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Neodredjeni Integrali
Neodredjeni Integrali
7. NEODREDJENI INTEGRALI
7.1 Opcenito o integralu i pravilima integriranja
Integriranje je inverzna racunska operacija od deriviranja.
Integrirati funkciju f ( x ) znaci odrediti primitvnu funkciju F ( x ) funkcije f ( x ) .
f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C
Pravila integriranja:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
0 dx = C
1 dx = x + C
a dx = ax + C
n
x dx =
x n +1
+ C ; za sve racionalne brojeve; n 1.
n +1
a f ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) + g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
n
n +1
9.
10.
u dv = uv v du f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx; metoda
11.
parcijalne integracije
Metoda parcijalni razlomaka
8.
'
'
'
'
5.
0 dx = C
1 dx = x + C
a dx = ax + C
n
x dx =
x n +1
+C
n +1
0 dx = C Dx ( C ) = 0
1dx = x + C Dx ( x + C ) = 1
7 dx = 7 x + C Dx ( 7 x + C ) = 7
x 7 dx =
x8
x8
+ C Dx + C = x 7
8
8
1
3
1
+1
3
15
x
a f ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx 5 xdx = 5 x dx = 5 1 + C = 4 x 3 + C
+1
3
Neodredjeni integrali
Dx x 3 + C = 5 x 3
4
6.
f ( x ) + g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx
2
2
( x + 7 ) dx = x dx + 7dx =
7.
x3
x3
+ 7 x + C Dx + 7 x + C = x 2 + 7
3
3
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx
( 3x
5 x ) dx = 3 x 3 dx 5 xdx =
3x 4 5 x 2
+C
4
2
3x 4 5 x 2
Dx
+ C = 3 x3 5 x
2
4
8.
1
f ( x ) f ( x ) dx = n + 1 f ( x )
n
'
n +1
11 3
1 3
2
3 x + 7 x dx = 6 3 x + 7 + C
6
5
11 3
1 3
2
Dx x + 7 = x + 7 x
63
3
9.
f ( g ( x ) ) g ( x ) dx = f ( u ) du
'
metoda supstitucije
u = x2
2
x sin x 2 dx
x sin x dx = du = 2 x xdx = 1 du
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
sin u 2 du = 2 ( cos u ) + C = 2 cos x + C Dx 2 cos x + C = x sin x
10.
u dv = uv v du f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) dx
'
'
1
u = ln x du = dx
x dx
x ln x x x dx
N =
lnN
x
u
dv
dv = dx v = x
x
1
ln x x x dx =x ln x x + C Dx ( x ln x x + C ) = ln x + 1 = ln x
x
x
11.
Neodredjeni integrali
u n +1
+C
n +1
sin u du = cos u + C
tan u du = ln sec u + C = ln cos u + C
sec u du = tan u + C
sec u tan u du = sec u + C
2
u
a du =
au
+ C ; a > 0, a 1
ln a
a u
2
1
u
+C
ln
a a + a2 u2
1 ua
du
ln
=
+C
2
2a u + a
a
u 2
a2
u
2
+
a
u
sin 1 + C
a
2
2
du
1 u
1 u
a 2 u 2 = sin a + C = cos a + C
e au ( a sin bu b cos bu )
au
=
e
u
du
sin
b
+C
a 2 + b2
du
u a
1
a
1
u
cos 1 + C = sec 1 + C
a
u
a
a
e au ( a cos bu b sinbu )
u 2
a2
u a 2 ln u + u 2 a 2 + C
2
2
Neodredjeni integrali
+C
a 2 + b2
du
1
1
1 u
1 u
u 2 + a 2 = a tan a + C = a cot a + C
au
e cos bu du =
a 2 u 2 du =
u 2 a 2 du =
+C
= ln u + u 2 a 2 + C
du
cosh u du = sinh u + C
coth u du = ln sinh u + C
cschu du = coth ( cosh u ) + C
csch u du = coth u + C
cschu coth u du = cschu + C
u2 a2
du
cos u du = sin u + C
cot u du = ln sin u + C
csc u du = cot u + C
csc u cot u du = csc u + C
e du = e
sinh u du = cosh u + C
tanh u du = ln cosh u + C
sech u du = tan ( sinh u ) + C
sech u du = tan u + C
sech u tanh u du = sech u + C
du
= ln u + C
u
P ( x)
Q ( x)
Posto potencija polinoma u brojniku i nazivniku moze poprimati razlicite vrijednosti, pojavljuju
se razlicite kombinacije razlomljene racionalne funkcije, koje su razmotrene u nastavku, svaka
posebno.
