiue om Tepsia, Nea ovouxela tne enoxtis eh: Fevwnan. tng Mavavios. Kenn oxohh tov apysv Tov ov ouava (Mova. Kaveh Aonouneu). M evrovn mruxosoria nar 01 enue Suoawaheyes BraeTenei Tuy our Herav yepermnpiouy me emOveS YoapuMtiv KOehoy (ravBuer Zax rou XpioTod. Gath te Navayias, omnves On6 Ta andxpupa evayyéhia. Biot ayinv. x4.) O exeppéoeig tav npood- wy e€avBpunigavrat nat ore 40D 86 anodiderar TovKiNia WuXOAdVe Kav KaTagtéorwv. O1 p.yoUDES KI YyouvTal oto xupo ue cTaBepornTa kar notov je Bép0c, 10 gévta yeu Zouv ue opyitextovnés Tonia rou Oxebia0HEva Ye nooortat yowstouy Siva ané Biagopenixa omueia H avricrpoan térenon now Ba o8 yfoei omy Avayéwnan é¥e1 apxicet H téxyn, mpoceyyigovtag tov UhKé QuOIKS Kéouo ypapst Eava wa ro. ela ané tov ovpavé o7n yn. Kara tnv NakaiAdyeia rtepioBe Bio OXORES Gwypawinfc. Eexwpiouv: H MaxeBovinh Kai 1) Konrinf (ounat ke ovouaaiec). Ta evnnpocuneut kérepa Beiyuara me mpm Bp! ‘Okoveat ory MaxeSovia — aXAd To Kévrp0 Snpioupyiag eival Kav ctavnvounoan, ‘Exe! pudyd mou Bu Lite. exeivoy me EdAnviotmis te xcme. Elvat téxvn avaxtopinf) nou Xpneinonoiel gurewa xpanera, om: pigerai aro axéB10 Kai Seixve! MpOC- ABEIa puoIKTG anbEooNs Twy UOe: inv. Xapaxtmpiatind me eivar Ot ty uvavraue Kupiag o€ roxoyeapies H Beutepn, n Konan oyodN, épya ‘ng onoiag Bpioxovra oe Ohn mv FARABo. KaraoKeuazer kupiae 00m Teg sind¥ec Kal dxt ToXoYoaPies, TH OXOAH aUTH BiaKpiver n ANSATA. 1 Biauyes@ Kai r) npoar\Awon o1m Bu: Zavnvi napaboon, ra vno1n eniBpaon rng trakmts Goya ‘greig Evol oOnth Of Bove GIT eyWe- Foorie (xoHon AaBoxpuvéray avr re epabosiextc ouyoréumepae) adhe ory ‘oredoon Ta Oewaray (eB avaywapice or To nporuno: npoxer'ot yo xahaoyoe- (gia Tou Marconton'o Kalmona W Anoxe Shtoon oury #xe! xaapa Burs Kope Mera6uavrivi| nepioboc, | Touproxparia 01 Bu oxONs nou avavépaue. 1 MaxeSoviet kai n Kenixh 8a ervBua- gow Kai werd Ty akwon me Kaworavtvotinokng (1453), And my “Akwan Léxp1 tov 160 a. ei vat_n nepiebog Biaysppwane te Kontikiig oxokne onere ewigaviteras marion avian. H MaxeBoviKn oxo- Af) yllpw ova téAn tou tou ax ea. pavigerau: Mera thy “ANaom n oxORF ‘ur aroxta AaiKd xaoaxthpa yictt ‘ot KAnpIKOL ty Exouv napaHEpioe: 9c «ouuamarintt» téxyn THE BUF, 0 1604 auaivas eiva.o audvac wv ue- ‘yahwv enovujiov Laypdguv. Tov To 11m Torxoypaeia Bpiowetai oe napax uh, evi oF gonntés etméver, ouy: kevtpuvouy AA9 to Evbiapépoy Kat Béxovrar éxBnAn enidpaon and my sTaNA Zaypagunh, Tov 180 au. n té- Xun THs gopNTg Exx6vag rapaLERi- Tat eva avti@era ywupitel véa anf n roixoypagia Nodudpr®uee roWKo- vyoawies Seixvouy npoonééeia en otpowic ora npétuna mg MaxeBo- mntig axoAs. ta lavia yaad nou ‘yetroveuouy je thy Faia, n Burien réxyn Kin enipaon me eiva ueyae An. Avi yia to RopaBoouaKd UAKO He ‘uy6. 01 ayioypapor xpnawionorouv Ya Xpiju0TS UE AGB. Eta vebtepa xpovia, tov 190 aude ev undpyet ma BpnoKeuTixh Guryoa~ ‘eMeh, n avoypaipnt napéBoon #8 oe. HEMABa Béyerarma ra pewuara Eevwv oxohdv (Movaxo, ItaXia, Nap 131 tov 200 auiva),Mwe douAeve! o apxaioAdyoc H npoeroipacia Tug odnyeirar o apxaioAd- Yog oF plav avaoxagr ia va opyavice: wav avooKagh © apxaiohsyo¢ owepa, ogeider va ouyKevtpwcet MponyouLEvws 60a ‘Yypanré grogeia undexouv via Tv Tepioxh omy onoia Ga evratet Tov avaaKapixd xtp9, aveEdprnra ané To ay Giovtal wg oMpiepa emIga- vetaxd UAind av@hona, Exot n avar ona" ivai to anotéAeoua ouvBe- Tg eniotmovixis, npoepyaciag 7 onoia Eexivd and ta napaxarw epe: Biouara: 1) And yparnés jiaprupieg www ap- xia mou nepypapouy tov téno kat Ta avnkeiueva, 2) ano enya 965 TOU Sploxovtai enionou A) ExouY peragepsel oF adAo uépOG, 3) and emipaveianéc evbcifeis, Bnka- ‘Bh. SoavouaTa KEpauEiRiv, BOUAE- eves nétpes, vouiouara x6 44) Ané Tuxala eupfyara nou unopet val elvat enipavelaxd, Bayuiéva oro ‘xia nat and namo1o Adyo épxovra: OtMy enipavera (rux. KOANEDYELa) 1h Unogpux, (Hera Tov 8’ NayKoouo ddeuo, véeq ueBoBo1 enérpeyav oro dv8pwro va napayéver yia ‘peg xérw and my empdvera ms BaAGOONG Kal YEVIKG TUY VEpAY Kai va xiveital ue oxenxt dveon (6A ‘poiaropien avecnaen orn FahNe (Etoles) APXAIOAOFIA 8, 1983. apiéowua omy uno6pxa apy). 5) And mv apaKoXovangn avomKoBounon KT piwy, av BnAabh omy exoKagt} nou ‘Yiverat vic ™ BejeNiwon oduct xkiag @oeBet utpoe apxaiou omiouod, nipénel va yivel épcuva o¢ 6hn tou ‘my éxraoy bug 6TOU evtaysel TO uua nou BpéBnxe oe ia evornra, EBa Ga npénei va omeKdooune Sm 1 Aoxavokoyinh Yrmpeoia omy EA: Aabapoorarcuel Kat eAEYKEL WE 800 10 Suvarov KaNITEpO TpORO ‘byxpevn avoiKoBounon. toa KovtG oe yruorés apyaiohoyinés at lotopixés nepioxés (7x. ABiva, Me ‘pa, Namo nArt) dove va avaouy- eae Tv UAIKA eiKova TOU TOnOU 01 uewovanéves owonixés —énug ‘evoudcovrai— avacxaés ova ome neBa, evrdooovrar atasiakd Ka napri¢ou ™ wop@h Kat Tm zt Toupyia tm¢ mepioxtig army apxaio- mma Avixveuon Aspopuroypagia: Ziyxpovoc 100- Tog epyaciag, ouviovarat omy ano- ToRwEN (uTOYPAIPKH) oTORKEIWY ou undipxouv oto éBapor ANAS ei vai BuaBidapiva. H yevnh eixova ‘ou tomiou eivat napuevn a6 oxer a HIPS WHOS (EAKORTEDA, KEE ‘aepooKien Kai xapraeto! 1} aE0é: ‘tara xpnauonoiauvTat via ™ Sou eid cum) enpénet rm over Kat Vvénon Tou maioiou tay apxatohayi Kay eupnparav (eopoyasa) Znaypagio: MeBo60s epunvelac ‘ng onidg Mou pixvouy o1 navies axtives rou fou (Equépaua fans. Yyeuua). Tote gavepivovrat o1 avr hakieg tou eBépoug mou cuxvé Opeidovrat oe Boyiéva xrioyare, Toneypaeia, xwpoypagia: Fuxvi nodsoBouind oxéia eEnyouvraL pe my eviémuan xewppur. yovorta TIGY f) @Mwv Ovwucdiov Tou E54 gous Surodoyia: H diapope tix} avérrtue Tuy onapriv oF éva yupagr eivat EvBeif via mv Onapéy fun Boye va ktioudrtay (av unépxet Bouiévo tioua, 01 pigeg tuv onapniv Bev ooxwpovv ce BAB05 Kat Ta QUT st Vai xaxeKriKd, av to sBapaq elvat kaSapé 1a putd avantioaovta! Ka Ad xai npaowivouy) Yypaoia: H dnapén Sajuevou rt ‘ouatog gaiverat and To xpkiyia TOU xGuatoc: Av undpxer xrioua, To xo a nou to KaAdmTet eval NyotepO apa ora jiépn Srou Bev undpxer ti nora, Exot to Aer otpsiyia xGuc- ‘Tog noarG AryOtepn vypacia and To UnaAoime xai 6x21 mo avorxTS xomua {and au76 Tou undAoinou x’pOU. Gepuixh Biavopa: Aum yiveraL at oBntt} He Tm xprhon eiBKiov OUCLIN eniKgAuyng —TWY guToYpAIKIN IAC, TOU eva euaio®nree omy \Un€puBpn axtwo8onia (LF) xav ano: Tumavel nig BepUIKes Siapopés TOU Tomiou. H é8080q auth xenowo- oweitat ae nepimtwon anéroung oh Aayne me BepuoKpaciag (éva Bau: Evo nérpwvo xtioua Kpard ™m Bep- otra Siagoperixa and ot: wo AaK kouda yeuarn anoppiyera Enionc 1 nepinrwon rou xiovice n BzpUO: kpaoia tou eBagoug onda omy th § for) Biaxtpnon rou xowod). EBagohoyiKd arorgeia: Meré and 10 ‘SpywHa, TO xPGua now Napouadcer To éBaipo¢ jniopet va evar evBeuT- Ko oToneiwy yia THY Gnopey Kero ano my empéverd rou apxaiay AE wavuv (Ktioua and aaBeaToNGo ‘GOTpet» TO xa) yiaTi MORAG GAO urd épxovrat omy empaveva Extog and rm puroypdenon (ue ee Bika pduG, giATpA KaL guTiououe) at yevika my orm) exéva, undp ou Kat GdAa oa rou BonBoUv Tov apaio\oyo omy avixveuien ra omnpigovra: oF ye8d8oue me Guar rnpurbrunos rpénos acpogureypaipnans énow n gar. ymuava Beverage oxpéorare H [ut80d0¢ our iver noku mo olxovoyi ane 0 va xonowononBel ehwénvepe fh aepo- ‘havo (np. Archaeology. 365. 1985). Mayvnrix| emoxénnon: xpnoiso- nnoiei To payentduerpo npuroviow kat Hetpa: my évraon TOU jayynt Kou neBiou Tg yng. H adAayh me Evraong tou ayvrnKoU auTOU ne ‘Biou nou porahouy @ayueva ave xelueva, diver evBeiéets orous ap- xaioAdyous: Kepayeia, godpvo. auivia, eotieg, ue dXAa Adyia =r evar avemeiueva, — Srutoupyouv ‘avuyanieg omy évtacn tou yawn TimOU neBiou yar! Exouy Bepuoyc YyTIONS (uovWO payynTIONS ROU anéxmnoav and ro yholHo). Eniong rnyéBia at Tagoo1 nou pe ra xpo- ia yéwioay ané xapora (nou éxouy Gn ruxvoTnTa, GuXvE Kat aveTEON and aura tou yépu xdpou) Beixvouy Bravopa —adEjon— tou yayynre KOU MeBioU. Enion¢ ot Toixot Kat o1 Bpouor Snuioupyouv ron me év- aon Tou yay¥nTKOD neBiou, Visti exouy yimpotepn emBexrixOrnra (uayyntRt)) —nétpa, xodiK-— ond uth Tou nepiBadAovros. E1duxf| avricraon, Pia Thy emoxan (9n| noy omnpizerar omy eidixt avtt- ‘oragn Bioxeretierai MeKTpIKe peo a eto éBagos ueow peradAniv TAeKTpobiwy Kal MeTpIETAI n) avTi- Gtaah Tou er POH TOU pEUyaToK, auuiéva apxaiokoyiné Aciyava: ra ‘p01, Kriouara ¥.6, evroniZovral eo KORA. We TIOAG jiKpd E080 Kai npO- avrég ra iBepa, oF meKtpmoi aywyol x6. nov Gpioxovrat otny emt paveia Tou eBégouc Sey enmped- Zouv ™ ue8080 auth, now unopet fro. va_xpnowonoméet toa oe ‘uyxeavn 6h, HAcxrpoyayunring emioxénnan: Et vat n| ueBobog nou xpnaworoietrat oto orparé yia my evrémion vap- Kav. Emy apxawhoyia xonewever omy evrémign voulouatu at 4% Day wetadnay avrineiyévin. Méd0801 enayuyinne nohwong: Me- piérat n adAayh tHe tdong BiaKo: Mréyevou peowatos nou SioxeTeuE: ‘a oto €Bap05, KaBe Bayévo avr eiuevo enmpedget rm wéroncn, Nag yiverai pia avaoKagh EBi Ga eferdooune tov eniemuove KO TNO ue Tov onoio yiverai 7 ‘yaoKah, now Sewpeirai Kal =iBave Og TpOTOg- and TOUS apKALoAS: yous, agod yia thy epapHoye TOU naLtodvra: opiouéves KadopratiKés Mpoinogéceig, nou ompigovrat ara OiKovouKG uéoa mou Biagére! 