აკადემიური წერა

stili da ena
gamoyenebuli
literatura
daskvna
ZiriTadi
nawili
Sesavali
kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba

sanimuSo
kargi
efeqturi Sesavali, problemis

naTeli definiciiTa da
detaluri
safuZvelmdebar
e informaciiT.
problema
gansazRvrulia
adekvaturi
safuZvelmdebar
e informaciiTa
da detalebiT.
gamoyenebuli
wyaroebis
SedarebiTi
analizi da
kritikuli
Sefaseba
sanimuSoa.
gamoyenebuli
wyaroebis
SedarebiTi
analizi kargia,
magram
garkveulwilad
aklia kritikuli
Sefaseba.
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi
kargadaa Sejamebuli da nakleb
ganmeorebadia.
mocemulia
garkveuli
rekomendaciebi,
romlebic
kavSirSia
sakvlev
problemasTan.
5 wyaro mainc
aris gamoyenebuli. yvela
wyaro sakvlevi
problemis
relevanturia.
isini srulad
aris miTiTebuli, magram
ramodenime ar
aris sasurvel
formatSi.
kargadaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ZiriTadad
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. umniSvnelo
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi sanimuSodaa

Sejamebuli da ar
aris
ganmeorebadi.
daskvnebi da
rekomendaciebi
logikuria da
kavSirSia
sakvlev
problemasTan.
minimum 5-6
wyaroa
gamoyenebuli.
yvela wyaro
sakvlevi
problemis
relevanturia.
isini srulad da
sworadaa
miTiTebuli.
sanimuSodaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. gramatika
da punqtuacia
uSecdomoa.
damakmayofilebeli
aradamakmayofilebeli
problema ar
aris naTlad
gansazRv- ruli
da aklia
saWiro detali.
safuZvelmdeba
re informacia
ar aris
adeqvaturad
axsnili.
SedarebiTi
analizis
mcdeloba,
magram aklia
kritikuli
Sefaseba.
problema ar aris
gansazRvruli.
safuZvelmdebare
informacia
bundovania an
ar aris
dakavSirebuli
problemasTan.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi zogadad

Sejamebulia,
magram ganmeorebadia.
rekomendaciebi
Tu sakuTari
Sexedulebebi
ar aris
mocemuli.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ar aris

adeqvaturad
Sejamebuli.
rekomendaciebi
Tu sakuTari
Sexedulebebi ar
aris mocemuli.
5 wyaroze
nakle bia
gamoyenebuli.
isini srulad
aris
miTiTebuli,
magram maTi
nawili ar aris
sasurvel
formatSi.
4 wyaroze
naklebia
gamoyenebuli.
isini ar aris
srulad
miTiTebuli,
umravlesobis
formati
arasworia.
met-naklebad
gamoyenebulia
formaluri
werilobiTi
ena. aklia
profesiuli
toni.
garkveuli
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
ar aris gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ar aris

miRweuli
profesiuli
toni. bevri
Secdoma
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
SedarebiTi
analizi
bundovania.
kritikuli
Sefaseba ar aris
mocemuli.
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
akademiuri
wera
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis

magistrantebisaTvis
lia wulaZe
Tbilisi
2006
76
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
stili da ena
socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

Center for Social Sciences, 2006
pozicia, analizi,
Sefaseba
giorgi bagrationi
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis identifikacia da konteqstualizacia
lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:
ISBN: 99940 873-7-1
sanimuSo
naSromis
struqtura
enobrivi redaqtori:
marine CitaSvili
paragrafebis
ganviTareba
da logika
mTavari redaqtori:
analitikuri referatis Sefaseba
kargi
avtori avlens
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
identifikaciisa
da farTo
konteqstTan maTi
dakavSirebis
sanimuSo unars.
avtori axdens
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
identifikacias da
cdilobs maT
dakavSirebas
farTo
konteqstTan.
sanimuSo
SedarebiTi
analizi. avtori
axdens statiaTa
avtorebis
poziciebis
diferenciaciasa
da Sefasebas,
imavdroulad
gvTavazobs ra mis
kargad
dasabuTebul
pozicias.
avtori axdens
statiaTa
avtorebis
poziciebis
saTanado
diferenciaciasa
da SedarebiT
analizs, magram
misi pozicia ar
aris naTlad
dasabuTebuli.
naSromi
sanimuSodaa
organizebuli.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
naSromi kargad
organizebulia.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da umetesad
efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
paragrafebi
sanimuSod
ganviTarebuli da
logikuria.
paragrafebi
kargadaa
ganviTarebuli da
logikuria, magram
periodulad aklia
saWiro detali.
sanimuSodaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia
profesiuli toni.
gramatika da
punqtuacia
uSecdomoa.
gamoyenebuli
literatura
srulad da
sworadaa
miTiTebuli.
kargadaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ZiriTadad
miRweulia
profesiuli toni.
umniSvnelo
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
gamoyenebuli
literatura
srulad da
sworadaa
miTiTebuli.
75
damakmayofilebeli
avtori cdilobs
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
identifikacias,
magram yvela
maTgani ar aris
gamoyofili.
maTi farTo
konteqstTan
dakavSirebis
warumatebeli
mcdeloba.
SedarebiTi
analizisa da
statiebis
avtorTa
poziciebis
Sefasebis
mcdeloba,
magram ZiriTad
argumentebs
aklia dasabuTeba
da amitom
avtoris pozicia
ufro
bundovania.
organizebis
mcdeloba. an
yvela
struqturuli
elementi
saxezea, magram
ar aris
efeqturad
gamoyenebuli, an
erT-erTi
elementi aklia.
paragrafebis
ganviTarebis
mcdeloba,
magram xSirad
aklia saWiro
detali da
nakleb
logikuria.
avtori ver axdens

ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
identifikaciasa
da konteqstualizacias.
met-naklebad
gamoyenebulia
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
aklia
profesiuli
toni. garkveuli
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
gamoyenebuli
literatura
sruladaa
miTiTebuli,
magram
garkveuli
xarvezebiT.
ar aris
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena. ar
aris miRweuli
profesiuli toni.
bevri Secdoma
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
gamoyenebuli
literatura
arasrulad da
arasworadaa
miTiTebuli.
avtori ar axdens
SedarebiT
analizsa da
statiebis avtorTa
poziciebis
Sefasebas, misi
poziciac ar aris
Camoyalibebuli.
araorganizebuli. araerTi
struqturuli
elementi aklia.
paragrafebi
ar aris
ganviTarebuli.
naSromi savsea
individualuri,
daukavSirebeli
winadadebebiT.
kritikis Sefaseba
stili da ena
paragrafebis
ganviTareba da
logika
naSromis struqtura
Sefaseba
wvdoma
s
sanimuSo
kargi
avtori Rrmad
swvda statias da
masSi mocemul
ZiriTad
argumentebs.
avtorma
saTanadod gaigo
statia da masSi
mocemuli
ZiriTadi
argumentebi.
avtori avlens
kritikuli
azrovnebis
sanimuSo unars.
is ganixilavs
yvela ZiriTad
arguments,
axdens maT Rrma
interpretacias,
analizs,
Sejamebasa da
Sefasebas.
avtori avlens
kritikuli
azrovnebis
unars. is
ganixilavs yvela
ZiriTad
arguments,
kompetenturad
axdens maT
interpretacias,
analizs,
Sejamebasa da
Sefasebas.
naSromi
sanimuSodaa
organizebuli.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
naSromi kargad
organizebulia.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da umetesad
efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
paragrafebi
sanimuSod
ganviTarebuli
da logikuria.
sanimuSodaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. gramatika
da punqtuacia
uSecdomoa.
damakmayofilebeli
avtors
mxolod
zedapirulad
esmis statia da
masSi mocemuli
ZiriTadi
argumentebi.
avtori
cdilobs
kritikulad
gaaanalizos
statia, magram
zogierTi
ZiriTadi
argumenti ar
aris saTanadod
interpretireb
uli,
Sejamebuli da
Sefasebuli.
avtors
arasworad esmis
statia da ver
axdens ZiriTadi
argumentebis
diferenciacias.
araorganizebul
i. araerTi
struqturuli
elementi aklia.
paragrafebi
kargadaa
ganviTarebuli
da logikuria,
magram
periodulad
aklia saWiro
detali.
organizebis
mcdeloba. an
yvela
struqturuli
elementi
saxezea, magram
ar aris
efeqturad
gamoyenebuli,
an erT-erTi
elementi
aklia.
paragrafebis
ganviTarebis
mcdeloba,
magram xSirad
aklia saWiro
detali da
nakleblogiku
ria.
kargadaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ZiriTadad
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. umniSvnelo
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
met-naklebad
gamoyenebulia
formaluri
werilobiTi
ena. aklia
profesiuli
toni.
garkveuli
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
ar aris
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ar aris miRweuli
profesiuli
toni. bevri
Secdoma
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
74
avtori ver
axdens statiis
kritikul
analizs.
ZiriTadi
argumentebi
ar aris
interpretirebu
li da
Sejamebuli. maTi
Sefaseba
araadekvaturia.
Sesavali..................................................................................................................... 4
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese .......................................................................... 8
Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27
Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44
Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55
paragrafebi ar
aris
ganviTarebuli.
naSromi savsea
individualuri,
daukavSirebeli
winadadebebiT.
argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba
kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis

miRwevas emsaxureba, romelTa Soris ganmsazRvreli adgili kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas ukavia. jer kidev 1948 wels benjamin
blumma da misma kolegebma muSaoba daiwyes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da
amocanebis gansazRvraze, rac 1956 logikurad dagvirgvinda ,,saganmanaTleblo
miznebis taqsonomiis SeqmniT, romelic dRes blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa
cnobili. aRniSnuli taqsonomiis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom swavlebis procesSi
studentebis mier miRebul codnas ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs, ufro martividan metad kompleqsuris mimarTulebiT. amdenad, studentebi etapobrivad
gadian garkveul safexurebs da sauniversiteto swavlebis mizania, yvela
safexuris Tanmimdevrulad dauflebis Sedegad, studentebma umaRles safexurs
miaRwion. am umaRles safexurad, blumsa da mis kolegebs, swored Sefasebis
unaris ganviTareba miaCniaT. qvemoT warmogidgenT blumis taqsonomias, raTa
umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis ilustrireba movaxdino.
naSromis
struqtura
Sesavali
damakmayofilebeli
naSromi kargad
organizebulia.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da umetesad
efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
organizebis
mcdeloba. an
yvela
struqturuli
elementi
saxezea, magram
ar aris
efeqturad
gamoyenebuli,
an erT-erTi
elementi
aklia.
araorganizebuli.
araerTi
struqturuli
elementi aklia.
paragrafebi
sanimuSod
ganviTarebuli
da logikuria.
paragrafebi
kargadaa
ganviTarebuli
da logikuria,
magram
periodulad
aklia saWiro
detali.
paragrafebis
ganviTarebis
mcdeloba,
magram xSirad
aklia saWiro
detali da
nakleb
logikuria.
paragrafebi ar
aris
ganviTarebuli.
naSromi savsea
individualuri,
daukavSirebeli
winadadebebiT.
sanimuSodaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. gramatika
da punqtuacia
uSecdomoa.
kargadaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ZiriTadad
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. umniSvnelo
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
met-naklebad
gamoyenebulia
formaluri
werilobiTi
ena. aklia
profesiuli
toni.
garkveuli
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
ar aris
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ar aris miRweuli
profesiuli
toni. bevri
Secdoma
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
avtoris
argumentebi
Zlieria da
damajerebladaa
dasabuTebuli.
avtoris
argumentebi
sakmaod
damajerebelia
da kargadaa
dasabuTebuli.
avtoris
argumentebi
damajerebelia,
magram aklia
dasabuTeba.
avtoris
argumentebi
nakleb
damajerebelia
da ar aris
dasabuTebuli.
kontrargumentebi gaTvaliswinebuli da
warmatebiT
ukugdebulia.
umetesad
ukugdebulia.
kontrargumentebis gaTvaliswinebis
mcdeloba,
Tumca isini
naklebadaa
ukugdebuli.
kontrargumentebi ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli da
ukugdebuli.
sanimuSo
kargi
naSromi
sanimuSodaa
organizebuli.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _

monacemebis dajgufeba logikur qvejgufebad, qvejgufebs Soris logikuri
kavSirebis dadgena. analizi zrdis studentis mier Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebasa
da aTvisebas, aZlevs ra saSualebas moaxdinos masalis organizeba da struqturireba mis Semadgenel komponentebad. es organizeba gansxvavebulia sagnis
mixedviT _ SesaZloa is iyos logikuri, asaxavdes fizikur aRweras, an
qvekategoriebisagan Semdgari klasifikaciis forma hqondes. analizi aris is
done, romelic asaxavs Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebas/wvdomas.
5. sinTezi _ gamocdilebis organizeba axali formiT _ sxvadasxva komponentebis safuZvelze axali struqturebis Seqmna, an problemis gadaWris axali gzis
moZieba; informaciis logikur kategoriebad organizeba. sinTezi produqtiuli,
SemoqmedebiTi, problemis gadaWris donea. am doneze students SeuZlia Seqmnas
raime axali (moxseneba, modeli, prezentacia) adre SeZenili codnisa da gagebis
safuZvelze.
6. Sefaseba _ SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba
_ konkurirebad gadawyvetilebebs Soris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis dadgena,
argumentsa Tu gadawyvetilebaSi araTanmimdevrulobis gamovlena, SemoqmedebiTi naSromebis Sedareba da kontrastis dasabuTeba, gamoyenebuli kriteriumebis Cveneba. Sefaseba saSualebas aZlevs students Seadaros konkurirebadi
gadawyvetilebebi, Sromis produqtebi, an daasabuTos biznes-gadawyvetileba.
sxvaoba karg Sefasebasa da zerele msjelobas Soris isaa, rom pirveli gulisxmobs wina xuT doneze SeZenili codnis, unarebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis
4
stili da ena
3. gamoyeneba _ miRebuli informaciiT praqtikaSi xelmZRvaneloba _informaciisa da wesebis gamoyeneba axal situaciebSi, principebisa da Teoriebis gamoyeneba specifikur garemoebebSi. wesisa Tu principis gamoyeneba axal Tu uCveulo
situaciaSi saSualebas aZlevs students ,,gamoyenebadi gaxados misi codna.
sakuTari
argumentebis
dasabuTeba
2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT

gadmocema, arsebuli monacemebis gaazreba, ganzogadeba. gageba asazrisianebs
faqtsa da codnas Soris kavSirs. faqtebis interpretaciis, Sejamebisa da ganzogadebis safuZvelze, studenti swavlobs informaciasTan muSaobasa da mis
gaTavisebas.
kontrargumentebis
gaTvaliswineba da
ukugdeba
1. codna informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi,

wesebi, kriteriumebi, kategoriebi, struqtura, procedura. codna warmoadgens
cnebebis, leqsikonis, konteqstis safuZvels.
paragrafebis
ganviTareba
da logika
blumis taqsonomia
73
Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The
University of Michigan Press.
damatebiTi literatura:
Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for Academic Success: A Postgraduate Guide. London: SAGE
Publications.
Ede, L. (2001). Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising. (5th ed.). Boston
and N.Y.: Bedford/St. Martins.
Giltrow, J. (ed.). (2002). Academic Reading: Reading and Writing in Disciplines.
Hewings, M. (2002). Writing in Context: Implications and Applications.
Jordan, R. R. (3rd ed.). (1999). Academic Writing Course. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education
Limited.
Rosen, L. (2005). Handbook of Academic Writing.
Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference
USA.
Teitelbaum, H. (4th ed.).(1998). How to Write a Thesis. Boston: Arco, Thomson Learning.
http://www.apa.org/
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html
http://www.criticalreading.com/
http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/
http://www.powa.org/
http://www.refdesk.com/citations
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/index.html
http://www.utoronto.ca/writing
http://webster.comment.edu/
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/
http://writing.richmond.edu/writing/
swavlis Sedegi:
mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen akademiuri
weris oTx ZiriTad Janrs: argumentirebul eses, romelmac gaacno studentebs
sakuTari argumentebis prezentaciisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis,
agreTve, kontrargumentebis ukugdebis teqnika; kritikas, romelic emsaxureba
kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas studentebSi;
analitikur referats, romlic aswavlis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebis
Sejamebas, analizs, konteqstualizacias da maTze refleqsias; kvleviT naSroms,
romelic warmoadgens studentebisaTvis megzurs warmatebuli sakursos
dasawerad da amzadebs sadiplomo naSromebis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan erTad,
studentebma gaicnes plagiatobis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swori
teqnika,
msoflioSi
aRiarebuli
formatis
farglebSi
gamoyenebuli
literaturis miTiTeba da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovneba.
72
gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman].

blumis taqsonomiis Tanaxmad, codna da gageba/wvdoma ,,informaciis Seyvanis
etapia, gamoyeneba da analizi aqtiuri procesis etapad moiazreba, sinTezi da
Sefaseba Sedegis miRebis etapia, romelic azrovnebis produqtiul da
SemoqmedebiT doneze miuTiTebs. naxevari saukunea, aRniSnuli principebi
safuZvlad udevs dasavleTis qveynebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas, Tumca
Cvens realobaSi isini axlaRa inergeba, radgan sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis
pirobebSi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ver iqneboda orientirebuli kritikuli
azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebaze, albaT, sabWoTa reJimgamovlil
adamians sakmaod ucnaurad moeCveneba dasavlur samyaroSi damkvidrebuli
akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principi ,,daiwyeT daskvniT, rac gulisxmobs, rom
mweralma Tezisi anu misi ZiriTadi pozicia SesavalSive unda warmoadginos, da
ara xangrZlivi msjelobiT daRlil mkiTxvels, daskvnaSi SesTavazos igi; rac
Cveuli ambavia sabWoTa literaturisaTvis, radgan sabWoTa avtori sakmaod
frTxili unda yofiliyo sakuTari poziciis gadmocemisas, gansakuTrebiT iseT
sferoSi, rogoric socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebia. arc isaa saidumlo,
rom wlebis manZilze Cveni sauniversiteto swavleba mimarTuli iyo studentis
mier miwodebuli informaciis pasiur daswavlaze, yovelgvari kritikuli
gaazrebisa Tu analizis gareSe, rac erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi unda iyos imisa,
rom studentTa sakurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebi xSirad uneburi plagiatis
nimuSi iyo. magram arsebul viTarebas ufro metad is faqti amZimebda, rom, CvenSi
sauniversiteto swavlebis ZiriTadi mizani ,,informaciis Seyvana iyo, studentebisaTvis did sirTule iyo aqtiuri procesis doneze gadasvla da miRebuli
codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeboda produqtiuli da
SemoqmedebiTi donis miRweva.
aRniSnuli problemis daZleva umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca saqarTveloSi
mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, boloniis
procesSi CarTvis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, aucilebel moTxovnad iqca sauniversiteto swavlebaSi iseTi kursis Semotana, romelic studentebSi kritikuli
azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezisa da Sefasebis unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxureboda. swored aseTi sagania akademiuri wera, romelic 2004/2005 saswavlo
wlidan moyolebuli ekiTxeba Tsu-s rogorc bakalavriatis, ise magistraturis
studentebs.
kursis mizani: magistraturis studentebs mTeli rigi weriTi davalebebi
eZlevaT, romlebic, Tumca gansxvavebulia programis mixedviT, ori saerTo
TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. es davalebebi etapobrivad rTuldeba da 2. isini
,,akademiurad unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba akademiuri weris saseminaro kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis, romelic centraluri evropis universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelzea agebuli
da 4 Janrs moicavs:argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da
kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa sabiblioTeko da
eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da
aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli
Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve
afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis
safuZvelze.
kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris
ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve, arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis
parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze,
studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas,
gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis
farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas.
qvemoT mokled warmogidgenT TiToeuli Janris mizansa da aRweras:
Janrebi universitetSi
Janri
1) argumentirebuli
ese
2) kritika
3) analitikuri
referati
4) sabiblioTeko
kvleviTi naSromi
5) eqsperimentuli
kvleviTi naSromi
aRwera
araakademiuri debatis
ori mxaris
struqturirebuli
analizi.
erTi akademiuri teqstis
kritikuli kiTxva da
werilobiTi formiT
Sefaseba.
debatis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis gansazRvra
studentisaTvis SerCeuli
ori an sami statiis
safuZvelze.
akademiuri problemis
werilobiTi formiT
gadaWra sabiblioTeko
gamokvlevis safuZvelze.
sakuTari gamokvlevis
angariSi, romelSic
dasabuTebulia arCeuli
meTodologia da warmodgenilia gamokvlevis
TiToeuli etapi, miRebuli
Sedegebi da maTi
interpretacia.
mizani
mtkicebulebis
formulirebisa da
Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT
ganmtkicebis procesis
ganviTareba.
kritikuli azrovnebisa
da ZiriTadi
argumentebis SejamebaSefasebis unaris
ganviTareba.
debatis ZiriTadi arsis
wvdomisa da werilobiTi
formiT gadmocemis
xelSewyoba.
mocemul disciplinaSi
sakvlevi problemis
dayenebisa da gadaWris
xelSewyoba Sesabamisi
Teoriis/literaturis
gamoyenebis safuZvelze.
struqturirebisa da
prezentaciis xelSewyoba
akademiuri disciplinis
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
10
konteqstualizacia
studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da

varjiSoben konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebaSi
11
avtorTa poziciebis
analizi da Sefaseba
studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabijnabij afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs
Sexedulebebis
ganmtkiceba
studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon

Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT sakuTari da sxvebis
Sexedulebebi
weris stili da logika
studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da

logikaze
analitikuri referatis
saboloo versiis Seqmna
da prezentacia
analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna

da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs
kvleviTi naSromis
Sesavali
studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis

kriteriumebs
studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Janrs da
mis ZiriTad elementebs
12
13
14
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi
naSromi
studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi

naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs,
etapebs sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis
procesSi
15
eqsperimentuli
kvleviTi naSromi
studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi

etapebs eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis
Seqmnis procesSi
16
bibliografiis
miTiTebis APA-stili
studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis

APA-stils
studentebi varjiSoben APA-stilis mixedviT
bibliografiis miTiTebaSi
[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) akademiuri weris

centris mier SemuSavebuli sqemis safuZvelze]
akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebi:
akademiuri wera ramdenime ZiriTad principzea agebuli:
mkiTxveli
sanam weras daviwyebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu vin iqneba Cveni mkiTxveli.
magistraturis studentisaTvis mkiTxveli leqtoria, romelic mocemuli dargis
eqspertia. weriT davalebas warmatebiT rom gaarTvan Tavi, studentma unda
gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mocemul sakiTxSi da misi
molodinebi, rac, udavod, gavlenas axdens naSromis Sinaarsze. nagulismevi
mkiTxvelidan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, azrobrivad msgavsi ori winadadeba
SeiZleba gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebodes. nimuSis saxiT warmogidgenT or
winadadebas, romelTagan erTi farTo auditoriisaTvis, meore ki _ specialistebisTvisaa dawerili:
socializacia aris procesi, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis
Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da, romlis
safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens.
process, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul
socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens, socializacia ewodeba.
mizani
6
studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

ZiriTad elementebs
studentebi ganixilaven analitikuri referatis
nimuSebs
studentebi adareben kritikisa da analitikuri
referatis ZiriTad elementebs
Sefaseba:
daswreba 15%
naSromebis Seqmna 60%
naSromebis prezentacia 25%
savaldebulo literatura:
*radgan akademiuri wera SedarebiT axali disciplinaa saqarTveloSi da
Zalian rTulia qarTulenovani literaturis moZieba mis Sesaxeb, leqtori
aZlevs studentebs mis mier Targmnil da damuSavebul masalas, agreTve,
sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs.
Bailey, S. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide for Students. London and N.Y.:
RoutledgeFalmer.
71
weriTi procesis
safexurebi
studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad

safexurebs da varjiSoben ideebis generaciaSi,
Temebis arCevasa da saTaurebis formulirebaSi
paragrafebis
ganviTareba
studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis

struqturas
studentebi varjiSoben paragrafebis
ganviTarebaSi
argumentirebuli eses
Sesavali nawili
sakuTari argumentebis
prezentacia
kontr-argumentebis
gaTvaliswineba da
ukugdeba
daskvna
argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da

prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs
kritikis Sesavali
studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis

kriteriumebs
studentebi ecnobian kritikis Janrs, mis
struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs
studentebi ganixilaven kritikis nimuSebs
perifrazireba Sejameba
citireba
plagiatis Tavidan
acileba
Sefaseba-refleqsia
studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa

da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs
studentebi varjiSoben daskvnis daweraSi
da prezentacia
studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis

gaTvaliswinebasa da ukugdebas
praqtika werilobiTi formiT
studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da

logikuri Tanmimdevrobis uzrunvelyofis
teqnikas da varjiSoben masSi
studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis

wardgenasa da dasabuTebas
logika da mTlianoba
studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis

rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs
studentebi varjiSoben Sesavlis daweraSi
studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis

perifrazirebas
studentebi ecnobian teqstis Sejamebis teqnikas
studentebi swavloben citirebis swor teqnikas
studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor aicilon
Tavidan plagiati
studentebi gamoxataven TavianT pozicias
avtoris ideebTan mimarTebaSi
studentebi kritikulad afaseben statias

logikaze
kritikis saboloo
versiis Seqmna da
prezentacia
kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia;

studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs
Sesavali

Sefasebis kriteriumebs
70
zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani

erTmaneTTan mWido kavSirSi imyofeba. Tu mkiTxveli mweralze nakleb
informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi funqciaa
informaciis miwodeba (rogorc, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloSi). Tu mkiTxveli
mweralze metad informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis
ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari codnisa da eqspertizis demonstrireba. swored es
mizani amoZravebs magistraturis students, roca weriT davalebas asrulebs.
daiwyeT daskvniT
akademiuri weris erT-erTi umTavresi principia, rom avtorma SesavalSive
warmoadginos misi Tezisi anu ZiriTadi pozicia, rac or mizans emsaxureba: 1.
naSromis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebas, radgan avtorma ukve
Camoayaliba misi pozicia, rac daexmareba erTi arCeuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos
da yvela argumenti Tu qveargumenti warmodgenili poziciis gasamyareblad
gamoiyenos; da 2. mkiTxvelisTvis Tavidanve naTelia avtoris pozicia, amitom
misTvis martivia rogorc avtoris argumentebis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, ise mis
mosazrebebSi logikuri xarvezebis aRmoCena.
struqtura
nebismieri informacia gansazRvruli struqturis safuZvelze unda iyos
organizebuli. elementaruli doniT rom daviwyoT, martiv winadadebasac da
mcire zomis paragrafsac ki sakuTari struqtura aqvs. naSromis miznidan gamomdinare, akademiur weraSi informaciis organizebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba,
Tumca, maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia naSromis organizeba
`problema _ gadaWris gza~ struqturis safuZvelze, romelic 4 ZiriTadi
nawilisagan Sedgeba:
1. situaciis aRwera
2. problemis identifikacia
3. gadaWris gzis aRwera
4. gadaWris gzis Sefaseba
[Holy, M. (1983). On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen and Unwin].
stili
akademiuri naSromi Sesabamisi stiliT unda iyos Sesrulebuli, romelic ara
marto Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos daculi mTel naSromSi, aramed aucileblad
Seesabamebodes mwerlis mizansa da nagulisxmev mkiTxvels. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba profesiuli donis miRweva, radgan araformaluri eniT
dawerili eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis angariSic ki, miuxedavad kompleqsuri monacemebis warmodgenisa, SesaZloa, zedmetad gamartivebuli gveCvenos. Sesabamisi stilis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul umTavres sirTules warmoadgens sakiTxi, Tu ra miviCnioT akademiurad da ra _ ara. unda aRiniSnos, rom
akademiuri weris stilis arsebiTi niSania metyvelebis nawilebs Soris (iqneba es
zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, Tu sxv.), rac SeiZleba metad formaluris SerCeva;
winadadebebis Sedgenisas ki, umTavresad formaluri tonis gamoyeneba.
logikuri Tanmimdevruloba
akademiur naSromSi avtoris yvela argumenti misi ZiriTadi poziciis
gamyarebas unda emsaxurebodes, rac niSnavs, rom yvela idea logikur kavSirSi
unda imyofebodes da avtori ar unda meryeobdes sxvadasxva mosazrebebs Soris.
Tu mkiTxvels uxdeba ukan dabruneba da azris gasagebad, naweris ramdenjerme
gadakiTxva, anda mas uWirs avtoris argumentebis ZiriTad poziciasTan
dakavSireba, es niSnavs, rom naSromi araTanmimdevruli da aralogikuria [Swales,
J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan
Press.]
akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebis gacnobis Semdeg, uSualod kursis
Sinaarsze gadavideT.
kursis Sinaarsi
silabusi
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese
akademiuri wera
nimuSi 1
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia
kacobriobam civilizaciis miRwevamde xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da cxoveluri
sawyisebi gadalaxa. miuxedavad amisa, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi
araadamianuri qmedebebi, romlebic yovel Cvengans Tavzars scems. yoveldRe
araerTi sastiki danaSauli xdeba da damnaSaveTa samyaro sul ufro da ufro
izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba da damnaSaveTa dasja
yvela drois mniSvnelovan problema iyo. sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeuZlia cixes
samudamod Seifaros saSiSi damnaSaveebi da amiT sazogadoebas misces maTgan
usafrTxoebis garantia. da ai, aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba dadges sikvdiliT dasjis
gamarTlebis sakiTxi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. saWiroa
sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi? namdvilad aucilebelia dasjis
es ukiduresi zoma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSaulebi? albaT, ar moiZebneba iseTi Zlieri argumenti, romelic
gaamarTlebda sikvdiliT dasjas. yoveli adamianis uflebaa icocxlos da aravis
ar aqvs damnaSavis sicocxlis xelyofis neba (TviT samarTaldamcavebsac ki).
aqedan, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja samarTlianobis
aRdgenis gaumarTlebeli saSualebaa.
8
saswavlo kursis kodi:

saswavlo kursis statusi: magistratura, I kursi, savaldebulo.
saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: 1 semestri.
ECTS: 8 krediti. sakontaqto muSaobaze gaTvaliswinebuli saaTebis raodenoba _
32, damoukidebeli muSaoba _ 150 saaTi.
leqtori: lia wulaZe, asistent-profesori, socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti, sociologiis departamenti.
T: 33 30 43; 893 21 38 12; e-mail: likuna282003@yahoo.com
saswavlo kursis mizani: akademiuri weris kursi agebulia centraluri evropis
universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelze da 4 Janrs moicavs:
argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli.
aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben
leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva
Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da,
jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze.
ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da
gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis
Seswavlis winapirobebi: mocemuli kursi acnobs studentebs akademiuri weris
safuZvlebs da iwyebs argumentis struqturirebis teqnikiT; amdenad, misi
mTavari moTxovnaa, rom studentebi kargad icnobdnen qarTuli enis
marTlwerasa da hqondeT analitikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisi done.
saswavlo kursis formati: leqcia, praqtikuli muSaoba da prezentacia.
saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi:
gakveTili
TiTqmis yvela Janris akademiuri naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan

nebismieri nawarmoebis mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, rom rasac avtori ambobs,
saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es ki moiTxovs saTanado strategiebis SemuSavebas, raTa avtorma efeqturad gadmosces Tavisi mosazrebebi da gaiTvaliswinos
mkiTxvelis Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. argumentirebis unari exmareba adamians ideebis ganviTarebasa da organizebaSi, Sexedulebebis damajereblobis
SefasebaSi, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis dacvasa da saTqmelis naTlad da
efeqturad warmodgenaSi _ yvela es unari Zalian Rirebulia akademiuri weris
nebismieri JanrisaTvis.
argumentirebis Tanamedrove Teoria berZnul-romauli tradiciebidan iRebs
saTaves. berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis, argumenti iyo debatebis gadawyvetisa
da WeSmaritebis dadgenis gza. Cven mogvyavs argumentebi ara imitom, rom vinmeze
gabrazebuli varT an misi ar gvjera, aramed imitom, rom argumentireba
gvexmareba ukeT SeviswavloT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi ideebi; SevafasoT
sapirispiro poziciebi; naTlad da akuratulad gamovxatoT Cveni Sexedulebebi;
movaxdinoT sxvaTa ideebis kritikuli analizi. amdenad, argumentirebuli eses
ZiriTadi principebis aTviseba gvexmareba sxva nebismieri Janris nawarmoebis
SeqmnaSic.
akademiur weraSi argumentirebuli eses struqturirebis ori nimuSi
arsebobs, romelTac qvemoT warmogidgenT: [Smally, R.L., Ruetten, M.K. and Kozyrev,
J.R. (2000). Rifining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle and Heinle,
Thomson Learning].
rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali da daskvna orive nimuSSi msgavsia, gansxvaveba
ZiriTad nawilSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori warmogvidgens mis argumentebs,
rasac oponentTa argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba axlavs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki,
avtori mxolod oponentTa Sexedulebebis ukugdebiTaa dakavebuli. marTalia,
eses struqturis orive nimuSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur akademiur
weraSi, upiratesobas mainc pirvel nimuSs mivaniWebdi, radgan argumentirebuli
eses SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mizani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari argumentebis
warmodgena, da, damajerebeli dasabuTebaa (razec saTauric metyvelebs) da ara
oponentis Sexedulebebis gakritikeba. amitom, Semdgom msjelobaSi mxolod
pirveli nimuSiT vixelmZRvanelebT. argumentirebuli eses struqturis
gacnobis Sedeg, misi nimuSebic ganvixiloT.
Tema
Sesavali
miznebi
studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da

argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis kriteriumebs
studentebi ecnobian argumentirebuli eses
Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs
studentebi ganixilaven argumentirebuli eses
nimuSebs
69
qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni:

aSS-s mTavrobis gamomcemloba.
aranabeWdi wyaroebi:
gvari, iniciali. (pozicia). (TariRi). saTauri [filmi, telegadacema...].
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.
redford, r. (reJisori). (1980). ubralo adamianebi [filmi]. holivudi:
paramaunti.
masala internetidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (internetSi publikaciis TariRi). dokumentis
saTauri. naSromis saTauri srulad. naSromis internetSi moZiebis TariRi da
saitis misamarTi.
internet-wigni
braiant, p. (1999). biomravalgvaroba da dialogi. moZiebuli 4 oqtomberi,
1999, http:/www. .........
sagazeTo statia internetidan
azari, b., da martini, s. (oqtomberi, 1999). umaRlesi skolis fsiqologia. APA
monitori. moZiebulia 7 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www....
Jurnalis statia internetidan
faini, m., da kurdeki, l.a. (1993). refleqsia. saganmanaTleblo reformis
sakiTxebze. amerikeli fsiqologi, 48, 1141-1147. moZiebulia 7 ivnisi, 1995.
http:/www. .........
[APA References. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http:/webster.comment.edu/ada.htm]
upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is

miznebi, rasac emsaxureba dasja saerTod. kerZod, sasjelis amocanebia:
socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis gamosworeba (resocializacia),
da axal danaSaulTa Cadenis Tavidan acileba (specialuri prevencia). damnaSavis
mokvla ver aRadgens dazaralebulis uflebebs, agreTve dasjis zomiT
SeuZlebelia kriminalis gamosworeba, xolo rac Seexeba axal danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebas, sikvdiliT dasja did gavlenas ar axdens potenciur damnaSaveebze. ruseTSi 1954 wels SemoRebul iqna sikvdiliT dasja mkvlelobaze,
Tumca amis Semdeg mkvlelobebi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaxSirda.
sikvdiliT dasjis sawinaaRmdego erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumenti
ukavSirdeba SemTxvevas, roca adamians SecdomiT edeba brali. am dros xdeba
udanaSaulo pirovnebis mkvleloba, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, axloblebi da
romelsac SeiZleboda sargebeli moetana sazogadoebisTvis. istorias
Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi adamianebis xsovna, romlebic tyuilad iqnen dasjilni
(aristotele, jordano bruno da sxvebi).
garda kriminologiuri argumentebisa, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba
gamovTqvaT religiur-eTikuri argumentebic. mcneba àra kac-hkla~ vrceldeba
yvelaze, maT Soris, samarTaldamcavebzec. sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisgan
da aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb did
codvad iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wminda
basili gvarigebs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mxolod sikeTiT
SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvlelobis gamo, maSin ra ufleba
aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos igive qmedeba _ damnaSavis mkvleloba?!
sazogadoebas SeuZlia Tavisufleba SeuzRudos kriminals, magram ar SeiZleba
gadawyvitos misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi.
SesaZloa sarwmunod gveCvenos mosazreba, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebam
SeiZleba danaSaulis ricxvis zrda gamoiwvios, ramdenadac adamianebs naklebi
SiSi eqnebaT kanonis winaSe. mravalricxovani kvlevebi sawinaaRmdego suraTs
gvixatavs. ufro metic, isini gviCveneben, rom danaSauli iq ufro cotaa, sadac
sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. aSS-Si sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis Semdeg mZime
danaSaulTa ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. garda amisa, masaCusetsa da texasSi, sadac
ar mimarTavdnen sikvdiliT dajas, danaSaulis koeficienti gacilebiT naklebi
iyo, vidre niu-iorksa da floridaSi, sadac sasjelis am zomas mimarTavdnen. arc
erTi kriminologiuri gamokvleva ar adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjas SeuZlia
danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba.
amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja srulebiTac ar aris
kriminaluri qmedebebis likvidaciis saukeTeso da efeqturi saSualeba. dasjis
aseTi ukiduresi zoma ver àkeTilSobilebs~ kriminalur sazogadoebas da ver
icavs adamianis uflebebs. ufro metic, sikvdiliT dasja iseTi Seuqcevadi
procesia, romelmac SeiZleba udanaSaulo adamianebic imsxverplos. sxvisi
sicocxlis xelmyofi scodavs ara marto adamianTa, aramed RmerTis winaSec.
humanur, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sasjelis es
araadamianuri saxe. umjobesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo mimarTavs saSiSi
damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan izolaciis sxva gzebs.
nimuSi 2
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba sul ufro metad
iRebs humanur Sinaarss, mravali iseTi faqti gvxvdeba, romelic sazogadoebas
gamousworebel zians ayenebs. garkveuli pirebis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi
iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom sazogadoebis udides nawils SiSis zars scems.
rogorc wesi am kategoriis damnaSaveebs aTavseben sapatimro dawesebulebebSi,
raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi garkveuli droiT izolireba sazogadoebisagan.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca damnaSave patimrobis periodSi ar dgeba gamosworebis
gzaze, piriqiT, igi ufro saSiSi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis da gaTavisuflebis
Semdeg agrZelebs sazogadoebis udanaSaulo wevrebisadmi Semzaravi zianis
miyenebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi danaSaulebrivi qmede68
bebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarTlebulia.

arsebobs danaSaulTa kategoria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi masstaburobiT.
saubaria iseT SemTxvevebze, roca saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
danaSaulze. istorias mravali iseTi faqti axsovs, romelmac sazogadoebis
farTo masebis cxovreba uaryofiTad Secvala, da igi gamowveuli iyo mxolod
erTi adamianisa (lideris) Tu adamianTa viwro jgufis interesebiT. am kategoriis damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja aucilebelic aris, radgan sazogadoebis
Cagrulma fenebma miiRon ara marto usafrTxoebis garantia, aramed garkveuli
emociuri muxti, romelic maT `Cagrulobis~ poziciidan rebilitirebis
saSualebas miscems.
saubari SeiZleba `devianti~ lideris garkveul simbolurobaze, garkveuli
danaSaulebrivi jgufebis liderebis qceva jgufis danarCeni wevrebis adekvatur
reaqcias iwvevs anu xdeba lideris maxasiaTebeli simboloebisaken swrafva, rac,
saerTo jamSi zrdis danaSaulis albaTobas. amitom, vfiqrob, rom gansakuTrebiT
sastiki danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi amgvari `simboloebis~ fizikuri likvidacia aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normaluri ritmis SesanarCuneblad.
sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis asaxsnelad SesaZlebelia damnaSaveTa kidev
erTi kategoriis magaliTis gamoyeneba. bolo dros Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
Zlier Seawuxa TviTmkvleli teroristebis problemam. eseni arian adamianebi,
romlebic gamarTlebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli miznis misaRwevad iyeneben Semzarav
saSualebebs. yvelaze saSineli `gverdiTi efeqti~ ki, rac am TviTmkvlelli
teroristebis qmedebebs axlavs, aris udanaSaulo msxverpli, xSirad bavSvebis
saxiTac. amgvari pirebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia maTTvis `meore
Sansis~ micema da isini dauyovnebliv inda iqnan likvidirebulni, raTa maTma
sicocxlem datovebam ar gamoiwvios maTi `kolegebis~ eiforia teroristuli
operaciebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT.
rasakvirvelia, aseT TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali sawinaaRmdego
azri, romlebic ZiriTadad humanistur mosazrebebs emyareba da religiuri
wyaroebiT sazrdoobs. Tanamedrove kacobriobis erT-erT udides miRwevad
iTvleba liberaluri demokratia, romelic gansakuTrebiT èloliaveba~
adamianis uflebebs, sicocxlis uflebas. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, Cemi pozicia
ucvleli rCeba da vfiqrob, rom sikvdiliT dasja mainc gamarTlebulia. ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom is adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sastik danaSauls
Cadian da Semdeg ki SesaZloa garkveuli organizaciebis dacvis qveSac moxvdnen,
romlebic maTi `sicocxlis uflebas~ daicavs, amave dros TviTon arTmeven am
`sicocxlis uflebas~ sxva adamianebs, sazareli danaSaulebrivi aqtebis Sedegad.
borotebis sikeTiT damarcxeba religiuri filosofiis centraluri
momentia, Tumca gansakuTrebiT didi borotebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, umjobesia patara, magram efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi borotebis gamoyeneba, vidre
uzarmazari sikeTis dapirispireba, romelic SesaZloa uSedego aRmoCndes, radgan araadekvaturad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva adamianebis mier da Tan Sedegis misaRebad gacilebiT xangrZliv periods iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos arseboba iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis
garkveul dones da Sesabamisad igi avtomaturad ufro gaizrdeba `moZaladeebis~
mimarT.
sanam ufro detalurad ganvixilavT argumentirebuli eses TiToeuli
nawilis _ Sesavalis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnis _ Taviseburebebs, gavecnoT
ideebis generaciisa da paragrafebis struqturirebis teqnikas.
ideebis generacia moulodneli ideebiT iwyeba, rac azrovnebis stimulirebas
uwyobs xels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viwyebT garkveuli sityviT Tu fraziT da
gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, vwerT yvelafers, rac am sityvasa Tu
frazasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. daniSnuli drois amowurvis Semdeg,
gadavxedavT Cvens CamonaTvals, raTa davadginoT, ramdenad logikuria kavSiri
warmodgenil ideebs Soris, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa Tu ara maTi dajgufeba. am
teqnikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia, raTa argumentirebuli esesTvis argu10
adgili: gamomcemeli.
Silzi, e. (2002). centri da periferia. wignSi spilmeni, l. (red.). kulturis
sociologia. oqsfordi: bleqveli.
xelaxla gamocemuli wigni:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa).
sorensoni, S. (2002). rogor davweroT kvleviTi naSromi. (me-3 gam.). niuiorki: arko.
wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:
wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.

vebsteris axali leqsikoni. (1961). spingfildi: meriami.
mravaltomiani naSromi:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). wignis saTauri. (tomebi).
beri, j.v., segali, m.h., da kagicibasi, s. (red.). (1996). kroskulturuli
fsiqologiis cnobari. (1-3 t.). londoni: seigi.
leqsikoni:
saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
oqsfordis mokle inglisuri leqsikoni. (me-5 g.). (2002). niu-iorki:
oqsfordis universitetis presa.
statia Jurnalidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis saTauri. Jurnalis
saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi (ar iwereba gv.)
uitkrofti, g. (2004, ivnisi). toni bleris tragedia. atlantika, 293, 56-72.
statia gazeTidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gazeTis saTauri,
gverdebi (iwereba gv.).
mourisi, d. (2003, 17 marti). politika _ binZuri TamaSi? niu iork Taimsi, gv.
11-12.
disertacia an avtoreferati:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. disertacia,
universiteti, misi mdebareoba.
wulaZe, l. (2003). socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTuli kulturis
konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da sanqciebi). sakandidato disertacia, iv.
javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi.
leqciaze micemuli masala:

leqtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. masala warmodgenili ama da am
leqciaze, universiteti, misi mdebareoba.
wulaZe, l. (2005, aprili). mSobelTa rwmenis sistemebi kulturaSi. masala
warmodgenili kulturis sociologiis leqciaze, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is
Tbilisi sax.-fo universiteti, Tbilisi.
samTavrobo dokumenti:
saministrosa Tu dawesebulebis saxelwodeba. (gamocemis TariRi).
dokumentis saTauri (publikaciisa Tu brZanebis nomeri). gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
mentaluri janmrTelobis nacionaluri instituti. (1982). televizia da
67
Sedegebis interpretacia
arsebul gamokvlevebTan Tanxmobis dadgena
komentari miRebulmonacemebTan dakavSirebiT
interpretaciis procesSi sirTuleebis Cveneba
diskusia / daskvna
daskvna sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:
sakvlevi sivrcis gamTlianeba (savaldebulo)
mocemuli gamokvlevis SezRudvebis Cveneba (arCeviTi, Tumca
gavrcelebuli)
momavali kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis miTiTeba (arCeviTi da
gavrcelebuli mxolod zogierT sferoSi)
bibliografia
yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros miTiTeba erTi arCeuli formatis farglebSi (vTqvaT,
APA stiliT).
kvleviTi naSromis seqciebSi arsebuli sakiTxebis sixSire
axlandeli dro
warsuli dro
vnebiTi gvari
citireba
SezRudvebi
komentari
Sesavali
maRali
saSualo
dabali
maRali
saSualo
maRali
meTodebi
dabali
maRali
maRali
dabali
dabali
dabali
Sedegebi
dabali
maRali
cvalebadi
cvalebadi
saSualo
cvalebadi
diskusia
maRali
saSualo
cvalebadi
maRali
maRali
maRali
[Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The
Univesity, Michigan Press]
rogorc sabiblioTeko, ise eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromebis gacnobis
Semdeg, warmogidgenT bibliografiis miTiTebis teqnikas APA formatis
farglebSi.
wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
kidi, u. (2002) kultura da identuroba. niu iorki: palgreiv makmilani.
wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali., da avtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri.
sueilsi, j.m., da fiki, q.b. (1994). akademiuri wera magistraturis
studentebisaTvis. miCigani: miCiganis universitetis presa.
wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis
stantoni, d.q., da farbmani, e. (red.). (2003). qalis avtografi:
avtobiografiis Teoria da praqtika. midltauni: ibis presi.
mentebi an maTi mxardaWera ganvaviTaroT.

rogorc wesi, moulodnel ideebs Tavisufali wera mosdevs. es aris wera
Sesvenebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ideebis msvlelobas mivyvebiT ise, rom ar
vzrunavT paragrafebis struqturasa da gramatikul gamarTulobaze. wina
teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveul sityvasa Tu frazaze, asociaciis
gziT, masTan dakavSirebuli sityva Tu fraza gvaxsendeba, Tavisufali wera ara
ganyenebuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba, aramed ideaTa logikuri jaWvia.
Tavisufali werisas, garkveuli limiti unda davawesoT drosa da gverdebis
raodenobaze, da uwyvetad vweroT, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. amis Semdeg,
gadavikiTxoT Cveni naweri da is ideebi amovkriboT, rac momavali naSromis
SeqmnaSi dagvexmareba.
Tavisufali weris Semdgom gaRrmavebas `lupireba~ warmoadgens. roca
erTdroulad ramdenime idea gviCndeba, `lupireba~ gvexmareba, ZiriTad ideaze
vfokusirdeT da misi Rrma analizi movaxdinoT. sakiTxis dasmis Semdeg, 5-10
wuTis ganmavlobaSi, uwyvetad vwerT yvelafers, rac masTan dakavSirebiT
gvaxsendeba. gansazRvruli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavikiTxavT nawers da
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT, rasac `lupirebis~ meore etapi mosdevs. am
SemTxvevaSi, ukve Sejamebuli winadadeba warmoadgens CvenTvis ZiriTad fokuss
da Cveni azrebic mis garSemo trialebs 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, rasac kvlav
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT da `lupirebis~ mesame etaps viwyebT.
savarjiSo #1. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Temas. isini ideebis
generacias moulodneli idebiT iwyeben, Semdeg 10-15 wuTis manZilze Tavisufali
weriT da `lupirebiT~ arian dakavebulni.
ideebis generaciis aranakleb efeqturi teqnikaa `ra, vin, sad, rodis, ratom?~
SekiTxvebis dasma, rac saSualebas iZleva gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva
aspeqti vikvlioT. Tumca, es teqnika Zalian popularulia Jurnalistebs Soris,
mas aranaklebi warmatebiT iyeneben socialuri mkvlevarni sakvlevi problemis
dasmisas. vTqvaT, sociologs surs ikvlios azartuli TamaSebis problema, raTa
sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas, man Semdegi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas:
ra iwvevs azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobas? aq aucilebelia imis
gansazRvra, Tu ra iTvleba azartul TamaSad da ra mdgomareoba iTvleba mis
mimarT mijaWvulobad.
vin xdeba azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvuli? gonivruli iqneba, Tu
empiriuli kvlevisas, SemovifarglebiT konkretuli jgufis SeswavliT, vTqvaT,
tineijerebiT, romlebic ver wydebian saTamaSo aparatebs.
sad TamaSoben xolme azartul TamaSebs? Tu, vTqvaT, saTamaSo aparatebis
kvlevas virCevT, umetesad dasasvenebel da gasarTob centrebsa da klubebze
unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba.
rodis xdeba azartuli TamaSebiT gataceba da ra sixSiriT?
ratom warmoadgens socialuri mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur
SekiTxvas. kvlevis mizani xom swored azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobis
mizezebis axsnaa [Newel, R. (2002). Constructing Questionneires in Gilbert, N. (ed.). Researching
Social Life. London: SAGEE Publications].
rac Seexeba ideebis vizualur gamosaxvas, saukeTeso teqnikad `klasteri~
unda miviCnioT. is gvaTavisuflebs ideebis sworxazovani Tanmimevrobisagan da
axal asociaciebs iwvevs, riTac met SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas uwyobs xels.
klasteris agebisas, gverdis centrSi movaTavsebT ZiriTad sakiTxs da masTan
mimavali xazebiT davakavSirebT Sesabamis ideebs. Semdeg davadgenT axal
kavSirebs sxvadasxva ideebs Soris da maT kategoriebad Tu klasterebad
davajgufebT:
statia an damoukidebeli Tavi wignidan, romelsac erTi an

ramdenime redaqtori hyavs:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis an Tavis saTauri.
wignSi redaqtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). wignis saTauri (gverdebi). gamocemis
66
11
Zalian bevr kanfets

miirTmeven
uviTarebs mavne
Cvevebs
bavSvebisaTvis
saziano
mag.: kanfetebiviT
miirTmeven vitaminebs
aferxebs gadacemebis
msvlelobas
Zalian didi
raodenoba
xSirad informacia
realobas ar Seesabameba
z) mTeli naSromis Zalian mokle mimoxilva.

T) kolegebis, xelmZRvanelebis, sponsorebisa da sxv. madlobis gadaxda
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.
i) monacemebis sandoobisa da validurobis Cveneba; im analizis ganxilva,
romelic unda emsaxurebodes hipoTezebis Semowmebas.
k) miRebuli Sedegebisa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebis mokled Sejameba.
l) hipoTezebis SemuSaveba da ganxilva; im Teoriuli struqturisa da
meTodebis miTiTeba, romlis farglebSi da romelTa gamoyenebiTac unda
Semowmdes hipoTezebi.
m) cxrilebisa da diagramebis miTiTeba im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es
teqstSia mocemuli.
n) naSromis adekvaturi aRwera rac SeiZleba naklebi sityviT.
o) gamokvlevis xasiaTisa da misi ganxorcielebis mizezebis mokle mimoxilva;
gamokvlevis miznebisa da hipoTezebis naTlad formulireba.
mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas gavecaniT,
mokled warmogidgenT misi Semdgeneli ZiriTadi nawilebis funqcias.
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi
saTauri
saTaurma unda asaxos kvlevis sagani
saTauri zustad unda asaxavdes naSromis fokuss (arc zedmetad farTo
unda iyos, arc zedmetad viwro)
saTauri TviTamxsneli unda iyos mocemuli sferos specialistebisaTvis
problemebi
reklama
abstraqti
kvleviTi naSromis abstraqti Sedgeba erTi paragrafisagan, romelSic 4-10
winadadebaa. arsebobs ori saxis abstraqti: I koncentrirebas axdens miRebul
Sedegebsa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebze; II ki axdens naSromis 4 ZiriTadi
nawilis (Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia) TiTo-TiTo winadadebiT
Sejamebas.
sargebeli
finansurad exmareba
Jurnal-gazeTebs da
televizias
msaxiobebi
asaqmebs sxvadasxva
specialobis adamianebs
mwerlebi
fsiqologebi
axal produqcias
gvacnobs
mag.: axali
manqanebi
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning].
savarjiSo #2:
studentebi vizualurad gamosaxaven savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenil ideebs.
yvela es teqnika gvexmareba idebis generaciasa da maT Soris logikuri
kavSirebis dadgenaSi. mas Semdeg, rac ideebi yovelgvari struqturis gareSe
`Camoyrilia~ furcelze, aucilebelia maTi struqturuli gamTlianeba, rac
paragrafis doneze xorcieldeba.
paragrafi warmoadgens winadadebebis jgufs, romelic erTi ZiriTadi ideis
anu erTi Temis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. paragrafi iwyeba Tematuri winadadebiT,
romelic gansaxilvel Temas Tu sakiTxs waradgens. argumentirebul eseSi,
12
Sesavali
Sesavlis mizania sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna da mkiTxvelebis mopoveba. is sami
ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:
1. sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna
problemis aqtualobis CvenebiT (savaldebulo)
mocemul sferoSi ukve arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganxilviT (savaldebulo)
2. konteqstis Seqmna
wina gamokvlevebis safuZvelze yuradRebis miRma darCenili sakiTxebis
miTiTebiT da arsebuli codnis Sevsebis mcdelobiT (savaldebulo)
3. konteqstis aTviseba
gamokvlevis miznisa da xasiaTis miTiTebiT (savaldebulo)
ZiriTadi daskvnebis warmodgeniT (arCeviTi)
naSromis struqturis gadmocemiT (arCeviTi)
meTodebi
socialur mecnierebebSi meTodebis seqcia Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:
detaluradaa gadmocemuli yvela procedura
ar xdeba arsebuli kvlevebis ganxilva
moicavs dasabuTebebs, axsna-ganmartebebsa da magaliTebs
terminologia xSirad meordeba
Sedegebi
meTodologiis dasabuTeba
65
analizi da Sefaseba.
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Sesaqmenlad, studentma Semdegi
safexurebi unda gaiaros:
sakvlevi problemis dasma;
sakvlevi hipoTezebis formulireba;
kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvra;
Teoriuli wyaroebis moZieba da gacnoba;
kvlevis dagegmva da kvlevis programis Sedgena;
monacemebis Segroveba;
monacemebis analizi;
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmna.
[Blaxter, L., Hugles, C., and Tighti M. (1996). How to Research. Philadelpia. Open University
Press].
rogor vxedavT, uSualod naSromis Seqmnas sakmaod xangrZlivi da
Sromatevadi procesi uswrebs win. am procesSi Semavali TiToeuli safexuris
gaazrebulad da akuratulad ganxorcieleba, saTanado eqsperimentuli
kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeli pirobaa.
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi, sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromisagan
gansxvavebiT, oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi da
diskusia/daskvna. imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli nawili
da rogoria eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis mTliani struqtura, Semdegi
savarjiSoebi gvexmareba:
savarjiSo #3. Tqvens winaSea eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis seqciebi,
TanmimdvrobiT mocemuli. qvemoT areuladaa warmodgenili TiToeulis
ganmarteba. miusadageT naSromis TiToeul seqcias misi Sesabamisi ganmarteba.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqtura

saTauri
madlobis gadaxda
sarCevi
cxrilebis/grafikebis CamonaTvali
abstraqti
problemis dayeneba
literaturis mimoxilva
gamokvlevis dizaini
gamoyenebuli meTodologia
Sedegebi
diskusia
daskvnebi
bibliografia
danarTi
a) informaciisa da monacemebis prezentacia, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli

xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba hipoTezebis miRebisa Tu ukugdebis Sesaxeb.
b) mniSvnelovani monacemebi da sailustracio masala, moTavsebuli ZiriTadi
teqstis farglebs miRma.
g) naSromis ZiriTadi seqciebi, TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebuli.
d) SerCeuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis mimoxilva da maTi originaluri
da kritikuli analizi.
e) miRebuli SedegebiT nakarnaxevi principebis, kavSirebis, korelaciebisa da
ganzogadebebis prezentacia; Sedegebis interpretacia da sakvlev
problemasa da hipoTezebTan maTi kavSiris Cveneba; deduqciurinduqciuri daskvnebis gamotana da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
v) yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros akuratuli miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.
64
rogorc wesi, Tematuri winadadeba ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens. Tematur

winadadebas, Cveulebriv, makontrolebeli idea axlavs, romelic gamoxatavs
avtoris emociur damokidebulebas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT. nimuSis saxiT
ganvixiloT Semdegi paragrafi:
erT-erTi problema, dakavSirebuli leqciebTan, aris is, rom maTi mosmena
rTuli saqmea. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi
gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar
gaxdeba. ubralod, yuradRebis koncentraciac ki sakmaod rTulia: adamianebs
SeswevT unari moisminon 400-600 sityva wuTSi, maSin roca yvelaze mondomebuli
profesori amis mesamedsac ki Zlivs axerxebs. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da
gagebis unars Soris, mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs.
aq pirveli winadadeba Tematuri winadadeba, romelic sakiTxs gvacnobs;
sityva `rTuli~ ki makontrolebel ideas warmoadgens, radgan is leqciebis
mimarT avtoris emociur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. Tematur winadadebas
Sesabamisi mxardaWera mosdevs, romelic avtoris ZiriTadi ideis Tu argumentis
ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. rogorc wesi, is Tematur winadadebaSi warmodgenili
ideis ilustrirebas, axsnas an dasabuTebas axdens. ganxilul magaliTSi, avtors
ori saxis mxardaWera moaqvs, raTa dagvisabuTos, rom leqciebis mosmena sakmaod
`rTuli saqmea~: erTi mxriv, is miiCnevs, rom studentisaTvis ufro martivi da
gasagebia, roca Tavad ecnoba Sesabamis masalas; meore mxriv ki, leqtoris
saubris tempsa da studentis gagebis unars Soris Seusabamoba, yuradRebis
gafantvis ZiriTadi mizezi xdeba.
imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeras viyenebT, paragrafi SiZleba iyos
naratiuli, aRweriTi da axsniTi. pirveli gulisxmobs Sesabamisi detalebis
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT organizebas, radgan mogviTxrobs warsul Tu
awmyo istorias; meores mizania, sagnis Tu movlenis aRwera, amitom, misTvis
mTavaria obieqtebis sivrciTi ganlageba. axsniTi paragrafi ki specifikur
detalebsa da magaliTebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; misi Tematuri winadadeba
zogad informacias gvawvdis, mxardaWera ki _ specifikuri detaliT
ganamtkicebs Tematur winadadebas, amitom axsniTi paragrafis Cveuli
Tanmimdevrobaa zogadidan kerZos mimarTulebiT moZraoba.
ra tipisac ar unda iyos paragrafi _ naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi, is
gamarTulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or ZiriTad pirobas
akmayofilebs, kerZod, mTlianobiTa da logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva.
mTlianoba niSnavs, rom paragrafSi yvela winadadeba Tematur winadadebasTan
dkavSirebulia da mis mxardaWeras emsaxureba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba ki
gulisxmobs, rom yvela winadadeba logikur kavSirSia mis winamdebare da
momdevno winadadebasTan. logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofas didad
uwyobs xels iseTi gardamavali sityvebi, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, magaliTad,
gansxvavebiT, ufro metic, miuxedavad, Tumca, Sesabamisad da a.S.
akademiur
weris
specialistebi
gvTavazoben
Semdegi
SekiTxvebiT
vixelmZRvaneloT, roca paragrafis gamarTulobas vamowmebT:
paragrafis Semowmeba
1. ra aris paragrafis Tema? axasiaTebs Tu ara paragrafs zogadidan
kerZosaken svla? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Semdgomi dakonkreteba?
2. romelia paragrafis ZiriTadi winadadeba?
3. romelia paragrafis makontrolebeli idea? aris is naTeli da
fokusirebuli? rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi gaumjobeseba?
4. aris paragrafi Sekruli? ganamtkicebs yvela winadadeba makontrolebel
ideas?
5. aris paragrafi logikuri? harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs yvela
winadadeba?
6. romelia paragrafis yvelaze saintereso nawili?
13
7. ra aris paragrafis yvelaze Zlieri mxare?