Integral je oblika :
1. I
Pn ( x )
Qn ( x )
3 x3 4 x 2 + 3 x
4
4
dx = 3 x 4 + 2
dx
dx = 3 xdx 4dx + 2
2
x +1
x +1
x +1
3x 2
4 x + 4 tan 1 Podijelili smo razlomak. Postupak djeljenja prikazan je u
2
srednjoskolskoj matematici u dijelu "Polinomi":
( 3x3 4 x2 + 3x ) ( x2 + 1) = 3x 4 i ostatak 4 odnosno x 24+ 1
I
3
2
2x + 7x + 4x + 2
1 2x + 7x + 4x + 2
1 2x
4x
5
2. I
dx =
dx =
+
2x +
dx
3
3
2x + 3
2
2 3
2
x+
x+
2
2
3
2
1 2 x3
4x
1
1
5
3
1 2x
dx +
dx ( 2 x ) dx +
dx =
I
+ 2 x 2 2 x + 5ln x + + C
3 2 3
2
2
2
2
2 3
x+
3 2 x3 4 x 2
5
x+
2
Integral je oblika I
3. I
dx
dx
=
2
x + 10 x + 30
( x + 5) +
2
Neodredjeni integrali
( 5)
1
1
du
u
x+5
= tan 1 =
tan 1
+C
2
a
a
u +a
5
5
2
2
25 25 + 30 = ( x + 5 ) + 5 = ( x + 5 ) +
2
( x + 5 )2
( 5)
3 x
dx
dx
u 1 3
1
1
3
=
tan 1 =
=
4. I 2
tan 1
2
2
a
a 3 14
3x 2 x + 5 3
14
1 14
x +
3 9
1
3x 1
I
tan 1
+C
14
14
2
2
1
x
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
15
1 14
2
2
2
+ = x 2 x + 2 + = x +
3x 2 x + 5 = x
3
3 3 3
3
3 9
3 9 9 3
2
1
dx
1
dx
1
u 1
2x + 1
=
tan 1 = tan 1
+C
2
2
a
a 3
2x + 2x + 5 2
3
1 3
x+ +
2 2
2
2
2
5
1 1 1 10
1 3
2
2
2 x + 2 x + 5 = 2 x + x + = 2 x + 2 x + + = 2 x + +
2
2
4 4 4
2 2
2
1
x+
2
5. I
7 1
dx
dx
1
ua
1
2
2 = ln x 4 + C
ln
=
ln
6. I 2
=
2
2
1
7 1
2a u + a
x3
x 7 x + 12
7 1
2
x +
x
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
7
49
49
48
7
49
1
7 1
x 2 7 x + 12 = x 2 2 x +
+ = x2 2 x +
= x
2 4
4
4
2
4 4
2 2
2
7
x
2
Neodredjeni integrali
7. I
2 x +
1
2
u
2
tan 1 =
=
tan 1
2
a
a
3
3
3
dx
dx
=
2
x + x +1
1
x + +
2
2x + 1
tan 1
+C
3
3
1 1 1
x2 + x + 1 = x2 + 2x + +
2
4 4
2
1
x+
2
Integral je oblika I
8. I
dx
1
Q2 ( x )
dx
20 8 x x 2
2
2
4
1 3
= x + +
4
2 4
62 ( x 4 )
du
a2 u2
= sin 1
u
x4
= sin 1
+C
6
a
2
2
20 8 x x 2 = ( x 2 8 x 20 ) = ( x 2 2 x 4 + 16 16 20 ) = ( x 4 ) 36 = 62 ( x 4 )
9. I
dx
1 x 3x 2
I =
1
3
sin 1
1
3
6x + 1
13
dx
2
13
1
x +
6
6
1
u
sin 1
= sin 1 =
2
2
a
3
a u
du
1
6
13
6
x+
+C
1 1
1 12
1 13
2 x 1
2
= 3 x +
1 x 3 x = 3 x + = 3 x + 2 x +
3 3
6 36 36 36
6 36
2
13 2
1
= 3
x+
6
6
10. I
dx
28 12 x x
dx
82 ( x + 6 )
du
a u
2
= sin 1
u
x+6
= sin 1
+C
a
8
2
28 12 x x 2 = ( x 2 + 12 x 28 ) = ( x 2 + 2 x 6 + 36 36 28 ) = ( x + 6 ) 64 =
Neodredjeni integrali
dx
11. I
1 3x + 2 x
dx
3 1
x
4 4
ln u + u 2 a 2 =
3
3 1
ln x + x + C
4
4 4
2
2
2
3 9 9
8
3 1
1 3
2
2
1 3 x + 2 x = 2 x + x = 2 x 2 x + + = 2 x
4 16 16 16
4 4
2 2
dx
12. I
4 x + 5x
dx
2
2 2
x+
5 5
ln u + u 2 a 2 =
2
2 2
I
ln x + + x + + C
5
5 5
5
2
2
4x
2 4
4
2 2
2
=
4 x + 5x2 = 5 x2 +
5
x
2
x
5
x
5
5 25 25
5 5
dx
13. I
25 16 x 2
1
dx
du
1
4x
= sin 1
+C
2
2
2
4
4
5
a
u
5
2
x
4
5 2
25
2
25 16 x = 16 x = 16 x 2
16
dx
14. I
4x 4x + 5
2
1
dx
ln u + u 2 a 2 =
2
2
1
2
x 1
2
1
1
1
ln x + x 12 + C
2
2
2
1 1 1 5
1
2
4 x 4 x + 5 = 4 x 2 x + + = 4 x 12
2 4 4 4
2
Neodredjeni integrali
15.