10 Kpdtog via My aroKaAUIN THE MOA TotiRfig wor KAnpovouids, ZOupuva he ™ weod0 auth, werd my emiAo- Yh tou xw@pou mou 84 avaonage! ‘oxnuariterar éva emgavetaxd mal- 910 (Kéva8oq) mou AeiToUpyE: caV ‘onoypagiKos Gots. To vénja au: YoU Tou Tetpayuwouévou nkaioiou ‘iva va BteuKoABvel Tov apxaiordyo va evrafet ta we\Rovtikd KIVA Kal axivnra euphuara, avagopixd, utoo ‘8 évav ouyKexpueve xp Mega oro Maiow auto nov uropel va éxet onoigoérnote diaeTave%G opigovrar opBoyiviot xivpot. ouvr= Gq Terpdyavol, Siactdceun ue Tcupa ané 1 we 4 5 wéTpa Ka xu pigovrar werald tous ue Biasp6- uous. Ta terpdyava auré, © apxaio- AByO«, ttopei va ra axEye! OABRAN, 20. va Kavet Toués yéoa o' aura, Zuyxpévox apxitein Karaypagt tay erupaveraxiv otorxelwy (6crpaKa, i806 xaos Kant) @' €va TeYpaBIO nou Agyerai nuepodsyo. Ero NHEpoAbyio aur6 © apxa\odovos opeider va Kataypayer oTinnote apammpsi xai Ga’ tov Bonériaet Yio TV UeMovaxh anoKaréoraan rng apxKfig uopefe tou cuphuaros Mera @utoypagievrai Ta: cupric Ta. Aged Kabapiorei n erupavera TOU eBéwpous, epydres exbixeupEvor {ae apxaioXoyinr avagKaph, Byazouv ‘rq enipaveraxd. xouara nou xaAd- rou ig apxaiomres Kat ta cro. BAZouv oe éva oUyKEKpIuEVO UEpOS (unata). ‘Orav eraoouy oe e6av0¢ nov niepiéxet Ka8ap4 apxaohoyiKd Aeiyava, Tore opxiger n) KaBOUTS ‘avaonagph WUT IL! pees SG swmnayer we enna. tH Me tartin_“T1eh eve iota tapevnenofowennton¥¥e relowwenrteovvosntowva Zroneie axpoouroypowias. To KaBe terpayuvo, nou éxe api8- lun@ei oxa6era npogexraxd aoupu va fe opiZovties orpiceic. To RABE TErO\o oTpiiqa ExE1 mGxoS avAAYO He To xiua Tou KéAUYe my TEpIO- xf Mx. weoowvnd orpdua ue nd ‘Xog 50 ex. nepiéxei Spavoyara and Buaviwa repayernd Kai pepixd vo- higuara me enoxfig. To endyevo OTpOUa NEBEXE UEPIKA PUsLiKa Asiyava a8 maxoq xaUaTOG 30 ex. Evid tO endyevo oTpkiua néyoug 70 ex. neptexet edAnviotnd Acipava. To kaGe oxpoja e€eTaCerat npodeKTIKA al amoteAet To avrmeluevo me ‘oTpwjiaroyoapinns uEAErns. “Oda a avtineiueva, orig einaye Kiddac, karaypdpovrai, nepiypagovrar, gu Toypagi~ovra., oxediazovray, apie oUvTaL Kat cUMAEyovrat ae KouTia A akKouhes Kara evérnres ile 1G ev- Beifeis tous. Orav n avaoxagr pe pet TOV apxarok6yo umpocTé oe Ki- ‘oua Téte, apo0 avacxagel, xa8api Gerat, naTémv aKohouBoty 1 npon- Youuevec evépyeies Kar to tioua sepuinveveTa. f| "xapaxmpiterci (7x. om, vade, Indo. Ktip.0) Ziv nepimtwon nou n avaoKaph agopd nx. epyaoripio yuna ImpoieTopiMd omLOU f ANNO avtinei- evo, énou n Aenrouépeia noice. Mpwtedovta pAro, ra avnxsiueva - UumoAeiuwara nov’ 8pioKovrar xara Ypapovra: we thy axpi6A tous ox ovo 8éon GANA Kat KAlon, rig vio apaberyua oto epyaoT#pto yAurTI- xtjg_ rou Epioxovrat jaxpérara ®paiiouata and —udpuapa Tou Mpoépxovrar and my Karaoxeur) appapivou ayaAyaros, n én xat 1 KAlGM Tuy uRpOOKOTUKiY, GUYS, uray hewpdvov Beixver tm Bem ‘omy omola KaGéray 0 yAGrns mY (pa nou Soukeue, Eniong, av Teo erat yiaMpoicTopIKh KaAGEa, Ta oxRaAaKia Tay Zw nou eivar ono luewvdpia tpoghc Kai Boionovrat oF ula uepid, dha uaveutva, Beixvouv nou frav to Toixwka Te KoADEaG, lari ot dv8puno., apod erpuyav.{EB oivovra: KoBapé re rerpéyava me ovoKaahc (Saliagos, Evans x01 Rentrow) Eonpuxvay a éxpnara anoyewapia ‘ng tpoprig ety Oxon, Ware va UNV TOUG evoxhobv omy Kiva TOUS He- (90 oto x90. NoAAd Tero napa Seiyuara unopodv va was deifouv fag n Aentoueph¢ rapattipnon Tou xG8e cmpsiou eivar gopéac xphor wv mAnpogopai. Ta epyaheia mou xpnowonotouvrat Ge id avaoKagh avvrauc civa: Toana. oxaNorho: (via ta npaTa orpiuara) wuorpl. ondrouder (ya mo Aer Bode) niveAAAnia, ‘onoUndrta Kat epyahsia obovnaro: Aig (via noAG Aer} epyacia) enione ‘prUdpIa (via va arOWaKpLVEAI TO xonate xia) Kat xaporodrta (via ™ ietagopd wc To oneio énow ouyxevtpavovrar ta unéta). Now eTaxTOUY Ta yipaTa KooxWicovTaL ‘Wate va jn xaBeI, Kata AdBoG, nave va apxaiodoyiné elpavo yKpov Biaordoewy a6, pmopel, weyaans ‘onuwaotac, Ti eiva n otpwyaroypag: ‘One © yewndyos, E101 Kal 0 ap- xaiokbyog nipénet va xével my ave KAMA TOU TapAMPIOVTAG KAI WERE TvTag ta orpiyara {vewhoyiKs) ‘Ylati To yipata rou épxovrar ue IG Bpoxés, tig xaTONIOBHEWG, NG PANE luOpec A Kat we tous avéyou oxen Zouy ad aya to éBagor, Bnusoup- ‘Yavtag ovpauara nou neptéxouv Ta Aeiwava I Ka8e eroxng. AAAA ev 1m yewhoyia ta oTpauara Bnuioup- youviai oe nepiéBoug xiAidduv Erav, omy apxaiooyia, Bnuioup- ‘youvtal 0& noAU mo aUvroja xpov Ka diaomuara. Navtws, © apxaions- yo Aasalver uray rou Oka Ta oro! ela axon xat ra KaGapa yewhoyind ou Tou npoapépouy ra anokiBiyc- ra Ka. ZxEdI0 © apxaiohéyog npénel va Eépet va ‘oxeBudger yar! Kat n KaAitepn Mept Emnv town rou rerpayuvou goivera: xabapd n orpuyaro- ‘yowia You eBévouc.(Sallagos, Evans no: Renfrew). Yoa@h anartel, ws ovpndfipwua. 10 oxé8i0. Avo ei8n axediov coapHO- Zovrar omy apxaioAoyia: To yonvo: o EAEUBEpO OXEDIO (OKito0) rou YF era CTO TeTpabwo avaoKagAC Kat Grou onpeavovta Bacrdoe¢ Kat AB rARNPOgopIEs rou Bondy cov ‘apxaioh6yo va cuvtaet ro Reiuevs Tou, érav mia Bev éyet ta avrixelue- va pnpoora tou. Fa tm Bnogieuen, wwe xoerdZerar dAA0 oxEBt0 NOU yi- eral ané oxediaom}, Elva oxéS10 Uekavuxitvo Kahooxediaouevo oe RRiuaxa. Aina ato oxé610 one vera Mavrore Kain KANORA Ye exc roota, Ta apxaiohoyiké avrixeiveva oye diagovrar oUHGWVa YE OpIOLEvOUS kavoves: Ta ayyeia oxeBiatovrat Uppuva ue tov Ka8er6 Tous afova, H Be&id mdzupa Biver my eEuTEDIKA un Tou ayyelou eva n apiarepe Bt vet Tv Tou Tou. MokAés edO601 undpxouy yia to oxebioue Tov KauMUAOY TOU ayyEiou. KaBe oxe~ Biaowhg BiaAéyet aur now rou ter vyaiver, Tia dada avrixelueva (extoe ‘ané ra ayyeta), ra oxéBia yivovrat he qutooKidoeis Kai nepypsyuat, ‘OuXva Ta avriKeiueva oxebiazovrat ‘UpQwVa We BU0 BiapopenKes one EG yuvies, Biverai Be navTOrE Kat N Tour} Tou avrmewiévou, © oxebiaanig Spue (ouvriBu apxr rékTovac) Ravel Kal TonovpagiKd OxEBIG. OxEBIG ouNETUY KOI dAAG. Era oyébia auré diverai navtoTe AiyaKa Kat o pocavarodioués @wroypaenon @avydaio eae cnoranwons eva @uroyeagia. H apxaiohoyint) Snug @uroypapia xpeVa{era neipa Kat ‘award emAeyuévec quToveapiKEs unxavéc. Bev mpdkerrat va KavouKe 280 udenua apxaioroynte quo ‘ypagiac, oKonedoune va agieps- oun oto Bea auté nAfon épcuva, To wéyeBo¢ tou apyrtiKod mpénes va unodoyiorel oGupowa He Tm XO fon Via thy onoia to BeAoUHE: BuO ieuon, cpyeio AN. Kat to av 6a xe voune €yxpuun f) aompoyaupn «po Toypagia frat ta S40. Ze Kage gw Toypagia npéner anaparrfrwc va TepiaauBavera xa n RAiuaxa: Evac xEpaKag (via pHKPA avtiKeieva) va GUN0 ue omuciwuever nig Ba rages (HeyaRos »xApaKaG» Bixow Hog, ta ywwora =Koveapia. Tuy TO oypapwy) rou Ba TonoBerPei Kov- Ta GTO avTIKEILIEv XopIG va evo wel AEITMATOAHWIA KAL ANAAYZEIZ YAIKON H APKAIOMETPIA, oxerina byx90- vm eruotiyn, 6aokera os Bibg0- poug xAaboug Twv Benixay emotr Hav wax Gon orn Adan apxaiohoys bv NeoBAnjTuy. Eival épeuva Bie ugrnpovinf Ka of KareuBtvaeic ng sivat moiwihes: Evrémion apxaiorh tw (64. mo nave). Zxert f anAu ‘m xpovoksynon avrixeiévay. ava Avan tng avoraarig tous nou ouxva oBnyei orn yuaan ms texvoroyiag Ta anoreXtouata tay epeuvev av ov KaTaTdooovTat Kal EAETOVT xdpn orn STATIZTIKH, um 6on|deia HAEKTPONIKON YNOAOIETON now ka®.ero8v anapaimnen t xpfion eve flag yAwooas A xu. H Se1yuaroAnyia eivat to npato BF lua ya my 8&ra0n Kai avaAvon Taw ‘apxa.ohoyinGy eupnpdra. H emmAo~ Yh Tay Bexypdruv Kat o tpéno¢ aUA- Rayne tous npénet va yivovrat we eyahn npoooxh: To Selyua npene: va Heivet 600 to Suvard yaxpua ard ny eniBpaon Tou odyxpovou nepr BédMovros. Ta Belyyora npénet va guAdyovra aepooteying Eo oe ‘yuakwa Boxeia 1) ce caKouhes and oAuaiBuAEwio. Napaberyua, ro Eiko nou Ga xpnouseiaei via xpovoXsyn on pe C'* bev npéne: va épeer oe enagn Le ro Bép\ua TOU xepIoU OUTENopaBerype yo ro nie oxebstera éve ‘ayyeio(Saliagos, Evans wat Rone) he xapti (neprrunypa A tounéha) Yiavi 8a 3d0et Navdaoutva anorehe Suara. H enaph aurod tou EUADU we Guixd otorxeio, To sunaouriger ot Gv@paxa 14 To ayia nou oudAeyera: via my _e€raam yong (n yopiG elvat ro Ho- vo Asiyave gutay nou Siampeirar fan6 my mpoictopeRA enoxi exo ‘ofiueps, avénago) npénei va guAa- XTEI_Ge KaGAPO KAELETS Soxtio. AV 70 Boxsio éxei lve avoxxr6 oro Unaidpo, unopel va €Xe: UNE, UE TOV ‘aépa auyxpovn yen (art auTHv now ‘wpeitat otov aépa). Pa va éxoune Beiyua akiomato, npénet va To nb PouLe pe KapéTO (apaipen oTHANG xGparo) an6 téroI0 84905 nou 70 Xa va uny éxe\ ermpeaorel and At Raguara, doyupa Ka, To 8480 el vat uvh@ug and 80 ex. Kai ndve ‘Eva 6éya rou npénet va eferécerat névrore eivat n oeipd nou Ba yivouv fot Bidgopes eketéaeIG Tou Seiyua- ‘os. AV ag evdiaxéper n eowrepiKn Bolin evéq yAUrTOU Kat BEAOULE va To xpovokoyf}ooue we padievepyi e808, Tote npénei va nposeEOULE Ya nv evepyonorngouue TO UNKS be axriveg X fy. Npéra Aoinév €a pent va xpovodayfiooupe To UNS kat uerd va eferdoouue ty cowre- inh tou Boun, Avtiorpoen cepa Twv epyacuiv ive AavBaoyéva anorenéouara, Ze nepimtwon eBéraane tou UAKOU be 11 e050 mg Bepuopuraiyerag ‘o Beiyya dev npénet va exte8ei oro gag. MONG yivel n BeryparoAnyia, ‘To Boxeio fn GaxoUna HE to Seiya 80 guAaxrei o€ oKoteWd wepos Tia tay e€éraon nerpuubraw xpcia- Gouaote Beiyuara 35 niki rou Ba GpoULE wg eg: 1) WepKE KOBE ‘na ané my emipaveia tou nerpioua- og 2) Aa Koupdria napyEéva and 8680¢ 20 ex. Kai KouUéva Ye aiBepe- wa epyadeia Mote Bev naipvouue Etpwua nou éxs1 aTOKONANBeL HE upitiba(nérpaua and AarouEio orou éxei xenowonoinsei wovpvé- Ao) vintt to deiyua Ba nepiexer Bei0 H OUAAoym Beryudtuw ynuevioy tm Ay vio tm xpovoAdynor Tou ue Ty éBobo now ompigerat omny akAayh ing Sieveuvong rou payynTiKod Soppa eivat anh, adAd anatrei nok Aég Biadmadies, Fa wa téro1a ke ‘ragn xpeidfovrar 6-10 Belypara nap iva and Srévopes uepies rou avi. kewevou. To Seiya nov onoredettar and tve Koy Luar ymuitve mmo, mpenet va napBet in SMU Zea Rauivia nox ove erieg To Sine {Bo eivat to mo rakouneve wenos, H ope Zovna erupavera Tou Belyuato havevetat at nepanrerar and adoyavers KuBieh inroa neu Yeuitera: ye yoyo. H endi Erupdvera TOU voyeroy xO80U Motes vo iva Asia au anahuva opxoena. raw 8 ‘yowoe ovnptvel, xapdtouue endive m Bieveuven "rou ayyrnmod oped. Te ‘tive exsine (auth nou yas Bedve Fuga), kate wat 7 SievBUNEN EvOS 1 orto omueou, A YoU Mou aa my OT: iy exam wore va unopel ve unakowere not 0.” yeuypaninee Boppas Ta nueia curd avaypépavtar karo vav xom kav xonowiEvOWW Yio evBCuTIS {royeie To tedeutaio Ovdbio te Berns rodnlng. suwivatar omy -anoxdANon rou Beiyuatos (nowt AMADU Kal yor wos «i805 oTEpeutitvos env TOU) ME Tov to6ne eurev. To Selma u0s. wEDE: ‘onwewutve tov yayunnid Bopp me ‘iyue mg BeiyuaroAnviag Ko ope! vo Ekeroovel ovo epyacnpe. ULE HE "rw apxix Cov Btn, AgoU napoune ra Seiyuora ta ofe- TaCOUUe avaAoya Le TO UAE a7 10 onoio anoreAouvrat Kat He TG TAN pogopieg nou tmréue va ydboupe ‘voir e&éTa0n apxatoAoy!- KGV UAIKiY, opyaviKiy Kar avopyavav. 