8. aris es naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi paragrafi?
mohyavs Tu ara avtors am tipis paragrafisaTvis Sesatyvisi
detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?
aris Tu ara saWiro damatebiTi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?
aris struqtura Sesaferisi am tipis paragrafisaTvis?
savarjiSo #3. studentebi ecnobian statias èrTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani~. masSi paragrafebis Tanmimdevroba areulia; amasTan, TiToeul paragrafSi zedmeti winadadebaa CarTuli, romelic logikurad ar Seesabameba gansaxilvel sakiTxs da paragrafis mTlianobas arRvevs. pirvel rigSi, studentebi
Tanmimdevrulad alageben paragrafebs da iReben zedmet winadadebebs; Semdeg,
TiToeul paragrafSi gamoyofen Tematur winadadebasa d makontrolebel ideas;
bolos ki _ ganszRvraven, ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili TiToeul
paragrafSi.
gasamarTi nimuSi
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani
qeiT elbou
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba
gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. dRes amerikis
kolejebi da universitetebi Zlieri Setevis qveS moxvdnen mravali kuTxidan.
devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan
(baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi seriozul darRvevas iwvevs ZilisaTvis
gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon
Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame ise, rom es arc ki daetyobaT. adamianebs agreTve,
sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba
ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania
adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.
garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde.
stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis
sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad
iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon
TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. bevri
studenti miiCnevs, rom wlobiT televizoris yureba xels uSlis maTi
yuradRebis koncentracias, magram maTi realuri problemaa is, rom yuradRebiT
mosmena gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre maT hgoniaT.
da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca
gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _
zomiereba. maswavleblebs adanaSauleben,
rom isini kargad ar aswavlian,
studentebs ki imaSi, rom isini kargad ar swavloben. ra Tqma unda, zogjer
gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri
seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci
ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.
SuaRamea da spiralur rveulSi furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.
organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze.
yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis
ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg, rac orive megobari
14
naSromis daskvna
Tu Tqveni argumenti kompleqsuria, saWiro iqneba mkiTxvelisaTvis misi
Sejameba
Tu naSromis daskvniT nawilamde ar agixsniaT Tqveni daskvnebis
mniSvneloba, aucileblad gaakeTeT es axla
imoZraveT detaluridan zogadisaken, rac daabrunebs sakiTxs SesavalSi
warmodgenil konteqstSi
SemogvTavazeT, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis ra mxareebi iTxovs Semdgom kvlevas
Sesworeba da naSromis saboloo versia
SeamowmeT naSromis mTliani struqtura: Sesavlis logikuri mdinareba,
ZiriTad nawilSi analizisa da Sefasebis siRrme, daskvnis efeqturoba
paragrafis doneze SeamowmeT: ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, misi mxardamWeri
detalis logikuroba, paragrafis Tanmimdevruloba da harmoniuloba
winadadebis doneze SeamowmeT: winadadebis struqtura, sityvebis arCeva,
punqtuacia
wyaroebis dokumentireba: arCeuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba,
yvela masalis miTiTeba, rac ar ganixileba sayovelTaod aRiarebul
WeSmaritebad, sqolioebis Sesabamisi gamoyeneba
[Planning a Researcg Paper. (2006). The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Retrieved 17 Jane, 2006, from http:/www.wiscedu/writing/Handbook/ PlaneResearchPaper.html.]
da bolos, sanam sabiblioTeko kvleviT naSromze saubars davasrulebdeT,
SemogTavazebT specialistebis rCevas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dagegmoT dro
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis weris procesSi.
Tu sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmnamde dagrCaT:
8 kvira
3 dRe _ sakvlevi problemis arCeva
5 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba
10 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba
5 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba
1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena
7 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna
3 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi
5 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna
1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba
4 kvira
1 dRe sakvlevi problemebis arCeva
danarCeni dReebi eTmoba naSromis kompiuterze akrefas da amobeWdvas.
[Sorenson, S. (2002). How to write Research Papers (3rd ed.). Thomson ARCO]
vinaidan eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi uSualod studentis mier
Catarebul socialur kvlevazea agebuli, is met dros saWiroebs da met
xarjebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. kvlevis dagegmvas, Catarebasa da monacemebis
damuSavebas sakmao dro miaqvs da mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli monacemebis
63
studentma yuradReba unda miaqcios, xom ar aris saWiro sadme

magaliTebis damateba, an paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSiri xom ar aris
darRveuli;
studentma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva _ kidev ris gagebas
isurvebda mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, ukmarisobis
grZnoba xom ar rCeba. amis Semdeg, sasurvelia, man megobarsac waakiTxos
naSromi, rac kargi saSualebaa sakuTar TavSi rwmenis ganmtkicebisa da
Rirebuli SeniSvnebis misaRebad.
am yvelafris safuZvelze, warmogidgenT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis
struqturul gegmas, rac naSromis Seqmnasa da gamarTvaSi dagexmarebaT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqtura
sakvlevi sakiTxis moZebna da dakonkreteba
moZebneT sakiTxi, romelic realurad gainteresebT
aRwereT is gza, romelic gaiareT am sakiTxis Ziebisas
esaubreT xelmZRvanelsa da jgufelebs Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb
CamoayalibeT Tqveni sakiTxi SekiTxvis saxiT, romelsac unda upasuxoT, an
problemis saxiT, romelic unda gadaWraT
wyaroebis moZieba, arCeva da kiTxva
dagWirdebaT Semdegi tipis wyaroebis moZieba:
baraTis katalogebi, periodul gamocemaTa indeqsebi, bibliografiebi;
pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;
Jurnalebi, wignebi, enciklopediebi, internetis masala.
informaciis dajgufeba da dokumentireba
Semdegi sistemebi dagexmarebaT iyoT organizebulni:
bibliografiul baraTebze wyaroebis miTiTebis sistema;
SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT masalis miTiTebis sistema;
informaciis CaniSvnis sistema;
naSromis gegmis Sedgena
amaSi Semdegi SekiTxvebi dagexmarebaT:
ra sakiTxs ganvixilav?
ratomaa is mniSvnelovani?
ra safuZvelmdebare informacia mWirdeba?
ra aris Cemi Tezisi (ZiriTadi pozicia)?
ra struqturuli gegma gamoxatavs saukeTesod Cems mizans?
naSromis Sesavali
warmoadgineT Sesabamisi safuZvelmdebare Tu konteqstualuri masala
gansazRvreT saWiro cnebebi da terminebi
axseniT naSromis ZiriTadi mizani
warmoadgineT Tqveni struqturuli gegma
gaecnoba maT. leqciebi arasodes gaqreba srulad sauniversiteto scenidan,

radgan isini ekonomiurad aucilebelia da didi xnis tradicia aqvT.
avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans
Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis
unars Soris mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi
xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs
iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema
da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri
studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas
zrdis. magram isini scdebian. sinamdvileSi stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. kidev ufro uaresia is,
rom leqciebis mosmena pasiuri swavlebis formaa, gansakuTrebiT gamoucdeli
studentebisaTvis. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur
darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is
aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas. yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon
kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da
Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios
daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi
mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi
zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. dabolos,
rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi
aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg
wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba Cavardes mwvave depresiaSi.
keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela
students gamoucdia kolejSi swavli raime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT
aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils
Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer
wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. studentebi xdebian aqtiurad CarTulni,
roca kiTxvis qveS ayeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise maswavleblis ideebs. Zilis
moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini
marTlebi arian.
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is ver gamoZvreba martivad Ramis
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis
48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad
yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames
Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza,
roca sizmari Cndeba. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro
efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis
naTeli ar gaxdeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi
adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is
uecar zrdasTan.
gamarTuli nimuSi
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili

ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni struqturuli gegmiT
aageT Tqveni naSromi sakiTxebis mixedviT (da ara masalis mixedviT)
SeajameT, gaaanalizeT, axseniT da SeafaseT wyaroebi (da ara ubralod
moyeviT maTi Sinaarsi)
imoZraveT zogadidan kerZosaken da kvlav zogadisaken
62
qeiT elbou
SuaRamea da spiraluri rveulidan furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels gverdiT mjdom megobars. ase
grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg,
15
rac orive megobari gaecnoba maT.

students gamoucdia kolejSi swavlis romelime periodSi. axalgazrdobis
energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis
uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian.
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia
droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. devid buxholci,
nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori)
ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki
seriozul darRvevebs iwvevs, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe
ramdenime Rame da es arc ki daetyobaT. adamianebs, agreTve sxvadasxva
minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan
10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes,
Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.
zrdis. magram isini cdebian. sinamdvileSi, stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. buxholcis azriT,
,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT.
SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis
winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili da
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas. yavis msmelebma
unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis,
Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes,
magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT
ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da
paranoia. da bolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis
profesori fsiqiatriaSi, aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi
iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba mwvave depresiaSi
Cavardes.
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is martivad ver gamoZvreba Ramis
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv, erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis
roca sizmari Cndeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi
uecar zrdasTan.
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame
relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba.
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad
ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi
TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da
TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
1. definicia
2. aRwera
III. SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis magaliTze
A. pluralizmi
1. analizi
2. susti mxareebi
B. elitizmi
1. analizi
2. susti mxareebi
C. neomarqsizmi
1. analizi
2. kritika
a. susti mxareebi
b. susti mxareebi
IV. daskvna
[Using Outlines (2004). Writing Tutorial Services. Indiana University. Retrieved March 18,
2005, from http:/www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/]
16
61
rogorc vxedavT, detaluri struqturuli gegma, faqtiurad, naSromis mokle

Sinaarssa Tu Sejamebas warmoadgens da mxolod misi gaSlaRa gvrCeba, ris
safuZvelzec naSromis pirvel versias vRebulobT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi, sxva ganxilul naSromTa msgavsad, sami
ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnisagan.
mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebas,
mis dainteresebas emsaxureba. masSi aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili
problemis aqtualoba, naSromis mizani da amocanebi; agreTve mkiTxvels saWiro
safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miewodos, sanam avtori sakuTar Teziss
gaacnobdes mas, radgan swored es informacia amzadebs mkiTxvels avtoris
Tezisis misaRebad.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawili moZiebuli wyaroebis
sinTezsa da SedarebiT analizs axdens. is Zlier waagavs analitikuri referatis
ZiriTad nawils, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, Tu analitikur referatSi 2-3
wyaroa ganxiluli, aq ukve 5 wyaroze metis analizi da Sefaseba xdeba
gansaxilveli problemis WrilSi.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis daskvna Semdeg moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes: avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs unda ajamebdes; problemis momaval
ganviTarebas unda gvixatavdes; moqmedebisaken unda mouwodebdes mkiTxvels, anu
garkveul samomavlo gegmas sTavazobdes ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi;
universalizaciasa Tu konteqstualizacias unda axdendes; provokaciuli
SekiTxvis dasmiTa Tu gafrTxilebiT unda dasruldes, raTa mkiTxvels
safiqrali dautovos da Zlieri saboloo STabeWdileba moaxdinos.
roca kvleviTi naSromis pirveli versia mzadaa, avtorma guldasmiT unda
waikiTxos da Seamowmos igi. arsebobs 2 saxis Semowmeba: Rrma _ struqturulSinaarsobriv doneze da zedapiruli _ gramatikul-stilistur doneze.
studenti struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi SemowmebiT iwyebs da mxolod amis Semdeg
aqcevs yuradRebas naSromis stilistur gamarTulobas.
am SemTxvevaSi studentma Semdegi sakiTxebi unda gaiTvaliswinos:
naSromis daweridan Sesworebamde ramdenime dRem unda ganvlos.
students sWirdeba garkveuli dro, rom weridan redaqtirebaze gadaerTos;
studentma orjer mainc unda gadaxedos naSroms saboloo versiis
Seqmnamde;
naSromis Sesworebisas, studentma nela da xmamaRla unda ikiTxos,
raTa daakvirdes, Tu yurs rogor xvdeba xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sakuTari
azrebi;
_ elitizmi
naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnisas, students SeuZlia samuSao gegmidan
aRweriT gegmaze gadavides. aRweriTi gegma naSromis TiToeul paragrafs aRwers,
amdenad, students SeuZlia kritikuli TvaliT Seafasos misi naSromis mTliani
struqtura. is exmareba avtors upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: logikurad misdevs
erTi paragrafi meores? msgavsi ideebi erT seqciaSi ganvixile Tu gabneuli maqvs
mTel naSromSi? warmogidgenT aRweriT gegmas, romelic studentma naSromis
pirveli versiis Seqmnis Semdeg SemogvTavaza. man paragrafebis mixedviT Seajama
naSromi da Semdegi suraTi miiRo:
paragrafi I _ zogadi Sesavali politikur TeoriebSi. Tezisi: neomarqsizmi
yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa
paragrafi II _ neomarqsizmis aRwera
paragrafi III _ pluralizmis aRwera
paragrafi IV _ interesebis mqone jgufTa koalicia
paragrafi V _ elitizmis aRwera
paragrafi VI _ pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
paragrafi VII _ neomarqsizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
paragrafi VIII _ neomarqsizmis Zlieri mxareebi, neomarqsizmisa da
pluralizmis susti mxareebi
paragrafi IX _ elitizmis susti mxareebi
paragrafi X _ daskvna

zomiereba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois
gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles
moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.
mas Semdeg, rac ideebis generaciis teqnikasa da paragrafebis struqtuirebis
xelovnebas gavecaniT, uSualod argumentirebuli eses struqturasa da misi
TiToeuli nawilis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT:
saTauri
argumentirebuli ese saTauri dasrulebuli winadadeba, romelic
aucileblad or spirispiro pozicias gamoxatavs, Tumca avtoris gadasawyvetia,
Tu romel poziciis dasabuTebas apirebs. mag.: argumentirebuli eses saTauri
SeiZleba iyos `sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia~ da am saTauris qveS avtori im
pozicias daasabuTebs, romelsac emxroba _ mas SeuZlia asabuTos, rom
sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebulia an gaumarTlebeli. magram argumentirebuli
eses saTauri ver iqneba `Tanamedrove msoflioSi sikvdiliT dasja~, radgan
msgavsi saTauri mxolod informaciis gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva da masSi ar
Cans sapirispiro poziciebi, Sesabamisad, arc argumentirebas moiTxovs.
savarjiSo #4: studentebi sTavazoben pedagogs argumentirebuli eses
saTauris nimuSebs da asabuTeben TiToeulis Sesabamisobas.
studentma SeamCnia, rom neomarqsizmisa da elitizmis aRweras TiTo

paragrafi ukavia, pluralizmis aRweras ki _ ori paragrafi. man gadawyvita, rom
me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi SeeerTebina. studentma isic SeamCnia, rom naSromis
meore nawili erTi Teoriidan meoreze xtoda, warmogvidgenda ra TiToeuli
Teoriis analizs da Semdeg TiToeuli Teoriis sisustes. man gadawyvita erT
paragrafSi gaeerTianebina pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi da am
Teoriis sisusteebi (me-6 paragrafi); agreTve erTad moeTavsebina elitizmis
analizi da misi sisusteebi; Semdeg ki ori paragrafi daeTmo neomarqsizmis
analizisa da misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis ganxilvisaTvis.
students SeiZleba daevalos naSromis formaluri gegmis Seqmnac, romelic
misi naSromis saboloo versias daerTveba da mkiTxvelisaTvis gzismkvlevi
iqneba. formaluri gegmis Seqmnis ori gzaa: 1. Tematur gegmebSi, ideebi paraleluri frazebis saxiTaa warmodgenili anu msgavsi gramatikuli struqtura
aqvT. rogorc wesi, aseTi gegma SedarebiT mokle da lakonuria; 2.
winadadebebisgan Semdgar gegmebSi, ideebi sruli winadadebebis saxiTaa
warmodgenili, Tumca isini SeiZleba arc iyos paraleluri. winadadebebisagan
Semdgari gegma ufro detalurad acnobs mkiTxvels avtoris argumentebs.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis formalur gegmas airCevs studenti, man
aucileblad TezisiT unda daiwyos da mkacrad gansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas
misdios, vTqvaT, I., A., 1., a., (1), (a). warmogidgenT formalur-Tematuri gegmis
nimuSs:
I. politikuri Teoriebis funqciebi
A. iaraRi mkvlevaris xelSi mTavrobis gasaanalizeblad
1. kategorizacia
2. Sedareba
B. SezRudva: zedmetad martivi
II. sami politikuri Teoria
A. neomarqsizmi
1. definicia
2. aRwera
B. pluralizmi
1. definicia
2. aRwera
C. elitizmi
Sesavali
Sesavali sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:
`kauWis~ funqcia, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesavlis pirveli winadadebebi
mimarTulia imaze, rom daainteresos, `daiWiros~ mkiTxveli, cdilobs ra
daarwmunos, rom warmodgenili ese Rirs imad, mkiTxvelma dro daxarjos mis
wasakiTxad.
safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba. mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebis Semdeg, avtorma mas eses Seqmnis mizezi unda gaacnos. magram pirdapir avtoris poziciis wardgena ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, radgan aman SeiZleba
daabnios mkiTxveli, romelsac garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia
sWirdeba, rom momzadebuli Sexvdes avtoris pozicias.
Tezisis wardgena. Tezisi avtoris ZiriTad pozicias niSnavs, romlis
dasabuTebasac emsaxureba argumentirebuli ese. rogorc wesi, Tezisi erTi-ori
winadadebisagan Sedgeba (faqtiurad, es aris mTliani eses Sejameba erTi-ori
winadadebiT) da misi mizania gaacnos mkiTxvels, Tu ris dasabuTebas apirebs
avtori da ras Seexeba misi ZiriTadi argumentebi. Cveulebriv, Tezisi Sesavlis
bolo winadadebas warmoadgens [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring
Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
savarjiSo #5. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs
gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgania argumentirebadi, amdenad, gamodgeba Tezisad.
magaliTad:
universitetis studentebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT airCion
maTTvis saintereso kursebi;
Cvens universitetSi gacilebiT meti studentia, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva
universitetebSi;
100-baliani Sefasebis sistema akuratulad ver asaxavs studentTa
inteleqtualur miRwevebs;
studentebis xma gadamwyveti unda iyos, roca fakultetze pedagogebis
datoveba-daTxovnis sakiTxi dgas;
arsebobs uamravi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos ese gamocdis
60
17
Catarebis efeqtur saSualebad.

pirveli, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebi gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan
isini argumentirebadia. magaliTad, erTma mxarem SeiZleba asabuTos, rom
studnetebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT kursebis arCevisas, maSin roca
meore mxare SeiZleba amtkicebdes, rom fakultetma Tavad unda gansazRvros
studentebisaTvis aucilebeli kursebi. meore da mexuTe winadadebebi ar
gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan meore winadadeba faqts warmoadgens,
romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad statistikuri monacemebic sakmarisia; mexuTe
winadadebaSi ki avtori ar asabuTebs Tavis pozicias, Sesabamisad, sapirispiro
poziciis wardgenac azrs moklebulia.
Sesavlis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, ramdenime sityviT mis Sinaarssac
SevexoT. studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu riT daiwyon wera. akademiuri
weris specialistebi gvTavazoben eses Sesavlis oTx ZiriTad variants:
zogadidan specifikuris mimarTulebiT moZraoba. vidre uSualod sakiTxze
gadavidodes, avtorma garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miawodos
mkiTxvels da Tanmimdevrulad unda imoZraos zogadidan konkretulis
mimarTulebiT, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels misdios mis logikas.
dramatuli Sesavali, romelic pirdapir moqmedebis centrSi (siuJetSi)
`gadaisvris~ mkiTxvels
Sesabamisi citatis moxmoba, rac pirveli winadadebebidanve emsaxureba
avtoris poziciis ganmtkicebas
kontrargumentiT dawyeba, Semdeg sakuTari Tezisis SeTavazeba da mkiTxvelisaTvis sapirispiro poziciebs Soris kontrastis demonstrireba. [Smalley, R. L.,
Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and
Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]
Tu ra tipis Sesavals airCevs avtori, gansaxilvel sakiTxsa da mis
gemovnebazea damokidebuli.
savarjiSo #6. studentebi irCeven saTaurs savarjiSo 4-Si SemoTavazebuli
saTaurebis siidan da weren argumentirebuli eses Sesavals.
ZiriTadi nawili
argumentebis wardgena
argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad nawilSi avtori sakuTar argumentebsa da maT
mxardaWeras gvTavazobs, agreTve waradgens da ukuagdebs oponentTa savarudo
arguments. argumentebis saSualo raodenobaa 3-4, radgan samze naklebi
argumenti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom avtorma gansaxilveli sakiTxis
sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas; oTxze meti argumentis wardgenisas ki, erTi mxriv,
avtoris yvela argumenti ver iqneba erTnairad Zlieri da, rogorc wesi,
argumentebis rodenobis zrdasTan erTad, Cveni fantaziac iwureba, meore mxriv
ki, mkiTxvelic iRleba da interess kargavs.
ar arsebobs mkacri wesi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT argumentebi,
Tumca SegviZlia gamoviyenoT garkveuli teqnika, raTa isini efeqturad
warmovadginoT. aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT argumentis wardgenis Semdegi
Tanmimdevroba:
siZlieriT meore adgilze mdgomi argumenti;
naklebad Zlieri argumenti;
yvelaze Zlieri argumenti;
amgvari Tanmimdevroba dagvexmareba imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi
STabeWdileba movaxdinoT mkiTxvelze, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, adamianebs pirveli
da bolo punqtebi yvelze ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, meore mxriv ki, yvelaze Zlieri
18
am yvelafers ki jer naSromis struqturuli gegmis, Semdeg ki misi pirveli

versiis Seqmna mosdevs.
rogor unda Seiqmnas kvleviTi naSromis struqturuli gegma da ra mizans
emsaxureba is?
naSromis gegma avtorisTvis gzismkvlevs warmoadgens, radgan is naSromis
mTliani struqturis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. masSi Tanmimdevruladaa
warmodgenili avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi da qveargumentebi; amdenad,
naSromis gegmis umTavresi funqciaa daexmaros avtors, rac SeiZleba efeqturi
gziT gadmosces saTqmeli. kvleviTi naSromis saboloo gegma xSirad misi sarCevis
funqciasac asrulebs.
nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT kvleviTi naSromis gegma, romelSic sami
politikuri Teoriaa ganxiluli: neomarqsizmi, pluralizmi da elitizmi.
vTqvaT, studenti adgens naSromis sawyis gegmas da am etapze saTanadod mxolod
pirvel or Teorias icnobs, mesamis Sesaxeb ki met informacias saWiroebs. misi
sawyisi gegma Semdegi saxis iqneba:
neomarqsizmi
Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia
aqcents svams ekonomikaze
pluralizmi
Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia
aqcents svams jgufebs Soris koaliciaze
elitizmi
definicia
aRwera
analizi: SeerTebuli Statebi
neomarqsizmi
pluralizmi
elitizmi
zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi samuSao gegmaa, romelic avtors naSromis sawyisi
versiis SeqnaSi exmareba da saSualebas aZlevs upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor
vapireb informaciis warmodgenas, viTvaliswineb ra Cems mizans, mkiTxvelsa da
ZiriTad pozicias?
Semdgom etapze stundenti gaecno mesame Teoriasac. axla misi mizania,
aRweris samive Teoria da Seadaros isini erTmaneTs konkretuli qveynis
mTavrobis magaliTze; imavdroulad asabuTebs ra, rom neomarqsizmi mocemul
pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa. marTalia, misi naSromis samuSao gegma ar
aris Zalian formaluri, magram is kargi struqturuli gegmis pirobebs akmayofilebs, radgan ganamtkicebs studentis pozicias, Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens
ZiriTad sakiTxebs da naTelyofs kavSirs pirvelxarisxovan da meorexarisxovan
sakiTxebs Soris. warmogidgenT naSromis gegmis meore versias:
Sesavali
_ Teoriebi ufro martivia, vidre realuri cxovreba
_ Teoriebi iaraRad gamogvadgeba
sami politikuri Teoria
_ neomarqsizmi
aqcentirebulia ekonomikuri kontrolis mniSvneloba
_ pluralizmi
interesebis mqone jgufebi qmnian koalicias
_ elitizmi
Zalaufleba elitis xelSia
elitis definicia
SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
_ neomarqsizmi
_ pluralizmi
59
konkretul gzas.
roca sakvlevi problema dasmulia da Tezisi Camoyalibebuli, Semdegi
nabijia uSualod wyaroebis moZieba, raTa dasmul problemas vupasuxoT da Cveni
Tezisi Sesabamisi Teoriis safuZvelze ganvamtkicoT. arsebobs informaciis sami
ZiriTadi wyaro, romlis gamoyenebac students SeuZlia: biblioTeka (wignebi,
Jurnalebi, leqsikonebi da sxva nabeWdi masala), interneti da sxva wyaroebi (CD,
kasetebi, kinofirebi da a.S.).
magram sanam am wyaroebs uSualod gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia maTSi
warmodgenili informaciis Sefaseba, risTvisac studentma Semdeg SekiTxvebze
unda gasces pasuxi:
ramdenad pasuxobs mocemuli wyaro Cems sakvlev problemas?
ramdenad sandoa informacia, anu aris Tu ara is eqspertis mier
mowodebuli?
ramdenad sandoa Tavad wyaro?
arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva wyaroebic?
pirvel SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom zogadad vecnobiT ama Tu im wyaros
Sinaarss, vTqvaT, gadavxedavT wignis an Jurnalis sarCevs an indeqss, gavecnobiT
mis anotacias, Tvals gadavavlebT qvesaTaurebs da a.S., ris safuZvelzec zogadi
warmodgena gveqmneba misi struqturisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.
meore SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom vadgenT, Tu ramdenad xSirad
moixsenieben avtors specialur literaturaSi, ramdenad avtoritetulia is
aRniSnul sferoSi, ramdeni naSromis avtoria da a.S.
mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: 1.
ramdenad miukerZoebelia avtori (ar xelmZRvanelobs politikuri, religiuri
Tu sxva mosazrebebiT); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs Tu ara Tavad avtors sakuTari
informaciis wyaroebi; 3. aRwers Tu ara Tavad avtori ara marto miRebul
Sedegebs, aramed kvlevis meTodologiasac, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebeli iyos am Sedegebis gadamowmeba; 4. ramdenad axalia wyaro. SesaZloa,
istoriaSi amas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, magram socialur mecnierebebSi Zalian
mniSvnelovania, rom informacia, rac SeiZleba axal kvlevebze iyos agebuli,
vinaidan socialuri samyaro mudmivad icvleba da SesaZloa garkveuli
monacemebi kargad aRwers 10 wlis win arsebul viTarebas, magram sruliad ar
Seesabameba Tanamedrove realobas.
da bolos, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ramdeni wyaros moZiebaa
SesaZlebeli mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rac ufro met wyaros
moipovebs studenti da maT SedarebiT analizs moaxdens miT ufro sandod da
dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba misi informacia [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved
22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].
rac Seexeba moZiebuli wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoRebas,
akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, rom informaciis moniSvnisaTvis
Zalian efeqturia SeniSvnebis baraTebis keTeba. es aris momcro zomis baraTebi
da TiToeulze erTi konkretuli saxis informaciaa warmodgenili (wyaros sruli
miTiTebiT, gverdebis CaTvliT). es informacia SeiZleba iyos citata,
perifrazirebis nimuSi, avtoris idealebis Sejameba an piradi komentari
naSromis garkveul nawilTan, an avtoris garkveul argumentTan dakavSirebiT. ra
saxis informaciasTanac ar unda hqondes saqme, studentma unda daimaxsovros,
rom erT baraTze mxolod erTi saxis informacia unda miuTiTos. mogvianebiT, mas
SeuZlia Tematurad daalagos baraTebi da, am gziT, naSromis garkveuli Tavebi
Tu qveTavebi miiRos. baraTebis sistema students im mxrivac umartivebs
amocanas, rom, radgan TiToeul baraTze srulad aris miTiTebuli wyaro
(gverdebis CaTvliT), students aRar sWirdeba wyarosTan mibruneba da
informaciis sandoobis gadamowmeba; da Tundac metad detaluri informacia
dasWirdes, gacilebiT martivad moiZiebs mas, radgan baraTze misi zusti
adgilmdebareoba aqvs miTiTebuli.
Semdeg etapze students uSualod citatebTan, perifrazirebasa da
SejamebasTan aqvs saqme, rac detalurad ganvixileT kritikis Janrze saubrisas.
58
argumentiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels vafiqrebinebT, rom araTu ideebi

amogvewura, aramed Segvwevs unari kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani argumenti
warmovadginoT.
argumentebis mofiqrebasa da maTi siZlieris SefasebaSi, momxremowinaaRmdegis sqema dagvexmareba, romlis nimuSsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
Tezisi: marixuanis moweva legalizebul unda iqnes
momxre
mowinaaRmdege
1. is umtkivneulo gasarTobia
1. is miCvevas iwvevs
2. saxelmwifos SeuZlia misi

gayidvidan Semosavlis miReba
2. saxelmwifom unda akrZalos saziano

narkotikuli saSualebebis
cirkulacia
3. is wamlad gamodgeba
3. misi gavlenis qveS myofma adamianma

SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs
4. mravali adamiani isedac moixmars

mas
4. mis gamoyenebas mivyavarT sxva ufro

saSiSi narkotikebis gamoyenebamde
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]
am sqemis safuZvelze, SegviZlia `CamovyaroT~ orive poziciis Sesabamisi
argumentebi, davalagoT isini siZlieris mixedviT da sabolood gadavwyvitoT,
Tu romeli poziciis mxardaWeras vapirebT da ratom. garda amisa, mocemuli sqema
gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT oponentTa savaraudo argumentebic, vinaidan TiToeul
arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs sapirispiro grafaSi.
savarjiSo #7. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs argumentis nimuSebs da
sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgani gamodgeba argumentad da ratom.
magaliTad:
zogierTi adamiani mudam saqmes ufuWebs sxvebs (ar gamodgeba argumentad,
radgan Zalian zogadia da gaurkvvlia, Tu risi Tqma surs avtors).
daufiqrebeli fanebis mier atexili aurzauri skolis safexburTo matCis
CaSlis mTavari mizezia (kargia, radgan zeda winadadebaSi Cadebuli azri ukve
dakonkretebulia da naTelia mkiTxvelisaTvis). amave dros sakamaToa, radgan
viRacas SeiZleba miaCndes, rom matCis CaSlas sxva mizezebi ganapirobebs).
Tanamedrove pirobebSi korufcia Rrmad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi
(gamodgeba Tezisad da ara argumentad, radgan avtoris zogad pozicias gamoxatavs. argumentad gamodgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis sxvadasxva aspeqts davakonkretebT, kerZod, vityviT, rom korufcia farTod gavrcelebulia umaRlesi
ganaTlebis sferoSi, da Sesabamis mxardaWerasac movitanT).
vaSli xilia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan obieqturi faqtia
warmodgens)
vaSli gemrielia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan gemovnebis sakiTxia da
ver ikamaTeb)
soflis meurneobis saministrom unda waaxalisos glexebi, rac SeiZleba
meti vaSli moiyvanon (kargia, radgan Sesabamisi mxadaWeris SemTxvvaSi,
SesaZlebelia misi dasabuTeba).
savarjiSo #8. studentebi ageben momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqemas savarjiSo 6Si arCeuli Temis safuZvelze. sqemebis prezentacia da jgufuri diskusia.
mxolod argumentebis wardgena ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa Tezisi
dasabuTebulad CaiTvalos. ucilebelia, rom argumentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera
axldes, radgan swored Zlieri mxardaWera ganapirobebs argumentis damaje19
reblobas; damajerebeli argumenti ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs avtoris

poziciis siZlieres.
mxardaWera, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxis iyos. es SeiZleba iyos yoveldRiuri
faqtebi, statistikuri monacemebi, cnobil adamianTa citireba, eqspertTa
Sefasebebi, piradi gamocdileba da a.S. avtoris mizania, misi mxardaWera rac
SeiZleba efeqturi da damajerebeli iyos, da konkretulad ra saxis mxardaWeras
gamoiyenebs, konteqstsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, literaturis sferoSi, cnobil mweralTa citireba ufro gamodgeba mxardaWerad,
socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki, statistikuri monacemebi da eqspertTa
Sefasebebi.
savarjiSo #9: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs paragrafebs da sTxovs
gamoarCion argumenti da misi mxardaWera; amasTan, gansazRvron, Tu ra tipis
mxardaWeraa warmodgenili.
savarjiSo 1#0. studentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera moaqvT savarjiSo 8-Si
warmodgenili argumentebis gasamyareblad.
kontrargumentis ukugdeba
argumentireba aucileblad gulisxmobs sapirispiro poziciis arsebobas.
amitom, mkiTxvelis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, avtorma ara marto sakuTari
pozicia unda axsnas da daasabuTos, aramed oponentis savaraudo argumentic
unda gansWvritos da ukuagdos. oponentis argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba
aucilebelia, radgan sazogadoebaSi iarsebebs adamianTa Tundac mcirericxovani
jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebisaa, rac mkiTxvelisaTvis isedac
cnobilia. am sapirispiro azris gauTvaliswinebloba isev avtoris poziciis
sisusteze metyvelebs, radgan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mas ar Seswevs unari
`SeeWidos~ oponentebs. Tanac, avtorma oponentTa yvelaze Zlieri argumentis
ukugdeba unda scados, rac kidev erTxel daarwmunebs mkiTxvels misi poziciis
damajereblobaSi. rac Seexeba yvelaze Zlieri kontrargumentis gansazRvras,
amaSi avtors momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqema daexmareba, sadac mis yovel arguments
Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs.
oponentTa argumentebis Sefasebisas, aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswineba:
ramdenad Zlieria Cemi oponentebis argumentebi?
misaRebia CemTvis romelime maTgani, Tundac nawilobriv?
ramdenad axlos idgeba mkiTxveli Cemi oponentebis poziciasTan?
xom ar aris raime logikuri sisuste Cemi oponentebis poziciaSi?
namdvilad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac oponentebi
gvTavazoben?
yvela faqti aqvT maT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu mxolod maTTvis xelsayreli
faqtebi?
xom ar aris oponentTa daskvnebi gamotanili sakamaTo ganzogadebebis
safuZvelze?
xom ar aris oponentTa argumentebi mimarTuli mkiTxvelis emociebze?
xom ar gvTavazoben oponentebi, rom esa Tu is idea Tu moqmedebis taqtika
kargia mxolod imitom, rom garkveuli individebi/jgufebi iziareben mas an
iqcevian ase?
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad farTo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver

SeZlebT saTanado Tezisis Camoyalibebasa da warmatebiT mxardaWeras;
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver
moiZiebT sakmaris masalas mis dasasabuTeblad;
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad teqnikuri anu moiTxovdes specialur
codnas, romelic ar gagaCniaT;
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad ordinaluri, romlis Sesaxebac yvelam
icis da amitom mkiTxvelisTvis mosawyenad JRers;
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi,
gagiWirdebaT misi dasabuTeba.
[Steps in Writing a Research Paper.
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].
Retrieved
22
May,
2005
from
savarjiSo #1: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi problemebis

nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, romeli gamodgeba sakvlev problemad da ratom.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
1.
axalgazrdebis mier 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebani;
2.
riTi SevamciroT axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebani
saqarTveloSi?
3.
axdens ganaTleba gavlenas axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebze
saqarTveloSi?
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian viwroa
da statistikuri monacemebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia, raTa mas vupasuxoT; meore
winadadebac ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian farToa da mTeli
rigi
faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebas
miTxovs,
kerZod,
fsiqologiuris,
socialuris, iuridiulis da ekonomikuris, rac erTi disciplinis farglebs
scdeba; mesame problema gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is fokusirebulia
erT konkretul sakiTxze, romlis kvleva da Semowmeba SesaZlebelia.
mas Semdeg, rac sakvlevi problema dasmulia, aucilebelia sakvlevi Tezisis
Camoyalibeba, sakvlevi Tezisi warmoadgens savaraudo pasuxs Cvens mier dasmul
sakvlev problemaze, amitom SesavalSi mas hipoTezis forma aqvs, daskvnaSi ki
dasabuTebuli da Camoyalibebuli Tezisisa. is imave moTxovnebs unda
akmayofilebdes, rasac sakvlevi problema, anu Semowmebadi unda iyos, arc
zedmetad farTo unda iyos da arc zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdegobrivi ar unda
iyos da a.S. vinaidan Tezisi sakvlevi problemis pasuxia mas aucileblad
argumentis forma unda hqondes da ara SekiTxvisa.
savarjiSo #2: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi Tezisis nimuSebs da
sTxovs gansazRvron romeli warmoadgens saTanado Teziss da ratom. magaliTis
saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
kompromisuri pozicia
arsebobs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba oponentTa poziciis mimarT,
romelic cnobili fsiqologis karl rojersis komunikaciis Teoriidan iRebs
1. mozardTa uwignuroba safrTxes uqmnis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

2. rogor gadavWraT mozardTa uwignurobis problema Tanamedrove
saqarTveloSi?
3. saqarTveloSi, mozardTa uwignurobaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi axdens.
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is zedmetad
farToa. arc meore winadadeba gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is problemas
wamoWris da ara masze SesaZlo pasuxs gvTavazobs (Tanac SekiTxvis forma aqvs);
mesame winadadeba ki namdvilad warmoadgens sakvlev Teziss, radgan is
gvTavazobs arsebuli viTarebis axsnisa da problemebis SesaZlo gadaWris
20
57
savarjiSo #11. studentebi ukuagdeben savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenil

kontrargumentebs.
naSromis pirveli gverdi imeorebs saTaurs, romelic moTavsebulia

gverdis centrSi da 2-intervaliTaa daSorebuli teqstidan;
yvela paragrafi 5-intervaliani abzaciT iwyeba;
Sesavali usaTauroa, yvela danarCeni nawili ki (meTodebi, Sedegebi,
diskusia/daskvna, bibliografia) saTauriani; isini damoukidebel Tavebs
warmoadgenen, amitom TiToeuli maTgani axali gverdidan iwyeba;
yvela saTauri didi SriftiT aris dabeWdili da centrSi
gaTanabrebuli;
nebismieri cxrili da grafiki moTavsebulia Sesabamis adgilas teqstSi:
mokle cxrilebi da grafikebi CarTulia teqstebs Soris imave gverdze;
grZeli cxrilebi da grafikebi calke gverdzea moTavsebuli, uSualod
im gverdis Semdeg, romelzec isini pirveladaa naxsenebi;
saTaurebi dgas cxrilebis dasawyisSi da grafikebis bolos;
nebismieri danarTi, romelic statistikur monacemebs gvacnobs,
moTavsebulia sul bolos, bibliografiis Semdeg;
TiToeuli danarTi iwyeba axali gverdidan;
gverdis nomeri danarTSic unda iyos miTiTebuli;
saTaves. tradiciuli argumentirebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar cdilobs

`gamarjveba moipovos~ oponentTa poziciaze, aramed garkveuli kompromisis
SemoTavazebis gziT, cdilobs daabalansos sapirispiro poziciebi, iTvaliswinebs ra orive mxaris Zlier argumentebs.
k. rojersis Tanaxmad, muqara aferxebs komunikacias. isini, vinc muqaras
grZnoben, wyveten komunikacias da aRar usmenen mosaubres. garda amisa, rac ufro
metad Seutev oponents, miT ufro Zlieria misi mxridan winaaRmdegobac. am
muqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod neitraluri, obieqturi tonis
SenarCunebiTa da oponentisaTvis imis CvenebiT, rom mis pozicias gagebiT
ekidebi.
rojersiseuli argumentis Semadgeneli komponentebia:
mokle da obieqturi Tezisi, romelic problemis zogad gansazRvrebas
iZleva;
oponentTa poziciis Rrma, amave dros, neitraluri analizi, rac imis
gamomxatvelia, rom gagebiT ekidebi sapirispiro pozicias;
sakuTari poziciis Rrma da neitraluri analizi ise, rom ar asabuTeb
Seni poziciis upiratesobas;
imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra saerToa Tqvens poziciebs Soris;
problemis gadaWris SemoTavazeba, romelic orive mxaris interesebs
iTvaliswinebs. [Hairston, M. (1982). A Contemporary Rhetoric (3rd ed.) Boston. Houghton
Mifflin.]
danarTis saTaurebi ,,danarTi 1, ,,danarTi 2 da a.S. gaTanabrebulia

gverdis centrSi. [Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York:
Macmillan Reference USA.]
am saerTo maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvis Semdeg, uSualod kvleviTi naSromis
struqturasa da Sinaarsze gadavideT. daviwyoT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi
naSromiT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnisas, studentma Semdegi safexurebi
unda gaiaros miTiTebuli TanmimdevrobiT:
sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba;
wyaroebis moZieba;
wyaroebis Sefaseba;
wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna, amoReba;
citatebze muSaoba;
perifrazireba da Sejameba;
naSromis pirveli versis Seqmna;
bibliografiis miTiTeba;
naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna.
sakvlevi problemis dasmisas, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:
sakiTxi aucileblad aqtualuri da saintereso unda iyos, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba mkiTxvelis daintereseba da misi darwmuneba
imaSi, rom Rirs drois daxarjva am naSromis wakiTxvisas;
sakiTxi aucileblad Semowmebadi unda iyos, anu sxva mkvlevars,
survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda SeeZlos Tqveni monacemebis gadamowmeba,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini arasandod CaiTvleba;
56
21
daskvna
daskvna argumentirebuli eses umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan is ajamebs
avtoris pozicias da saboloo STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. Sesavlis
msgavsad, isic sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:
avtoris argumentebis Sejameba TiTo winadadebiT;
Tezisis gameoreba, oRond sxva sityvebiT, rom avtorma kidev erTxel
daafiqsiros pozicia, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis mosabezreblad ar JRerdes;
problemis ganxilva momavlis WrilSi, rac mkiTxvels safiqrals
dautovebs, vTqvaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenos mocemuli ese realur cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi.
vinaidan daskvna ZiriTad nawilSi warmodgenili argumentebis Sejamebas
axdens, yovelmxriv unda moveridoT am etapze axali sakiTxebis wamoWras. Tu
vfiqrobT, rom raime mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa, axali paragrafi unda davumatoT
ZiriTad nawils da iq ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. mxolod amis Semdeg davweroT
daskvna, romelic modificirebul saxes miiRebs.
savarjiSo #12: studentebi weren argumentirebuli eses daskvnas.
savarjiSo #13: argumentirebuli eses pirveli versiis prezentacia:
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.
roca argumentirebuli eses pirveli versia Seqmnilia, aucilebelia misi
gamarTulobis Semowmeba, risTvisac akademiuri weris specialistebi Semdeg
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas gvTavazoben:
eses Semowmeba
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
ipyrobs Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?

ra aris eses Tezisi?
aris Tezisi naTeli da sakmarisad dakonkretebuli?
gaqvT raime rCeva SesavalTan an TezisTan dakavSirebiT?
ra principiTaa ese organizebuli? aris misi struqtura efeqturi?
aris ese logikuri da Sekruli?
yvela paragrafi ganamtkicebs Teziss?
gaqvT raime rCeva paragrafebTan dakavSirebiT?
aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli mxardaWeriT?
gaqvT raime rCeva mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT?
10. aris saWiro esesTvis raimes damateba an raimes amoReba?
11. aris daskvna logikuri? aris is saintereso? gaqvT raime rCeva daskvnasTan
dakavSirebiT?
12. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? romel nawils sWirdeba gaumjobeseba?
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]
Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi

kvleviTi naSromi warmoadgens akademiuri problemis werilobiTi formiT
gadaWras sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis an Tavad studentis mier Catarebuli
empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, is ori saxisaa: sabiblioTeko da
eqsperimentuli. es ori saxis kvleviTi naSromi sxvadasxva mizans emsaxureba:
pirveli ajamebs da afasebs arsebul wyaroebs, raTa sakuTari Tezisi ganaviTaros; meore ki moipovebs pirvelad informacias socialuri kvlevis
sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT, iqneba es eqsperimenti, interviu, kontentanalizi, Tu sxv. miznidan gamomdinare, maTi struqturac gansxvavebulia. Tumca
unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTuli kvleviTi naSromi, iqneba es sabiblioTeko Tu
eqsperimentuli, msgavsi niSnebiT gamoirCeva:
naSromSi gansazRvrulia problemis aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da
amocanebi;
naSromSi naTladaa gaazrebuli problemis irgvliv arsebuli wyaroebi;
naSromi struqturulad gamarTulia;
naSromi logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva;
naSromi akademiuri stiliT aris Sesrulebuli;
naSromi sworad da akuratulad axdens citirebas, perifrazirebasa da
Sejamebas;
naSromSi sworad da akuratuladaa miTiTebuli ,,CarTulebi;
naSromSi mkacrad aris daculi wyaroebis miTiTebis erTi gansazRvruli
formati.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri kvleviTi naSromi sabibilioTekoa is Tu
eqsperimentuli, garkveulwilad msgavsadaa organizebuli, rasac qvemoT
SemogTavazebT APA formatis farglebSi. rogorc iTqva, amerikis fsiqologiuri
asociaciis _ APA-s mier SemoTavazebuli formati, erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi da, kritikaze saubrisas, ukve
ganvixileT, Tu rogor unda mivuTiToT ,,CarTulebi misi gamoyenebiT. gavecnoT
APA stilis gamoyenebas naSromis mTlian struqturaSi:
saTauris gverdi moicavs sam ZiriTad saTaurs:

naSromis saTauri (maqsimum 10-12 sityva.);
studentis saxeli da gvari;
saswavlo dawesebuleba.
TiToeuls Soris daSoreba ori 2-2 intervalia da gaTanabrebulia gverdis
centrSi marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qvemoT. Tu naSromis saTaurs erT
striqonze meti ukavia, isic 2-intervaliania.
saTauris gverds mosdevs anotacia anu abstraqti, rac naSromis Sejamebaa. is
moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi, 2 intervaliTaa daSorebuli saTauridan da
warmoadgens erT paragrafs, romelic abzacis gareSea dawerili. anotacia
Sedgeba 75-100 sityvisagan Teoriuli naSromebisaTvis da 100-150 sityvisagan
empiriuli naSromebisaTvis.
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iTvaliswinebs Semdeg detalebs:
gverdi yoveli mxridan 1.5 intervaliTaa daSorebuli;
mTeli naSromi 2-intervaliania, garda mcirericxovani gamonaklisebisa:
cxrilebsa da grafikebSi nebadarTulia 1-intervalis gamoyeneba; qvesaTaurebisa
da sqolios win, agreTve teqstSi cxrilebis win da Semdeg, 3-4 intervalis
gamoyenebaa nebadarTuli;
22
55
specialur klasebSi.
aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul
moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver
axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es
Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan
fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis
gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi
specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle
gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli
azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli
magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi
maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erTerTi klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi
ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise
Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am
yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is
frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis
saSiSroebasac isevdaisev grZnobs.
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ekonomikuri pirobebi da amiT gamowveuli problemebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen moswavleebze. samwuxarod, am sakiTxze ar
saubrobs pedagogi, Tumca damajereblad msjelobs bavSvTa fsiqologi, bevr did
qalaqSi moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian sxvadasxva programebSi, uunarod
miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba dabali fenis ojaxebidanaa. es
xelisSemSleli pirobebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs moswavleebze da iwvevs
stimulis dakargvasa da imedgacruebas. istorias Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, amis
damadasturebel magaliTebs uamravs moviZiebT. rogorc cnobilia, warsulSi
mxolod didgvarovan ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs hqondaT ufleba mieRoT
ganaTleba. Raribi bavSvebi ki, didi survilis miuxedavad, uswavlelni rCebodnen.
Tundac gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, romelic maSindel relobas
asaxavs. codnas mowyurebuli Raribi gabro verasodes SeZlebda ganaTlebis
miRebas, rom ara is bednieri SemTxveva, romelmac glexis biWi uangarod momuSave
maswavlebels Seaxvedra.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom specialur
klasebSi niWier moswavleTa dajgufeba ar aris mizanSewonili, radganac
SevamCnevdiT, rom ufro zustad mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze mogviwia saubari,
vidre dadebiTze. absoluturad miuReblad mimaCnia nebismieri wamowyeba Tu
reforma, romelic bavSvebSi emociuri mdgomareobis gamZafrebas iwvevs da
difuzurs xdis maT Sinagan samyaros. es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba niWieri
adamianebi. piriqiT, maTi arsebobis gareSe ver ganviTardeboda msoflio ise,
rogorc dRes aris; ubralod saWiroa sxvadasxva kargad dagegmili, frTxili
eqsperimentebisa da kvlevebis Catareba, raTa davadginoT Tu rogor miviRoT
sasurveli Sedegi ise, rom arc sust moswavles gavuCinoT arasrulfasovnebis
gancda da arc niWieri moswavle davCagroT.
54
savarjiSo #14: argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna.
nimuSi 1
globalizacia dadebiTi procesia
XX saukunis dasawyisidanve SeamCnia msofliom axladganviTarebuli,
swrafadmzardi procesi. ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi veRar
eteoda erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi, gadadioda sxva qveynebSi da iwvevda maT
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul unifikacias. sociologiuri azrovneba
Zalze gvian dafiqrda am stiqiur procesze da mas globalizacia uwoda.
adamianebi gauTaveblad msjeloben mis mniSvnelobaze. ismis uamravi kiTxva da
arsebobs uamravi pasuxi. globalizacia warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodis
yvelaze farTod gamoyenebul, Tumca yvelaze bundovan, Tezisze gadasvla ufro
TvalsaCino da logikuri unda iyos! amave dros, politikurad yvelaze efeqtur
sityvas. globalizacia dResdReobiT negatiur movlenad gvevlineba, radganac
is araswori formiT warimarTeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi subieqti aris
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflioSi swored aSS-is
ekonomikis, teqnologiis, kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis globaluri gavrceleba
xdeba. msoflios mravali qveynis, maT Soris _ evropeli moazrovneebi mwvaved
reagireben am movlenaze. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis germaneli filosofosi ulrix
beki, romelic ambobs, rom globalizaciis dadebiT Tvisebebze iseve unayofoa
saubari da diskusia, rogorc pudingis kedelze lursmiT miWedeba. msoflio
amerikuli globalizmis xafangSia gabmuli.
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizacia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebasa da
Sromis dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi eqsports iwvevs. es im dros, roca uwyveti
ekonomikuri da transnacionaluri koncernebisa da sxvadasxva msxvili
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Semosavlebis zrdis miuxedavad, msoflioSi
mZvinvarebs umuSevrobis problema. globalizmis epoqaSi ekonomikis ganviTareba
erovnul-saxelmwifo kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, iseTi hegemoni
qveynebi, rogorebic iyvnen safrangeTi da germania, dResdReobiT aSS-sa da didi
britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, miekuTnebian globalizaciis procesSi wagebuli
qveynebis ricxvs. statistikis mixedviT, am qveynebSi umuSevroba sul mcire 30
procentiT gaizarda. gazeT `Spigelis~ erT-erTi nomeri aseTi fraziT iwyeba:
`Semosavlebi maRla micocavs, samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba~. aRmosavleT
germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari ki wers: `Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi. adamianis
saxis dakargvis aRwera SeuZlebelia~. is, rom samuSaos dakargva `saxis dakargvas~
iwvevs, albaT, msoflios saerTo tragedia unda iyos.
aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtori, rom globalizmi, romlis virusic mTel
msoflios Seeyara, seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul Rirebulebebs,
TviTidenturobas, warmoSobs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebs, rac xSirad
omebiT sruldeba. amis magaliTia aSS-erayis omi, romlis mizezi viTomda
msoflioSi demokratiuli principebis aRiareba da ganmtkicebaa, realurad ki
xalxi mxolod aSS-is interesebs ewireba. amasTanave xdeba ukiduresad
gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sejaxeba. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia axlo
aRmosavleTis regionis modernizacia da demokratiis dasavluri modelis
damkvidreba. aviRoT, magaliTad, qalTa uflebebi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom
arabeTis naxevar kunZulis qveynebis qalebma axlo momavalSi miiRon iseTi
uflebebi, rac dasavleTSi mcxovreb qalebs aqvT. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi
saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba,
romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq manqanis marTvis uflebasac ar aZleven.
yvelaze did ukmayofilebas dasavluri demokratiis modelis mimarT
gamoTqvamen islamuri religiuri partiebi da moZraobebi, romlebic xalxs
samarTlianobisa da maRali zneobis damkvidrebisken mouwodeben. aseT partiebis
SeuZliaT am maRali Rirebulebis mqone principebis damyareba, magram VII-VIII
saukunis normebiT. maT araferi eqnebaT saerTo dasavluri tipis demokratiul
faseulobebTan.
23
yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, albaT, gamoCndebian sawinaaRmdego azris

mqone adamianebic, romlebic ityvian: ratom oponirebT amJamindel politikur
tendenciebs da globalizaciis procesebs? is udavod exmareba sxva
saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebasa da erTmaneTtan mWidro kavSiris damyarebaSi,
amasTanave, xels uwyobs kacobriobis yvelaze didi monapovris _ demokratiuli
procesebis ganmtkicebas. magram Cven SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ase ar aris.
cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe lindon laruSi ambobs:
`saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma da gadawyvites
feodalizmisaken dabruneba, rasac lamazad `globalizacia~ da `Tavisufali
vaWroba~ uwodes. rogorc Cans, romis imperiis magaliTiT moxiblulebma,
faqtobrivad, iwyes msoflio imperiis Seneba, rac aris rogorc zneobrivi, aseve
ekonomikuri da politikuri sigiJe~. romis amJamindelma maSeneblebma TavianTi
miznebis realizacia daiwyes saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis ganadgurebiT. maTi
amocanaa erTi centridan kontrolirebadi saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelic
gadawyvets, Tu romels aqvs ganviTarebis ufleba da romels ekrZaleba arseboba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamad msoflios ZiriTadi birTvi amerika cdilobs
xelT igdos msoflios erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba, magram rogorc laruSi
ambobs: àmJamad cxovrebaSi damkvidrebuli utopia daimsxvreva ganviTarebis
zenitSi, iseve rogorc daeca romi~. rac Seexeba demokratias, xdeba ara zogadad
demokratiis ganmtkiceba, aramed msoflioSi dasavluri demokratia vrceldeba,
rac sasargebloa mxolod amerikisaTvis da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis. aSS Tavisi
miznebis misaRwevad yvela xerxs da meTods iyenebs da amas Tavisufal sityvasa da
demokratias uwodebs. amis magaliTia, ukve naxsenebi aSS-erayis omi, romelic
mimarTulia navTobiT mdidari teritoriis xelSi Casagdebad da ara msoflioSi
mSvidobis dasamkvidreblad. vfiqrob, am saeWvo omSi uazrod daRupuli uamravi
adamianis magaliTi sakmaod Zlieri safuZvelia imisTvis, rom amgvari demokratia
negatiur movlenad miviCnioT.
is, rom globalizacia gardauvali procesia, albaT, TiToeuli Cvengani

acnobierebs, magram es movlena kidev ufro mtkivneulad rom ar Seexos
saxelmwifoebs, vfiqrob, yoveli eri unda cdilobdes ipovos masSi qveynis
unikalurobis SenarCunebis resursi. is, rom msoflioSi xdeba yvelaferi
dasavluris popularizacia da gavrceleba, kacobrioba siRatakes ebrZvis da,
rom erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxe emuqreba, vfiqrob, sakmao argumentebia
imisTvis, rom globalizacia da msoflioSi arsebuli amJamindeli
tendenciebi uaryofiT procesad miviCnioT.
nimuSi 2
`globalizacia asaxavs yvela im process,
romelTa meSveobiTac msoflios xalxebi
erT msoflio sazogadoebaSi, globalur
sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian.~ martin elbrou
xSirad axali termini imitom xdeba popularuli, rom msoflioSi mimdinare
ama Tu im mniSvnelovan cvlilebas asaxavs. axali idea axali viTarebis aRsawerad
aris saWiro. 1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda saubari globalizaciaze, ramac
yoveldRiur azrovnebaSic iCina Tavi. Znelia im momentis zustad gansazRvra,
rodis daiwyo globalizacia. periodizacia xSirad sakamaToa, Tumca misi gavlena
kacobriobis didi nawilis cxovrebaze yvelaze intensiurad 1960-iani wlebidan
aris SesamCnevi, radgan swored am periodidan xdeba aSkara misi uaryofiTi
gavlena sxvadasxva kulturisa Tu aRmsareblobis erebze. dadga erovnuli
suverenitetisa
Tu
TviTmyofadobis
SenarCunebis
problemebi,
erTi
zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis zrdisa da e.w. mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro
dasustebis safrTxe: yovelive aman naTlad dagvanaxa, rom globalizacia
uaryofiTi movlenaa. dRes ki es procesi kidev ufro intensiuri da
problemuria, vidre odesme.
24
analitikuri referatis nimuSi 2

swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb
(analitikuri referati)
Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi
specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da
bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs.
pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens
saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs,
radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. zogadad
rom vimsjeloT, ganaTlebis sistema aris sfero, romelic yvelaze met
sifrTxiles da dakvirvebas moiTxovs, sanam raime gadawyvetileba iqneba miRebuli, radgan moswavleebi, mozardebi, studentebi arian adamianebi, romelTa
ganaTlebis safuZvelzec qveynisa Tu msoflios momavali igeba. am SemTxvevaSi ki
Secdomis daSveba dauSvebelia. amdenad, aucilebelia safuZvlianad ganvixiloT
es konkretuli sakiTxic _ niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba da
gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic mohyavT motsa da
betelhaims.
pirveli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec orive avtori amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, aris arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba, romelic uCndeba saSualo da
sust moswavleebs. bruno betelhaimis azriT, rodesac niWieri moswavle
specialur jgufSi gadahyavT, mas eWvi Seaqvs sakuTar ZalebSi da ipyrobs
SegrZneba, rom rTul amocanebs ver SeeWideba. Tumca am azrs ar eTanxmeba qeneT
moti da ambobs, rom amis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs; amasTanave, mas magaliTad
mohyavs is niWieri aTletebi, romlebic specialur klasebSi daajgufes da
ambobs, rom arc erTi maTgani zemodan ar dascqeris Tavis SedarebiT sust
tanatols. pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli gavarkvioT, saerTod ras niSnavs iyo
niWieri. aq, albaT, saubari inda iyos zogad azrovnebasa da codnaze da ara
aTletebze, risi magaliTic mohyavs qeneT mots da rac savsebiT ar warmoadgens
aucileblobas sxva moswavleTaTvis. aseve vfiqrob, rom mis sityvebs `niWieri
moswavleebi zemodan ar dascqerian sustebs~, sWirdeba saTanado dasabuTeba,
radganac, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi. swored
sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs 2000 wels safrangeTis erT-erT skolaSi momxdari
mkvleloba, romelic imitom moxda, rom erT-erTma gamorCeulma moswavlem
abuCad aigdo Tavisi Tanatoli, romelic gonebrivad da fizikurad ar iyo
srulfasovani; misma megobarma ki daicva igi da situacia ise gamwvavda, rom
sicocxles gamoasalma megobris damCagvreli klaseli.
aseve mniSvnelovania maswavleblisa da mSoblis roli srulfasovani
moswavleebis, rogorc `Rirsebebis mqone individebis,~ CamoyalibebaSi. am
sakiTxze saubrobs qeneT moti. misi azriT, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs
gveSinodes niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufebisa, radgan swored pedagogi
da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs moswavleebis ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. vfiqrob, maswavleblis faqtori umniSvnelovanesia, magram ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisTvis, rom amgvari dajgufeba
samarTlianad miviCnioT. pedagogs didi wvlili miuZRvis ara marto bavSvebis
aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis saqmeSi, aseve klasSi saerTo atmosferos SeqmnaSi,
magram maze Zlieri faqtori, romelic ufro metad axdens gavlenas moswavleebis
fsiqikaze, swored maTive urTierTdamokidebulebaa. pedagogi yovelTvis ver
akontrolebs moswavleTa qcevas, mas ZiriTadi aqcenti Tavis saganze da mis
Seswavlaze aqvs gadatanili, amitom SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCes is
araswori qmedeba, romelsac, vTqvaT, erTi moswavle meoris mimarT axorcielebs.
zemoT naxsenebi magaliTis msgavsi faqtebi bevri arsebobs, Tumca es ar
miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevebSi araprofesional pedagogebTan gvaqvs saqme.
es TavisTavad maTgan damoukideblad xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qeneT
motis Sexeduleba pedagogis rolze SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas, Tumca, vTvli,
rom argumentad ar gamodgeba imisTvis, rom daveTanxmoT niWierTa dajgufebas
53
Sesabamis jgufebSi, raTa SeZlon ukeT gaaRvivon sakuTari interesebi.

betelhaimis azriT ki, niWieri bavSvisaTvis Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi swavlis
gaxangrZliveba sulac araa saziano, piriqiT, am dros mas eufleba usafrTxoebis
grZnoba, xolo niWier bavSvebSi man SeiZleba Tavi sustad igrZnos, ris Sedegadac
sruliad daekargos swavlis survili.
aucilebelia Tanatolma mozardebma ganaTleba miiRon erTi da imave
programiT, raTa msgavsi sastarto pirobebi hqondeT. garda amisa, calke
dajgufebis SemTxvevaSi, xSiria cinikuri damokidebuleba niWieri moswavleebis
mxridan, Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili aRar eqneba Cagvrasa da
cinizms.
betelhaimi imasac amtkicebs, rom neli tempis skolaSi, sadac moswavleebs ar
eqnebaT CamorCenis SiSi, isini daiwyeben reagirebas klasgareSe sakiTxav
literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, riTac gaifarToveben codnis areals da
gaiRrmaveben interesebs. rogorc qeneT moti amtkicebs, neli tempis skolebSi
niWieri bavSvebi frustracias ganicdian, radgan ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo
samuSao, magram arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac niWieri bavSvebi gadahyavT
niWierTa skolebSi. swored maSin uCndebaT frustraciis SegrZneba, roca
aRmoCndeba, rom danarCen niWier moswavleebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad
niWierni arian. Cemi azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problema
wamoiWreba. Sefasebis gansxvavebuli sistema. cxadia, niWierTa jgufebSi ufro
mkacrad xdeba Sefaseba, vidre Cveulebriv jgufebSi, Sesabamisad, rTulia
winaswar gansazRvra, Cveulebrivi klasis xuTosani moswavle ra niSnebze
iswavlida niWierTa klasSi. es SeiZleba gaxdes frustraciis erT-erTi mizezi.
SemiZlia moviyvano piradi magaliTi: rodesac me-7 klasSi viyavi, CvenTan
gadmovida axali moswavle komarovis skolidan, romelic teqnikur sagnebSi Cveni
klasis erT-erTi xuTosani moswavle gaxda, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu ratom
gadmovida Cvens skolaSi, man gvipasuxa, rom iq teqnikur sagnebSi maswavleblebi
samebs uwerdnen, maSin roca Cvens klasSi igive sagnebs warCinebiT swavlobda.
betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT
dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT
mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi
saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma
dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri
ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da
gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da
ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian.
amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos
marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda
pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle
unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia
individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is
gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma
daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore
uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da
codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian,
ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis
SesaZleblobebi.
amrigad, qeneT motis da bruno betelhaimis statiebSi ganxiluli
sakiTxebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: aucilebelia niWierma da Cveulebrivma
bavSvebma Tanabar pirobebSi miiRon saSualo-saskolo ganaTleba, radgan maT
eqnebaT saSualeba gansakuTrebuli unarebi da interesebi gamoavlinon, rodesac
daamTavreben skolas da airCeven momaval specialobas. ase rom, miuxedavad
gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebisa, Tanatoli mozardebi, Tanabar pirobebSi unda
swavlobdnen da sxvadasxva unarebis mqone bavSvebTan urTierTobiT, iZendnen
mravalmxriv gamocdilebas.
mogvexseneba, rom msoflio metad mravalferovania. xalxebi gansxvavdebian

TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiTa da cxovrebis
wesiT, rac maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosdgamT da arc aqvT raimes Secvlis
survili. es aixsneba ara maTi CamorCenilobiT, aramed maTi miswrafebiT
SeinarCunon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia da TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas
aZlevs. amis magaliTia iaponia, romelic teqnologiuri ganviTarebis doniT
pirvelia msoflioSi. magram amave dros, erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri tradiciebis
mqone qveyanaa. globalizacia, Tavis mxriv, iWreba amgvar kuturaTa
TaviseburebebSi da gardaqmnis maT. Sedegad, calkeul xalxebSi xdeba erovnuli
TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis dakargva, RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, rac
metad mtkivneulia nebismieri erisaTvis. es ar exeba mxolod qcevisa Tu Cacmis
stils. am tipis xalxebis globalur procesebSi CarTva xSirad gulisxmobs garkveul gardaqmnebs socialur struqturaSi, qalTa genderuli rolis cvlilebebs
da a.S. es yovelive protestis grZnobas aRvivebs maTSi da Sedegad sxvadasxva
formiT aris xolme gamoxatuli. protestis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa
terorizmi, gansakuTrebiT islamur qveynebSi, risi mowmenic xSirad
gavmxdarvarT am bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. amgvari qmedeba, ra Tqma unda, ar
imsaxurebs gamarTlebas, magram gvafiqrebinebs, rom es xalxebi Zlieri wnexis
qveS imyofebian da iZulebiT gardaqmnebs ganicdian maT sulier Tu yofiT
cxovrebaSi.
am uaryofiT damokidebulebas ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtori, sadac
mTavar rols saxelmwifoTa politikuri orientacia asrulebs. globalizacia ar
viTardeba ganyenebulad, TavisTavad. mas hyavs fasilitatori Zala,
romlisTvisac momgebiani iqneboda amgvari globaluri procesis fonze sakuTari
Zlieriebisa da gavlenis gavrceleba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT
80-iani wlebidan, naTlad gamoikveTa msoflios zesaxelmwifo, romelic
sayovelTao hegemoniisaken miiswrafvis. globalizaciis erT-erTi ganmartebac
`vesternizacia~ swored amis aRmniSvnelia. amdenad globalizacia da
amerikanizacia bevrisaTvis sinonimebia. dRes ukve aSkaraa, Tu rogor arRvevs
zesaxelmwifo demokratiis saxeliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, rogor
axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umniSvnelovanesi gaawyvetilebebisa da rezoluciebis ignorirebas, mas SeuZlia omic ki daiwyos `demokratiis saxeliT~.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom bevr saxelmwifos ar surs
misi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva. Tumca, patara da susti qveynebi xSirad
iZulebulni xdebian moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobiT moipovon amgvari hegemonebis
daintereseba, magram, amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom globalizacia am formiT
ar aris mxolod koka-kola da jinsebi, rogorc bevrs miaCnia. es aris asimilacia
mmarTvelobis formebis, sasamarTlos, ganaTlebisa da sxva sistemebis gauazrebeli struqturuli gardaqmna, rac, Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTze, yovlad
miuReblad da dauSveblad mimaCnia.
aseve saWiroa SevexoT globalizaciis ekonomikur mxares Tanamedrove
msoflioSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma urTierTobebma sruliad
globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, metad aqtiurad dadga e.w. mesame samyaros sakiTxi,
romelSic moiazreba ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufi. ganviTarebuli da
ganviTarebadi samyaros urTierTobebi ZiriTadad batonoba _ daqvemdebarebuli gamoixateba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba mcire, aratevadi
Sida bazris mqonea. maTi meurneoba ar aris diversificirebuli. amitom isini
didad arian damokidebulni ganviTarebul qveynebze, saidanac Semodis maTi
ekonomikisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone investiciebi. finansuri sesxisa
Tu daxmarebis gamcemi kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maT gadawyvetilebebze. amis
Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian moaxdinon sul ufro didi
raodenobiT bunebrivi resursebis eqsporti (xe-tye, wiaRiseuli, navTobi,
nedleuli, sxva mineralebi) dabal fasad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da investticiebis misaRebad. nadgurdeba tyis safari da sxva bunebrivi resurebi.
zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac xeliT warmoebaSi iyo Cabmuli adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba, sawarmoo danadgarebis Setanam umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia. aqedan
gamomdinare, globalizacia mesame samyaros qveynebis ara Tu ganviTarebas,
aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier eqspluatacias da kidev ufro gaRaribebas
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25
uwyobs xels. martin qoris ganmartebiT, `globalizacia gaxlavT is, rasac Cven
mesame samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze kolonizacias vuwodebdiT~.
da bolos, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT globalizaciis kidev erTi Tanmdevi
procesi, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis dakargvas niSnavs.
saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi vestfaliis sistemidan iRebs saTaves. es
iyo mmarTvelobis struqtura, romlis saTaveebTan saxelmwifoebriobisa da
suverenulobis principebi idga. saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda msoflios
teritoriul erTeulebad dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba
marTavda, xolo suverenuloba _ Tavis kuTvnil teritoriaze yovlismomcvel,
uzenaes, SeuzRudav da eqskluziur kontrols. dReisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT,
rom suverenitetis Zireuli norma aRar moqmedebs da misi aRdgena
globalizebul msoflioSi SeuZlebelia. rodesac arsebobs zesaxelmwifoebrivi
mmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven uflebas damoukideblad
warmarTon TavianTi saSinao da sagareo politika. magaliTad, evrosabWo
daJinebiT moiTxovs saqarTvelosagan Turqi mesxebis axlo momavalSi
dabrunebas, rac mraval sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebul.
Tumca, globalistebi miiCneven, rom globalizacia progresis, modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis winapiroba da garantia, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT
isic, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es exeba ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs,
romlebic kidev ufro Zlierdebian susti da ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze,
maTi bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis eqspluataciis Sedegad, rasac am qveynebis
ekonomika saboloo krizisamde mihyavs. TandaTan sul ufro aSkara xdeba isic,
rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi relurad ver asruleben maTze dakisrebul
funqciebs da mxolod ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs emsaxurebian.
rac Seexeba kulturul modernizacias, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ama Tu im xalxis
kultura xSirad maTi istoriuli ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
uSualo asaxvaa da misi nebismieri saxiT gardaqmna am RirebulebaTa dakargvis
tolfasia, Tundac qarTveli xalxisaTvis yvelaze did saganZursa da erovnul
siamayes misi kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, risi moSlac ara marto
istoriis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis dakargvis momaswavebelia.
amrigad, globalizacia is msoflios masStabebis movlenaa, romelic uSualod
axdens gavlenas adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoze, iqneba es politika,
ekonomika, kultura Tu sxva. procesis im tempebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi,
rogoriTac es dRes xdeba, sxvadasxva xalxebs erTian sazogadoebad gardaqmna
emuqreba, radgan globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRwevs calkeul
kulturebSi, laxavs saxelmwifoTa suverenulobis princips, rac ukve imis
maniSnebelia, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTals; iwvevs mesame
samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebasa da degradacias da, rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, es yovelive xdeba erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis damkvidrebis
fasad. Sedegad ki viRebT yovlad umarTav procesebs, rac iwvevs calkeuli
xalxebis protests globalizaciisa da globaluri migraciebis mimarT.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara globalizaciis SeCereba da gvaqvs Tu ara arCevani? es
kiTxva gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia iseTi patara saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogoric
saqarTveloa, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi mTavari sazrunavi da
prioriteti sakuTari enis, TviTSegnebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da
saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba unda iyos, raTa maTze mTeli sisruliT ar
aisaxos globalizaciis uaryofiTi efeqti.

SesaZleblobebi.
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avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 2

Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura
maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi
anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu
dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic
saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isev da isev grZnobs.
savarjiSo #5. SeadareT erTmaneTs avtorTa poziciebis
warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
Sefasebis
savarjiSo #6. analitikuri referatis I versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia. studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.

cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT
moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad
Tu cal-calke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo
qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen.
me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba
erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.
ganaTlebis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria sazogadoebisTvis.
dResdReobiT yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,
samsaxuris dawyebis mTavari kriteriumia, Tu rogori ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli
adamians. swored ganaTlebaa pirovnebisTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari, ris
gamoc xSiria konkurencia ganaTlebul adamianebs Soris. amitomac aucilebelia
yuradReba mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavla-ganaTlebis formebs.
rodesac laparakia niWieri bavSvebis calke jgufis Seqmnaze, qeneT motis
mosazrebiT, sxvadasxva unarisa da interesis mqone bavSvebi unda dajgufdnen
teqstis Sefaseba
aris avtoris argumenti logikuri?
aris teqsti kargad organizebuli, naTeli da advilad wakiTxvadi?
aris avtoris faqtebi akuratuli?
aris mniSvnelovani terminebi naTlad gansazRvruli?
aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT?
ganamtkicebs Tu ara argumentebi ZiriTad pozicias?
Seesabameba Tu ara teqsti nagulisxmev mkiTxvels?
ganixilavs da ukuagdebs Tu ara teqsti oponentTa mosazrebebs?
gexmarebaT Tu ara teqsti mocemuli sakiTxis gagebaSi?
aris teqstSi iseTi sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac TqvenSi Zlier reaqcias
iwvevs? rogoria es reaqcia?
ra udevs safuZvlad mocemuli sakiTxisadmi Tqvens amgvar reaqcias? sad
da rodis SeityveT pirvelad mis Sesaxeb? ra kavSirSia es yvelaferi
mocemul teqstTan?
ra SekiTxvebs wamoWris mocemuli teqsti? [Katz, S. and Scerl, J. (2003). Critiques.
Retrieved May, 23, 2004, from http://www.criticalreading.com/]
Tema II. kritika

kritikis Janris mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentSi kritikuli azrovnebis

ganviTarebas. kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva unarebis rTul
kombinacias, romelTagan ZiriTad unarebs warmoadgens:
racionaloba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca veyrdnobiT gonebas da ara emocias;
roca viTvaliswinebT yvela SesaZlo faqts; roca, problemis analizisas, Cveni
mizania ara gamovCndeT gamarjvebulni, aramed movZebnoT sakuTari axsna Tu
gadawyvetileba.
TviTanalizi
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca Segvwevs unari SevafasoT, Tu ra
motivebi udevs safuZvlad Cvens gadawyvetilebas da ramdenad obieqturni varT.
miukerZoebloba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vafasebT yvela SesaZlo Sedegs; roca
viTvaliswinebT yvela mxaris Sexedulebasa da pozicias; roca Ria vrCebiT
alternatiuli interpretaciebis mimarT; roca uars ar vambobT arapopularul
Sexedulebebze mxolod imitom, rom isini naklebaRiarebulia; roca CvenTvis
misaRebia axali modeli Tu paradigma, radgan is ukeT xsnis faqtebs, ufro
martivia, naklebi xarvezi aqvs da a.S.
disciplina
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca varT zustebi da yvela detals
viTvaliswinebT; uars vambobT manipulaciaze; veridebiT zerele Sefasebebs.
Sefaseba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vaRiarebT alternatiul mosazrebaTa da
gadawyvetilebaTa Rirsebasa da upiratesobas; roca Cveni argumentebi saTanado
faqtebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.
erTi sityviT, kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi bunebiT skeptikurni arian;
aucileblad aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian, radgan mudmivad cdian sxvadasxva
taqtikasa da strategias, raTa mniSvnelobas swvdnen da gageba gaaRrmavon; garda
amisa, isini Ria arian axali ideebisa Tu poziciebis misaRebad; TviTkritikulobiT gamoirCevian da mudmivad aanalizeben sakuTar arguments, amasTanave,
mudam mzad arian SeeWidon oponentTa argumentebs. kritikulad moazrovne
adamianebs SeswevT unari gaarCion obieqturi monacemebis subieqturi analizi da
misi safuZvlianoba Seafason, radgan, Tumca faqtebi faqtebad rCeba, maTi
interpretacia SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos [Kurland, D. (2002). What is Critical
Thinking. Retrieved October 6, 2004. from http:/www.criticalreading.com/].
mas Semdeg, rac kritikis Janris swavlebis mizani ganvsazRvreT, Tavad
naSromis arssa da struqturaze gadavideT.
`kritika~ warmoadgens mcire zomis naSroms erTi statiis an erTi wignis
Sesaxeb. marTlia, qarTul sinamdvileSi `kritika~ gakritikebis gagebiT ixmareba,
realurad is franguli sityvidan modis da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. Sefaseba ki
SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri, negatiuriz an orives kombinireba, radgan statiis an
wignis kiTxvisas, rogorc wesi, avtoris garkveul mosazrebebs viziarebT da
veTanxmebiT, nawils ki _ ar veTanxmebiT da kritikulad vudgebiT.
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom studenti kritikis weris teqnikas flobdes,
radgan, erTi mxriv, misi codna aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom studentma ufro
rTuli Janris nawarmoebebs (vTqvaT, analitikur referats an kvleviT naSroms)
gaarTvas Tavi; meore mxriv ki, is saukeTeso gzaa pedagogisaTvis Seafasos, Tu
ramdenad yuradRebiT ecnoba studenti sakiRxav masalas da ramdenad Seswevs misi
Rrma analizis unari.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kritikis werisas, sxvadasxva specialobis warmomadgenelni
gansxvavebul sakiTxebze svamen aqcents, kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi
kritikis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia imaze, Tu ramdenad `sainteresoa~
argumentebi. socialur mecnierebebSi _ ramdenad gamarTulia meTodologia;
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ki _ ra Sedegebia miebuli da ramdenad
mniSvnelovania isini [Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate
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27
ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze movaxdenT TiToeuli statiis analizsa

da Sefasebas, da Semdeg maT SedarebiT analizs SevudgebiT. amisaTvis Zalian
efeqturi saSualebaa venis diagrama, romelic vizualurad gvixatavs da ufro
TvalsaCinos xdis avtorTa poziciebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. venis
diagrama Semdegi saxisaa:
A C
A zona erTi avtoris specifikur argumentebs moicavs, B zona meorisas, C

ki imas, rac maT Soris saerToa. amdenad, A da B zonebi avtorTa poziciebs Soris
gansxvaveba-kontrasts gvixatavs, C ki msgavsebas. ideebis am formiT gadmocema
gvexmareba logikurad gavmarToT da efeqturad davgegmoT analitikuri
referatis struqtura.
savarjiSo 4. zemoT ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze, studentebi axdenen
savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenili statiebis SedarebiT analizsa da Sefasebas.
studentebi klasSi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.
Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.]

magram, nebismier sferoSi, kritika Sesabamis analizsa da Sefasebas
gulisxmobs; kargi Sefaseba ki, specialistTa azriT, ramdenime ZiriTad
kriteriums emyareba, kerZod:
faqtebzea agebuli;
naTel kriteriumebs iyenebs;
sapirispiro kriteriumebs abalansebs;
refleqcias gulisxmobs;
Semoqmedebas moiTxovs.
ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli punqti? imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba damajerebeli
iyos, is sando faqtebs unda emyarebodes, anu iseT faqtebs, romelTa Semowmebac
SesaZlebelia sxvebis mier.
naTeli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom Sefaseba garkveul
Teoriazea agebuli. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebis damowmebas,
rac mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. gamoyenebeuli kriteriumebidan
gamomdinare ki, sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, udavoa,
rom stalinizmma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacias da am
kriteriumidan gamomdinare, is warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos, magram meore
mxriv, is damRupveli aRmoCnda inteligenciisaTvis, Sesabamisad, damangreveli
Sedegebi moutana qveynis kulturul cxovrebas.
aris SemTxvevebi, roca kriteriumebi winaswar gveZleva; magaliTad, biznesmenisaTvis wamyvani kriteriumia mogebaze zrunva, socialuri muSakisaTvis ki _
sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoba. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad unda
gadavwyvitoT, Tu mocemul situaciaSi ra kriteriumis gamoyeneba iqneba
mizanSewonili.
radgan ramdenime kriteriumi erTdroulad gveZleva, aucilebeli xdeba
sapirispiro kriteriumTa dabalanseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi kriteriumis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan sando Sefaseba ramdenime
kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. swored amis nimuSi stalinizmi, radgan
misi saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva
danarCeni faqtoris erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba.
refleqsia gulisxmobs, rom individs Seswevs unari, damoukidebeli azrovnebis gziT, mivides gadawyvetilebamde da naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu
rogor da ratom mivida ama Tu im daskvnamde. rogorc wesi, refleqsia Cvens xelT
arsebul codnasa da warsulSi miRebul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli.
kargi Sefaseba yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTia, radgan is gulisxmobs siaxlis
Setanas ukve arsebul codnaSi. azri ara aqvs sxvaTa Sefasebebis ubralo
citirebas Cveni Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, maTi gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia Cveni SefasebisaTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, magram
isic faqtia, rom Cveneuli Sefaseba mxolod sxvaTa mosazrebebis motaniT ver
Semoifargleba, amdenad, arsebuli codnis iqiT gasvlas gulisxmobs. es swored
is etapia, roca Cvenive Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs vaxdenT [Gutbrod, H.
(2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]
rogorc vxedavT, saTanado Sefasebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea,
radgan individis mxridan solidur codnas, gamocdilebas da fantaziis unars
moiTxovs. swored am mizezis gamo unda miiCnevdes mkvlevarTa didi nawili
Sefasebis unaris ganviTrebas sauniversiteto swavlebis umTavres misiad [Gutbrod,
H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]
rogor gadavdgaT pirveli nabijebi am rTuli misiis ganxorcielebis gzaze?
daviwyoT mcire zomis statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT.
garkveul statiaze kritikis Sesaqmnelad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia
avtoris ideebis mokled Sejameba da Semdeg maTi kritikuli analizi. statiis
Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT unda wavikiTxoT mTliani statia da davfiqrdeT
avtoris ZiriTad argumentebze _ ra argumentebi mohyavs mas da ra faqtebis
safuZvelze axdens maT mxardaWeras? Tqveni sityvebiT rogor gadmovcemdiT
avtoris argumentebsa da mxardaWeras? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, kidev
erTxel unda gadaikiTxoT statia da darwmundeT, rom sworad SeajameT avtoris
mxardaWera hqondes. garda amisa, mas unda SeeZlos sakiTxis istoriul perspeqtivaSi warmodgena, raTa mkiTxvelma igrZnos, rom studenti mocemuli
sakiTxis istoriul ganviTarebasac icnobs, amdenad, sakmaod kompetenturia.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis socialur da istoriul konteqstSi
ganxilvasTan erTad, studenti mas kroskulturul perspeqtivaSic aanalizebs.
warmogidgenT, mocemuli statiebis safuZvelze, studentebis mier
konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebis ramdenime mcdelobas:
1. ganaTlebis organizebis problemas didi xnis istoria aqvs. swavlebis
efeqturi meTodebi, jer kidev antikuri xanidan (platoni, aristotele...)
moyolebuli mwvave debatebs iwvevda, ramac klasikuri saxe XIX saukuneSi miiRo,
rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze ian komenski da misi kolegebi gamoCdnen.
swored maTi didi mondomebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli im meTodebis ganviTareba,
ramac Tanamedrove pedagogikas Cauyara safuZveli. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevri
ram Seicvala, magram sakiTxma ara Tu aqtualoba dakarga, aramed kidev ufro
aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare swrafi socialurekonomikuri cvlilebebis fonze...
2. ganaTlebis sistema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia socialur institutTa
Soris, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia socializaciis procesis ganxorcieleba anu
sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Taobidan Taobaze gadacema. ganaTlebis sistemis
ZiriTadi elementia saswavlo dawesebulebani, dawyebuli skolebiT da
damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. skola, ojaxTan erTad, upirvelesi da
ganmsazRvreli rgolia socializaciis procesSi da swored skoliT iwyeba
aucilebeli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis dagroveba. amdenad,
sakiTxi, Tu ra formiT gadascems skola am codnas momaval Taobas da rogoraa
organizebuli swavlebis procesi, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa...
3 ,,swavla sikvdilamdeo naTqvamia da Tundac es mcire fraza sakmarisia
imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes adamianisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis udidesi
mniSvneloba. iyo dro, roca ganaTlebis miReba fufunebad iTvleboda da mxolod
warCinebulTa xvedri iyo, sxvebisaTvis ki auxdenel ocnebad rCeboda. samrewvelo da demokratiulma revoluciebma ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovnad
gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli da dRes saSualo ganaTlebis miReba ukve savaldebulodaa miCneuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. saskolo swavlebisas
miRweuli warmatebebi da ganviTarebuli interesebi ki did gavlenas axdens
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze, Sesabamisad, samomavlo karierazec. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze mwvave problemas
dasaqmeba warmoadgens, samsaxurSi miRebis mTavar kriteriumad ki SeZenili
codna gvevlineba, swored saTanado ganaTleba yofila pirovnebisaTvis Semdgomi
warmatebis sawindari. aqedan gamomdinare, didi yuradReba unda mieqces
mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavlebis formebs...
28
49
savarjiSo #3. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs Seafason konteqstualizaciis

warmodgenili nimuSebi da miuTiTon TiToeulis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. amis
Semdeg studentebi qmnian konteqstualizaciis sakuTar nimuSebs.
Semdeg etapze studentebi uSualod statiebis SedarebiT analizs axdenen da
avtorTa poziciebs afaseben. kritikis Janris ganxilvisas, ukve gavecaniT
teqstis analizisa da Sefasebis teqnikas, amitom aq Zalian mokled SevajamebT da
mxolod ZiriTadi punqtebis saxiT warmovadgenT mas. teqstis analizis ZiriTadi
safexuria:
teqstis analizi
rogoria avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia?
ra aris avtoris mizani?
vin aris avtoris mier nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli?
ra argumentebs warmogvidgens avtori misi poziciis mxardasaWerad?
ra monacemebis/faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis
mxardaWeras?
ra mosazrebebi udevs safuZvlad avtoris daskvnebs?
gagzavnian, toveben ra kidev ufro imedgacruebulT araniWierTa jgufis

danarCen wevrebs.
inteleqtualuri unarebis mixedviT, bavSvebis dajgufebas bevri saerTo aqvs
mTamsvlelobasTan. mTaze asvlisas, Cveulebriv, win gidi midis, ukan ki damwyebni
an nakleb gamocdili mTamsvlelebi mihyvebian. Tu damwyebs gamocdil
mTamsvlelTa Soris moaTavseben, is ukeT da ufro swrafad iswavlis. Tuki yvela
karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore
mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos
kidec.
roca debati bavSvisaTvis ,,saukeTeso ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mwvervals aRwevs,
ZiriTadad imaze kamaToben, Tu ra aris saukeTeso sazogadoebisaTvis. dRes
gveubnebian, rom gvWirdeba meti mecnieri da inJineri, raTa ,,gadavrCeT. amitom
unda davaCqaroT Sesabamisi niWis mqone axalgazrdebis aRzrda. icis vinmem, Tu ra
iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis moTxovnileba 30 wlis Semdeg? SeuZlia mecnierebas
gadarCenis garantia mogvces? nuTu sazogadoebas ufro metad ar sWirdeba axali,
SemoqmedebiTi ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movaxdinoT msoflio sazogadoebis
organizeba? nuTu, mecnierebze metad, farTo socialuri xedvis mqone adamianebi
ar gvesaWiroeba? da radganac ideebi nela mwifdeba, iqneb tempis aCqareba ki ar
Rirs, aramed, piriqiT, Cveni zedmetad swrafi cxovrebis Seneleba.
ar vambob, rom Cven ar gvesaWiroeba niWieri adamianebi da rom maT gareSe ukeT
vicxovrebdiT. piriqiT, Cveni skolebi aucileblad unda gaumjobesdes. ubralod
vambob, rom argumenti niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,
moklebulia seriozul mecnierul safuZvels. is, rac amJamad gvWirdeba, aris ara
swrafi kompensacia, aramed Rrma gaazrebasa da dagegmvaze agebuli frTxili
eqsperimentebi.
Semdegi safexuria konteqstualizacia, rac rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,

gulisxmobs mocemuli statiebis da maTSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi ideebis
disciplinis konteqstSi (an kidev ufro farTod sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
WrilSi) ganxilvas. imisaTvis, rom konteqstualizacia saTanado doneze iyos
Sesrulebuli, studenti sakmao codnas unda flobdes mocemul sferoSi da
icnobdes disciplinaSi moRvawe avtoritetTa damokidebulebas gansaxilveli
sakiTxis mimarT, raTa sakuTari Sefasebebis dasasabuTeblad, soliduri
ideebi.
Semdegi safexuria teqstis kritikuli analizi da Sefaseba, risTvisac varkvevT, Tu ramdenad logikuria avtoris argumentebi; ramdenad damajerebelia
maTi mxardaWera; ramdenad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac avtori
gvTavazobs; xom ar gvaxsendeba iseTi faqtebi, romelTac sapirispiro daskvnebamde mivyavarT da a.S.
garda testis Sejamebisa da analizisa, aucilebelia Tavad avtoris kompetenturobis Sefasebac _ warmoadgens is mocemuli sferos eqsperts Tu
ubralod gamocdili mweralia, romelic sxvadasxva sferoSi wers? rogor
daasabuTebdiT amas? am sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, roca informaciis
sandoobas vafasebT. amitom, gadamwyvetia, Tu sad aris statia moTavsebuli. Tu
is samecniero Jurnalsa an krebulSia moTavsebuli, SegviZlia ufro mSvidad
iyoT, radgan iciT, rom aseT Jurnalsa Tu krebuls aucileblad hyavs
redaqtori, romelic dargis specialistia, amasTan, amowmebs mas eqspertTa
jgufic. magram Zalian frTxilad unda moekidoT populruli Jurnalis,
gansakuTrebiT ki, internetis masalas, radgan gagiWirdebaT maTSi warmodgenili
informaciis sandoobis dadgena.
zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom sanam uSualod kritikis weras SeudgebodeT,
aucilebelia kritikuli TvaliT gadaxedoT teqsts. kritikuli kiTxva sxvadasxva teqnikas aerTianebs, rac, pirobiTad, sam safexurad SeiZleba daiyos: teqstis winaswari gacnoba, uSualod kiTxvis procesi da wakiTxulis gaanalizeba.
sanam kiTxvas daiwyebT, unda gaiazroT, Tu ra mizniT kiTxulobT teqsts:
garkveuli informacia gWirdebaT ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac naklebad
icnobT? faqtebi da detalebi gWirdebaT Tqveni argumentebis mxardasaWerad?
Tqvens midgomas adarebT sxvebis midgomebs? roca mizani naTlad gaqvT gacnobierebuli, teqstis swored im aspeqtebze moaxdenT fokusirebas, romlebic
TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania da fuWad ar gaflangavT dros.
Tqveni miznis gacnobierebis Semdeg, Tvali unda gadaavloT teqsts. raTa
avtoris mizani (ras cdilobs avtori _ informaciis mowodebas, axnas,
dasabuTebas?) da naSromis Seqmnis konteqsti (sad da rodis Seiqmna nawarmoebi,
vin aris misi nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli) daadginoT, agreTve, mis zogad Sinaarss
gaecnoT. rogorc wesi, sakvanZo ideebi Tematur winadadebebSicaa Cadebuli, es
ukanasknelni ki paragrafebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli. amdenad, naSromis Sesaxeb
warmodgena rom SegeqmnaT, paragrafebis pirvel winadadebebs, agreTve, anotaciasa da daskvnas gadaxedeT. amasTan, daakvirdiT, xom ar aris teqstSi
qvesaTaurebi; yoveli qvesaTauri Sinaarsobriv seqcias gamoyofs, rac dagexmarebaT avtoris ideebis logikur msvlelobas misdioT.
mokled rom SevajamoT, teqstis winaswari gacnobisas, sam ZiriTad aspeqtze
amaxvilebT yuradRebas:
1. sakuTari miznis gacnobiereba
Tqveni mizania informaciis moZieba Tu detaluri analizi?
rogor dagexmarebaT teqsti miznis miRwevaSi?
2. avtoris miznis, naSromis Seqmnis konteqstisa da naSromis zogadi
Sinaarsis gacnoba.
ras geubnebaT saTauri?
ra iciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, rodis da visTvis dawer statias?
ras geubnebaT statiis Sinaarsze avtoris mier warmodgenili mimoxilva
Tu Semajamebeli informacia?
3. teqstis gadaxedva
naTelia Tu ara teqstis struqtura _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da
daskvna?
ra argumentebs gTavazobT avtori?
ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras
(statistika, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebi...)?
momdevno safexuria uSualod kiTxvis procesi. ra mizniTac ar unda
kiTxulobdeT teqsts, Tqvens winaSe mudam idgeba sami ZiriTadi amocana: yvelaze
48
29
statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 1