I x + x + 1 dx =
2
1 3
x+ +
2 4
1 1 1 4
1 3
Izraz pod korjenom smo preuredili: x + x + 1 = x + 2 x + + = x + +
2 4 4 4
2 4
2
1 3
1
3
3
pa mozemo pisati:
I x + + oznacimo: x + = u; dx = du; a 2 = a =
2
4
2
2 4
I u 2 + a 2 du u 2 + a 2 du
u2 + a2
u2 + a2
u2 + a2
u2
du =
du +
2
2
u2 + a2
u
+
a
I1
du
+a2
I I1 + a 2 I 2 rijesimo svaki integral posebno:
2
2
+ a
u
I2
I1 =
u2
u +a
2
du = u
u
u + a2
2
1
t =u
t 2 + a2 = k
u
tdt
1 2
u
du
v
=
=
k
dk = k = u 2 + a 2
2
2
2
2
2
2tdt = dk
u +a
t +a
du = dt
u
2
2
2
2
+ a
2
+ a
2 dt
t 2
t 2
N=u u +a u +a
u u 2 + a 2 du = tuN
du
v
v
I
I = u u2 + a2 I + a2 I2 I =
I2 =
du
1
a
u u2 + a2 +
I2
2
2
= ln u + u 2 + a 2 tipski integral.
rijesimo sada I 2 :
u +a
1
a2
2
2
I = u u + a + ln u + u 2 + a 2 odnosno:
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 3
3
1
1 3
I = x + x + +
+ ln x + + x + +
+C
2
2
2 2
8
2
2 2
I=
1
1 2
3
x + x + x + 1 + ln
2
2
8
16. I = a x dx = a x dx
2
Neodredjeni integrali
2
x + + x + x +1 + C
2
a2 x2
a2 x2
a2 x2
a2 x2
dx =
x2
dx
dx I = a 2 I1 I 2
2
2
x
x
a
a
2
I1
dx
a x
2
= sin 1
x
+C
a
I2
I2 =
v=
I1 =
x2
a2 x2
dx = x
u = x
dx
; dv =
a2 x2
du = dx
x
x
a2 x2
;v =
a 2 x 2
x
a2 x2 = k
1 dk
= k = a2 x2
1 v =
2
2
2
k
a x
2 xdx = dk xdx = dk
2
x
x
dx = x a 2 x 2 + I = x a 2 x 2 + I
I 2 = uv vdu = x a 2 x 2
2
x2
a
x
x
x a 2 x 2 + I I = a 2 sin 1 + x a 2 x 2 I
a
a
2
x
a
x x 2
2 I = a 2 sin 1 + x a 2 x 2 I =
sin 1 +
a x2 + C
2
a
a 2
I = a 2 I1 I 2 = a 2 sin 1
Integral je oblika I
P(x)
Q(x)
3x 2
1 11 1
1
1 11
3
11
5
dx
17. I =
dx = 3 +
= x + ln x + C
dx = 3dx +
5
5 2
2x 5
2
2
2
2 2
4
2
x
x
Izraz
3x 2 1 3x 2
5
11
1
3x 2
smo preuredili:
=
( 3x 2 ) x = 3 +
5
5
2x 5 2
2
2
2x 5
x
x
2
2
Integral je oblika I
P(x)
polinoma brojnika
Metoda se svodi na preuredjenje nazivnika tako, da se prikaze u obliku produkta
faktora i potom rijesi kao suma parcijalnih razlomaka:
18.
(x
+ 5x + 6)
dx =
Neodredjeni integrali
( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)
2
A
B
C
D
dx =
+
+
+
dx
2
2
( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) ( x + 3)
( x + 2 )
9
Pisemo: x A ( x + 3) + B ( x + 2 )( x + 3) + C ( x + 2 ) + D ( x + 2 )
2
( x + 3)
( x + 3)
x2 = 3 C = 3
Za x = 0 0 A ( x + 3) + B ( x + 2 )( x + 3) + C ( x + 2 ) + D ( x + 2 )
( x + 3) =
2
2
2
2
0 = ( 2 )( 0 + 3) + B ( 0 + 2 )( 0 + 3) + ( 3)( 0 + 2 ) + D ( 0 + 2 ) ( 0 + 3) =
2
0 = 2 9 + 18 B 12 + 12 D 18 B + 12 D = 30 3B + 2 D = 5
Za x = 4
4 = ( 2 )( 4 + 3) + B ( 4 + 2 )( 4 + 3) + ( 3)( 4 + 2 ) + D ( 4 + 2 ) ( 4 + 3)
2
4 = 2 1 + B ( 2 )(1) + ( 3) 4 + D 4 ( 1) 2 B 4 D = 10 2 B + 4 D = 10
Rijesimo jednadzbe: 3B + 2 D = 5
3 5 + 2 D = 5 2 D = 10 D = 5
2 B + 4 D = 10 B + 2 D = 5 2 B = 10 B = 5
A
B
C
D
+
+
+
I =
dx =
2
( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)2 ( x + 3)
( x + 2 )
2
5
3
5
=
+
+
+
dx =
2
( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)2 ( x + 3)
( x + 2 )
dx
dx
dx
dx
= 2
+ 5
3
5
2
2
( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)
( x + 3)
( x + 2)
x + 3 = v; dx = dv
Uvedimo zamjenu za: x + 2 = u; dx = du
du
dv 2 1
3
3 v 2 dv 5
=
I = 2 u 2 du +5
u + 5ln u v 1 5ln v + C
u
v
1
1
2
3
I=
+ 5ln ( x + 2 ) +