04 TexviKés ms quoweg effraone ‘apxaLoroyiKa UAKiv BraIpobvrar 6 Bio evades odber, H npdirn oudba neprhaysaver rig te- xvine We86B0ug TOU xonoMO- TROIOUY UIKGOOKOMO Kal aKTIVoyEM ‘onan je arrives X. AUTEG 01 ué80S0t Bivouy neprypapinés Kat nowoTIKES TAnpopopies. H Beutepn oudda nepirausaver te XVIKEG NOU BivouY TOLOTHR Kal TO- GoviKh aiotaon Twy GrOKXEIOY Ka IxvoaTOKElaY KaBIDG Kat TANPOpO- pileg via mv Kpuaranrwnh Bou, Mixpooxomixh e&éraon Kot n axrivo- ypaenon H impooxommm e&Er00y Kat) ar voypdenan anoreAouy enéxracn, ng eEETaIME HE YUUVO YAM KaL Bi- vouv MAnpopepieg via Ty eEarep xr} xat eoutepixn Boun Kar Om Ka ‘tny Kavdoraon nov uAmiv, Tra nig eferdgers autéc yivera xpi (on tay napaxéta opydva. Mlerpoypagix6 wnpoaréme. Kon honoeeirar ya my avayvapion Tov erpwudray (and ra onoia éxouv araoxevagtei nétpiva avtineiueva) Kat Vid Tov xaDGKTT}pIONS Tay opu- TGV Kal KORKAY (ROU TepLexovTa! ‘9 rmAoic). To nexpoypapiK® {no- wend) uimpooKémuo oBnyel oF rn Powopies oxeriKéC we Tm Yewyoag Fk} mpo¢heuan (xapaxmpicTina ne- ‘Tpouata), a80¢ Kat Tov TpoTo ene Ezpyaciag tou uNKou. ‘MetaAsoypaginé pixpoaxémo. Xor- ‘amomowirar yia-T ueAETH THE ETO Bokng Mou éxouy unoote! ta weTar- diva apxaia avtxsijeva, ‘Eva Kou wart amd to apxato wétado apod RetavBei Ka1 mpoo8Anfei ue to NaraAAnAo avtiBpaatripwo eEerate- Tal oto avaKAsevo ux TOU eTaA- AovpagIKOD yiKpooKoniou. H Eker ‘on auth napéxei mnpowopies via Tn Sour Tou UeTENAaU, doov apopA TG Pepuinés Kai ungavixéc eneyBdaeig rou éxel unoatel. H jeraMoypagixt effraon Sev us donéa va Gpouue ‘tm a0eTaGn TOU YeTaMou A TOU RpéyaTOS Kal va avayvepiaouue ™ ‘yewypaeinh Tou mpotAevan. Auréc Tig mAnpogopieg tic avrAouue and xnuKES avaddoeis Tov iBi0u Tou avtixewievou. Hhexrpoviné yumpooxémo. Mederé ‘THY erupdvera Kal thy eawrepuKt BO- in evOe HevaAOU apeuOU UNIV. Axrivoypéonan H axtwoypdgnan exeracel SeiyuaTa xpnayionoibvrag nAexrpouayenroKt aRrvoBodia UWMAAG EvésyEIAG. Ai- ver nAnpagopies via ry aiorac xa Ty egwTepin) Dou avtnewievov Tou Bev eivat opatés ye yuuve Har. Emy axtivoypagnen xenowono- bvrat axtives X Katy. Mixpoaxrivoypeenon H weBoB0c aur diver otoxeia me Bourg Tou Seiyuaros oe AYorepo {and 1 ym (1 exatoupupiocr6 tou ye- pou) Guoixés WEBOor xnpIKFhG avaduons Me nig guomes uedddous xnuKS avakuong yecheraue Tm XMM o> ‘otaan tou avrxewevou 0: ueBoBo1 now xpnoyonoiodvea ei ®aoparooxonia exmoymig (Kate: oTpépet to Seiyua). Medea mv axrivoodia. nou exnéunevar stay Ta Bieyepuéva ekwtepIKa NAEKTpO-via tev aréuwy peranintouy omy Ba- ‘mh evepyetanh toug oTé8yn. To ‘ug nou exnéynerar Bivei xapaxtn- PIOTIKE @aouG yia KBE oTOIKEIO Ka 1 évtaon tg axtivoBoAlag elvat pe- Tpo via MY nogoTiKA aUeraO TUN croxeiov. H Biéyepan tay ndextpoviay erieuy- XAVETOL YE TAEKTPIRA exREWWON era&d 640 MeKtpodiwv. To exreu néuEvO gu xupiCEraL. LE ™m Gor Se1a npiouatoc, ova ouoTaTiKa UnKN kOpaToG Tou GUyKAIvouV ce Biapo- Bena onus wos guToypams TAaKas, @ooyaroaxonia aroumAs amoppé- nang (Katacrpépe1 10 Betyua). Empigerae ory weavoryra twy ars- wy KG8e cro1eiou va anoppoouy ERAEKTIKG axtWwOBohia of OpiouEva nan Kowaros, H aroppopeiuevn and to xA8e cro xelo axnvoBohia exnéumerat ond ‘aBobuc AUxvia (uta via KABE CTOX Xeio). H weraBorh me évraang me ExMELMOLEWNG OKTIVOBOAIAG ODEIAE- at om WepIKA anoppS—onar me and to aro1xeio. ‘Ono ueyaAttepo to no: oat6 Tou nepiexousvou oroREION to Biakupa Té00 Kat yeyaAUTEpN n ‘anoppeenen To épyavo nou xonewoneirat eivat TO gaouaroquTéueToO aroUNC ‘anoppagnens, @aoyarooxomia axrivwy X @Bopr- ‘ovo. Em gasyaroaKorta axrivay X ‘980pIaH0U To Beiyua axTvoBoAetra: be axtives X. A’ Té5 artoorioby me- ktpéma and Tig coutepmés aro18a- bec Twy neplexouévay arowwy. To Snuioupyouuevo Kevo Eavayeuiter aurouara ue neKtpévie tw e&wre- Pika cToIB4Buv, Evid oUyxPOWIE exnéymerat Siagoperi axrivaso- ia rou Agyerat axrivoBoNia axtivay X @BopioUDL. KABe oTorxeIo eKTEN ‘net axtwvodoAia pBopiouoN ae xapa- rnpIOTIKO WKog xUHATOC. Ta itiqn nuparos mg axtivoBoNiag Bivouv to croeio eve n évraoh roug Sivel my noserixh Tous ovoTA- on. H e8o80q adore eivar karaotpe- nif kar More jn, avadoya ue to idoe opyavou nou xonowonoieirat Nerpovinh evepyonoiqen (un Kara orpertnt). Mederé tig Sieyépoeic Tuy arouiKiy muphvwy. E auth é80B0 ro Seiya Gousapdi¢eral ue verpovia nov wetarpénouy TOU ru: prives Tay neplexoutvww oTorKeiy ‘9 aoTaéh pabtevepyd \6tona. Au 16 ta aota84 iodrona yeraninrow ge cTa8ep4, Twv onoiw o xpovoG UunoBimdaniaouol noiKiAAEL Euyxo6 ‘wx, Tapdyovrai arrives y TOU 7 evepyeié roUuG eivat xaparmptotA Ya xa8e crovxeto Kat n évtacr TOUS River mv TtoGoTmMA ovcrae) Tey croweian. MepiOhaon axrivay X. Ee avriseon he Tug dMec Texvinés nou pag 3 you Ty noloniKh Ka NogoTiK aU oraon tw Beryudrav, n nepi@kacn wv aKtivey X diver mAnoeopieg Ya Tv KpuaraNhukt) Sour Taw Kav EviboEuW nou SplaKovra: Gro Seiya Kar ia Tig BepUIKEG Ka MXC vines eneuBdoer¢ nou sxe uote’ To AiR navd mv eneEepYagia TOU. H ueboB0¢ aMore iva: xaractpe- rif) Kat @AAOTE un, avéRoya je TO ei}0¢ tou opydvou nou. xona\o- Ynépu8pn gacperooxomia (kata ‘otpéipei to Beiyua). Env unépyeen, ‘paoparooxonia (IR) axtwoboAsirat To Beiyua, rou unopet va civat ove EO f UYDS, Ue aRTIVOBONia UFKOUS ouaTog and 2.51.8 um. Ot Beoylol Tov ororxelav me Kade ‘oyd5ag wag évwonc uMopodv va Te Bouv oe rakdvrwan. Ot ouxvomnres, ‘ng TaAavTwar|G TOUR eivai xapaKTT- ploriKés Via Te TEpleXOUEVES oud Bes. H ouxvérnra te unépuBens axtivoBoniag étav eivar i8ia ye au ‘iv me oudbag, tote n axnwoBOKia ‘anoppogarat Autég ot anoppogriaets Bivouy cro xela yia nic xapaxtnpionnes oudbes Rou undpxouv oro Seiya, @aoparooxonia Mossbauer (Kava otperrtnf). H texvnf| me gaoyaTo- oKoniag Mossbauer ivat avahoyn Le aut mg aroutnrig anoppéenans (om paouaroaKamia arouiKne anop: o~enONg anoppODvTa! xapaxTnP ‘oTiKd tan RdaTOS Tou opaToU gu 166 ueow tov Bieyepueven e&wteDr Kav MAEKTPOViNY Tw aTOUUY TOU Seiyuarac), Em acuarooxonia Mossbauer RepiRauBavovra: oF anoppo@naes Tov axtivay ¥ xapaxmptoniKns ev: Epyeiag, uéow tav Bieyenpevy ato: Lindy nuphvay. H vex auth Bon: 84 oTn wedétn Tav orBnpoUXUY Evo ewv Nou mepuexovrar oe KEpaUEIKE 2 2 “praon be wofeRtag I eS Savte Biase fee) ‘s00parooxonia onviuy X a8opr0v0u Fia rn wérpnon xpnowonoieitar ry Yh KoBahriou (*Co) 10 onoio wera- niinret ae aifnpo ("Fe) exnéunovrag axtives y. Me 1 aeipd tou, 0 "Fe emiotpépe om Boon evepyeiaKt Tou ota9un exnéunovtag xaivoup- Yio axtivo6oNia y. Aur n Bedtepn axtivoBoXia nepyd péoa and To Belyya Kat n éveaon mg eFcpxOuE- ng axtivoBoAiag, wera my anopao- ‘onan ané "Fe tou Belywaros, xara ypdqeral. To eaoua Mossbauer 3i: Yer mAnpowoples. Kupivg ya TG Lopes tou aibqpou. epyxh avahvon (karaotper) Aepiapsaver nig quoiKés Kat xn KEG adAayés Tou Beiyyatos Gray au 16 ‘Bepuavéei a6 Tm Bepuoxpadia ‘Sumario Uexot Tovg 1000" C. Xpwparoypapic Me rm xowuaroyeapia Biaxupifera: va siya ovouiv xépn atm B1ag0- pera) taxoTHTA weTaToMoNG TOUS Oe ia OTFAN Me KaTEAANAO VARS To évoua mg texvinig ooeiAera: ‘oro Ont mowroxenoworonOnne Vio To Biaxwpioud eyxoopv ovo. Zim xpwparoypagia xéprov, ic ‘rayéva Tou weiyyaros oréterax om, ita don tou xaptiod. Aut n don lunaivet o¢ éva BiahiTn nou Tpoxw- ei npog Ta env peraxwovrag Tig ‘uoieg tou pelypatos. Aurés hoy Biavopeniniic TaXETI|G Kwhosws xwpioveai oro SmanTKS xaptL H atpia xpuparoypagia. Xonoino- oteitat yia Tov Biexwploys aeplan 4 uypin. To Seiya eiodyerar oxo va axp0 omHAng. 1 onoia eivan ye warn we KaTaXAMho UAMe. 0% ouaiee Tou peiyuaroe ueraron fovrat orn arn we Biapoperinh ro- XUTMTa, em Gor|Beia pEduaTO Ka Bapou acpiou (4¢wr0. Fo), 0 ousieg e&éoxovral ané tm oTAAN ‘oe Biapoperixa xpoviKd Btaor\uara avn erupéveia tuv peyioruv (peak) Biver my ent ToIe exaTd ovoTaoT Tou petyuaros, © akpi0g xpmuaroypdgos ae ouv- Buaous je tov gaquaraypa~O Lc ag, pag iver ouyxpévu Kat Ta Yo piakd B4pn Tuv nepiexonévuv evi ‘ewy oro Letyua. XPONOAOTHSH Ekrog and ta eurepxs xapaxmo:- O7IKa Tu apaIOdoVIKGY avTKEME- vw, mou umopody va Hag oBnyi ‘ouv oe ciyoupn xpovakdynen (fx. Yo OTA, TO AKO KA) UndpxOUY Brdwopes uéBobor mg guOMC Kat ng xAuelac, nov xpnotwononuevesYia to axond auré éxouv dpiora anorehtouara, (© npoobiopicyéc me nAiKiag TOW ‘pxaiwy eupnudtwy eivar eva and Ta mio onpavTiKe npoBhquaTa Tw apxaiohdyuv. O1 EB0501 xpOvohO- nang xpigovrar ac U0 opades: Tig paBIevEpyes Kat TI Ln pabLevep yes Padievepyéc wé80501 Padievepyd Myovrat ta otowxeia rou eivat aarash Kat Rou 0 arouiKa ‘Tous muptivas peranintet oe aAAOUE mmupives, Ue mn olyxpovn exrour lueyéAng pabievEpyeiag Ge poppr «. 1, owuariBioy Kat y-aRTivoBoRIng Kae pabievepyd orovxtio éxc éva ‘uyKeKpuiévo xp6vo nucuric, Bnha- {i}, Hera and oproueva xpova n To- ‘Orta Tay ardpw Tou eharroverar (oto p1a9. Metpavrac AonBy ro moG6 pabievépyeiag eves. atorxeiou Tou Beiyuatog Kat ywupizoveag to xp6v0 nudwig tou, umopouue va Spode say aiixia tou, Xpovokéynon we C's Bra aviitepa oTp@uata Mg aTUGogaipag and Thy oouIKA axrivooAia Tapayovrax ve YpOvia Nov avTiBpoby YE To AzwTo (N») Kat Bivouy dvBpaxa 14 (C"). O Gv@paKag 14 avnidpé ue To ofvyovo {Q:) Tou aépa at Bivet Kat autos, ‘Sruag at o dvAipaKag 12 (C") Biokei- ‘S10 Tou av@paxa (CO:) nou ue ™ ‘patoouvéean. npooraudaverat and Ta guté, Ta guta eivat tpo@h via Ta Goa, ondre dan n Bidorpaina éxe1 ya aoBevh pabtevépycia. Eniong éva utpo¢ tou C Bpionerar Tous ‘wxcavous, (rav évac opyamoudg nayel va fet (Gua, yopie, cova, woowies, xorpo- NiBo:) 0 dvBpaKag 14 Bev avovedive- Tar nat £10 n MepeRTIKOTyTa TOU otyyarog o¢ C telvel, ue tO xpovo gto undév. ‘Orav mepdgovy 5790 xpévia ané 1m wépa BavatoU tou o- Yyaviouod, t6te 0 ji0dc C's sxe heranéoet oe N: Kai oF owyari®ia 6 Mexpavrag ty nepuextiKérra tou ‘veKpoU Selyyatos oe C'* Ka ouyKei- yovtdg TY ue Ty nepwexTiKo™Ta rou {uvravol opyavoyod ce C Spioxouse my nAiKia tov. Boowh npouné8eon via ™ ueTeRON iva O11 n neplexraornra Tuy Govravov opyavioua oe C'* fray navra n ia he ™ onpepivh, H andkurn xpovo- A@ynan Bpioxerar and Tm cUyKpION be Beiyuara ywaotig MAmiag (nx, ouyKpion ue SevBp0xpovohoyia}. Ong dius © xpoveq nuurig rou CC evar oxeroKa umpbs, 1) HEBOBOG unopei va prdce uovo ra $0,000 xpOvia and to Xpovou Bavarou Mia véa pe80805 nou xonowoniet emmaxuvtés ovr (Tandem) oe ‘uvévaaus ue ™ xpovorsynon Ue (CH, Diver noAU KaAUTEpa aTOTEAE- ouata, O entraxuvmig npdra ano- fond at yerd eniraxiver iévra Ci at C' (ta onoia cuyxevrpivovrat Gro AKO Gxpo tou entvaxuvtt) Metpiétat 0 Abyog C'¥/C Kat uno Aoyigerat n nAikia tou Seiyuaros. Ta nAgoverthuara autig mg WeBS5ou eivar oT xpeiazerar ehéxiotn noob ‘ma Belywaros Kai n xpovoksynion raver ta 100,000 xpdvia and to xpdve Bavérou, Xpovohsynon we KA". Fa 