Tu calcalke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom

radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. amdenad,
saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba-ardajgufebis sakiTxi da gavaanalizoT
is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic motsa da betelhaims mohyavT.
savarjiSo #2. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi.
miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis identifikacia, maTi logikuri Tavsebadobis dadgena

da Tqveni sapasuxo reaqcia. am safexurebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gavdivarT,
vTqvaT, roca garkveul gancxadebas an sareklamo abraze warweras vecnobiT.
magram samecnierio teqstis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is gacilebiT metad
kompleqsuria. aq ar gamogvdgeba informaciis ubralo mosmena Tu wakiTxva, rasac
yoveldRiuri interaqciisas vakeTebT, armed aucileblad dagvWirdeba teqstis
anotacia, winadadebebis xazgasma da maTze komentaris darTva, paragrafebs
Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena da a.S.
kritikuli kiTxvisas, bolo safexuri naSromis organizeba, analizi da
Sefasebaa. mas Semdeg, rac teqsti waikiTxeT da misi anotacia moaxdineT, Tqveni
mizania ufro detalurad CauRrmavdeT mis struqturasa da Sinaarss, raTa
SeafasoT rigor warmatebiT miaRwia avtorma mizans. rogorc wesi, teqstis
analizi imiT iwyeba, rom mkiTxveli afasebs avtoris argumentebis damajereblobas da maTi mxardaWeris siZlieres, agreTve, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqturia
is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac avtori mis argumentebs warmogvidgens. naSromis
analizis Zalian mosaxerxebeli gzaa teqstis struqturisa da Sinaarsis gegmis
saxiT gadmocema, sadac avtoris ZiriTadi mosazrebebia Sejamebuli. statiis
struqturuli gegma dagexmarebaT ukeT misdioT avtoris logikas; amasTan,
martivad SeamCnioT logikuri araTanmimdevruloba avtoris ideebSi. mas Semdeg,
rac struqturuli gegma mzadaaa, saWiroa metad CauRrmavdeT naSomis ZiriTad
seqciebs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva, Tu ras asabuTebs avtori da ratom
moaxdina man teqstis am da ara sxva formiT organizeba. ris miRwevas cdilobs is
SesavalSi? ra funqcia eniWeba calkeul paragrafebs? da a.S. aqve unda SeafasoT,
Tu ramdenad akademiuria avtoris toni da ramdenad stilisturad gamarTulia
naSromi. da bolos, SeafaseT, ramdenad upasuxa avtorma naSromis SesavalaSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs da ra SegemataT am statiis wakiTxvis safuZvelze [Longman,
A.W. (2001). Critical Reading Techniques. A Division of Parson Education. Retrieved September
15,2004. from http:/www.awlonline.com]
rogorc vxedavT, kritikuli kiTxva gvexmareba sakmaod detalurad
CavuRrmavdeT nawarmoebs da srulyofilad gavaanalizoT igi. mxolod am Rrma
analizis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli uSualod weris procesze gadasvla, romelic
Zalian mokled Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia aRvweroT:
avtoris ideebis warmodgena da axsna, teqstidan Sesabamisi monakveTebis
moxmobis safuZvelze
sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadmocema _ ras fiqrobT avtoris argumentis
Sesaxeb da ratom? aRwereT is sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenSi yvelaze Zlier
reaqcias iwvevs, iqneba es reaqcia pozitiuri Tu negatiuri; TiToeuli sakiTxis
gadmocemisas, mouxmeT Sesabamis monakveTs teqstidan (Tqven SegiZliaT
SeajamoT, citireba an perifrazireba moaxdinoT).
TiToeul skiTxs daurTeT sakuTari komentari Tu Sefaseba.
aq erTi mniSvnelovani detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli; gacilebiT martivia
avtoris ideebis gadmocema da rTulia sakuTari Sefasebis wardgena, romelsac
Sesabamisi mxardaWera axlavs da saTanadod dasabuTebulia. amitom, rogor wesi,
studentebi avtoris argumentebs warmoadgenen xolme da erTi-ori winadadebiT
Tu gamoxataven sakuTar pozicias maTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic ufro
`veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi~-is waagavs, vidre dasabuTebul pozicias. kargi
Sefaseba ki saTanado mxrdaWeras saWiroebs, raTa studentma dausabuTos mkiTxvels, rom avtoris ideebis miseuli Sefaseba sando da damajerebelia, radgan
Sesabamis faqtebsa Tu Teoriebzea agebuli. am pirobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom studentis naSromSi avtoris argumenti paragrafis mxolod 1/3s ikavebs, danarCeni 2/3 ki studentis komentarebsa Tu Sefasebas ukavia.
miRebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, mokled SevajamoT kritikis
struqtura:
Sesavali. avtoris poziciis mokle Sejameba; sakuTari
mtkicebuleba misi poziciis miReba / miuReblobis Sesaxeb
30
gveubnebian, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi niWieri bavSvi kargavs interess

swavlisadmi. es saCivari ufro xSirad ufrosebisagan _ mSoblebisa da
pedagogebisagan gvesmis, vidre Tavad moswavleebisagan. amis safuZvelze,
zogierTi mSobeli da pedagogi midis daskvnamde, rom niWieri bavSvebisaTvis
specialuri klasebi unda arsebobdes.
Tumca zogi mowinave moswavle marTlac wuwunebs, rom interess kargavs
skolaSi, amis mizezi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre skolis samuSao. Tu
grZnobebis fsiqoanalitikuri Seswavla validuria, mobezrebis grZnoba Cndeba,
rogorc dacviTi meqanizmi aRelvebis grZnobis winaaRmdeg. mogbezrdes niSnavs
aRelvebuli iyo. moswavle, romelsac mobezrda swavla, aris adamiani, romelic
ver umklavdeba sakuTar aRelvebas. sinamdvileSi, man unda sTxovos
maswavleblebs, rom mudmivad dakavebuli amyofon swavliTa da inteleqtualuri
SejibriT, da is aRar igrZnobs aRelvebas. niWieri bavSvi, romelsac mobezrda,
aris aRelvebuli bavSvi. misi nevrozuli dacviTi meqanizmebis kveba SesaZloa
sazogadoebis garkveul moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebdes, magram nevrozis kveba
ar exmareba mas, rogorc adamians. fsiqologia, bunebis msgavsad, ar uSvebs
vakuums. Tu moswavles ar ainteresebs masala imitom, rom advilad iTvisebs mas,
Sedegi ar iqneba aucileblad mobezreba. sxva inteleqtualur interesebs
SeuZlia Tavisufali drois Sevseba. nuTu azriania vifiqroT, rom niWieri
bavSvebi swavloben mxolod kurikulumis wnexis qveS?
ramdenime wlis win Tavad davakvirdi, Tu ra daemarTaT niWier bavSvebs,
romlebic specialuri kerZo skolidan, sadac swavlis Zalian swrafi tempi da
Zlieri konkurencia iyo, gadaiyvanes kargi akademiuri moswrebis mqone saxelmwifo skolaSi, sadac skolis samuSao imdenad martivi unda yofiliyo maTTvis,
rom ,,interesi dakargvodaT..
dakvirvebam gamoavlina saintereso ganviTareba axladgadmosul axalgazrdebSi. specialur skolaSi niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, isini sakmarisad ver iyenebdnen
kritikuli Sefasebis unars da umetesad maswavleblebis mier arCeul mimarTulebas misdevdnen. ufro neli tempis mqone skolaSi, sadac aRar eSinodaT
CamorCenisa, maT spontanuri reagireba daiwyes mraval problemaze, romelTagan
zogierTi arc ki iyo Setanili saskolo programaSi. maT iswavles cxovrebis,
xelovnebis, literaturis da sxva adamianebis ufro metad dafaseba. aRar
iRlebodnen ra rTuli davalebebis mzadebiT, maT rCebodaT energia, rom
gaefarToebinaT interesebi da ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen sakiTxs.
gaxangrZlivebuli da daculi usafrTxoeba, SesaZloa, saukeTeso samzadisi
iyos rTul inteleqtualur problemebTan gasamklaveblad. radgan niWieri
bavSvi advilad swavlobs, mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba Cveulebriv klasSi.
meore mxriv, Tu aseT bavSvs moaTavseben specialur klasSi, sadac swavla misTvis
martivi ar aris, sadac is saSualo moswavlea Zalian niWier axalgazrdebs Soris,
man SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom saSualo SesaZleblobebi aqvs da ver SeeWideba rTul
amocanebs; rac xSirad xdeba.
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda
swavlobdnen, amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis saklaso
oTaxidan gayvana amcirebs saSualo moswavleTa aRelvebas. SesaZloa es asea;
magram rogor unda gadavlaxoT aRelveba, Tu ara maTTan megobruli
TanamSromlobis gziT, vinc Cvenze maRla mdgomad gveCveneba, am SemTxvevaSi, vinc
Cvenze ukeT swavlobs.
dRes, Zalian bevr did qalaqSi, moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian akademiur
programebSi, uunarod miiCneven. sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba Raribi, dabali
klasis ojaxebidanaa. cxovroben ra im axalgazrdebis garemocvaSi, romelTac
nakleb ainteresebT ganaTlebis miReba, da aqvT ra naklebi urTierToba maTTan,
vinc swavlas mowyurebulia, amasTanave, ver Rebuloben ra mxardaWeras ojaxidan,
aseT bavSvebs uWirT identifikacia, rac naklebad moxdeboda klasSi kargi
moswavleebic rom yofiliyvnen. warmatebis misaRwevad, bevr bavSvs ekonomiurad
gaWirvebuli ojaxidan, sWirdeba nimuSi, romelic motivacias gauzrdis.
dajgufeba ki tovebs maT yovelgvari stimulis gareSe. isini ubralod
CamorCebian, rac imedgacruebas ufro gamoiwvevs, vidre aRelvebas Seamcirebs.
Tu romelime maTgans gamorCeuli unari aRmoaCndeba, mas niWierTa jgufSi
47
bevri pedagogi ewinaaRmdegeba niWierTa dajgufebis ideas, radgan miaCnia,

rom es ver axdens arsebiT gavlenas Sedegebze. pilotaJuri gamokvleva aCvenebs,
rom arsebiT cvlilebebi ar aris Tu bavSvebi dayofilni arian nel da swraf
klasebad. isic faqtia, rom pilotaJur gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi bavSvebi
dajgufebul iyvnen maTi IQ qulebis mixedviT, romlebic nakleb sandoa, daskvnebi
ki damyarebulia miRwevis qulebze, romlebic zomavs mxolod ostatobas an
konkretul detals. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs raime sando instrumenti iseT
sferoebSi ganviTarebis gasazomad, rogoricaa Semoqmedeba, ganwyobebi,
latenturi interesi da niWi, agreTve, Sinagani unari.
Cemi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic emyareba 10 welze met gamocdilebas
saklaso oTaxSi, swavlis procesi gacilebiT warmatebulia, roca individebi
dajgufebulni arian maTi interesebis da unarebis Sesabamisad, motivirebulni
da STagonebulni arian saskolo samuSaoTi.
heterogenuli saklaso oTaxebi xSirad frustracias iwvevs im bavSvebSi,
romlebic mudmivad CamorCebian umravlesobas. frustracia maSinac Cndeba, roca
niWier bavSvebs ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, rac xSirad xdeba
heterogenul saklaso oTaxebSi.
naklebad maqvs imis SiSi, rom niWieri moswavleebi ukan daixeven, vinaidan maT
TavianT SesaZleblobebze mets mosTxoven, radgan mjera, rom maswavleblebis
umravlesobas Seswevs unari igrZnos zRvari moswavlisadmi wayenebuli
moTxovnebisa. meore mxriv, mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom
niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris,
visac naklebi unarebi aqvs.
ramdenime CemTvis nacnobma skolam daajgufa niWieri bavSvebi saki- Txavi
programis mixedviT (Cveulebriv erTi saklaso oTaxi iyofoda mkiTxvelTa 3-4
jgufad da maswavlebels uwevda TiToeuli jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi drois
gamoyofa). eqsperimenti gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxebidan neli mkiTxvelebis erT oTaxSi moTavsebas, saSualo mkiTxvelebisa _ meoreSi da swrafi
mkiTxvelebisa _ mesameSi. TiToeul saklaso oTaxs hyavda erTi maswavlebeli,
magram mas aRar uwevda yuradRebis gadanawileba sxvadasxva jgufebze.
sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda klasi, romelsac Zveli wesiT aswavlidnen.
ori wlis Semdeg, mkvleverebma aRmoaCines sagrZnobi saerTo progresi
eqsperimentuli jgufis yvela doneze. zogi neli mkiTxveli SeuerTda saSualo
mkiTxvelTa jgufs da zogi saSualo mkiTxveli gadavida swraf mkiTxvelTa
jgufSi.
darwmunebuli var, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia sabunebismetyvelo da socialur mecnierebebSi, maTematikasa Tu inglisurSi. interesisa
da/Tu unaris doneebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia meti
gaakeTos individualuri zrdis dasaxmareblad.
Tumca ar vTvli, rom bavSvebi unda ganixilebodnen im resursis saxiT,
romelsac forma unda mieces sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, mjera,
rom rogorc individebi, isini dajildovebulni arian garkveuli TvisebebiTa da
unarebiT _ bunebisagan boZebuli ,,niWiT, rac maTi potenciuri warmatebis
maCvenebelia. sadac bavSvebs erTnairi ,,niWi aqvT, maT erTad muSaobisa da
swavlis saSualeba unda mieceT.
ZiriTadi nawili. I. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris mniSvnelovani argumenti;

Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT
II. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris Semdegi argumenti;
III. avtoris momdevno argumentis ganxilva sakuTari
komentariT da a.S.
daskvna. mokled SeajameT sakuTari Sefasebebi
kritikis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, mis ramdenime nimuSsac gavecnoT.
nimuSi 1
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa
,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT
argumenti, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen,

emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxebSi maTi inteleqtualuri
zrda ferxdeba imis swavlebiT, rac Cveulebrivi bavSvisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli. udavoa, rom specialur klasebs niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, SeuZlia
daexmaros maT ufro adre daamTavron swavla da daikavon TavianTi adgili
sazogadoebaSi. meore mxriv, aseTi moswavleebis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxebidan
gayvanam, SesaZloa, seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas rogorc maT, ise
sazogadoebas.
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT yuradRebas amaxvilebs

internetis macdunebel Zalasa da im saSiS Sedegebze, rasac is sazogadoebebs
moutans. avtori miiCnevs, rom interneti mogvevlina im vakuumis Sesavsebad,
romelic komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda da msgavsad Zveli
egalitaruli sistemisa, warmoadgens utopiur ideologias, romelic yvelas
Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas hpirdeba. avtori amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi interneti qmnis socialurad dapirispirebul adamianebs, da ufrosi asakis da Raribi
qveynebis warmomadgenlebi am net-SejibrSi ukan rCebian. xolo mZime da msubuqi
mrewvelobis sawarmoTa mflobelni did sargebels naxuloben internetidan.
bantingi paralels avlebs XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi nuklearuli energiiT
gamowveul mRelvarebasa da Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetiT gamowveul
mRelvarebas Soris. is miiCnevs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ugulebelyofen maT saSiS zegavlenas, radgan nuklearuli energia gvpirdeba SeuzRudavi
raodenobiT iaf da sufTa sawvavs, interneti ki gvpirdeba revoluciur
gardaqmnebsa da cxovrebis tempis daCqarebas. bolos avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom
SeiZleba erT dRes gamovfxizldeT ,,internetis nabaxusevze da aRmovaCinoT
sakuTari Tavi gakotrebuli im servisis da SenaZenebis wyalobiT, rac internetis
gziT ganvaxorcieleT.
bantingis statiis mizania daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom interneti saSiS gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. am ideis mxardasaWerad, avtori fokusirebas axdens
Semdeg ZiriTad argumentebze:
internetma Seavso vakuumi, gaCenili komunizmis Semdeg;
interneti utopia da totalitarizmia, romelic egalitarizmis mcdar
dapirebas iZleva;
interneti socialur dapirispirebas qmnis;
internets sargebeli moaqvs mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis
mflobelTaTvis;
interneti macdunebeli Zalaa, romelic gakotrebas iwvevs.
amgvarad, raTa davrwmundeT mocemuli statiis miznisa Tu ZiriTadi ideis
validurobaSi, pirvel rigSi, mocemuli argumentebi unda gavaanalizoT. medlin
bantingis pirveli argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti mogvevlina komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCenili vakuumis Sesavsebad, aRZravs SekiTxvas:
Tu interneti postkomunisturi vakuumis Sedegia, niSnavs es, rom yvela qveyana,
romelic internets iyenebs, postkomunisturia? Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis
uqonlobis gamo, rTulia msgavsi ganzogadebis gakeTeba yvela sazogadoebaze.
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti utopiaa, avtoris pirad daskvnebs emyareba da Semdegi gadaWarbebuli da sinonimuri frazebiTaa gamoxatuli:
dotkompaniebis masiuri reklamireba miznad isaxavs Cvens ,,stimulirebas, waxalisebas, daSinebas, manipulirebas, raTa gavxdeT internetSi gaTviT-
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31
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi erTad unda swavlobdnen
bruno betelhaimi (cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi)
cnobierebulni. avtors ar mohyavs magaliTad dot-kompaniebis mier realurad

motyuebuli da daSinebuli adamianebi. mas erTaderTi fraza moqvs internetgverdidan: ,,ar CamorCeT dros, Torem... _ da xsnis mas, rogorc bundovan
muqaras. magram Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT es fraza pozitiuri gafrTxilebis saxiT,
rom ar CamovrCeT dros, viyoT energiulni da vicodeT drois fasi.
avtoris erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom interneti qmnis socialur
uTanasworobas. is cdilobs am ideis dasabuTebas sabanko sistemis magaliTis
moyvaniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu onlains mivmarTavT sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis,
daviviwyebT adgilobriv banks; onlainis gareSe ki mogviwevs kvlav leibis qveS
SevinaxoT fuli. am mosazrebis logikaSi daveWvdebiT, Tu winadadebis pirvel
nawils mis meore nawilTan SevadarebT, radgan gagviCndeba Semdegi SekiTxvebi: 1.
ratom unda daixuros adgilobrivi bankebi, Tu arseboben adamianebi, romlebic
maTiT sargebloben. Tavad avtoric xom amtkicebs, rom interneti yvelasTvis
xelmisawvdomi ar aris. amdenad, visTvisac onlainis sabanko sistema xelmisawvdomi ar aris, albaT, kvlav adgilobrivi bankebiT isargeblebs, rac niSnavs,
rom am ukanasknelT ar mouwevT daxurva; 2. saidan viciT, rom yvela, visTvisac
interneti xelmisawvdomia, onlainis sabanko sistemas iyenebs da ar sargeblobs
adgilobrivi bankebiT?
socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erT magaliTad moyvanilia ganviTarebadi
qveynebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, jer kidev dafis carcis saSovnelad
ibrZvian, amdenad, zedmetia leptopebze saubari. aq sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ras
gvTavazobs avtori. ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavi unda Seikavon internetiT
sargeblobisagan imitom, rom milionobiT adamians ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ara
aqvs leptopi? Tu maT unda moaxdinon internetisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis
investireba ganviTarebad qveynebSi?
avtori amtkicebs, rom mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelni
naxuloben sargebels internetidan. axdens ra fokusirebas internetis mxolod
fizikur aspeqtebze, is ver acnobierebs internetis mniSvnelovan rols
informaciis, codnis (distanciuri swavla), komunikaciis ganviTarebasa da
cxovrebis bevr sxva sferoSi. avtoris calmxrivi pozicia maSinac ki TvalsaCinoa,
roca is cdilobs isaubros internetis pozitiur aspeqtebze: ,,udavoa, rom is
cvlis sadistribucio sistemebs da sacalo vaWrobis Zireul gardaqmnas axdens,
magram ra? es aris sxvaoba xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.
avtori sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, roca wers, rom interneti bevrs
arafers warmoadgens da imavdroulad mas nuklearuli energiis saSiS SedegebTan
adarebs.
amgvarad, Cvens sazogadoebaze internetis saSiSi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ideis
validuroba sustdeba, roca mas kontrargumentebs wavuyenebT. yovelTvis ufro
SemoqmedebiTi da damajerebelia, roca Tavad avtori gvTavazobs sawinaaRmdego
argumentebs, riTac exmareba mkiTxvels, sakiTxs mravali mxridan Sexedos da
obieqturad Seafasos igi.
belia imitom, rom mxolod is iZleva saSualebas, Rrmad gavaanalizoT avtoris

ideebi, ris gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia maTi adekvaturi Sejameba.
savarjoSo #1: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs or statias, romelzec momavalSi analitikuri referati unda daweron da sTxovs maT perifrazirebasa da
Sejamebas.
niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen
qeneT moti (cnobili pedagogi)
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT, gamoqveynebuli

Guardian-Si 2000 wels, ganixilavs Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetis gavlenas,
ufro zustad, ,, internetis mier gamowveul isterias. avtoris azriT,
internetiT gamowveuli enTuziazmi Secvala namdvilma totalitarulma maniam
da momavalSi am teqnologiis ganviTareba mavne iqneba kacobriobisaTvis.
avtori adarebs internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWer propagandas 30-iani
wlebis nacistur da komunistur ideologiebs da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri
totalitaruli ideologiis msgavsad, internetis ganviTarebas SeuZlia
seriozuli negatiuri Sedegebis gamowveva. pirvel rigSi, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios
garkveuli adamianebis gariyva, gansakuTrebiT, asakovani adamianebisa, Tumca misi
mxardasaWeri propaganda amtkicebs, rom is gvTavazobs ,,informaciis Tanabar
niWiers vuwodeb iseT bavSvebs, romlebic floben raime gansakuTrebul

Tvisebasa Tu Sinagan unars, rac araerTma testma Tu dakvirvebam daadgina da vinc
avlens interess da aRwevs warmatebas fizikur, inteleqtualur Tu artistul
sferoebSi.
es SeiZleba iyon bavSvebi, romlebic niWieri aTletebi arian, magram uWirT
akademiuri sagnebis aTviseba, anda studentebi, romlebic ar gamodgebian
aTletebad, magram Zalian kargi inteleqtualuri monacemebi aqvT. ,,niWieri
SeiZleba ewodos saSualo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavles,
romelmac iSviaTi unari gamoavlina musikasa Tu xelovnebaSi, anda bavSvs, romlis
IQ 135 aRwevs da yvelaferSi warmatebulia.
rogor unda moviqceT aseT niWier bavSvebTan? mtkiced mwams, rom
aucilebelia maTi dajgufeba Sesabamisi interesebisa da unarebis mixedviT da
iseT programebSi CarTva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maTi unarebis mTeli
sisruliT gaRvivebas.
am dajgufebas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli sagnebis mixedviT dajgufebis
forma dawyebiT klasebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi klasi heterogenulad aris
dajgufebuli dRis umetes nawilSi, magram drodadro, specialuri instruqtaJis
miRebis mizniT, sagangebo interesebisa Tu unarebis jgufebad iqneba dayofili.
maRal klasebSi moswavleebi SesaZloa dajgufebul iyvnen Cveulebriv klasebad,
oRond sxvadasxva sagnobrivi profilis mixedviT, garkveuli interesisa da
codnis flobis (arflobis) Sesabamisad.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti niWierTa dajgufebis winaaRmdeg, inteleqtualuri snobebis kastis Seqmnis saSiSroebaa. Sesabamisad, zog pedagogs eSinia,
rom saSualo da susti studentebi sakuTar Tavs arasrulfasovnad CaTvlian. Tu
niWierTa Sesaxeb Cemi definiciiT vixelmZRvanelebT, es SiSi usafuZvlo iqneba.
skolebi xom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ajgufeben niWier aTletebs. miuxedavad amisa,
ramdeni aTleti miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs elitis nawilad? gana es aTletebi zemodan
uyureben sxva moswavleebs? maTi aSkara umravlesoba ase ar iqceva.
ramdeni ,,niWier bavSvTa wrea metyvelebaSi, musikaSi, xelovnebasa da
JurnalistikaSi. skolebma siamovnebiT daajgufes niWieri bavSvebi am sferoebSi,
yovelgvari mavne Sedegis gareSe. Cemi dakvirvebiT, niWier oratorTa, musikosTa,
mxatvarTa da mweralTaTvis maTi niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, ar
aRvivebs Surs an arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas nakleb niWier studentebSi.
Tu pedagogebs gulwrfelad surT xeli Seuwyon individualur ganviTarebas,
maT araviTari safuZveli ara aqvT eSinodeT nebismieri saxis dajgufebisa.
swored maswavlebeli da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs studentebis
ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. sanam Seecdeba Sesabamisi
ganwyobis damkvidrebas, pedagogma am gansxvavebaTa mimarT sakuTari ganwyobis
kritikuli analizi unda moaxdinos.
Tu niWieri da araniWieri moswavleebis jgufs mcdari warmodgena Camouyalibdeba sakuTar Tavze, es, albaT, maswavleblebis, mSoblebis an administratorebis bralia. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu maswavleblebi pativs scemen individualur Rirsebas, Tu isini aRviveben interesebs axalgazrdebSi, TiToeuli
moswavle warmatebiT ganaviTarebs sakuTar unarebs. ubralod momxre var, rom
msgavsi ,,niWiT dajildovebulni erTad iyon da siamovneba miiRon am
erTianobisagan.
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45
nimuSi 2
Tema III. analitikuri referati

analitikuri referati warmoadgens akademiuri weris Janrs, romlis mizania
debatis arsis wvdoma da werilobiTi formiT gadmocema, studentisaTvis
SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. Tavis struqturiT analitikuri
referati Zlier waagavs kritikas, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu kritikis werisas
studenti erT statias ganixilavs, aq ukve or, zogjer ki sam statiasTanac aqvs
saqme. rogorc wesi, es aris ori an sami sxvadasxva avtoris statia garkveul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da maT am sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT.
studenti axdens mocemuli statiebis SedarebiT analizs da gamoxatavs sakuTar
pozicias avtorebis mier ganxiluli sakiTxis mimarT. magram umTavresi
gansxvaveba analitikur referatsa da kritikas Soris mainc isaa, rom Tu es
ukanaskneli izolirebulad iwereba anu studenti mxolod erTi statiis
analiziTa da SefasebiT Semoifargleba (Tumca ki misi poziciis ganmtkicebisaTvis sxva avtorTa Sexedulebis damowmebas axdens), analitikuri referatis SemTxvevaSi is mocemul statiebs ara izolirebulad, aramed Sesabamisi
disciplinis Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi ganixilavs, anu
universalizacias Tu konteqstualizacias axdens. Sesabamisad, analitikuri
referatis struqtura Semdeg saxes iZens:
Sesavali: avtorTa poziciebis mokle Sejameba;
konteqstualizacia.
ZiriTadi nawili: I. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi; Zalian
mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT; Tqvens mier avtorTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba
da sakuTari poziciis warmodgena.
II. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi; isev mokled TiToeuli avtoris
argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rasac Tqvenive Sefaseba mosdevs.
III. Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva _ avtorTa poziciebis analizi Tqveni komentarebiT da a.S.
daskvna:
sakuTari Sefasebebis Sejameba da saboloo refleqsia.
amdenad, Zalian mokled rom SevajamoT analitikuri referatis

struqtura, Semdegi elementebis gamoyofas SevZlebT: Sejameba,
konteqstualizacia, analizi, Sefaseba da refleqsia.
aq erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: studentebi xSirad
svamen SekiTxvas, Tu rogor gaaanalizon statiebi jer erTi avtoris
Sexedulebebi ganixilon da mere meorisa, Tu is sakiTxebi gamoyon, rasac
orive/samive avtori ganixilavs da amis safuZvelze Tematurad gaaanalizon
statiebi. akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom
dasavlur akademiur weraSi mravlad moipoveba orive SemTxvevis nimuSebi,
umjobesia Tematurad gavaanalizoT statiebi da ara avtorebis mixedviT, radgan
analitikuri referatis umTavresi mizania fokusireba moaxdinos problemebze
da debatebze mocemul disciplinaSi da swored es fokusi ganapirobebs imas, rom
misi umTavresi komponentia konteqstualizacia.
ufro detalurad gavecnoT analitikuri referatis struqturis Semadgenel
TiToeul nawils.
jer kidev kritikis Janrze saubrisas, ganvixileT statiis Sejamebis teqnika,
rac perifraziT iwyeba (raTa Tavidan aviciloT plagiati) da mxolod amis
Semdeg axdens avtoris ideebis mokled Sejamebas, kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis
gamoyenebis kvaldakval; kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyeneba ki aucile44
xelmisawvdomobas. amis sailustraciod bantings moaqvs im adamianis magaliTi,

romelic ver sargeblobs onlainis sabanko sistemiT da amitom iZulebulia fuli
leibis qveS Seinaxos. bantingi imasac amtkicebs, rom internetis mxardasaWeri
sityvebis miRma mxolod ekonomikuri interesebi imaleba da internetis
dapirebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara utopia.
bantingis momdevno argumenti internetis winaaRmdeg isaa, rom es ar aris
pirveli SemTxveva, roca kacobriobam didi imedi Cado teqnologiaSi, magram
marcxi ganicada. am konteqstSi avtori analogias akeTebs im rwmenasa da
aRelvebasTan, rac nuklearulma energiam gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi. saboloo
jamSi, am uzarmazarma teqnikurma ganviTarebam mZime daRi daasva garemos.
amdenad, Tu SevadarebT ukanaskneli 150 wlis iseT teqnologiur ganviTarebas,
rogoricaa rkinigza, eleqtroba an telefoni, interneti bevrs arafers warmoadgens. interneti udavod iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs, magram bantingis
azriT, isini ar aris maincdamainc mniSvnelovani, radgan sakiTxi exeba ,,sxvaobas
xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi. magaliTad, internetidan
novelis gadmoqaCva nakleb Rirebulia, radgan ufro mniSvnelovania misi
realurad wakiTxvis gamocdileba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas internetiT vaWrobaze.
drois dazogvis mizniT, Sua RamiT internetiT vaWrobis upiratesoba iluziaa,
radgan gacilebiT ufro Semawuxebelia internet-maRaziaSi misvla da amanaTis
wamoReba. bantingi ironiulad aRniSnavs, rom SuaRames ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebac
SeiZleba.
bantingis Sexedulebebi rom SevajamoT, aRmoCndeba, rom, upirveles yovlisa,
is namdvilad aWarbebs, roca veb-manias totalitaruls uwodebs da komunistur
da nacistur ideologiebTan adarebs. aseve, rogorc saTauri ,,Cven aq ukve
vyofilvarT gveubneba, sxva SemTxvevebis arseboba, roca adamiani mixvda, rom
amao imedi daamyara teqnologiis ganviTarebaze (vTqvaT, nuklearuli energia 50ian wlebSi), ar warmoadgens internetis ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg myar arguments.
sinamdvileSi, am ori problemis dakavSireba azrs moklebulia. es mxolod imaze
miuTiTebs, rom istoria wreze midis da adamians SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli
fenomeni warmoadgens saSineli saqmis ganmeorebas da romeli _ kargi saqmisa.
bantingis argumentaciaSi mTlianad uaryofilia internetis mier SemoTavazebuli upiratesobebi. is mxolod internetis uaryofiTi mxareebis demonstrirebas axdens da am SemTxvevaSic ki misi argumentacia aradamajerebelia. ra Tqma
unda, umjobesia waikiTxo novela, vidre gadmoqaCo internetidan da Seinaxo
kompiuterSi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania am novelis xelmisawvdomoba. igive
unda iTqvas internetiT vaWrobazec. avtori bevrs saubrobs masTan dakavSirebul uxerxulobaze da arc ki aRiarebs, rom is aris vaWrobis alternatiuli
gza. magaliTad, gacilebiT martivia SeiZino internetiT iseTi ram, rac ver
moiZie Sens qalaqSi.
da bolos, im gzas, romliTac avtori cdilobs aCvenos, rom internetis
ganviTarebis mxardasaWeri propaganda totalitaruli xasiaTisaa, internetis
SesaZleblobebis winaaRmdeg protestamde mivyavarT.
savarjiSo #1. ramdenad gamarTulia struqturulad kritikis ganxiluli
nimuSebi? daasaxeleT TiToeuli maTganis Zlieri da susti mxaareebi. SeadareT
isini erTmaneTs.
rogorc kritikis struqturidan naTelia, Sesavali avtoris poziciis mokle
SejamebiT iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom avtoris pozicia saTanadod SevajamoT, aucileblia, kargad vflobdeT perifrazirebis teqnikas. garda imisa, rom perifrazireba gvexmareba ukeT gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi da Cveni TvalTaxedvidan
warmovadginoT isini, amasTanave, is umTavresi iaraRia plagiatis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi.
raSi mdgomareobs perifrazirebisa da Sejamebis arsi?
perifrazireba niSnavs teqstis garkveuli monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT
gadmocemas. Sejameba ki warmoadgens teqstis ZiriTadi ideebis mokle Sinaarss,
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemuls.
perifrazirebisaTvis, waikiTxeT teqsti, raTa ZiriTadi idea gaigoT. Semdeg
33
meored gadaikiTxeT teqsti, rom detalebic daimaxsovroT. Semdeg gadadeT wigni