5ln ( x + 3) + C
( x + 2)
( x + 3)
19. I =
5x 3
x ( 3x 6 x 9 )
2
dx =
1
5x 3
dx
3 x ( x 3)( x + 1)
1 2
1
x 2 x 3) = ( x 3)( x + 1)
(
3
3
1
5x 3
1 A
B
C
I=
dx = +
+
dx:
3 x ( x 3)( x + 1)
3 x ( x 3) ( x + 1)
5x 3
A
B
C
sredimo
= +
+
x ( x 3)( x + 1) x ( x 3) ( x + 1)
Izraz smo preuredili: ( 3 x 2 6 x 9 )
5 x 3 = A ( x 3)( x + 1) + Bx ( x + 1) + Cx ( x 3) =
= Ax 2 + Ax 3 Ax 3 A + Bx 2 + Bx + Cx 2 3Cx
Neodredjeni integrali
10
1 A
B
C
1 dx
dx
dx
+
2
+
dx = +
3 x ( x 3) ( x + 1)
3 x
( x 3)
( x + 1)
I=
1
x3
ln x + ln x 3 2 ln x + 1 ) + C = ln 3 x + ln 3
+C
(
2
3
( x 1)
I = ln 3
x ( x 3)
( x 1)
+C
Neodredjeni integrali
11
dx
x 2 ( x 2 1)
dx
x ( x + 1)( x 1)
2
A B
C
D
+ +
+
i dalje, sredimo:
2
x ( x + 1) ( x 1)
x
1 A ( x 2 1) + Bx ( x 2 1) + Cx 2 ( x 1) + Dx 2 ( x + 1)
1 Ax 2 A + Bx 3 Bx + Cx 3 Cx 2 + Dx3 + Dx 2
1 x3 ( B + C + D ) + x 2 ( A C + D ) + x ( B ) A
1
2
1
2
dx BQ=0 1 dx
dx
1 dx
= 2
= 2 + 0
+
I = 2 2
2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x 1)
x ( x + 1)( x 1)
x ( x 1)
x
dx
dx
1
1
1 1
1
+
= ln x + 1 + ln x 1 + C
I = x 2 dx
2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x 1) x 2
2
dx
I=
x3
x 1
1 1
1
+ C = ln 3 x + ln 3
+C
+ ( ln x 1 ln x + 1 ) + C = + ln
2
x +1
x 2
x
( x 1)
I=
1
x 1
+ ln
+C
x
x +1
21. I =
dx
x ( x + 2 x + 3)
2
+
2
2
x ( x + 2 x + 3) x x + 2 x + 3
1 Ax 2 + 2 Ax + 3 A + Bx 2 + Cx = x 2 ( A + B ) + x ( 2 A + C ) + 3 A
Rijesimo sistem jednadzbi: 1 = 3 A A =
A+ B = 0
1
3
1
1
1
2
+ B = 0 B = 2A + C = 2 + C = 0 C =
3
3
3
3
Neodredjeni integrali
12
1
2
x +
dx
x+2
1 3
3 dx = 1 1
I =
=
+
3x ( x 2 + 2 x + 3) 3 x ( x 2 + 2 x + 3) dx
x ( x 2 + 2 x + 3)
x+2
1 dx
1
1
I = 2
dx = ln x I1 I = ln x I1 rijesimo sada I1 :
3 x
3
+ 2 x + 3) 3
(x
I1
I1 =
(x
x+2
+ 2 x + 3)
dx =
dx + 2
dx
+ 2 x + 3)
(x
3)
( x + 2x +
I2
I3
I1 = I 2 + 2 I 3
2x + 2
x2 + 2 x + 3 = k
1
x
2
I2 = 2
dx ( 2 x + 2 ) dx = dk 2
dx
x + 2x + 3
( x + 2 x + 3)
2x + 2
x=
1
2
1
2x 2
1 dk
dx
dx
+C =
2
+C
I2 = 2
dx 2
2 x + 2x + 3
2 k
2 x +
3
x + 2x + 3
x +
I3
1
1
ln k I 3 = ln x 2 + 2 x + 3 I 3
2
2
1
1
1
1
I = ln x I1 = ln x I 3 + 2 I 3 = ln x ln x 2 + 2 x + 3 + I 3
3
3
3
2
I 2 ==
x 2 + 2 x + 3 = x 2 + 2 x + 1 1 + 3 = ( x + 1)2 +
dx
I3 = 2
x + 2x + 3
x + 1 = u; dx = du; a = 2; a 2 = 2
1
du
u
= tan 1
I3 = 2
2
a
a
u +a
1
1
1
x + 1
tan 1
I = ln x ln x 2 + 2 x + 3 +
+C
3
2
2
2
1
1
x
x + 1
+
tan 1
I = ln
+C
3
2
2
x2 + 2x + 3
Neodredjeni integrali
13
( 2 ) =
2
Integral je oblika I x,
Q(x)
korjenom
3x 1 = u 2 3x 1 = u 2
3x 1
2
2
dx
22. I =
2
2
1
u
+
(
)
2
u +1
2
x
x =
; dx = udu
x =
3
9
3
u2
2 9u 2
I =
du
6
=
u 2 + 1 2 du = 6 I1
3 ( u 2 + 1)2
(
)
I1 =
u2
(u
+ 1)
du
u2
(u
+ 1)
u2
2
( u + 1) ( u 1)
2
( u + 1)
Za u = 1 12 = A0 + B 0 + 4C + D0 4C = 1 C =
B
C
D
+
+
2
( u + 1) ( u 1) ( u 1)
1
4
Za u = 1 ( 1) = 4 A + B 0 + C 0 + D 0 4 A = 1 A =
2
1
4
1
1
1
+B+ D =0 BD=
4
4
2
1
9
1
2
Za u = 2
( 2 ) = A + 3B + 9C + 9 D = 4 = + 3B + + 9 D B + 3D =
4
4
2
1
1
1
1
B=
C=
D=
Koeficijenti imaju vrijednosti: A =
4
4
4
4
1 1
1
1
1
I1 =
+
+
du
4 ( u + 1)2 ( u + 1) ( u 1)2 ( u 1)
1
du
du
du
du
I1 =
+
+
I = 6 I1
4 ( u + 1)2 ( u + 1) ( u 1)2 ( u 1)
(0)
Za u = 0
I = 6 I1 =
23.