1m x00" voroynan apxaodoyixiiv cupric wv Miag Nd vea ard 50.000 xpOvia xpnoqonoveirar wa pé60b0c nov Baaietat oe paBioiobtora ye xpsvO nuidahg weyaddTepo ané Tov avri- ‘T0IKO TOU dvapaKa 14. To pabioio’- oO KAAIO 40 (K") exer xO6VO Nu @utig 1.4 10° xpowo Kat weraniirret Ge apy6 40 (A To KéAto Bpioxetai ora nepiaa6tepa erpauara Ka opUKTG. Kad To oxn- Hanouo ev6q npaiarsiyevous me- Xpioparog to aépo AY eFawaviterar Aeyw ms UNARc BepuoKPaDias, Eto1 to apyd nou Bpioxerat orweoa ora netpayora npoépxerat and to Ke" Tuy metpaydtuy Kat 0 AByOS ‘A-40/-40 Bivet my nAimia oxnpar- ‘ouoG Tou nerpauates. H eroNEN Tou KaNlou yiveTat ue To @Royoour TOWETpO KaL TOU apYOU HE TO paca Toypap—e Halas Xpovohdynan we ™m BofBera Tov TpoxiaV OXBONE. H TEXviRN MOL XON- aijonoei Tg TpoxLeG OxGaMC, EAP Uézerar yia xpovoksynan and 20-10" xpdvia. H uéBoB0g aurh eivat Aowy aAA Via UAIKa evaAng NAwKiag. Ba oigeral oro yeyoves fue To U-238, Tou @pionsrai de eNaxioreG NoobT- ‘reg jléoa oto uAix6 naBaives auBép- untn oxdan. Ta npoidvra te axa ‘ong eneiSh Exouv modAh evépyeia TpoKahouy KavaotpoRéS CTO KOU GTAAAKS TMAEysG TOU OpUKTON amO- ‘tunwvovrag érot nie tpoxiés TOUS 0% tpoxtég eivat avaoyes tev ox6 ‘9ewv Kai pnopouy va weTpNBOUY je TO MiKpooKémo, a;poU mpooBANsel Mponyounéwwg | emipavera Tou Beiyuarog ue KaTGAANAO O80. H He Bodog auth ewpapuocerai ce YuON OYiSidvd, eAagpoTETpA KG UAIKG gaiotetyevous npoék evens Xpovonoynan pe U-TR. H UeBod0¢ ‘upaviou - Gopiou (U-Th) xenowo oteirat via rn xpovoAaynon Twv Ga Aagoiwy npdreov nat tav crakaxm- ‘Tv Kat oTaAayuiTav. Baoizetat om etarTwon tev pabiotoorénwy “MU/ U mou éxouv xPdv0 Nuc 10 10° xpéuia, To Th nou npoépxera: and "U, Sev Siadverai aro vend. H teedoq aut} xpnoworoteitar Kat Ya Tov npoobiopions me BepHO- paoiog Tuy axeawiv Kad Ty Teo! 080 evanoBeang Tay KqudTuv. Mag Bonea am ywidan Tou oiKooUoTT a Tog jag BeBoutvn¢ Mep\650u Xpovohéynan we Sepyogurayea. Ta Aika and ta onola tivar Kara okeuacuéva ta Kepaueind, €xouv my iBiotnta va evanoBnxetiouy ev- Epyeia xdpn oF éves npooulEels A ge KpUoTaNAKEG aTEAE.eS. AUTH M evano8nKeunévn evépyera unopet va eheuBepube Gray To vhs Bep- avéei, onére exnéunetar opats ‘ug. AUTO TO garvéuevo civar yw or6 gay Bepuoouradyoia ‘Oha Ta KepaUeIKa MpIEXOUY UIKEA novénra padievepyiiv npoouigewy (@nwg oupdvio Kai B6pI0). Aura Ta crorxeia exrtéunouy owatibia tuv olay n Béon evar ouvgornan me noodenrag Tous. Ta owpatibia - a poKadouv \oviou Taw arouwY (nAewrpbvia edeuepibvovrat xa nopouv va weranBhoowy oe wa ‘rd6un ueyaAirepng evépysias, Evid ouyxpovieg evanoanneterar ev= Epyeia toa oro uAM6), Ee Bepu0- kpaoia Buuariou, ra nAextpowia ue Youv nayiSeuyeva. Av 6yu3¢ to UAIKO Zeoradel, rote and rig TaravtORG TOU KQUOTAANKO MAEyHGTOG EAEU Gepovovrai ta nhextpdvia we Touts XpOVN exrrouT guTOg. ANS TH aTHy- buf mou {eotd@nKe to Kepaueind KaL ABetaoav 01 nayiBes Hexe ofepa, ‘oKOAOUBNGE TO YéuuIoNd Tous, ‘Ooo mio noAGG xpvo nepvd Té00 TIO OMEG nayibe¢ Yeuiowv, Gpa Kat O00 eyadiTEpn EepjiopuTayeia napéyera. fia 1m xpovokdynon, evo KepOHEWKOU eivar anapairTeC 0 e&g weTproeiG: 1) wetpNON TOU ‘guts 6tav To detyua ZeoTae! 2) uétpnon tg axtwoBoNag a, 3) pe Tpnen mg eniBerrikomyrag Tv Beryuorov om napaywys Bepuc- utauyetag Karé my axtivosohnon, he nyt ywwathg axtivodoniag. Me Tm dyxpIon Twv Levey uNOAOY- Zerar n andvutn Armia Tou Belyya- Tos. 1} xpOvOg MOU MépaGe and 7 COTIVh MoU YAENKE To avtiiuevo. Mn padtevepyés yé80501 (01 un pabievepyés wEBOBOI xpovo- Abynong nepiNauBavouy rexviKéG ROU avriKouv o€ Giapopous «AGBOUS wy Bermiy emornuiav. Apxaiovayynrionés. Modkertar ya 1m WEBOBO nou eferéver Ta apxaieAoyiKa UAKA. ev 0 nahaiouayents ‘uOg HeAeTa Ta YewAoyiKG UAIKG. OF {U0 avo! KAdBOI Tg apxaioueTpIAG, ‘omnpigovrai om wedérm tng werabo- Ang tng BiedBuvoN Kat Tn évtaon¢ YoU yhivou payynTwCod neBlou, Ue To mépacua Tou xpévou. Autés ot eraBonéc anotunavovrat of Bic ‘ope \fyara, npatoyevr_ner ata Kat wnuévoug nndddg, Ta cro. xela Ta onola npoobiopiZouv to yo- Yyunrtxd medio mg yng eivar y évea- (n,n éyshton Kat artoxhion, Dray o mAbs, 0 onoiog nepiexe oeibia ‘ou eiBpou, Bepuavdet arous 700" C a. Ndva,t@ uboLe tou oBsbiou tou @BFooY Roooavaranifovea: napaNanha cro wav "id nedla mg ye, aortas ja 900e Of Beuanapayevouse yaytton Ero. Aambv, ynuévos rmAGg neDaHEiKa, go0D vot orig nAvGOUf nou sana ae mp sia) naBoe wal nevpuxara npactewye ‘0h Aaa) nar tuatoyevh = aoetnesn we rag thuara Away RABLaVouN er0. Gore to uayrirind toe nebo va eva, rrapadinso us aur6 te Yne = NOU BOeN- fav in situ, Bivouw 1m BieUBuvon xOU YA You jayymnau nediou me ome N00 Bepuavonnew arog TOC. H Sepuonpe fla omy onoia anorunivetan Bieseuven Tou vhvou haymtnod neBiou Aéyerat Sepanpaaia Cure nav nowAher yin TO Biapopa avanti ofeibe. Feny nepir an seyuatay, anororeavouy ty B4000¥—N Ou. payemeou neBiOU ME aTMAG MOD aranatnocy Enexdr} n SieU8uvaN tou yayynTHKo eBiou Tg yng eTagaAAeTaI Le 10 xp6vo, 1) uérpnan me Beppionapa~ evouoag, payvririonc eivat_xapo- Kmplgmih Via ™ xPovoAdyran Toy avtikemuévev ac, Enion¢, uta Kau OAR avagopag uag enirpénel va xpnotuono.odue va ayyeia -av Kat Bean Tous uéoa cto govpvo Ynat ates Sev ae civar wort. ati ex6G GAS TH BiEUBUVOT TOU YAY ‘twoU neBiou éxouv anotuniioet xat my évraot} tou. H KayndAn avago- pac viverat we @écn avycia ABN xpo- voRoyniéva, ye ra onola cuynpivou- He Kepaueina aywaotne nhiklag. H kaumvAn avapopéc werabanderar ane téno ce téno, Xpovohsynon we B4on rn xnpIKA aA- Aoiwan. H aXAaysh me xnuitig od ‘raang nou napampeira, ue tO né agua Tou xp6vou, oF oatd, yuan ‘oyidiavous, nepyaunvés, nou éxouy hisivet @auuiéva uéoa arn yn, wos Bi- yet atoneia ya ™m xpovohdynon ‘Tous, Ene6h| 0 Ba8uog mE KTMANS ‘adoiwong efaprarai and tig ouve- keg TOU NEpIBGAAOVTOG eival Buvarh ovo n oxeTiKh xpovohOyneon, SuoWwY UAKAY NOU BpeEnKaY oro Bio nepIBAAAov. a andkuty xpovo- A@ynen moénet va xonowonoinBoov Yyia auyKpion Selyyora vAmKaw yuu omg MAiKiag nov EpeBnKav aro ‘Bio nepiBanrov = xpovohéynan ooriv:n nha Tov oti unokoyigerat ue 6dan thy o> ‘omnta Biagopwy xnwKaV Crowe Nou mepuéxovrat ora cord: 1) peta God Tg QuOROPIKTC GUvEEON 2) ‘artoppdenen oupaviod and ro xiu8, 3) avrixardoraan Tuv uBpokvAiow ‘Tou natin and @8épI0 roy amon pogowV ta OATG aNd To xiua Kot Ta Uunoyeta vepa, 4) To afwro nou repr 2xouv ta cord AyooTeve! He THY ‘anoauveenn Tay npureivin. O pus og amAziag e€aprérat ané 1m Bep- oKpaaia Kai mv uypacia TOU ep Badhovtos, NapadAnda Aomnoy ue Ty avéAvon Tuy ootav. npénet va avaAderal Kat va HeAerdrat to nep\- BaAov uéoa oto onoio Biarnphen: kav. (Orav yederatar eva KoKKaAO ripénei va eferaverat av éxet yneei (tp0@n). ~ xpovondynan oWpiBiavou: auth yi vera pe Baan Thy aMoiwan te em (paveiag Tou nerpoyates. Npoxerra Via ila uéB0S0 rou wetpa To Nood equdarwons ms enupaveras me né- tag nou éxer Bouneutel. H axeruc aurh xpovosoynon jas diver to Bia mua nou népace and tore nov Bounedrnxe n nétpa we tm yépa tne uétononc. H eoudaTeon tc enuod wetag eivar xapaxTapIoTIK6 pawvSue- vo Tou oyiBiavou Kat Bev napatn- peirai oF Kavéva GAko UAMG. H pe o50q xpovoAdynanc iva _xata~ OTpermxn vioti xpeiaterar Seiya epinou 2x4x05 4m, xopEve Tapa Ania mpog Hy enugdvela Tou avt keqévou, H e&6too yiverat We to luixpooKério oF QuaKS gu. O epU Batwwévoc oyiBtaveg Exe vd Aetepo Seixrn SiaBraong and tov un epuBarauévo. xpovohéynon Sepudrav Kat wiv. Mpdkerrar via wAKé now Bev uno Obv va xpovoRoynBouy axprsiic. H H. SevBporeovohoynon ornpierar am, ‘2oyKpon Tu SaxTUAlUY neu oxnbenKe! © opnog Tow Beep efétaOH TOUS aNoBAéne! ovo oT vayvapian Tou AKO, KL OF TE xvohoyixts mAnpogopieg. O1 nepya- unvés napouadzouy ja xapax™pr- ‘rim BuoKONa: To Ot 01 veg TOUS Bev anotehovv napd va ehdxtero epos tne apxteig ivas, Elvat Ouva TH) aXETKR KpavOS NOR TOUR xe fon amy avribpacn Tay KoXAayviny nou mepuéxouv, Xpovokoynon yuahiod. Mn pabic- vepyéc weB0b0¢ nou Bacizerat ctov opi8ud tu axpuudrwy adholwane img eMpdveiag Tou yuaXod. Ta ‘orpwuata addoiwans eivar ouvaprn- fon Hg nAiKiag rou YuaAIDG Kat Ta CUvOnKaY TOU oiKogUETHWaTOS NOU emikpdrneav and mv entoxt) nou KaTOOKEUGOTIKE To GVTIKEIUEVO WG ‘Thy nuépa ng HexpnOnS, ‘AevBpoxpovensynan. Modxeira! vio EBoB0 oxerune xpovodoynaMG NOU erpd mv nikia tov Bévopuv. Exe egapHodte! ue emtuxia ora Béon ng Kadipdovias, H opxm me. Bev8poxpovonoynen evar odd ama yt) uevonaN TOU XpOVOU xonawonoiovvral ox adhendhAnnon Bax ot tay BévBpuv. To eifoc nav Baxwuhioe aBopigera and ro eiBox tou BevBpou at ano yo whisa nou enparovee card ‘nv avert} tou (BevBporayarokoy. ave Bévepe eupaviee, oe xaBem ox ‘95 np0g tov dfova rou, oeind Boxtuklay, fone evay nade xp6v0, MerpuvTag hOMOY Toy apiGud tov BoKrUNIaY Umodoyeoue ‘mv nAika TOU SevBpoU Kot keraCovrOg ‘Toug Kat ouvKpWvovTaR TOUR He BaxTle Aiove @MAov BevBpuv ywoorne nawlog ‘etuyydvetar 0 npootioneusg ms me ag rove Ta Beiynara nov ekerdgovrat npénet va avfKouy omy iia reploxh Kat 12 SévBpa va Exo quTpUdE! oF opt Zovtio e506 wore ot SaxTUAOL ‘ToUG va eivat ouadoi, Fia my SevBGO- xpovohdynon unopodv va xonayo- om@ouv Kat anavBparwueva Bév- 90. To Ke@dhaw aut6 ne AmaIouEroio® ey ve ue m Bor@eia mm xnuKau Any Ae vn AA KE 1 uroypapies rou épepou avrou ‘eotoxovra: kup ané my wropia Tou Exdnwnoo E8voue me ExSoTING ABN wav Ty onoia euxapeTodue ya THY ‘Mpoorpopd me aurh Eniong GAAS quto- Yypopiec net oxé6ia civar and: F Muka Wg, RoddxpuoD Murtvat = J. Evans - C. Ronirew, Saliagos, G. Richter, A Handbook of Greek Art, WB. Dinsmoor The Architecture of Ancient Greece. C Mango, Byzantine Architecture, T. Ma: thews.” The Byzantine Churches of InetanuBi6ioypagia ba Divouue tous vious raw Bary ‘EpyeouB” Kak Tov BIEN Yeviy Yi Seay. Eid Beuora Bpionsnaveic ona BiBhoypasiec Tous Fa yews woropaés nai apxaiohownés| yyuusere IETOPIA. TOY” EANHNIKOY| EQNOVE, ZUMA apy. ExBorieh ABN 12 rout Mayymoia, RA. eoy. ABnve 1862, Apoicropincl xpéver ‘A. ZOHE. Nooictopun nav npuroioroot Fe apxaiokoyia, Ravenimtax® 100% hora, hawveve 1882 1b SEOXAPHE, NeoNeuds nods, ova 198% Neolithic Greece uA epy. ABA 1973, © ZERVOS. Lart des Cyclades, 1057 XP. NTOYMAZ. Apyaia EXinvnh Texyn, Karéhoyog TUAA oukavBpq ABO 1979 TT AAESIOY, Mundie nomoubc, Hoawdev. '§, HOOD. The Minoans, London 1971 T_MYAQNAZ, TeAuxpuoot Muxrvan Aerva 1983 FL HIGGINS. Minoan ano Mycenaean Ar London, 1967, J” CHADWICK, Decipherment of Linear B Gambrigge 1970. E VERMEULE Greece in the Bronze ‘Age, Chicago - London 1968. loropinoi xp6vo1 [A OPAANAOE. Ta uhwa Bourg tw 00 aluy EXMIvay. TAB. AON 195558 MARTIN. Lurbanisme dans la Groce antique, Paris 1974 Can ares Tu4A. coy. Pars 1972, GMA. RICHTER. Apyaia exanvay ve stem, Abnve 1974 (A Handbook of Gresk far 1959) IMA RICHTER. Kourok London 1960. ISM RICHTER, Korat London 1968 Faw Mnépvtaw. Apxoia eXnvit ce vn ABtva 1880, (Grock Art. 1364), ‘Taw Mnopvruow. Examen tex = AP an, ABiva 1982 (Greek sculpture he ‘renaie Period. 