da dawereT yvelaferi, rac gaxsovT. am etapze jer kidev SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT
zusti frazebi da ena teqstidan. momdevno etapze Tqveni sityvebiTa da sakuTari
stiliT gadmoeciT warmodgenili informacia. oRond araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
daurToT sakuTari ideebi, Tu komentari. isini perifrazirebuli Tu Sejamebuli
monakveTis Semdeg unda warmoadginoT, raTa mkiTxvelma gaarCios, romelia
avtoris mosazrebebi da romeli _ Tqveni. da yovelTvis miuTiTeT avtori
perifrazirebul Tu Sejamebul monakveTSi, radgan es Tqveni sakuTari ideebi ar
aris.
perifrazirebisas, Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT avtoris ideebsa da maT Cveni
sityvebiT gadmovcemT, amitom perifrazirebuli monakveTi TiTqmis originalis
zomisaa. rogor viqceviT Sejamebisas? vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod avtoris
ZiriTadi pozicia unda gavacnoT mkiTxvels, yuradRebiT unda amovarCioT
avtoris mTavari argumentebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardaWera ise, rom
detalebs ar CavuRrmavdeT. am dros sakuTar sityvebsa da winadadebebis
struqturas viyenebT ise, rom arsad ar vurTavT sakuTar komentars da periodulad vaxsenebT mkiTxvels, rom sxvisi ideebis Sejamebas vaxdenT.
amdenad, kargi Sejameba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva:
masSi aucileblad miTiTebulia ZiriTadi wyaro;
is zustad da akuratulad axdens originalis interpretirebas;
is ar Seicavs damatebiT komentarebs;
is mxolod ZiriTad sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara konkretul
detalebze;
masSi avtoris ideebi mxolod studentis sityvebiTaa gadmocemuli.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: studentis cnobarSi
gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis drosac studentebi, SesaZloa, garicxul iqnen
universitetidan, iseTi araeTikuri akademiuri qcevisaTvis, rogoricaa
plagiati, dokumentebis falsifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da
msgavsi arakeTilsindisieri saqcieli.
aviRoT sami nimuSi, romelic miznad isaxavs ganxiluli winadadebis sakuTari
sityvebiT gadmocemas.
1. studentis cnobaris Tanaxmad, isini, vinc Tavisad gaasaReben sxvis naSroms,
universitetidan gairicxebian.
2. studentis cnobari gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebs,
romlebic arakeTilsindisier saqciels Caidenen, iqneba es sxvaTa sityvebisa Tu
ideebis gamoyeneba ise, rom avtori ar iqneba miTiTebuli, dokumentebis gayalbeba da a.S., SesaZloa universitetis datovebac ki mouwioT.
3. studentTa cnobari gvacnobs im pirobebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, universitetidan studentebis garicxvis mizezi gaxdes. es pirobebia: plagiati,
dokumentebis falasifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da sxva
arakeTilsindisieri qceva.
pirveli nimuSi Sejamebaa, radgan ganxiluli winadadebis ZiriTad ideas
gvacnobs. meore nimuSi perifrazia warmoadgens, radgan studenti sakuTari sityvebiTa da winadadebis miseuli struqturiT gadmogvcems ganxiluli winadadebis arss. mesame winadadeba ki araadekvatur perifrazirebas axdens, radgan
masSi ena da winadadebis struqtura originalis msgavsia; amdenad, es ukanaskneli
plagiatis nimuSia.
savarjiSo #2. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs statias, romelzec momavalSi
kritika unda daweron, sTxovs gaecnon statias da moxdinon misi perifrazireba,
Semdeg ki erT paragrafad Seajamon perifrazirebuli teqsti (es Sejamebuli
paragrafi momavalSi kritikis SesavalSi moTavsdeba).
34
cxovrebac am faqts gvidasturebs; aviRoT, Tundac saqarTvelos mefeebi,

romelTa umravlesoba amis nimuSs warmoadgens.
amave sakiTxis ganxilvisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri strategiis
gamoyenebisas, ,,daucveli mamakaci cdilobs ,,SeniRbos aracnobieri ,SiSi
qalisadmi, rac kidev erTxel ganamtkicebs Cvens arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom
swored mamakaci da ara qalia ,,bavSvuri arseba, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori
ambobs, swored qals (,,Zlevamosil da ,,saSiS arsebas) SeuZlia ,,daucvel da
umweo mamakacs ,,maskulinuri identuroba Semoacalos. romelia am SemTxvevaSi
ufro ,,bavSvuri da ususuri?
rac Seexeba avtoris arguments, rom ,,sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi
dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre
qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT.
cnobili fsiqologi devid maiersi aRniSnavs, rom mTel msoflioSi socializacia miznad isaxavs vaJebis gareojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis,
gogonebis ki Sidaojaxuri saqmianobisaTvis momzadebas. misi sityvebiT,
genderuli socializacia uzrunvelyofs vaJebs ,,frTebiT, gogonebs ki ,,fesvebiT. Tundac es Sedareba cxadyofs, rom vaJebs adreuli asakidanve meti
Tavisufleba, meti gasaqani da samomavlod meti perspeqtiva gaaCniaT. miRwevebi
sazogadoebriv sferoSi iwvevs socialur dawinaurebas, Sinauri saqmeebis
Tundac brwyinvale Sesruleba ki veravis moutans sazogadoebriv aRiarebas.
ufro metic, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi statusi gansazRvravs
adamianis statuss ojaxSi, magaliTad, tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac metad
difuzuri urTierTobebia, menejeri menejerad rCeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,
ojaxSic ki, da Tavad col-Svilic aRiqvams mas, rogorc menejers da usityvod
emorCileba.
unda daveTanxmo avtoris ZiriTad argumentsa Tu rekomendacias mamakacebisa
da qalebis sqesobrivi rolebisa da saqmianobis daaxlovebis Sesaxeb, rasac,
udavod, ormxrivi pozitiuri Sedegi mohyveba. erTis mxriv, aRarc mamakacebs
moeCvenebaT saTakilod da mosarideblad ,,qalebis saqme, da aRarc maT vaJebs
SeeqmnebaT safrTxe, mamasTan arasakmarisi kontaqtis gamo, ,,daucveli
maskulinoba da ,,qalisadmi SiSi ganuviTardeT. Tu es aracnobierad damkvidrda
pigmis erSi, Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma qveynebma kargad gaacnobieres es
tendencia, razec is faqti metyvelebs, rom evropasa da amerikaSi sul ufro
xSirad SexvdebiT situacias, roca mama mondomebiT amzadebs sadils patara
Svilebis garemocvaSi, axalgazrda mama gaRimebuli moabijebs quCaSi
,,kenguruTi Camokidebuli ToTo bavSviT, anda mama da patara vaJebi
enTuziazmiT exmarebian dedas sarecxis gafenaSi. aseTi siuJetebiT uxvad aris
daxunZluli sareklamo abrebi, Jurnalebi da sabavSvo enciklopediebic ki.
meores mxriv, qalebic aimaRleben socialur statuss da met pativiscemas
moipoveben sazogadoebis TvalSi, roca sazogadoebriv asparezze dawinaurdebian
da met wvlils Seitanen socialur-ekonomikur-politikur cxovrebaSi, rac,
agreTve naTlad gaacnobieres mTels msoflioSi, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove
pirobebSi sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi moRvawe qalis gamoCena. statistika
cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi arasodes yofila imdeni politikosi da ministri
qali, rogorc dRes.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
sazogadoebriv sferoSi moRvaweoba mxolod mamakacebis prerogativaa, qalebi ki
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen da mxolod bavSvebis movliT iyon dakavebulni, TandaTan
icvleba da adgils uTmobs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, orive sqesis
warmomadgenlebi Tanabari uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen rogorc ojaxSi, ise
sazogadoebaSi, rac TavisTavad scems pasuxs avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas, rom
mamakacebs ar unda eSinodeT ,qalebis saqmisa.
43
veTanxmebi avtoris Sexedulebas, rom sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloeba da

TanamSromloba sasargeblo iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi orive sqess meti SesaZlebloba
eqneba maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari potenciali da ar SemoizRudos
mxolod arsebuli stereotipebiT miniWebuli rolebiTa da aqtivobis saxeebiT.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli, rac
gaamarTlebda qalebis dabal statuss mamakacebTan SedarebiT. qalebTan ufro
metadaa gamoxatuli mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians
cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, qalebi aranakleb sasargeblo saqmeebs
akeTeben sazogadoebisTvis. vinaidan qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis gamowveva
ZiriTadad daswavliT xdeba, is SeiZleba arc ganviTardes aRzrdis saTanado
zomebis miRebis SemiTxvevaSi, es ki gamoiwvevs rolebis daaxloebas, rasac
udavod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.
sxva kulturebidan danaxva:

unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,,qalebis saqmisa?
meri stiuart van liuveni
meri stiuart van liuveni statiaSi ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda

eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?-cdilobs axsnas sazogadoebaSi mamakacis
maRali socialuri statusisa da qalis dabali socialuri statusis gamomwvevi
mizezebi, risTvisac sam anTropologiur Teorias imowmebs. maT Tanaxmad, qalis
reproduqciuli qcevis Taviseburebani, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba bavSvis
socializaciis procesze, saSinao saqmeebSi metad CarTuloba, is mizezebia, ris
gamoc qalebi nakleb moiazrebian sazogadoebriv asparezze, Sesabamisad, nakleb
socialur statussac floben. ar akisriaT ra msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, mamakacebs meti dro rCebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebisaTvis da ufro ,,kulturul
arsebebadac arian miCneulni. avtori gvirCevs, rom mivbaZoT kulturebs, sadac
mamakacisa da qalis sqesobriv rolebs Soris sxvaoba minimaluria, radgan amiT
maTi statusebis gaTanabrebas vuwyobT xels. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris
argumentebi udavod sainteresoa, Tumca, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad
damajerebelia isini, aucilebelia maTi detaluri ganxilva.
is faqtic ki, rom qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan sakmaod ,,TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebTan, ver gamoiwvevs qalis ,,bavSvur
arsebad formirebas. ara bavSvTan xangrZlivi urTierToba aqcevs qals
infantilur arsebad, aramed xSirad, piriqiT, qalis xangrZlivi mzrunveloba
iwvevs misi vaJis infantilur mamakacad Camoyalibebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca
meuRleebis xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo, aseTi qalebi vaJkacur Tvisebebsac
iTavseben, sakmaod aqtiurebi da mebrZolebi xdebian, da ojaxis marTvis
sadaveebsac euflebian. amdenad, xSirad swored mamakacebi ufro infantilur
arsebebad gvevlinebian, gansakuTrebiT, iseT tradiciul koleqtivistur
kulturebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, razec qarTvelTa yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli xatovani gamoTqmebic metyvelebs, kerZod,
,,dedikos biWi, ,,dedis nebieri, ,,dedis kalTas amofarebuli da sxv. swored is
epiTetebia, romelTac dedis moWarbebuli mzrunvelobiT garSemortymul,
infantilur qarTvel mamakacebs amkoben xolme.
ver daveTanxmebi avtors imaSic, rom umamod gazrdili vaJis xvedri
aucileblad ,,susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identurobaa, risi
kompensirebis meqanizmsac qalebisa da maTi saqmisgan bavSvebis movlisgan
distancireba warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, momdevno TaobebSi mamasa da vaJs
Soris gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. xSirad swored umamod gazrdili vaJebi xdebian
saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi, radgan maT Tavad iwvnies umamobis mZime xvedri,
mTeli bavSvoba xedavdnen, Tu rogor itanjeboda deda, iTavsebda ra
erTdroulad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebs, ganicades mamis Tanadgomis arqona
cxovrebis yvelaze krizisul periodebSi, amdenad, sakuTari gamocdilebis
safuZvelze, isini, piriqiT, cdiloben saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi gaxdnen da
mudam mxarSi daudgnen sakuTar vaJebs, raTa es ukanasknelni msgavs
mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen. istoriaSi araerTi gamoCenili adamiania, romlis
anTropologebma aRmoaCines, rom mTel msoflioSi is, rac ,,mamakacebis saqmed iTvleba, TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro maRali statusis mqonea, vidre ,,qalebis
saqme. Tu erT kulturaSi mamakacebi saxlebs aSeneben da qalebi kalaTebs wnaven,
am kulturaSi saxlebis mSenebloba ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed iqneba miCneuli.
meore kulturaSi, romelic karis mezoblad mdebareobs, SesaZloa sapirispiro
mdgomareoba iyos da amitom kalaTebis damzadebas ufro maRali socialuri
statusi eniWebodes.
anTropologebi miiCneven, rom biologia srulyofilad ver xsnis mamakacis
dominanturobas. Cven ganvixilavT sam gansxvavebul Teorias, romelTac
anTropologebi gvTavazoben mamakacTa dominanturi da qalTa subordinirebuli
mdgomareobis asaxsnelad.
buneba kulturis sapirispirod. yvela kulturaSi qalebs miiCneven
bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad, vidre mamakacebs, romlebic ufro metad
ganixilebian kulturaSi CarTulebad. radgan kulturuls yvelgan ufro met
Rirebulebas aniWeben, vidre ubralod bunebrivs, qalebs, bunebasTan siaxlovis
gamo, naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT.
qalebs bunebasTan meti siaxlovis mqoned ganixilaven, radgan rom maT
sxeuls igive reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs, rac sxva mdedrobiT ZuZumwovarTa
sxeulebs. es gulisxmobs met dros, energias da sxeulebriv risks, vidre
mamakacebis reproduqciuli roli. amitom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba da
energia rCebaT teqnologiis, vaWrobis, xelovnebis, politikis da religiisaTvis.
da bolos, vinaidan qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan, romlebic
TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebad ibadebian, riTac ufro axlos
dganan cxovelebTan, qalebsac, bavSvebze zrunvis gamo, bunebasTan ufro mWidro
kavSirSi ganixilaven. swored am mizeziT, Tavad qalebic sakmaod ,,bavSvur
arsebebad arian miCneulni.
Sinauri sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. Tumca qalebis reproduqciuli
aqtivobebi ar aiZulebs maT aucileblad saxlTan axlos yofnas, isini ufro
metad arian orientirebulni saSinao saqmeebze, rac martivad uTavsdeba bavSvis
movlas. imave mizeziT, mamakacebi ufro metad arian CarTulni ,,sazogadoebriv
aqtivobebSi, rac maT saxlsa da bavSvebs aSorebs. sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac
mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul
pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi.
obieqturi urTierTobebi da ojaxuri cxovreba. fsiqologebi akvirdebian,
Tu ra gziT acnobiereben bavSvebi TavianT sqesobriv kuTvnilebas. sam wlamde
bavSvi ver acnobierebs, vaJia is Tu gogona. sami wlidan ki misi ganviTarebis erTerTi amocanaa emociurad daculad da bednierad igrZnos Tavi imis gamo, rom is
vaJia an gogona.
swored aq xdeba ganmsazRvreli dedis, rogorc bavSvis ZiriTadi aRmzrdelis
roli. patara gogonebic da vaJebic mijaWvulni arian dedaze da surT hgavdnen
mas. magram patara vaJi male aRmoaCens, rom is ver gaxdeba dedis msgavsi; is unda
iyos mamis msgavsi _ im didi mamrobiTi sqesis pirovnebisa, romelsac mcire xniT
Tu xvdeba dilas da saRamos. vaJi xelfexSeboWilia, radgan is ver darCeba dedaze
mijaWvuli, magram amave dros misi misabaZi nimuSi xSirad ar aris saxlSi. amitom
is SeiZleba Seipyros Rrma da aracnobierma eWvebma _ moaxerxebs Tu ara Tavi
gaarTvas mamakacis rols.
magram zrdis kvaldakval, vaJi acnobierebs, rom mamakacad yofna privilegiebis
matarebelia. Tu kaci ,,namdvili mamakacia, socialurad is qalze ufro
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. aq kvlav safrTxe emuqreba mis maskulinobas: axla
mTeli mondomebiT unda daumtkocos sakuTar Tavs da mTel samyaros, rom is
namdvili mamakacia. rogor unda gaakeTos es? yvelaze martivi da usafrTxo gzaa,
rac SeiZleba metad CamoSordes qalebs da maT aqtivobebs, Caiklas da uari Tqvas
yvela ,,qalur Tvisebasa da impulsze sakuTar TavSi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amis
gakeTeba SeiZleba qalisadmi Ria zizRiTa da cudi mopyrobiT. an mamakaci ubralod
42
35
kritikis nimuSi 2
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?
Tavs aridebs qals, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca saSinao da sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebi unda daikmayofilos, atarebs ra danarCen dros mamakacebisagan Semdgar
jgufebSi; an, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, man SeiZleba gaaidealos da
gaaRmerTos qalebi. esec uzrunvelyofs qalebTan usafrTxo distancias, Tumca Tan
axlavs ,,qaluri srulyofilebis warmoudgeneli moTxovnebi.
ra strategiac ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli, is saSualebas aZlevs daucvel
mamakacs SeniRbos aracnobieri ,,SiSi qalebisadmi. misi yvelaze adreuli
asociaciebi xom dedas ukavSirdeba, romelic Zlevamosilad eCveneboda. es
grZnoba, kombinirebuli mis adreul deprivaciasTan aiTvisos mamakacis roli,
Trgunavs mas da arwmunebs, rom qalebs SeuZliaT raRacnairad Semoacalon misi
maskulinuri identuroba.
amgvarad, CvenTvis TvalsaCinoa, Tu rogor gadadis Taobidan Taobaze
maskulinuri daucveloba. umamo vaJs uviTardeba susti da ambivalenturi
maskulinuri identuroba. am daucvelobis kompensaciis mizniT, siymawvilesa da
mozrdil asakSi is axdens distancirebas qalebisagan da ,,qalebis saqmisagan. ra
warmoadgens qalis ZiriTad saqmes? bavSvebis movla. amdenad, is Tavs aridebs
sakuTar vaJebTan kontaqts da gaucnobiereblad uwyobs xels maTSi daucveli
maskulinobis, qalebisadmi SiSis da qalis uarmyofeli qcevis ganviTarebas.
aris raime gamosavali am mojadoebuli wridan? radganac kulturebi
gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ra moculobiT usvamen xazs kerZo/sazogadoebrivs,
albaT, kargi iqneboda migvebaZa kulturisaTvis, romelsac minimumze dahyavs
sqesobrivi rolebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris. minda nimuSad moviyvano
sakuTari gamokvleva centralur afrikaSi mcxovreb pigmis erTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic jer kidev nadiroba-SegrovebiT irCens Tavs.
Tumca pigmis erSi sqesobrivi rolebi garkveulwilad diferencirebulia,
eris simcire da mobiloba moiTxovs yvela wevris mWidro TanamSromlobas.
qalebi da bavSvebi exmarebian mamakacebs nadirobaSi; qals SeuZlia daavalos
qmars bavSvis movla, sanam TviTon sadils amzadebs. bebia-babuebi uvlian
SviliSvilebs, roca maTi mSoblebi nadiroba-SegrovebiT arin dakavebulni. aq
kerZo/sazogadoebrivad
dayofa
nakleb
mniSvnelovania.
gansakuTrebiT
saintereso ki is faqtia, rom mcire sxvaoba monadire-SemgrovebelTa sqesobriv
rolebs Soris da maTi mWidro TanamSromloba iwvevs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
Zlier inteleqtualur msgavsebas.
ra SeiZleba aqedan viswavloT sakuTari situaciis Sesaxeb? zogierTi
kulturanTropologi amtkicebs, rom savaldebuloa vimoZraoT ori mimarTulebiT: mamakacebi unda dauaxlovdnen saojaxo sferos, miiReben ra
monawileobas bavSvebis socializaciasa da saojaxo saqmeebis keTebaSi; qalebma ki
Tanabari monawileoba unda miiRon sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da kulturaSi.
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba maTi statusi.
aseTi cvlilebebi ar aqcevs mamakacebs qalebad da qalebs mamakacebad. rac
arsebiTia qalis saqmianobis statusis asamaRleblad, aris ara sqesobrivi
rolebis arsebobis ignorireba, aramed daaxloeba, TanamSromloba da moqniloba
im rolebisa, romelTac mamakacebi da qalebi inawileben. sinamdvileSi, maSinac ki,
roca mamakacebi da qalebi saerTo amocanas asruleben, magaliTad, bavSvis movla,
maTi midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia da bevri am stilistur sxvaobaTagan
namdvilad aRmoCndeba xolme damkvidrebis Rirsi.
vardebian kacebs àdamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs

xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar
SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili
ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi.
savarjiSo #6: SeadareT erTmaneTs avtoris poziciis Sefasebis warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
savarjiSo #7: kritikis pirveli versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia.
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac kritikis saboloo versiis
Seqmna mohyveba.
kritikis nimuSi 1
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa `sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?~
meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda
eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa? ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur
statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis
aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv
bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba,
iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi
monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs.
eSinodeT mamakacebs `qalebis saqmisa~ ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs. Tumca,
umjobesia ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.
avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan
bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis
reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom
qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian
mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro
metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia,
TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT
Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria
sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _
grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs àdamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom
qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar
rogorc meore Teoria ambobs, qalebis dabali statusi ganisazRvreba maTi
saSinao saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mravali qali axerxebs
sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac saxlis saqmeebis gverdiT. imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom
isini xels uwyoben mamakacebis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, uvlian ra maT da maT
Svilebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, bevri ram mamakacebis gasakeTebeli iqneboda da
naklebi dro darCebodaT sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis.
ganviTarebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ojaxuri urTierTobebi marTlac
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs sakuTar sqesTan identifikaciaSi. patara biWebs
Tavidanve aswavlian, rom gogonebze `kargebi~ unda iyvnen. `ra gogosaviT
iqcevi?~; `ra gatirebs, gogo xom ara xar?~; `biWebs arafris ar unda eSinodeT!~ _
aseTi SeniSvnebi yoveldRiurad esmiT maT. garSemomyofebis miTiTebebis
Sesabamisad, isini iZulebulni xdebian uari Tqvan `qalur~ gamovlinebebze, raTa
daimsaxuros mowoneba. marTalia isic, rom mama Tavisi saqcieliT xels uwyobs
biWSi qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac bavSvi baZavs mas,
rogorc avtoritets. aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `qalurobisadmi~ SiSi
daswavlis Sedegia.
36
41
statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 1
meis ideebi saTanadod perifrazirebulia da saWiroebis adgilas brWyalebic

gamoyenebulia [The Guide to Grammar and Writing (2001). Capital Community College
Foundation. Retrieved April, 26, 2004, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu.grammar/index.htm]
amdenad, plagiatis Tavidan asacileblad:
brWyalebSi CasviT yvelaferi, rasac uSualod teqstidan iRebT;
perifrazireba moaxdineT, magram darwmundiT, rom sityvebs ubralod ki
ar ucvliT adgils an sinonimebiT anacvlebT, aramed avtoris mxolod ideebs
tovebT da maT sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscemT. amisaTvis, teqsts rom waikiTxavT, wigni daxureT da ise gadmoeciT Sinaarsi;
SeadareT Tqvens mier perifrazirebuli monakvTi originals, raTa
darwmundeT, rom SemTxveviT msgavsi frazebi an winadadebebi ar gamogiyenebiaT
da rom informacia akuratulad gaqvT gadmocemuli.
savarjiSo #4. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs teqsts da sxvadasxva winadadebebs am teqstidan, romlebic plagiatis nimuSebs warmoadgens. pedagogi sTxovs
studentebs moaxdinon am winadadebebis perifrazireba im formiT, rom isini aRar
warmoadgendnen plagiatis nimuSebs.
mas Semdeg rac studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen perifrazirebisa da citirebis, agreTve, plagiatobis Tavidan acilebis teqnikas, da kritikis SesavlisaTvis, miTiTebuli statiis Sejamebac moaxdines, isini kritikis ZiriTad nawilze gadadian da avtoris argumentebis Sefasebasa da maTze refleqsias axdenen.
savarjiSo #5: zemoT ganxiluli kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebiT,
studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 2-Si wardgenili statiis analizsa da Sefasebas,
kerZod, isini avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs aanalizeben da TavianT pozicias
gamoxataven maTTan mimarTebaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT
ganamtkiceben.
avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 1

avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebs yvela kulturaSi bunebasTan ufro axlos
mdgomad miiCneven, vidre mamakacebs, ris gamoc maT naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT
da, maTi bunebrivi reproduqciuli funqciebidan gamomdinare, naklebad monawileoben politikur, ekonomikur, savaWro, teqnologiur procesebSi; aseve
xelovnebasa da religiaSi. magram unda SevniSnoT, rom arc erT adamians ar
SeuZlia realurad gansazRvros da gadaWriT amtkicos raime sakiTxisadmi
damokidebuleba yvela kulturaSi. vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs gamonaklisi,
albaT, umjobesi iqneboda eTqva, CvenTvis cnobil umetes kulturebSi, radgan
arsebobda matriarqatis xana, roca qals wamyvani roli ekisreboda da arsebobs
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, sadac qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo Tu
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis 50%-s qalebi Seadgenen, mag.: SvedeTi,
fineTi da a.S.

meri stiuart van liuvenis statia `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT
mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?~ exeba TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul
genderul stereotipebs, rac qalebs dabal statuss aniWebs, mamakacebs ki maRals. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtori ganixilavs ramdenime Teorias.
pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa maRali statusi
aixsneba imiT, rom isini ufro axlos dganan kulturasTan; rac Seexeba
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs, sxva ZuZumwovar cxovelebTan saerTo
reproduqciuli funqciebis gamo, maT bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven.
rogorc aRniSnuli Teoria ambobs, reproduqcia da TavianTi TvisebebiT
cxovelebTan axlos mdgomi bavSvebis aRzrda, qalebisgan did energiasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ris gamoc maT aRar rCebaT dro kulturuli
saqmianobisTvis _ religiisTvis, xelovnebisTvis da sxva. meore Teoriis
Tanaxmad, mamakacTa maRali statusi imiT aixsneba, rom isini ewevian
sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, qalebi ki umetesad saSinao saqmeebiT arian
dakavebulni. mesame Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqologebis mier dadgenilia, rom bavSvi
3 wlidan iwyebs sqesTan mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas. am droidan biWma uari
unda Tqvas dedisadmi mijaWvulobaze da survilze hgavdes mas. igi cdilobs
mibaZos mamas, magram vinaidan mas iSviaTad xedavs, uCndeba SiSi, Tu ramdenad
kargad daeufleba mamakacis rols. amave dros, biWi TandaTan aRmoaCens, rom
`mamakacobasTan~ bevri upiratesobaa dakavSirebuli da meti mondomebiT
cdilobs iqces namdvil mamakacad, ris gamoc uars ambobs yovelgvar `qalur~
Tvisebasa da qcevaze, anu gaurbis `qalurobas~. xdeba ra mama, is gaurbis
SvilebTan urTierTobas, rogorc qalebis saqmes da Tavisi saqcieliT, mis
vaJebSic nergavs qalebisadmi SiSs. statiis avtori sqesobrivi rolebis
daaxloebis da TanamSromlobis momxrea, rac udavod mowonebas imsaxurebs. bolo
unda moeRos araswor genderul crurwmenebs da qalisa da mamakacis rolebis
mkveTr gamijvnas, vinaidan amas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs.

grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camou-
rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis rekomendebulia avtoris ideebis sakuTari

sityvebiT gadmocema, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca avtori imdenad efeqturad
gadmoscems saTqmels, rom Zalian gagviWirdeba perifrazirebis gziT mkiTxvels
misi ideebis `mTeli eSxi~ davanaxoT; anda mocemul frazaSi avtoris sakvanZo
ideebia Cadebuli, rac CvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias (pozitiurs Tu negatiurs)
iwvevs da gvsurs, mkiTxvels mTeli sisruliT warmovudginoT es monakveTi; aris
SemTxvevebi, roca mkiTxvels swored avtoris Txrobis stilsa Tu enis specifikas
vacnobT. udavoa, rom aseT dros aucileblad mogviwevs avtoris sityvebis
citireba.
citirebas Tavisi mkacri wesebi aqvs, romlebic yovelTvis unda davicvaT:
Tu citatis sigrZe 3-4 xazs (daaxloebiT 50 sityvas) ar aRemateba,
maSin is pirdapir Cvens teqstSi unda CavrToT da ormag brWyalSi CavsvaT;
Tu citatis sigrZe 5 xazi da metia (daaxloebiT 50 sityvaze meti),
maSin is Cveni teqstisagan unda gamovacalkevoT, gverdis SuSi
gavaTanabroT, veli davuviwrovoT (aris SemTxvevebi, roca intervalsac
amcireben xolme) da, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi brWyalebSi ar
movaTavsoT;
Tu vaxdenT iseTi monakveTis citirebas, sadac avtors Tavad aqvs
gamoyenebuli citata, maSin avtoris sityvebi, Cveulebrivad, or brWalSi
Caismeba, masTan citirebuli monakveTi ki _ TiTo brWyalSi;
Tuki avtoris grZel citatas movuxmobT, romelSic, agreTve citataa
moTavsebuli, rogorc viciT, grZeli citata brWyalSi ar Caismeba, masSi
arsebuli citata ki, Cveulebriv, or brWyalSi;
Tu citataSi garkveuli sityvis an Tundac frazis gamotoveba gvsurs,
40
37
sam wertils vsvamT gamotovebuli sityvis/frazis adgilas;