= A+ B+C D
6 1
1
3x 1 1
3x 1
3
ln u + 1
+ ln u 1 = ln
+C
4 u +1
u 1
x
3x 1 + 1
2
3 x 2 = u x 2 = u 3
3
2
I = 2 x x 2dx
2 ( u + 2 )u3u du
3
2
x = u + 2 dx = 3u du
6
12
I = 6 u 3 ( u 3 + 2 ) du = 6 u 6 du + 12 u 3 du = u 7 + u 4
7
4
6
7
4
I = 3 ( x 2) + 3 3 ( x 2) + C
7
3
Neodredjeni integrali
14
(
)
f ( x ) dx = n +1 f ( x ) + C za sve racionalne brojeve; n -1
24. I = ( 2 x + 3) dx = ( 2 x + 3)
2
1
1
1 ( 2 x + 3)
1
2
3
2 dx = ( 2 x + 3) 2dx =
= ( 2 x + 3) + C
2
2
2
3
6
N
3
( 2 x + 3) '
25. I = ( x3 2 ) dx = ( x3 2 ) 3 x 2 dx =
2
5x2
26. I =
dx = 5
( x 2)
5
I = ( x 2)
6
3
3x 2
(x
2)
3
1 3
x 2) + C
(
3
3
2
1
5
5 1
dx = ( x3 2 ) 3 x 2 dx =
x3 2 )
(
3
3
3 ( 2 )
+C
( sin x ) '
3
( sin x )
1
+ C = sin 3 x + C
27. I = sin x cos x dx = ( sin x ) cos x dx =
3
3
2
1
3
1
28. I = 3 x 1 2 x 2 dx = 3 x 1 2 x 2 ( 4 ) dx = 4 x (1 2 x 2 ) 2 dx
4
4
3
3
31
1
1 2 x2 ) 2 =
1 2 x2 ) + C
I =
(
(
43
2
2
29. I =
30. I =
x2
4
x3 + 1
dx = 3 x 2 ( x 3 + 1)
(x
+ 3)
dx =
Neodredjeni integrali
1
4
3
3
1
1 1
4
dx = ( x3 + 1) 4 = 4 ( x3 + 1) + C
3
3 3
9
4
2
1
1
1 1
1
+C
4 x ( x 2 + 3) dx = ( x 2 + 3) =
4
4 1
4 ( x 2 + 3)
15
sin 2
1 tan 2
2 x
2 x
2 x
2 x
2 x
2 x
2
= cos cos
cos x = cos sin
= cos 1 tan =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 x
cos
1 + tan 2
2
1 u
cos x =
1 + u2
'
2du
2du
x
x
dx =
tan = u = tan 1 u x = 2 tan 1 u dx = 2 ( tan 1 u ) =
2
2
2
1+ u
1 + u2
2du
2
2
dx
2
1+ u
1 + u2
31. I =
=
=
du =
du
2
2
2
2
5 3cos x
5 + 5u 3 + 3u 2
1 u
5 (1 + u ) 3 (1 u )
5 3
2
1+ u
1 + u2
2u = k
2
du
1 dk
11
k
I =
du
=
=
tan 1
dk
2
2
2
a
2 1 k
2a
2 + 8u
1 ( 2u )
2du = dk du = 2
1
1
1
1
x
x
1 u2
1 u2
2
cos x
2du
2du
1 u 2 2du
1 + u2
=
=
32. I =
dx = 1 + u 2
du
1 + cos x
1 u 1 + u2 1 + u2 + 1 u2 1 + u2 2 1 + u2
1+
1 + u2
1 + u2
1 u2
1
u2 1
I =
du =
du = 1
du = u + 2 tan 1 u + C
2
2
2
1+ u
1+ u
1+ u
2
Izraz pod znakom integrala smo podijelili: ( u 2 1) (1 + u 2 ) = 1
1 + u2
x
x
x
x
Neodredjeni integrali
16
x
2
x
2
sinh 2
x
x
x
x
2 = cos 2 x 1 + tan 2 x =
cosh x = cosh 2 + sinh 2 = cosh 2 + cosh 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 x
cosh
2
x
1 + tanh 2
1 + u2
2
cosh x =
cosh x =
1 u2
2 x
1 tanh
2
'
x
x
2du
2du
dx =
tanh = u = tanh 1 u x = 2 tanh 1 u dx = 2 ( tanh 1 u ) =
2
2
2
1 u
1 u2
2du
2 (1 u 2 )
2
1
dx
1
u
=
=
du = 2
du = 2 tan 1 u
33. I =
2
2
2
2
cosh x
1+ u
(1 + u )
(1 u )(1 + u )
2
1 u
x
I = 2 tan 1 tanh + C
2
1
e x e x
du
sinh
=
e x = u; e x =
du
dx
2
u 2
u
34. I =
= 2
x
x
1
sinh x
e e
e x dx = du dx = du dx = du
u u
x
u
u
e
I = 2
1 u 1
du
du
ex 1
2
2
ln
ln
=
=
+
C
=
+C
u2 1 2 u + 1
ex + 1
u2 1
u
Neodredjeni integrali
17
I = sinmx cosnx dx
1
sin cos = sin ( + ) + sin ( )
2
1
1
I = sin ( 5 x + 9 x ) + sin ( 5 x 9 x ) dx = sin14 x + sin ( 4 x ) dx =
2
2
1
1