1978) Bucavrvel xpove TT KAPATIANNONOYAOE. To Bugavnvs pare. «AB, AOnve 1964-85, JR. ZARYOINOE. Bucavtir} wtopa, AY vo 1977 IF ANTOYPAKHE, xpionawn apxo1oho iia, TAB, Abaya 1968. D.T RICE: The Art of Byzantium London 1959, JA AOYBH-KIZH, Emueiiae Bucavtvge Jopxaoboviag am ExOM Zevayan aonva Te84 |mc Gonoxeuvrasie Zoyonoehe ued my ‘Reon ABA 1957 Apxowouerpio IMJ. AITKEN, Physics ane Arcnasology Oxtora 1975, M'S. TITE. Methods of Physical Exami- [nation in Arehasology. Landon 1972 Science. in. Archasdlogy TUNA. ey London 1971 RE. JONES - HW. CATLING. -Ocunés femmes omy ApxaoADVian. AvOpur rakoytea 8 Bokoe - Beogakovien 1904 eek. 32-71 ARCHAEOLOGY: WHAT AND HOW Many books on archaeology have been published recently, mainly abroad. targeting to the non. specialist, general reader. The choise Of subject matter and content of the ‘se Books is owned to the increasing interest of the public in ancient cili- zations, the substructure and source, that is, of our present cultural status, ‘The most impressive finds discover- fed until today are presented in these ‘books. therefore the false impression is easily created that as soon as one Starts digging in a noarby field he will surely be rewarded with treasures, works of antique art and cother worthy finds. Although we do not mean to discourage anyone we will try here to show the knowledge, hard work, patience and persistance required for such an attempt, as well as the limited chances that an ar- Cchaeologist has to discover the fine, which will justify and grant him with an international reputation Which Archaeology The division of the past in periods is 2 contemporary sientific invention, which aims to help scholars in clas- sifying, dating and studying history The history of our planet starts long before the appearance of Homo Sa~ piens. The history of earth is the Subject of Geology. the appearance land evolution of life on earth of Pa- leontology while Archaeology deals with the cultural history of manking Archaeology is divided in various periods. depending on the phase or Civilization it refers to. Thus, Prehi- storic Archaeology has an extended span. It commences with the first ap- pearance of man on earth and is divi- ded in four periods: the Paleolithic period, during which man was using ough or shaped cobbles or stones, ‘wood and bone tool-its: the Mesoli- thic and Neolithic period during ‘which man started making pottery but without using the wheel. Megal- thic monuments such as the mennir (an upright rough monolith) belong to this latter periog During the Neolithic period Euro- pean man advanced from the gather- ing to the predial (food producing) stage of activity: he invented the Cultivation of earth and breeding of animals and thus he was. no more strictly depended on his natural envi ronment. The production ability led to the necessity of property and to a new conception and organization of society. The caves were abandoned amen were building thelr own hourses, while in the new social ‘scheme the image of the woman- mother prevailed being the incarna- tion of mother-earth ‘The Neolithic period fs subdivided in three phases: the Early, the Middle and the Late Neolithic period roughly Covering the sixth, fifth and fourth millennium BC, respectively The Age of Metals follows, which however did not appear everywhere simultaneously. First comes the Bronze Age, during which man was originally using bronze (Cu) ana gold (Au) directly from nature and later by ‘making alloys. Weapons, vases, etc. were made of bronze, while gold was Considered as the supreme, fine and precious metal. Around the middle of the second millennium 8C the inha- bitants of Eastern Mediterranean started using iron (Fe). Then, the iron ‘Age commences bringing along hard and durable objects. It is about the same time that writting became a fact of upmost significance. since through it the human race passed the threshold. leading to the Historic period The arts and crafts of metalwork were introduced to Greece from the East through the coastal areas of Asia Minor. The Aegean isiands and Crete, natural intermediaries. owing to their geographic position. nave ‘greatly contributed to the peacefu! ‘and gradual transition of Greek lands from the Stone to the Bronze Age Theretore, they became important cultural and commercial centers. The Bronze Age in Greece is subdivi ded in three phases: tho Early, the Middle and the Late Bronze, with special labels for each area. During the Early Bronze period various civ lizations were developed in the Greek areas: the Early Helladie in mainland Greece, the Early Cycladic in the insular country and the Early Minoan or Prepalatial civilization on. Crete.Cycladic Civilization The term, introduced by Professor Chr. Tsoundas in the late nineteenth century, was orginally designating the early Bronze Age in the Cyciads, while later it was established to cover the entire Bronze Aga in the ‘Aegean islands, ‘The Cyladic civilization is divided in three phases: the Early-cycladic, (3.200/3.100 BC), the Middle- ‘eyeladic (2,000-1450 BC approx) and the Late Cycladic. While the Early-cycladie sottioments hardly fortified, indicate that the inhabitants of the Cyclads were do- ‘inating the sea, in the middle of the thicd millennium this situation chan- ged: Grete became the emerging ‘Sea-power and through its ships it Competed success fully the Cyciads Crete The dating of Cretan civilization is ‘based mainly on the evolution of cre- tan palaces. Thus Neolithic period (? - 2.600 8) Prepalatial or Early Minoan (JL) period (2.600 - 2.000 80): From the introduction of bronze to the erec- tion of the first palaces (Knossos, Phaestos, Mali). Middle Minoan (111M) period (2000~ 1700 86): From the erection of pala~ ces to their destruction Late Minoan (1!) period (1700-1400, BC): From the erection of the new palaces to the final destruction of Knossos. Late Minoan (ll) period (1400-1100 BC): From the destruction of Knos- 05 to the Doric occupation During. the Bronze Age (around 3000-1100. 8C) the Cretans, having already a highly developed civiliza- tion, were dominating the Mediterra: rnean basin Crete, «the canter of the world, nad commercial relations with all Medi terranean countries (Cyprus. Eayot Phoenicia, mainland Greece, Italian Peninsula) and a powerful flet in its services. The civilization ofthe island was exceptional and advances. In the plains of the island and especial- ly along its coasts many palaces were bull The king of Knossos achieved. according to a certain ac- Cepted theory. to unite the various states of the island under his scepter and to promote Crete as the domi- nant power in the Aegean. The fi mous cise of Phaestes bearing a Li- near A inscription — a prehellenic writing of Cretan language that nas hot as yet been deciphered — de- longs to this periog The Middle Minoan Period The first =palaces» were built in Knossos, Phaastos and Malia around 2000 BC. These palaces prove the existance of a central sovereignty in prosperous centers as. these. The development of hieroglyphies and the appearance of the Linear A writ- ting are closely related with the royal ‘bureaucracy. In 1700 BC, approxima: tly, @ sudden disaster brought to ‘wins the three major Cretan palaces. The cause may have been either an earthquake — which also devastated ‘many areas of Asia Minor from Troja to Palestine — or a barbaric invasion caused by the Greeks, who already since 2000 BC started invading the Hellenic territory The Late Minoan Period The destruction of 1700 BC did not put an end to the Cretan civilization The palaces were rebuilt and a new phase of upmost splendor commen- ced. Knossos, Phaestos and Malia were reconstructed and reborn trom their ruins: they display grand and impressive porticoes, colonnades, straircases leading to successive sto- ‘9yS, lunetes lighting interior sets of rooms, pertectly equipped. It was then that a new type of edifice ap- peared, known as. small. palace: Our knowledge of urban dwellings derives from a series of small faience tiles showing two or three-storeyed house facades. Palaces and private iwellings were equipped with large Sstorage-rooms full of big jars pre- serving food. To the same period al- 0 belong the outstanding palace at Kato Zakro that had developed com- ‘mercial relations with Cyprus and Egypt At the peak of tnis blooming another disaster devastated the ma- Jor centers of Cretan civilization Phaestos. Hagia Triada, Malia, Ar- hanes, Knossos, etc., wore once again suddenly ruined and burned According to a theory. supported by certain prominent archaeologists this new disaster was the result of the immense eruption of the Santori- nit (Thera) vuleano, which also cau- sed the sinking of a large part of Thora and north Crete. This naturat calamity was completed by the inva~ sion of Achaians who came from Pe- loponnese. Only few seitlements we- re reouilt. while a new writing, the Linear B, ‘appeared. Soon atter 1400 BC, another fatal disaster finally eli- ‘inated Knossos. The Mycenaean Civilization After the destruction of Cretan pala ces the center of civilization was transferred to the north and was 1o- cated at Mycenae. The Mycenaean or Late-heliadic period (1600-1100 BC) marks the end of the helladic Bronze ‘Age. The Hellenic races, which inva~ ded the country brought along their ‘own culture in which, when finally crystalized. the heroic tradition, Le the source of inspiration for