I = sin14 xdx + sin ( 4 x ) dx Supstitucija: 14 x = u; 4 x = v;cos ( x ) = cos x
2
2
1 1
1 1
1
1
I = ( cos u ) + ( cos v ) = cos14 x + cos 4 x
2 14
2 4
28
8
1
1
I = cos14 x + cos 4 x
28
8
1
1
1
1
I = cos ( 5 x 1 3 x ) cos ( 5 x 1 + 3 x ) = cos ( 2 x 1) dx cos ( 8 x 1)dx
2
2
2
du
du
Rijesimo supstitucijom: ( 2 x 1) = u dx =
; ( 8 x 1) = v dx =
2
8
1
1
1 1
11
1
1
sin v = sin ( 2 x 1) sin ( 8 x 1) + C
I = cos ( u ) dx cos ( v )dx = sin u
2
2
2 2
28
4
16
1
1
I = sin ( 2 x 1) sin ( 8 x 1) + C
4
16
sin x = sin
u
dv
I*
Neodredjeni integrali
18
1
( sin x cos x + x )
2
n
n
1
n 1
I = cos n xdx = cos n 1 x sin x +
cos n 2 xdx
n
n
I* =
3
du =
38. I = tan 3 xdx
u
1
2
+
u
1
du
dx =
1 + u2
2
u
u
u
u
u 2 1 dk
I = u 2
du
udu
du
du
u2 + 1
k
2 u2 + 1
2 2 N
u +1
u 2 +1= k
u2 1
u2 1
tan 2 x 1
ln k =
ln ( u 2 + 1) =
ln ( tan 2 x + 1) + C
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
1
I = tan 2 x ln ( tan 2 x + 1) + C
2
2
I=
u = x2
dv = xe x dx
2
39. I = x 3 e x dx =
k = x2 1
1 k 1 x
x2
k
= ke dk = e = e
du = 2 x v = xe dx =
2
2
dk = 2 xdx 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1 2 1 2
I = x 3 e x dx = x 2 e x xe x dx = x 2 e x e x = e x ( x 2 1) + C
2
2
2
2
2
1
A
B
1
dx
x 2 4 = ( x 2 )( x + 2 ) = ( x 2 ) + ( x + 2 )
40. I = 2
=
=
x 4
1 = A ( x + 2) + B ( x 2)
x = 2 1 = A ( 2 + 2 ) + B ( 2 2 ) B = 4
I =
=
x = 2 1 = A ( 2 + 2) + B ( 2 2) A = 1
4
1
1
dx
4 dx = 1 dx dx = 1 ln x 2 ln x + 2
I = 2
= 4 +
(
)
4 x 2 x + 2 4
x 4
( x 2 ) ( x + 2 )
Neodredjeni integrali
19
41. I =
1 x2
ln
+C
4 x+2
1 x = u 2 x = 1 u 2
du
2udu
2
1 u2
dx = 2udu
x 1 x
(1 u 2 ) u
dx
I = 2
I =
1+ u
du
du
2
ln
=
x 1 x
= ln
1+ 1 x
1 1 x
= ln
1 1 x
1+ 1 x
+C
42. I = sin 3 x cos 2 xdx = sin 2 x cos 2 x sin xdx = (1 cos 2 x ) cos 2 x sin xdx
u = cos x
2
2
2
4
4
2
I
= (1 u ) u ( du ) = ( u u ) du = u du u du
du
=
sin
xdx
5
3
5
u
u
cos x
cos x 3
I=
+C
5
3
5
3
x +1
x +1
A
B
C
x +1
x 3 + x 2 6 x = x x 2 + x 6 = x + ( x 2 ) ( x + 3)
(
)
dx
43. I = 3
=
x + x2 6 x
x + 1 = A x 2 x + 3 + Bx x + 3 + Cx x 2
(
)(
)
(
)
(
)
za x = 0 : 0 + 1 = A ( 2 )( 3) + B ( 0 )( 3) + C ( 0 )( 2 ) = 6 A A =
=
za x = 2 : 2 + 1 = A ( 0 )( 5 ) + B ( 2 )( 5 ) + C ( 2 )( 0 ) = 10 B B =
10
A
11 3
1
2
1
x +1
B
C
I = 3
dx = +
+
dx =
dx
2
x + x 6x
x ( x 2 ) ( x + 3)
6 x 10 ( x 2 ) 15 ( x + 3)
1
3
2
I = ln x + ln x 2 ln x + 3 + C
6
10
15
u = ln ( x 2 + 2 ) dv = dx
44. I = ln ( x 2 + 2 ) dx
2x
du = x 2 + 2 dx v = x
(
)
Neodredjeni integrali
20
ln ( x
+ 2 ) dx =x ln ( x + 2 ) x
2
(x
2x
2
+ 2)
x2
dx = x ln ( x + 2 ) 2
2
dx =
+ 2)
( x
x 2 : x 2 + 2 =1
2
x2 + 2
2
dx
2
I = x ln ( x 2 + 2 ) 2 1 2
x ln ( x 2 + 2 ) 2 x +
dx = x ln ( x + 2 ) 2 dx + 4 2
x +2
x +2
dx
du
1
1
dx
1 u
1 x
+4 2
=
2
= tan
tan
2
u +a a
2
a
2
x +2
x2 + 2
4
x
I = x ln ( x 2 + 2 ) 2 x +
tan 1
+C
2
2
( )
45. I =