the Ho- ‘meric ep0s was the typical element The Mycenaean era is divided in three periods: the Early (1600-1500 [BC approximately) the Middle (1500- 4425'BC) and the Late (1425-1100 8C) period. The myths that have survived as well as the archaeologi- cal finds discovered in various e» Cavations give us a picture of the so- ciety and culture ot the Mycenaeans: The country was divided in small sta- tes, their nucleus being the palace, which functioned as the king's dwel ling and administrative and econo- wie center. These palaces had many storeys and were huge and exten- sive, 50 as to house the numerous personnel necessary for the smooth ‘operation of the palace's functions Needless to say that dominant figure among the various kings was the ruler of Mycenae. The Dorians: 1100 BC In 1100 BC the Dorians, also a Helle- ‘le race, descented trom the region fof Pindos mountain and settled down in Peloponnese. This descent. part of @ general rearrangement of population in the area of Eastern Europe must, according to carta scholars, be held responsible for the overthrow of Mycenaean civilization. In the same period the First Greek Colonization began: Greeks from the metropolis, ie, Aeolians from Thes- saly,lonians from Attica and Dorians from the Eastern Peloponnese. ar- Tivad in the Aegean islands and the adjacent coast of Asia Minor to esta~ blish there the first Greek colonies These colonies were strictly agricultural communities lacking any ‘commercial character. The most im- portant event of this period, the Ho- ‘meric. is undoubtedly the adoption of the Phoenician alphabet by the Greeks who, however, adapted it to the phonetic. needs of their own language. It was then that the Home ric poems were written (the liad in the middle and the Odyssey in the la- te eighth century BC), in which clear- ly appears the nature and charachtor of the Olympian gods. From 1100 BC on, the so-called «Dark Ages» star- ted and lastod until the tirst decades,of the eighth century (770 BC). In this period, which was transitional, a foultural decline is apparent: how- ever, it gradually led to a new fvolution, which reached its climax in the Geometric period and style The Archaic Period Greeks’ national conscience was awaken during this period (700-480 BC) and was expressed through the panhellanic cult of the Olympian ‘gods and the introduction and esta: blishment of the Olympic games (776 BC), factors which gave to the Helle ‘nes the chance to become aware of their common roots, language, rell- gion and customs and thus to claim Tor themselves a common. national appelation: Greeks. It was also then that the Greok alphabet was fully established, The decline of kingship, more than ‘obvious in the social and political structure of this period, speeded up the final formation of the city-state, which was characterized by autono- my, freedom and self-sufficiency. In the city-state the right to rule was no more hereditary but, depending on the form of government, it was ex- cercised mainly by the citizens in a demooracy, by the ~arsioi- (the be- st) in an aristocracy or oligarchy and the monarch or tyrant in a monarchy for tyranny. Another characteristic feature of this period was slavery Wars, piracy and stave trading brought many slaves to the city states from Asia Minar, the Helies ont and elsewhere, who contri- uted considerably to the develop- ment of agriculture and handicrafts. ‘The archaic art has been strongly influenced by the East, therefore itis also called orientalizingy. The seventh century BC can be conside- red as the most important moment of Greek art: the great Greek sculpture was born, the first stone temples we- re built, an enriched repertoire of motifs and a new technique (the sblack-figureds) was introduced to pottery and the lyric poetry made its appearance. The Classical Period ‘The beginning of the classical period coincides with the victories of the Greeks over the Persians. By the end of the Persian Wars Athens increa- ‘sed its prestige and authority among the other Greek cities, which reco- gnized the leading role Athenians had playad duting these wars. However, this authority was soon transformed into domination both political (allied taxation) and cultura ‘Athens, in the fifth contury BC, was the undisputed center of every intel- lactual activity of the period: drama, philosophy. architecture. fine arts ‘The «golden age- of Athens was, how: ‘evar. tarnished in the last thirty years of the fifth century by the war be- tween Athenians and Spartans. The political reform of the fourth century BC party restored Athens’ old prest- {ge and authority, qualities that the City preserved until the appearance (of Philip Il, King of Macedonia. in the political scene of Greece. Alexander. Philip's successor led the Greeks to 2 victorious expedition against Oa- fius Ill King of Persia. Alexander's ‘numerous conquests and the cities he founded in his non-stop, amazing route formed a vast kingdom, which extended, roughly, trom India to Egy pit. The reign of Alexander the Great (36-323 BC) marks the end of the Classical and the beginning of the hellenistic period ‘The classical period was the era of great accomplishments in archi- tecture. In Asia Minor, where a series of famous edifices of ionic order we- re built during the archaic period every such activity stopped. On the contrary. in Magna Grecia, and main- ly in Sicily, where beautitul doric temples were erected in the archaic period, the building activity went on. In mainiand Greece the architectural Creativity was limited in Attica only. The Athenians preserved the ruins of the Persian Wars with respect: they didnot rebuilt or restored anything bbut they chose new sites to erect new edifices. The novelties introduced by the Athenian archi- tects were «revolutionary. The (Odeion of Pericles was the first to be covered with a pyramidal root, while the Stoa of Zeus in the Agora with its projections at the two ends was transformed into a complex edifice ff multiple functions. The temple of the Apteros Niki (Unwinged Victory) and the Erechtheion, both on the Ac- ropolis, were among the first ‘examples of ionic order in Attica. But the ionic order as it was materialized in Athens was not pure: it was the happy coupling of the ionic grace with the doric simplicity The Hellenistic Period The reign of Alexander the Great seals the classical and opens the hel- lonistic period which lasted until the tolal occupation of Greece by the Romans (336-30 BC). The hellenistic ‘period is mainly characterized by the decadence of mainland Greece and the blooming of the kingdoms of the East, formed atter the division of Ale- xander’s empire; they succesfully Carried out the responsibility to keep the Greek spirit alive and bright. The kingdom of Asia was ruled by the Se leucid dynasty, that of Egypt by the Ptolemy, while Greece and Macedo- ria by the Antigonid dynasty. The former important city-states of main land Greece, je. Athens and Sparta were in full decay. The commercial routes didnot_ anymore lead to Athens, while Soarta was suffering from a diminishing of population. ‘The power was now in the hands of the Contederacies, the Achaian and the Aetolian, The increase of unem- ployment was creating a major social problem in Greece. Agriculture ang trade of hadicraft products could not Stand the competition of the Eastern Mediterranean countries, theratore they declined. The commercial cen- tors were moved eastwards, where the islands of Rhodes and Delos be- ‘came important centers. In spite of all these obstacles, the intellectual i te in Greece was continuing. Mystic- ism, which firstly appeared in the late fifth century BC, was now expand ing. The contact of Greoks with the East was continuously enriching the traditional pantheon or transferming the old deities into more comforting figures. The helpless, suffering be- lievers were attracted by new gods ‘who were representing the powerful monarchs. The experience of hardships created new philosophic movements, such as the Stoicism and the Epicureanism. which libera- ted man from his various earthly Bo- nds and troubled life of his time. The new hellenistic capitals, Ale- xandria, Antioch, Pergamon became the ideal environment, where ite rature was growing, art was reviving and science was blooming. The best examples of hellenistic architecture were erected in Pergamon, Ephesus, Sardis, ete The impact of political and social lite fon artis apparent. In sculpture, the tendency towards naturalism beca ‘me stronger: age, physical distortion, various psychologic conditions, wer offering artists every chance to study and represent almost all physical sit- uations and psychological moods. Typical qualities of the Alexandrian sculpture are the serene expression {and the soft madelling as opposed to the violent motions and distortions fof the art of Pergamon. Mainland Greece followed the established tra dition, enriched, however, with anew element: the landscape. These cha- racteristics didnot remain local traits. ‘The artists were used to travel and create works of art everywhere in thethen known world, the Greek world therefore artistic communication and mutual influence were naturally strong. The highly personalized re- presentation is the characteristic in the art of coins that were decorated with the naturalistic portrait of the various monarchs, kings, ete. The Roman Period Through the three Macedonian wars the Romans managed to participate in the Greek affairs, already by the fend of the third contury BC. In 168 BC Macedonia became a part of the Roman empire. The intellectual im- pact of Greece, a simple Roman province. on Rome was so. strong and vital that through rome itaffec- ted the European civilization of the following centuries. Rome was em- bellished with spoils of war from all ‘over Greece, that stood as the ideal aesthetic madels for the West ‘The famous Pax Romana imposed by [Angustrus soon after his victory over Anthony in 31 BC, contributed to the ‘new cultural blooming in Greece that reached its climax under Adrian (76- 4318 AD). Adrian, deing an enthusia- Stic admirer of Greece, is responsible for many great works. Another phil- hellenist, also an ardent admirer of the Greek spirt, Herod Atticus, a wealthy Sophist, enriched whith beautiful eaitices various religious sites in Greece, The first century AD was marked by @ new Greek revival, mainly intellectual, Epictetus, the Stoic philosopher founded a new schoo! in Nikopolis. Plutarch wrote hig celebrated work Vitae Paral fae in which he is praising the Virtues of great men. Finally, Pausa- las who traveled all over Groce has described it so precisely and thorou- ghly that even today his Description of Greece can be used as a guide. The fame of the Gresk spirit and culture was such that many Roman emperors came to Greece 10 be in tiated into the Eleusinian mystere However. the Greek economic life was constantly diminishing, thereto- re. when in the third century AD the Goths passed the Danube and overrun Europe, they found a poor and helpless country, which could ‘not stop them from sacking the sac- red city of the goddess Athena (267 AD), In 324 AD, after a long upheaval in the domestic affairs of the Roman empire, Constantine the Great re- mained the only emperor. in 330 he inaugurated Constantinople as the new capital of the Empire, thus putting an end to the history of the ancient world, From then on the Middle Age of the Byzantine era be- gins. Byzantine Archaeology ‘Tho Byzantine era coincides withthe Greek Middle Ages, therefore the Greek history and archaeology of the Middle Age is called Byzantine. In the Byzantine period Christianity is recognized as the official religion of the empire, The beginning of Byzantine history ‘and consequently of archaeology is @ most disputable topic among scho- lars. Here we adopt one of the va: rious opinions and we accept as starting point the year $30 AD. when ‘Constantinople was inaugurated. as capital ofthe Roman empire: and the year of the Fall of Constantinople, 41453 AD, as the end Constantine the Great by founding the «Now Rome, where ancient By- Zantium was located, transferred the center of the empire to the Eat ‘soon he adopted. certain oriental ‘customs and practices such as de- spotism, heredity in the succesion to the throne and the Christian religion ‘which had an oriental origin. The of- ficial state language in Constantino ple, the «legal successor» of Rome ‘and consequently ofthe entire empi- re was Latin. although the Church adopted the Greek language. AS a result of the increase of the Church influence, the Byzantine society ob- tained a =Greek» character with cer- tain, however, oriental elements (Ch: ristianity ~ Hebrew ethics). After the Givision of the empire in Eastern and Western, the term Byzantine ar- chaeology (-Byzantines was firstly introduced in’ 1582), defines the Christian archaeology of the »Ortho- dox», Eastern part of the empire The inhabitants of the Byzantine sta- te were considering themselves Ro- man citizens, they called their capital “New Romes, and regarded their ruler as a Roman emperor. The reco- nition of Christianity as official re {ion resulted to its dependence from the state authority. Since this autho- rity was drawing its models from the East, the religious art. atleast at the beginning (fourth century). had a strong oriental flavour the Ale xandrian combined with the Greck art served for long as its prototypes). Byzantine art is known to us mainly through its. religious. expression. since only a few examples of secular art have survived Christian religion didnot at the be- ginning favor art, which was consi- Gered to be a vehicle of pagan ideas. To the adoption of this attitude the aversion of Jews for every human re- presentation contributed a lot. Dux ring the early Christian years art had ‘a symbolic character (Doura-Euro- os, Catacombs). One of the most important accomplishments of By- zantine architecture was the crown- ing of the rectangular in plan basilica with a dome. This architectural type ‘was born out from the need to sym- bolize heaven with a dome. The most magnificent example of the type is the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople built by the emperor Justinian’s architects. Anthemius land Isidore. Byzantine art as every other art, was influenced by its contemporary hi storie and socio-politic events, Thus, we divide it, by convention, in the following periods: 1. Early Christian Period: It consists ‘of two distinct parts; the early phase, form the appearance of the first Chri stian monuments until the inaugura- tion of Constantinople (200-300 AO): ‘and the main phase, from 330 unt ‘the occupation of the eastern provin- es of the empire by the Arabs in the first half of the seventh contury. 2. Byzantine Period: it is subdivided in three minore periods. The Early Byzantine, commencing from the se- cond half of the seventh century and closing to the year 843, when the leoncolastie controversy ended: the Middle Byzantine, starting from the new revival of Byzanting art imme diately after iconoclasm and terminat- ing to the occupation of Constanti- ‘nople by the Latins in 1204; the Late Byzantine, which coincides with the Palaeologan renaissance and comes ‘2 sudden stop in 1453, when the imperial capital was cartured by the Turks. 3. Post Byzantine Period: \ts dura- tion covers the span of the Turkish ‘occupation of Greece (1453-1821) Early Christian Period: The various philosophical disputes and trends. characterizing the last years of the Roman empire paved the road not only for the rooting of Christianity but also for its rapid spreading, The emperors answered to the new doctrine with ferocious persecutions, therefore Christian cult was limited to already existing, secluded sites. In ‘order to bury the deads the followers Of Christ had to dig subterranean ce meteries, the Catabombs, which were decorated with wall paintings. Later, however. when Christianity be- came the official state religion, the Catacombs were substituded with monumental edifices. Christian cult was exercised in various private dwollings which was embellished“manly wntn oonaties ot mene Or ees Symbolic character The triumph of the new religion demanded appro- priate ouildings. Entire cities were built while others were decorated with impressive eaitices of various architectural types. among which the type of basiliea prevailed Byzantine Period ‘A. Esty Byzantine Period (641-843 ‘AD). The iconoclastic controversy is the main characteristic of the period The settlement of the Arabs in the eastern provinces of Byzantium had its immediate effect on art. The long religious upheaval didnot favor ar- chitecutre ang anistic creation in ge- neal, The =tovolutionary> plan of Hagia Sophia is developing and as a result the cross in plan churches was created. The Arabic settiement coin- cided with the rise to the throne of the Isaurian dynasty (of oriental or- gin); one of the effects of this combi- ration was iconoclasm according to which all figurative church decora- tion should be destroyed and repla- ‘ced by aniconic representations. B. Middle Byzantine Period (843- 908). The major characteristics of this period are the penetration of By- zantium by the Slavs, the creation of ‘Arabic and Slavic states adjacent the borders of the empire and the Impressive development of the Wet ‘AS a result various socio-political rearrangements took place and the Byzantine empire diminished. This geographic confinement caused a ew revival of arts. Byzantine art and architecture, cischarged trom alien influences, were expressed ina Purely «Byzantine form and content ‘whieh thrived in Constantinople and affected the entire Grock area. After the constraints imposed by the ico- oclasm. sculpture, started blooming ‘again and reached its climax in the following period mainly in works of architectural decoration. Many icons were executed in relief, on metal or ‘marble, while the Virgin Orans beca- me 3 popular representation. gious painting obtained its cistinct character, since the heretic Controversies were over. The figures Jn the church painting of this period are typical for their transcendental character and antirealistc represen- tation. Various artistic. tendencies coexisted, such as the classicizing andthe orientalizing, «spiritual» trends. By the end of the sleventn Century the first attempts for the psy- chological portrayal of the figures re- presented were made. During the twelfth century the painted figures became dynamic and slender while the ingenious use of line gave a flow- ing effect 10 drapery. C. Late Byzantine Period. The pro- ene of Latins in the Capital and the Creation of small Frankish states it the Byzantine territory cut the empire to pieces, an unfortunate situation which lasted even alter the rise of the Palacologan dynasty to the throne. In spite of ‘this serious ‘obstacle Constantinople kept playing 2 leading cultural role especially during the Palaeologan renaissance. Eclecticism is. prevailing in archi- tecture, which creates new types of Churches. In the sphere of painting Characteristic is the transportation of ateliers beyond the limits of the capi tal. mainly in Serbia. Among the new elements of the period is the introduction of certain iconographic cycles such as the Infancy of Christ the Life of the Virgin, scenes deriving from the apocryphal gospels, etc ‘The face expressions in painting are humanized and exhibit a variety of phychological moods. The figures move froely in the scene settings, stepping firmly on the ground, the Dackground is. filled with archi- tectural compositions. In the Palaeo- logan age two schools of painting can be distinguished: the Macedo. nian and the Cretan. The first creates ‘an simperials art and seeks the naturalistic representation of figures: the. second, more expert in icon painting, shows a quest for plane ‘and idealized, aristocratic. figures and follows the Byzantine tradition closely Post Byzantine Period The Macedonian and Cretan schools of painting will survive the Fall of Constaninople (1453). The Cretan ‘school was fully developed and ery- ‘talized in the years between the ca- plure of the Capital by the Turks and the sixteenth century. The Macedo- nian school after the Fall of Constan- tinople obtained a popular character, since the clergy considering it as humanistic» art of the court had put it aside. The sixteenth contury is the age of the great eponymous painters. In the seventeenth century the wall painting declines while the portable ‘cons, affected by the Italian painting, ‘became the major art medium. Wall painting regained a dominant posi- tion in the eighteenth century Numerous church decorations mirror the effort of the artists to reproduce the prototypes of the Macedonian painting, In the lonian islands, adja cont to Italy. the impact of the Western art was strong, The hagio- graphers abandon the traditional Painting material and adopt oil in their works. In the nineteenth Century the religious painting does ot anymore exist: hagiography has died: Greek art, if it exists, is undor the spell and patronage of the arti- Stic currents, which spring trom the European centers, Munich and Pari, Graphic Reproduction The archaeologist must know to draw, Because even the best written description of an object requires its ‘graphic representation. Two kinds of Graphic reproduction are used in ar- chaeology. The quick. free sketch do- ne in the excavation diary itsel. 