dx
( x 2)
I = 2
I=
x + 2 = u 2 x = u 2 2
2udu
2
dx = 2udu
x+2
(u 2 2) u 2 2 + 2
du
1
ua
=
2
= ln
2
2
2
( u 4 ) ( u a ) 2a u + a
1
ln
2
du
x+22
x+2+2
1
= 2 ln
4
x+22
x+2+2
+C
3
u = sin x
46. I = sin 4 x cos7 xdx = sin 4 x cos 6 x cos xdx = (1 sin 2 x ) sin 4 x cos xdx
du = cos x
I = (1 u 2 ) u 4 du = u 4 (1 3u 2 + 3u 4 u 6 ) du = ( u 5 3u 6 + 3u 8 u10 )du
3
1
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
I = u 6 u 7 + u 9 u11 = sin 6 x sin 7 x + sin 9 x sin11 x + C
6
7
9
11
6
7
3
11
A
B
C
3x + 5
3x + 5
=
=
+
+
3
2
2
3x + 5
x + 1 ( x 1) ( x 1)2 =
x x x + 1 ( x + 1)( x 1)
dx
47. I = 3
x x2 x + 1
2
3x + 5 = A ( x 1) + B ( x + 1)( x 1) + C ( x + 1)
za x = 1: 3 + 5 = A ( 0 ) + B ( 2 )( 0 ) + C ( 2 ) = 2C C = 4
= za x = 1: 3 + 5 = A ( 4 ) + B ( 0 )( 2 ) + C ( 0 ) = 4 A A =
2
2
usporedimo koef. uz x na obje strane: 0 = A + B B = A = 2
Neodredjeni integrali
21
3x + 5
1
1
4
+
dx
3
2
2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x 1) ( x 1)2
x x x +1
dx =
1
1
dx
1
2
1
=
ln x + 1 ln x 1 + 4
4
x
1
dx
4
x
1
(
)
(
)
1
2
2
( x 1)
1
1
4
+C
I = ln x + 1 ln x 1
2
2
x 1
I=
u = ln x.
dv = x 2 dx
48. I = x 2 ln xdx
1
x3
2
v = x dx =
du = dx
3
x
3
3
3
1 2
1 x3
x
x 1
x
x3
ln
ln
I = x 2 ln xdx = ln
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
=
N
3 N
3 N
3
3
3
3 3
x
u N
v
I=
du
x
x
ln x + C
3
9
2
2
u = cos x
49. I = sin 5 xdx = ( sin 2 x ) sin xdx = (1 cos 2 x ) sin xdx
du = sin xdx
2
2
1
I = (1 u 2 ) du = (1 2u 2 + u 4 ) du = u u 3 + u 5
3
5
2
1
I = cos3 x cos5 x cos x + C
3
5
50. I =
dx
x x2 + x + 2
u2 2
2
2
2
2
x + x + 2 = ( u x ) = u 2ux x x = 1 + 2u u = x + x + 2 + x
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
u
u
u
u
u
+
+
+
(
)
(
) du = (
) du
dx
=
2
2
(1 + 2u )
(1 + 2u )
u2 2 u2 + u + 2
2
x + x + 2 = (u x ) = u
=
1 + 2u
1 + 2u
Neodredjeni integrali
22
I =2
dx
x x2 + x + 2
1
2 2
ln
u 2
u+ 2
du
Tipski integral:
du
= 2 2
dk
1
k a
=
ln
u 2
u2 2 u2 + u + 2
2
2
2a k + a
k a
1 + 2u
1 + 2u
(1 + 2u )
1
2
ln
u 2
u+ 2
1
2
ln
x2 + x + 2 + x 2
x2 + x + 2 + x + 2
u = x3
dv = e 2 x
1 2x 2
3 2x
3 1 2x
51. I = x e dx
1 2 x x e dx = x e e 3 x dx
2
2x
2
2
du = 3x dx; v = e dx = e
2
1
3
I = x3 e 2 x x 2 e 2 x dx
2
2
u = x2
dv = e 2 x
3 2 2x
1 2x
2 2x
2 1 2x
x e dx
1 2 x x e dx = x e e 2 xdx
2x
2
2
2
du = 2 xdx; v = e dx = e
2
1
3
3 1
1
3 1
1
I = x3 e 2 x x 2 e 2 x e 2 x 2 xdx = x 3 e 2 x x 2 e 2 x + e 2 x 2 xdx
2
4
2 2
2
2 2
2
1
3
3
I = x 3 e 2 x x 2 e 2 x + xe2 x dx
2
4
2
3 2x
I = xe 2 x dx
u = x dv = e 2 x
1 2x
1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
2x
1 2 x xe dx = x e e dx = x e e dx
2x
2
2
2
2
du = dx v = e dx = e
2
1
1
I = x e2 x e2 x
Uvrstimo u trazeni integral:
2
4
1 3 2x 3 2 2x 3
1
3
3 1
1
x e x e + xe 2 x dx = x 3 e 2 x x 2 e 2 x + x e 2 x e 2 x
2
4
2
2
4
2 2
4
1
3
3
3
I = x 3 e 2 x x 2 e 2 x + xe 2 x e 2 x + C
2
4
4
8
I=I=
2 x
x
x
x
x
x
52. I = cos3 dx = 1 sin 2 cos dx = cos dx sin cos dx
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 x1
x
x
I = 3sin 3 sin cos dx Koristimo steceno znanje:
3
3
33
1
x
x
x
x
I = 3sin 3 sin 3 = 3sin sin 3 + C
3
3
3
3
3
Neodredjeni integrali
23
( x + 2 )( x + 3) = ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 3)
dx =
=
( x + 2 )( x + 3)
x = A ( x + 3) + B ( x + 2 )
53. I =
x = 2 2 = A (1) + B ( 0 ) A = 2
=
x = 3 3 = A ( 0 ) + B ( 1) B = 3
x
I =
2
3
+
dx =
dx = 2 ( ln x + 2 + 3ln x + 3 )
+
+
x
x
2
3
( x + 2 )( x + 3)
(
)
(
)
I = ln
54. I =
( x + 3)
( x + 2)
+C
(5 4x x )
2 3
dx
u2 5
2 2
2
2
5 4 x x = ( 5 + x )(1 x ) = (1 x ) u ( 5 + x ) = (1 x ) u x =
1 + u2
2u (1 + u 2 ) ( u 2 5 ) 2u
2u + 2u 3 2u 3 + 10u
12u
dx =
=
=
du
du
du
2
2
2
(1 + u )
(1 + u )
(1 + u 2 )
6u
u2 5
2
5 4 x x = (1 x ) u = u
u=
2
2
1+ u
1+ u
I =
I=
(5 4x x )
2 3
dx =
12
5
1
1 2 du =
216 u
18
u 2 5 12u
(1 + u 2 ) (1 + u )2
6u
2
1+ u
( du 5u
5 (1 x )
1 5 4 x x2
+
I=
18
1 x
5 4 x x2
du =
du
u ( u 2 5)
= 12
du
216u 3
1
5
u + =
18
u
1 5 4 x x 2 + 5 (1 x )2
=
2
18 (1 x ) 5 4 x x
2
2
1 5 4 x x + 5 (1 2 x + x ) 1 5 4 x x 2 + 5 10 x + 5 x 2
=
I=
2
18
18 (1 x ) 5 4 x x 2
x
5
4
x
x
(
)
5
x
( x 1) x
2
1
4 x 14 x + 10
1
1
2
2
=
=
I=
2
2
18 (1 x ) 5 4 x x 18 (1 x ) 5 4 x x 18 5 4 x x 2
Neodredjeni integrali
24
55. I =
5 2x
+C
=
2
9 5 4x x
1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x =
dx
dx
=
1 cos 2 x
1 sin 2 x
1 cos 2 x
sin x =
2
4
I=
2
2
I =
dx
dx
=
=dx = csc x dx
1 sin 2 x
4
sin x
4
ln csc x cot x + C
2
4
1
1
1
6
3
2
6
3
2
6u 5
u3
;
=
=
=
=
u
x
x
u
x
u
x
u
=
56. I = 1
6
d
u
3
1
2
u + 1 du
5
u
+
u
dx = 6u du
x2 + x3
3
1
1
u
3
2
du = 6 u 2 u + 1
u : ( u + 1) = u u + 1
6
dx
u + 1
u +1
u +1
dx
1
1
1
1
u3 u2
+ u ln u + 1 + C = 2 x 2 3x 3 + 6 x 6 6 ln x 6 1 + C
I = 6
2
3
x2 + 2
A
B
C
= +
+
x +2
x ( x + 2 )( x 1) x ( x + 2 ) ( x 1)
dx
57. I =
x ( x + 2 )( x 1)
x 2 + 2 = A ( x + 2 )( x 1) + Bx ( x 1) + Cx ( x + 2 )
x = 0 2 = A ( 2 )( 1) + B ( 0 )( 1) + C ( 0 )( 2 ) A = 1
= x = 2 6 = A ( 0 )( 3) + B ( 2 )( 3) + C ( 0 )( 0 ) B = 1
x = 1 3 = A ( 3)( 0 ) + B (1)( 0 ) + C (1)( 3) C = 1
I =
1
x2 + 2
1
1
dx = +
+
dx = ln x + ln x + 2 + ln x 1 + C
x ( x + 2 )( x 1)
x
x
2
x
1
+
(
)
(
)
Neodredjeni integrali
25
58. I =
9 4 x2 = 4 x2 = 2 x2
9 4x2
3
3
dx
x = sin dx = cos d
2
2
x
9 4x2
3cos 3
cos 2
1 sin 2
cos d = 3
I =
dx =
d = 3
d =
3
2
sin
sin
x
sin
2
1
I = 3
sin d = 3 ( csc sin )d = 3 ( ln csc cot + cos ) + C1
sin
1
3
csc
=
=
sin 2 x
9 4x2
Zamijenimo :
9 4x2
cot = cos =
3
=
2x
sin
2x
I = 3ln
3
9 4x2
9 4x2
3 9 4x2
+3
+ C2 = 3ln
+ 9 4x2 + C
2x
2x
3
2x
Neodredjeni integrali
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