1 is accompanied by relevant information — such as the object's dimensions — which helps the scientist to make a {ull report on it even when the object is no move available. For the publica tion of the object a professional gra- hie representation is required. Such a drawing must be accompanied by the representation scale in contime- ters or meters, while n the case of to- ographic or architectural plans the architect in charge also adds the orientation of site or monument Photography Photography is a perfect medium of documentation. Archagological pho- tography, however, requires expe- rience and properly chosen cameras, ‘Since we donot intend to give here a ‘course on archaeological photogra- phy (we plan to examine this topic ‘thoroughly in the future), we limit our information to the absolutely neces- sary: The speed must be very low. The lighting must be carefully chosen, since it plays a prominent role in the Correct reproduction of details, For the size of the negative the purpose of the photo must be taken into con- sideration. In each photo an indica tion of the object's Scale has always to be included. Sampling and Analysis of Ma- terial Archaeometry is a. relatively recent science which is based on various branches of the positive sciences ang Contributes a lot in solving archaeo- logical problems. It isan interdiscili- ‘nary research and its quests vary: Lo- cation of antiquities, relative or ab- solute dating of finds. analysis ot their composition. which often reveals the antique technology. The fesults of this research are studied and evaluated by statistics with the help of computers that demand a uni fied language of inputs or a relevant codex.‘Sampling isthe first step taken for te ‘examination and analysis of archaeo- Togical finds, The choice and collec- ting method of the find must be done very carefully: The sample has to re- ‘main as much as possible protected from the etlect of the present envi ronment. Theratore, it must be Kept in airtight glass pots or bags The sample's examination procedure ‘must be decided after Serious consi- eration. In examining petrifications We eed a quantity of samples of three to five kilos, collected from the pettifications’ surface and also from a epth of twenty centimeters; such ‘samples must always be cut with iron tools, The collection of samples of f= red clay — to be dated with the ar- chaeomagnetic method — is simple in execution but complex in pro: cedure, For such an examination six to ten samples taken from various si- des of the object are necessary Each sample consisting of only one piece of fired pottery. kiln or brick must be taken in situ. Thus, it already bears the datum of the magnetic North during its sampling. therefore it can be examined in the lab, according to its original position. The next phase after sampling is the examination of items according to the material they are made of and the information we seek: The application ff physical methods in studying ar- Cchaeological material can be divided into two groups: Methods which use microscope and X-rays and give descriptive and compositional infor: mation; and methods which give qua- litative and quantitative information fon the composing elements, micro- ‘elements and crysallic structure of the object. The application of chemi- cal analysis on archaeological finds ‘ive their chemical composition, Dating ‘Archaeological items can be dated tither by their external character stics (material, syle, technique. ote ) ‘or by other methods, such as the ra- io active examination. Non radioac- tive methods include Archaeomagn’ ‘ism, Dengrachronology, ete The procedure of an excavation ‘The Preparation ‘An archaeologist. n order to organize lan excavation, must collect and study jin advance every document and datum related with the area he i int rested in. Thus, excavation becomes the result of a complex scientific pro- paration. The initiative for an excava- tion is given to the archaeologist by ‘a ancient written sources describing sites and objects: b inscriptions iying iin Situ or transferred elesewhere: © surface remnants. \e. sherds, chop ped stones, coins, etc: finds, kept in fearth or sea, that ae discovered inci- dentally. e.g. by plowing or diving: @ building activities: during digging for the foundation of a house or building 2 part of an ancient settlement may ‘appear: then the work in progress Is ‘stopped and a thorough excavation is Undertaken to reveal the buried ar- chaeological manument or site, We must note here that the Greek Ar- chaeological Service does its best for ‘the inspection and controll of modern bullding activity in areas included in ‘or adjacent to well-known archaeolo- gical and historic districts (eg. ‘Athens, Patra, Nauplion, etc). Thus, the hidden picture of the ancient site is progressively reconstructed and its original form and function isin a way restored Locating Buried Remains Buried remaing can successtully be ‘detected by using the following me= dia and methods: a. Aerial Photography: Significant earth-leatures and objects that may fot be noticed by an observer on the {ground can supply information if they fare seen from a certain altitude; ¢rop- ‘marks. soilemarks and differences in S01! relief (shadow-marks): even ther ‘mal differences of the grnund appear ina photograph, if an appropriate film has been used for photogra- phying. 'b. Magnetic Prospecting: The proton magnetometer is used for the detec tion of the magnetic disturbances in the soll that have been caused by iron-ore deposits ©. Electrical Resistivity Surveying: itis also a geological technique, like Ma- ‘gnetic Prospecting. Resistivity is lar~ gely depending on water content Walls. roads, pits, ditches, show up Clearly with this method 3. Electromagnetic techniques Buried remains can also be located by archapologists with the help of soi! conductivity meter, microwaves, ra Gio transmission, ete How an excavation Is carried out We present here the scientifically ideal way of excavating that is, largely depending on the funds avai- lable by a country for the restoration of its cultural heritage. First, tho site for excavation is selected. Then. itis ‘covered: with a canvas. pattern, which functions as a topographic ‘chart. The purpose of this rectangular frame and its subdivisions is to facil tate the archaeologist to assign the future products of the excavation to the specific ground segment they co- me from. The frame subdivisions are usually square, one to four or five me- ters side and bordered by broad paths. The archaeologist either ex- Cavates these rectangles thoroughly Cr simply has probatianal ditches to 'be dug in them. At the same time all superficial elements, such as sherds, kind of soil, ete, are documented in the diary of the excavation. In this diary the archaeologist must also no- te every usefull observation of his that will later help him to restore the orig nal form of a find. The photogra- pBhying of finds follows. Soon atter the meticulous cleaning of the (ground, expert excavation workers Femove the soil, which covers the antiquities until they reach the Stratum containing archaeological finds. Then the real excavation oe- ‘gins. Each square of the «canvas», numbe- red already. 's excavated very ca- refully in horizontal layers. Tho thickness of each layer depends on the soll that covered the area in a spesific past period. Far instance, a layer filty centimeters thick and dated in the Middle Ages contains Byzanti- ine sherds and a few coins of that age while the next layer, thiry centime- ters thick, contains a few Roman re mains. Each layer is throroughly @xa~ ‘mined and is the object of stratigra~ phic study. All excavated finds are fully documented: they are enlisted, described. photographed. designed. numbered and classified, ‘The foremantioned procedure is also followed if a building is brought in ligth. before the archaeologist tempts to make its identification (private house or temple or public edifice, et). The excavated soil is never thrown away if rot sifted beforehand, since it may contain a minute in size but of great importance object. Stratigraphy. The archaeologist alike 2 geologist must observe and study the various strata during an excava~ tion. The teason is that the earth brought to a site by natural or geolo~ ical phenomena covers progressive- ly the existing ground and creates ‘new strata, which contain the ‘mnants of each period. But, while in ‘geology these strata are created in periods of thousands of years, in ‘chaeology they are formed in very short periods. In any case, the ar cchaeologist must take into account all elements contributing to his study ‘even the purely geological =