Tuki citatis koreqtirebis da masSi sakuTari ideis CarTvis survili
gagviCnda, sakuTari sityvebi frCxilebSi unda movaTavsoT.
rac Seexeba, citataSi sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebas, wertili da mZime
yovelTvis brWyalis SigniTaa, danarCeni sasveni niSnebi ki _ brWyals gareT,
Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Tavad avtoris citatas ar axlavs. [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998).
Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
citirebaze saubrisas, aucilebelia gavecnoT, Tu rogor xdeba citirebuli,
an Tundac perifrazirebuli da Sejamebuli monakveTis bolos avtoris miTiTeba.
rogorc wesi, bibliografiis miTiTebis sxvadasxva sistemas am mxriv Tavisi
specifika aqvs. Cven amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) mier
SemoTavazebuli bibliografiis miTiTebis sistemiT vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan,
erTi mxriv, is Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia, meore
mxriv ki, samaod popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi.
APA sistemis Tanaxmad, iseT mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, rogoricaa kritika,
analitikuri referati, an Tundac Jurnalis statia, wyaro sqolioSi ki ar unda
mivuTiToT, aramed pirdapir teqstSi, uSualod moxseniebisTanave. aseT
miTiTebas `CarTuli~ hqvia da misi gamoyenebisas mkacrad unda davicvaT Semdegi
wesebi:
mTliani naSromis Sejamebisas, Sejamebuli paragrafis bolos, frCxilebSi
moTavsdeba avtoris gvari da publikaciis TariRi, romlebic mZimiT gamoiyofa;
Tu avtori moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, frCxilebSi mxolod
publikaciis TariRi iqneba miTiTebuli;
Tu avtorica da publikaciis TariRic moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi,
`CarTulis~ gamoyeneba saWiro aRaraa;
Tu garkveuli qveTavis an paragrafis perifrazirebas vaxdenT, anda
uSualod citata mogvyavs, avtoris gvarTan da publikaciis TariRTan erTad,
aucileblad idgeba gverdis nomeric;
roca naSroms ori avtori hyavs, yoveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi orive
avtoris gvari iqneba;
roca naSroms sami da meti avtori hyavs, pirveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi
yvela avtoris gvari iqneba warmodgenili, Semdgomi miTiTebebisas ki _ mxolod
pirveli avtoris gvari da aRniSvna èt al.,~ rac niSnavs `da sxvebi.~;
Tumca piradi werilebi, satelefono saubrebi da msgavsi masala, romlis
aRdgenac SeuZlebelia, ar aris miTiTebuli bibliografiaSi teqstis Semdeg,
isini aucileblad miTiTebulia `CarTulSi~;
Tu garkveuli idea ramdenime wyaroSia moxseniebuli, misi miTiTeba
Semdegi saxiT xdeba:
_ erTi avtoris ramdenime naSromis miTiTeba, maTi gamocemis TariRis
mixedviT xdeba: (blumi, 1956, 1962).
_ Tu avtors ori naSromi erT welsaa gamocemuli, isini Semdegi saxiT unda
ganvasxvavoT: (blumi, 1956a, 1956b).
_ sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebi maTi gvarebis anbanuri Tanmimdevrobis
mixedviT unda miuTiToT da erTmaneTisagan wertil-mZimiT unda davaSoroT
(gouldi, 1989; smiti, 1983; terneri, 1989). [APA Catations. Retrieved 22 May, 2005, from
http:/www.webster.comment.edu/apa.htm.]
plagiati imiT isjeba, rom studentis naSromi pirdapir Rebulobs aradamakmayofilebel Sefasebas, Tundac masSi genialuri ideebi iyos warmodgenili;
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, students kursis gavlac xelaxla uwevs. konkretuli
magaliTis safuZvelze, ganvixiloT plagiatis Tavidan acilebis teqnika. warmogidgenT monakveTs e. t. meis naSromidan àmerikuli ojaxis miTebi da realoba~:
`radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlavac im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom
swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni, martoxela dedebs iSviaTad Tu
SeswevT unari adekvaturad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da maTi Svilebi. da
radgan samuSao kvlav im mosazrebis safuZvelzea organizebuli, rom qalebi
saxlSi unda darCnen SvilebTan erTad, Tumca ki dedebis sakmaod mcire
raodenobas aqvs amis saSualeba, bavSvebis movlis SesaZleblobebi, samwuxarod,
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba SeerTebul StatebSi~.
I versia: radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari Sexedulebis gamomxatvelia,
rom swored mamakacebi arian Semomtanni ojaxSi, martoxela dedebs Zalian uWirT
sakuTari Tavisa da maTi Svilebis rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao kvlav im
principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ZiriTad dros ojaxSi unda atarebdnen
SvilebTan erTad, bavSvze zrunvis xelSemwyobi garemo SeerTebul StatebSi
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba.
es versia plagiatis nimuSia, radgan masSi zedmiwevniTaa warmodgenili originalSi mocemuli winadadebebis wyoba da sityvebis Tanmimdevroba. studenti
sinonimebiT anacvlebs sityvebs da gamotovebs erT frazas, magram mTliani
teqsti Zalian waagavs originals.
II versia: rogorc e.t. mei aRniSnavs, `qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv.
88), amitom mraval martoxela dedas uWirs sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis
adekvaturi rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen SvilebTan erTad, dRis centrebis mier SemoTavazebuli
momsaxureba am qveyanaSi `samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba~ (mei, 2001, gv,
89).
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca studenti ukve meis citirebas
axdens, misi teqsti mainc sakmaod axlosaa originalTan.
III versia: Cveni ekonomika kvlav im mcdari principiT xelmZRvanelobs, rom
mamakacebi ojaxis mTavari marCenalni arian. amitom qalebs kvlav mamakacebze
dabali xelfasi aqvT. Sedegad, mravali martoxel deda ver axerxebs ojaxis
saTanadod rCenas. garda amisa, adeqvaturi dRis centrebi jer kidev problemas
warmoadgens SeerTebul StatebSi, im gavrcelebuli araswori Sexedulebis gamo,
rom dedebi umetes dros saxlSi atareben SvilebTan erTad.
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca avtori ukeT axdens teqstis
perifrazirebas da winadadebebis struqturasac cvlis, is arsad ar aRniSnavs,
rom es meis ideebia da ara misi sakuTari. marTalia, meis mosazrebaTa nawili
cnobil faqtebs warmoadgens (qalebs mamakacebze naklebi xelfsi aqvT, martoxela dedebis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs), magram mei iyenebs maT specifikuri da originaluri koncefciis asagebad, rasac studenti ugulebelyofs.
da bolos, perifrazireba-Sejameba-citirebaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia

gverdi avuaroT plagiatis Temas.
plagiat nebiT Tu uneblied, sxvisi ideebis sakuTar ideebad gasaRebelia. es
ìdeebi~ SeiZleba iyos nabeWdi an sityvieri masala, dawyebuli martivi
winadadebebiTa da damTavrebuli mTeli paragrafebiT; amasTan, es SeiZleba iyos
statistikuri monacemebi, laboratoriuli Sedegebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da a.S.
`sxvebis~ qveS moiazreba rogorc naSromTa avtorebi, Jurnalebis kritikosebi,
enciklopediaTa Semdgenelni da sxv., ise eleqtronuli wyaroebi.
IV versia: dRes qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT, vidre mamakacebs imdenad

naklebi, rom mraval martoxela dedas da maT Svilebs siRaribis zRvarze an mis
miRmac ki uwevT cxovreba. e.t. mei asabuTebs, rom es situacia nawilobriv imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom kvlavac arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom `swored mamakacebi
arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 89). mei imasac ambobs, rom amerikaSi kvlav
dominanturia azri, rom bavSviani dedebi umetesad saxlSi rCebian, raTa Svilebs
mouaron (2001, gv. 89).
Cemi azriT, msgavsi situacia nakleb tipuria dRes, roca qveyanaSi sul ufro
meti dRis centri ixsneba da arc ZiZebis raodenobas unda vuCiodeT...
am versiaSi adgili aris plagiati. studenti iyenebs cnobil fqtebs meis
naSromidan, magram xazs usvams avtoris dakvnebs da ar cdilobs maT miTvisebas.
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39
sam wertils vsvamT gamotovebuli sityvis/frazis adgilas;

Tuki citatis koreqtirebis da masSi sakuTari ideis CarTvis survili
gagviCnda, sakuTari sityvebi frCxilebSi unda movaTavsoT.
rac Seexeba, citataSi sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebas, wertili da mZime
yovelTvis brWyalis SigniTaa, danarCeni sasveni niSnebi ki _ brWyals gareT,
Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Tavad avtoris citatas ar axlavs. [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998).
Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
citirebaze saubrisas, aucilebelia gavecnoT, Tu rogor xdeba citirebuli,
an Tundac perifrazirebuli da Sejamebuli monakveTis bolos avtoris miTiTeba.
rogorc wesi, bibliografiis miTiTebis sxvadasxva sistemas am mxriv Tavisi
specifika aqvs. Cven amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) mier
SemoTavazebuli bibliografiis miTiTebis sistemiT vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan,
erTi mxriv, is Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia, meore
mxriv ki, samaod popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi.
APA sistemis Tanaxmad, iseT mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, rogoricaa kritika,
analitikuri referati, an Tundac Jurnalis statia, wyaro sqolioSi ki ar unda
mivuTiToT, aramed pirdapir teqstSi, uSualod moxseniebisTanave. aseT
miTiTebas `CarTuli~ hqvia da misi gamoyenebisas mkacrad unda davicvaT Semdegi
wesebi:
mTliani naSromis Sejamebisas, Sejamebuli paragrafis bolos, frCxilebSi
moTavsdeba avtoris gvari da publikaciis TariRi, romlebic mZimiT gamoiyofa;
Tu avtori moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, frCxilebSi mxolod
publikaciis TariRi iqneba miTiTebuli;
Tu avtorica da publikaciis TariRic moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi,
`CarTulis~ gamoyeneba saWiro aRaraa;
Tu garkveuli qveTavis an paragrafis perifrazirebas vaxdenT, anda
uSualod citata mogvyavs, avtoris gvarTan da publikaciis TariRTan erTad,
aucileblad idgeba gverdis nomeric;
roca naSroms ori avtori hyavs, yoveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi orive
avtoris gvari iqneba;
roca naSroms sami da meti avtori hyavs, pirveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi
yvela avtoris gvari iqneba warmodgenili, Semdgomi miTiTebebisas ki _ mxolod
pirveli avtoris gvari da aRniSvna èt al.,~ rac niSnavs `da sxvebi.~;
Tumca piradi werilebi, satelefono saubrebi da msgavsi masala, romlis
aRdgenac SeuZlebelia, ar aris miTiTebuli bibliografiaSi teqstis Semdeg,
isini aucileblad miTiTebulia `CarTulSi~;
Tu garkveuli idea ramdenime wyaroSia moxseniebuli, misi miTiTeba
Semdegi saxiT xdeba:
_ erTi avtoris ramdenime naSromis miTiTeba, maTi gamocemis TariRis
mixedviT xdeba: (blumi, 1956, 1962).
_ Tu avtors ori naSromi erT welsaa gamocemuli, isini Semdegi saxiT unda
ganvasxvavoT: (blumi, 1956a, 1956b).
_ sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebi maTi gvarebis anbanuri Tanmimdevrobis
mixedviT unda miuTiToT da erTmaneTisagan wertil-mZimiT unda davaSoroT
(gouldi, 1989; smiti, 1983; terneri, 1989). [APA Catations. Retrieved 22 May, 2005, from
http:/www.webster.comment.edu/apa.htm.]
plagiati imiT isjeba, rom studentis naSromi pirdapir Rebulobs aradamakmayofilebel Sefasebas, Tundac masSi genialuri ideebi iyos warmodgenili;
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, students kursis gavlac xelaxla uwevs. konkretuli
magaliTis safuZvelze, ganvixiloT plagiatis Tavidan acilebis teqnika. warmogidgenT monakveTs e. t. meis naSromidan àmerikuli ojaxis miTebi da realoba~:
`radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlavac im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom
swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni, martoxela dedebs iSviaTad Tu
SeswevT unari adekvaturad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da maTi Svilebi. da
radgan samuSao kvlav im mosazrebis safuZvelzea organizebuli, rom qalebi
saxlSi unda darCnen SvilebTan erTad, Tumca ki dedebis sakmaod mcire
raodenobas aqvs amis saSualeba, bavSvebis movlis SesaZleblobebi, samwuxarod,
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba SeerTebul StatebSi~.
I versia: radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari Sexedulebis gamomxatvelia,
rom swored mamakacebi arian Semomtanni ojaxSi, martoxela dedebs Zalian uWirT
sakuTari Tavisa da maTi Svilebis rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao kvlav im
principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ZiriTad dros ojaxSi unda atarebdnen
SvilebTan erTad, bavSvze zrunvis xelSemwyobi garemo SeerTebul StatebSi
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba.
es versia plagiatis nimuSia, radgan masSi zedmiwevniTaa warmodgenili originalSi mocemuli winadadebebis wyoba da sityvebis Tanmimdevroba. studenti
sinonimebiT anacvlebs sityvebs da gamotovebs erT frazas, magram mTliani
teqsti Zalian waagavs originals.
II versia: rogorc e.t. mei aRniSnavs, `qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv.
88), amitom mraval martoxela dedas uWirs sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis
adekvaturi rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen SvilebTan erTad, dRis centrebis mier SemoTavazebuli
momsaxureba am qveyanaSi `samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba~ (mei, 2001, gv,
89).
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca studenti ukve meis citirebas
axdens, misi teqsti mainc sakmaod axlosaa originalTan.
III versia: Cveni ekonomika kvlav im mcdari principiT xelmZRvanelobs, rom
mamakacebi ojaxis mTavari marCenalni arian. amitom qalebs kvlav mamakacebze
dabali xelfasi aqvT. Sedegad, mravali martoxel deda ver axerxebs ojaxis
saTanadod rCenas. garda amisa, adeqvaturi dRis centrebi jer kidev problemas
warmoadgens SeerTebul StatebSi, im gavrcelebuli araswori Sexedulebis gamo,
rom dedebi umetes dros saxlSi atareben SvilebTan erTad.
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca avtori ukeT axdens teqstis
perifrazirebas da winadadebebis struqturasac cvlis, is arsad ar aRniSnavs,
rom es meis ideebia da ara misi sakuTari. marTalia, meis mosazrebaTa nawili
cnobil faqtebs warmoadgens (qalebs mamakacebze naklebi xelfsi aqvT, martoxela dedebis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs), magram mei iyenebs maT specifikuri da originaluri koncefciis asagebad, rasac studenti ugulebelyofs.
da bolos, perifrazireba-Sejameba-citirebaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia

gverdi avuaroT plagiatis Temas.
plagiat nebiT Tu uneblied, sxvisi ideebis sakuTar ideebad gasaRebelia. es
ìdeebi~ SeiZleba iyos nabeWdi an sityvieri masala, dawyebuli martivi
winadadebebiTa da damTavrebuli mTeli paragrafebiT; amasTan, es SeiZleba iyos
statistikuri monacemebi, laboratoriuli Sedegebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da a.S.
`sxvebis~ qveS moiazreba rogorc naSromTa avtorebi, Jurnalebis kritikosebi,
enciklopediaTa Semdgenelni da sxv., ise eleqtronuli wyaroebi.
IV versia: dRes qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT, vidre mamakacebs imdenad

naklebi, rom mraval martoxela dedas da maT Svilebs siRaribis zRvarze an mis
miRmac ki uwevT cxovreba. e.t. mei asabuTebs, rom es situacia nawilobriv imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom kvlavac arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom `swored mamakacebi
arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 89). mei imasac ambobs, rom amerikaSi kvlav
dominanturia azri, rom bavSviani dedebi umetesad saxlSi rCebian, raTa Svilebs
mouaron (2001, gv. 89).
Cemi azriT, msgavsi situacia nakleb tipuria dRes, roca qveyanaSi sul ufro
meti dRis centri ixsneba da arc ZiZebis raodenobas unda vuCiodeT...
am versiaSi adgili aris plagiati. studenti iyenebs cnobil fqtebs meis
naSromidan, magram xazs usvams avtoris dakvnebs da ar cdilobs maT miTvisebas.
38
39
meis ideebi saTanadod perifrazirebulia da saWiroebis adgilas brWyalebic

gamoyenebulia [The Guide to Grammar and Writing (2001). Capital Community College
Foundation. Retrieved April, 26, 2004, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu.grammar/index.htm]
amdenad, plagiatis Tavidan asacileblad:
brWyalebSi CasviT yvelaferi, rasac uSualod teqstidan iRebT;
perifrazireba moaxdineT, magram darwmundiT, rom sityvebs ubralod ki
ar ucvliT adgils an sinonimebiT anacvlebT, aramed avtoris mxolod ideebs
tovebT da maT sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscemT. amisaTvis, teqsts rom waikiTxavT, wigni daxureT da ise gadmoeciT Sinaarsi;
SeadareT Tqvens mier perifrazirebuli monakvTi originals, raTa
darwmundeT, rom SemTxveviT msgavsi frazebi an winadadebebi ar gamogiyenebiaT
da rom informacia akuratulad gaqvT gadmocemuli.
savarjiSo #4. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs teqsts da sxvadasxva winadadebebs am teqstidan, romlebic plagiatis nimuSebs warmoadgens. pedagogi sTxovs
studentebs moaxdinon am winadadebebis perifrazireba im formiT, rom isini aRar
warmoadgendnen plagiatis nimuSebs.
mas Semdeg rac studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen perifrazirebisa da citirebis, agreTve, plagiatobis Tavidan acilebis teqnikas, da kritikis SesavlisaTvis, miTiTebuli statiis Sejamebac moaxdines, isini kritikis ZiriTad nawilze gadadian da avtoris argumentebis Sefasebasa da maTze refleqsias axdenen.
savarjiSo #5: zemoT ganxiluli kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebiT,
studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 2-Si wardgenili statiis analizsa da Sefasebas,
kerZod, isini avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs aanalizeben da TavianT pozicias
gamoxataven maTTan mimarTebaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT
ganamtkiceben.

avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebs yvela kulturaSi bunebasTan ufro axlos
mdgomad miiCneven, vidre mamakacebs, ris gamoc maT naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT
da, maTi bunebrivi reproduqciuli funqciebidan gamomdinare, naklebad monawileoben politikur, ekonomikur, savaWro, teqnologiur procesebSi; aseve
xelovnebasa da religiaSi. magram unda SevniSnoT, rom arc erT adamians ar
SeuZlia realurad gansazRvros da gadaWriT amtkicos raime sakiTxisadmi
damokidebuleba yvela kulturaSi. vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs gamonaklisi,
albaT, umjobesi iqneboda eTqva, CvenTvis cnobil umetes kulturebSi, radgan
arsebobda matriarqatis xana, roca qals wamyvani roli ekisreboda da arsebobs
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, sadac qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo Tu
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis 50%-s qalebi Seadgenen, mag.: SvedeTi,
fineTi da a.S.

meri stiuart van liuvenis statia `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT
mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?~ exeba TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul
genderul stereotipebs, rac qalebs dabal statuss aniWebs, mamakacebs ki maRals. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtori ganixilavs ramdenime Teorias.
pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa maRali statusi
aixsneba imiT, rom isini ufro axlos dganan kulturasTan; rac Seexeba
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs, sxva ZuZumwovar cxovelebTan saerTo
reproduqciuli funqciebis gamo, maT bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven.
rogorc aRniSnuli Teoria ambobs, reproduqcia da TavianTi TvisebebiT
cxovelebTan axlos mdgomi bavSvebis aRzrda, qalebisgan did energiasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ris gamoc maT aRar rCebaT dro kulturuli
saqmianobisTvis _ religiisTvis, xelovnebisTvis da sxva. meore Teoriis
Tanaxmad, mamakacTa maRali statusi imiT aixsneba, rom isini ewevian
sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, qalebi ki umetesad saSinao saqmeebiT arian
dakavebulni. mesame Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqologebis mier dadgenilia, rom bavSvi
3 wlidan iwyebs sqesTan mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas. am droidan biWma uari
unda Tqvas dedisadmi mijaWvulobaze da survilze hgavdes mas. igi cdilobs
mibaZos mamas, magram vinaidan mas iSviaTad xedavs, uCndeba SiSi, Tu ramdenad
kargad daeufleba mamakacis rols. amave dros, biWi TandaTan aRmoaCens, rom
`mamakacobasTan~ bevri upiratesobaa dakavSirebuli da meti mondomebiT
cdilobs iqces namdvil mamakacad, ris gamoc uars ambobs yovelgvar `qalur~
Tvisebasa da qcevaze, anu gaurbis `qalurobas~. xdeba ra mama, is gaurbis
SvilebTan urTierTobas, rogorc qalebis saqmes da Tavisi saqcieliT, mis
vaJebSic nergavs qalebisadmi SiSs. statiis avtori sqesobrivi rolebis
daaxloebis da TanamSromlobis momxrea, rac udavod mowonebas imsaxurebs. bolo
unda moeRos araswor genderul crurwmenebs da qalisa da mamakacis rolebis
mkveTr gamijvnas, vinaidan amas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs.

grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camou-
rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis rekomendebulia avtoris ideebis sakuTari

sityvebiT gadmocema, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca avtori imdenad efeqturad
gadmoscems saTqmels, rom Zalian gagviWirdeba perifrazirebis gziT mkiTxvels
misi ideebis `mTeli eSxi~ davanaxoT; anda mocemul frazaSi avtoris sakvanZo
ideebia Cadebuli, rac CvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias (pozitiurs Tu negatiurs)
iwvevs da gvsurs, mkiTxvels mTeli sisruliT warmovudginoT es monakveTi; aris
SemTxvevebi, roca mkiTxvels swored avtoris Txrobis stilsa Tu enis specifikas
vacnobT. udavoa, rom aseT dros aucileblad mogviwevs avtoris sityvebis
citireba.
citirebas Tavisi mkacri wesebi aqvs, romlebic yovelTvis unda davicvaT:
Tu citatis sigrZe 3-4 xazs (daaxloebiT 50 sityvas) ar aRemateba,
maSin is pirdapir Cvens teqstSi unda CavrToT da ormag brWyalSi CavsvaT;
Tu citatis sigrZe 5 xazi da metia (daaxloebiT 50 sityvaze meti),
maSin is Cveni teqstisagan unda gamovacalkevoT, gverdis SuSi
gavaTanabroT, veli davuviwrovoT (aris SemTxvevebi, roca intervalsac
amcireben xolme) da, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi brWyalebSi ar
movaTavsoT;
Tu vaxdenT iseTi monakveTis citirebas, sadac avtors Tavad aqvs
gamoyenebuli citata, maSin avtoris sityvebi, Cveulebrivad, or brWalSi
Caismeba, masTan citirebuli monakveTi ki _ TiTo brWyalSi;
Tuki avtoris grZel citatas movuxmobT, romelSic, agreTve citataa
moTavsebuli, rogorc viciT, grZeli citata brWyalSi ar Caismeba, masSi
arsebuli citata ki, Cveulebriv, or brWyalSi;
Tu citataSi garkveuli sityvis an Tundac frazis gamotoveba gvsurs,
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37
Tavs aridebs qals, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca saSinao da sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebi unda daikmayofilos, atarebs ra danarCen dros mamakacebisagan Semdgar
jgufebSi; an, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, man SeiZleba gaaidealos da
gaaRmerTos qalebi. esec uzrunvelyofs qalebTan usafrTxo distancias, Tumca Tan
axlavs ,,qaluri srulyofilebis warmoudgeneli moTxovnebi.
ra strategiac ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli, is saSualebas aZlevs daucvel
mamakacs SeniRbos aracnobieri ,,SiSi qalebisadmi. misi yvelaze adreuli
asociaciebi xom dedas ukavSirdeba, romelic Zlevamosilad eCveneboda. es
grZnoba, kombinirebuli mis adreul deprivaciasTan aiTvisos mamakacis roli,
Trgunavs mas da arwmunebs, rom qalebs SeuZliaT raRacnairad Semoacalon misi
maskulinuri identuroba.
amgvarad, CvenTvis TvalsaCinoa, Tu rogor gadadis Taobidan Taobaze
maskulinuri daucveloba. umamo vaJs uviTardeba susti da ambivalenturi
maskulinuri identuroba. am daucvelobis kompensaciis mizniT, siymawvilesa da
mozrdil asakSi is axdens distancirebas qalebisagan da ,,qalebis saqmisagan. ra
warmoadgens qalis ZiriTad saqmes? bavSvebis movla. amdenad, is Tavs aridebs
sakuTar vaJebTan kontaqts da gaucnobiereblad uwyobs xels maTSi daucveli
maskulinobis, qalebisadmi SiSis da qalis uarmyofeli qcevis ganviTarebas.
aris raime gamosavali am mojadoebuli wridan? radganac kulturebi
gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ra moculobiT usvamen xazs kerZo/sazogadoebrivs,
albaT, kargi iqneboda migvebaZa kulturisaTvis, romelsac minimumze dahyavs
sqesobrivi rolebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris. minda nimuSad moviyvano
sakuTari gamokvleva centralur afrikaSi mcxovreb pigmis erTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic jer kidev nadiroba-SegrovebiT irCens Tavs.
Tumca pigmis erSi sqesobrivi rolebi garkveulwilad diferencirebulia,
eris simcire da mobiloba moiTxovs yvela wevris mWidro TanamSromlobas.
qalebi da bavSvebi exmarebian mamakacebs nadirobaSi; qals SeuZlia daavalos
qmars bavSvis movla, sanam TviTon sadils amzadebs. bebia-babuebi uvlian
SviliSvilebs, roca maTi mSoblebi nadiroba-SegrovebiT arin dakavebulni. aq
kerZo/sazogadoebrivad
dayofa
nakleb
mniSvnelovania.
gansakuTrebiT
saintereso ki is faqtia, rom mcire sxvaoba monadire-SemgrovebelTa sqesobriv
rolebs Soris da maTi mWidro TanamSromloba iwvevs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
Zlier inteleqtualur msgavsebas.
ra SeiZleba aqedan viswavloT sakuTari situaciis Sesaxeb? zogierTi
kulturanTropologi amtkicebs, rom savaldebuloa vimoZraoT ori mimarTulebiT: mamakacebi unda dauaxlovdnen saojaxo sferos, miiReben ra
monawileobas bavSvebis socializaciasa da saojaxo saqmeebis keTebaSi; qalebma ki
Tanabari monawileoba unda miiRon sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da kulturaSi.
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba maTi statusi.
aseTi cvlilebebi ar aqcevs mamakacebs qalebad da qalebs mamakacebad. rac
arsebiTia qalis saqmianobis statusis asamaRleblad, aris ara sqesobrivi
rolebis arsebobis ignorireba, aramed daaxloeba, TanamSromloba da moqniloba
im rolebisa, romelTac mamakacebi da qalebi inawileben. sinamdvileSi, maSinac ki,
roca mamakacebi da qalebi saerTo amocanas asruleben, magaliTad, bavSvis movla,
maTi midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia da bevri am stilistur sxvaobaTagan
namdvilad aRmoCndeba xolme damkvidrebis Rirsi.
vardebian kacebs àdamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs

xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar
savarjiSo #6: SeadareT erTmaneTs avtoris poziciis Sefasebis warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
savarjiSo #7: kritikis pirveli versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia.
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac kritikis saboloo versiis
Seqmna mohyveba.
kritikis nimuSi 1
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa `sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?~
eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa? ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs.
eSinodeT mamakacebs `qalebis saqmisa~ ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs. Tumca,
umjobesia ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.
grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs àdamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom
qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar
rogorc meore Teoria ambobs, qalebis dabali statusi ganisazRvreba maTi
saSinao saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mravali qali axerxebs
sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac saxlis saqmeebis gverdiT. imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom
isini xels uwyoben mamakacebis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, uvlian ra maT da maT
Svilebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, bevri ram mamakacebis gasakeTebeli iqneboda da
naklebi dro darCebodaT sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis.
ganviTarebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ojaxuri urTierTobebi marTlac
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs sakuTar sqesTan identifikaciaSi. patara biWebs
Tavidanve aswavlian, rom gogonebze `kargebi~ unda iyvnen. `ra gogosaviT
iqcevi?~; `ra gatirebs, gogo xom ara xar?~; `biWebs arafris ar unda eSinodeT!~ _
aseTi SeniSvnebi yoveldRiurad esmiT maT. garSemomyofebis miTiTebebis
Sesabamisad, isini iZulebulni xdebian uari Tqvan `qalur~ gamovlinebebze, raTa
daimsaxuros mowoneba. marTalia isic, rom mama Tavisi saqcieliT xels uwyobs
biWSi qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac bavSvi baZavs mas,
rogorc avtoritets. aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `qalurobisadmi~ SiSi
daswavlis Sedegia.
36
41
veTanxmebi avtoris Sexedulebas, rom sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloeba da

TanamSromloba sasargeblo iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi orive sqess meti SesaZlebloba
eqneba maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari potenciali da ar SemoizRudos
mxolod arsebuli stereotipebiT miniWebuli rolebiTa da aqtivobis saxeebiT.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli, rac
gaamarTlebda qalebis dabal statuss mamakacebTan SedarebiT. qalebTan ufro
metadaa gamoxatuli mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians
cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, qalebi aranakleb sasargeblo saqmeebs
akeTeben sazogadoebisTvis. vinaidan qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis gamowveva
ZiriTadad daswavliT xdeba, is SeiZleba arc ganviTardes aRzrdis saTanado
zomebis miRebis SemiTxvevaSi, es ki gamoiwvevs rolebis daaxloebas, rasac
udavod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.
sxva kulturebidan danaxva:

unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,,qalebis saqmisa?
meri stiuart van liuveni
meri stiuart van liuveni statiaSi ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda

eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?-cdilobs axsnas sazogadoebaSi mamakacis
maRali socialuri statusisa da qalis dabali socialuri statusis gamomwvevi
mizezebi, risTvisac sam anTropologiur Teorias imowmebs. maT Tanaxmad, qalis
reproduqciuli qcevis Taviseburebani, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba bavSvis
socializaciis procesze, saSinao saqmeebSi metad CarTuloba, is mizezebia, ris
gamoc qalebi nakleb moiazrebian sazogadoebriv asparezze, Sesabamisad, nakleb
socialur statussac floben. ar akisriaT ra msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, mamakacebs meti dro rCebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebisaTvis da ufro ,,kulturul
arsebebadac arian miCneulni. avtori gvirCevs, rom mivbaZoT kulturebs, sadac
mamakacisa da qalis sqesobriv rolebs Soris sxvaoba minimaluria, radgan amiT
maTi statusebis gaTanabrebas vuwyobT xels. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris
argumentebi udavod sainteresoa, Tumca, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad
damajerebelia isini, aucilebelia maTi detaluri ganxilva.
is faqtic ki, rom qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan sakmaod ,,TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebTan, ver gamoiwvevs qalis ,,bavSvur
arsebad formirebas. ara bavSvTan xangrZlivi urTierToba aqcevs qals
infantilur arsebad, aramed xSirad, piriqiT, qalis xangrZlivi mzrunveloba
iwvevs misi vaJis infantilur mamakacad Camoyalibebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca
meuRleebis xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo, aseTi qalebi vaJkacur Tvisebebsac
iTavseben, sakmaod aqtiurebi da mebrZolebi xdebian, da ojaxis marTvis
sadaveebsac euflebian. amdenad, xSirad swored mamakacebi ufro infantilur
arsebebad gvevlinebian, gansakuTrebiT, iseT tradiciul koleqtivistur
kulturebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, razec qarTvelTa yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli xatovani gamoTqmebic metyvelebs, kerZod,
,,dedikos biWi, ,,dedis nebieri, ,,dedis kalTas amofarebuli da sxv. swored is
epiTetebia, romelTac dedis moWarbebuli mzrunvelobiT garSemortymul,
infantilur qarTvel mamakacebs amkoben xolme.
ver daveTanxmebi avtors imaSic, rom umamod gazrdili vaJis xvedri
aucileblad ,,susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identurobaa, risi
kompensirebis meqanizmsac qalebisa da maTi saqmisgan bavSvebis movlisgan
distancireba warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, momdevno TaobebSi mamasa da vaJs
Soris gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. xSirad swored umamod gazrdili vaJebi xdebian
saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi, radgan maT Tavad iwvnies umamobis mZime xvedri,
mTeli bavSvoba xedavdnen, Tu rogor itanjeboda deda, iTavsebda ra
erTdroulad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebs, ganicades mamis Tanadgomis arqona
cxovrebis yvelaze krizisul periodebSi, amdenad, sakuTari gamocdilebis
safuZvelze, isini, piriqiT, cdiloben saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi gaxdnen da
mudam mxarSi daudgnen sakuTar vaJebs, raTa es ukanasknelni msgavs
mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen. istoriaSi araerTi gamoCenili adamiania, romlis
anTropologebma aRmoaCines, rom mTel msoflioSi is, rac ,,mamakacebis saqmed iTvleba, TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro maRali statusis mqonea, vidre ,,qalebis
saqme. Tu erT kulturaSi mamakacebi saxlebs aSeneben da qalebi kalaTebs wnaven,
am kulturaSi saxlebis mSenebloba ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed iqneba miCneuli.
meore kulturaSi, romelic karis mezoblad mdebareobs, SesaZloa sapirispiro
mdgomareoba iyos da amitom kalaTebis damzadebas ufro maRali socialuri
statusi eniWebodes.
anTropologebi miiCneven, rom biologia srulyofilad ver xsnis mamakacis
dominanturobas. Cven ganvixilavT sam gansxvavebul Teorias, romelTac
anTropologebi gvTavazoben mamakacTa dominanturi da qalTa subordinirebuli
mdgomareobis asaxsnelad.
buneba kulturis sapirispirod. yvela kulturaSi qalebs miiCneven
bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad, vidre mamakacebs, romlebic ufro metad
ganixilebian kulturaSi CarTulebad. radgan kulturuls yvelgan ufro met
Rirebulebas aniWeben, vidre ubralod bunebrivs, qalebs, bunebasTan siaxlovis
gamo, naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT.
qalebs bunebasTan meti siaxlovis mqoned ganixilaven, radgan rom maT
sxeuls igive reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs, rac sxva mdedrobiT ZuZumwovarTa
sxeulebs. es gulisxmobs met dros, energias da sxeulebriv risks, vidre
mamakacebis reproduqciuli roli. amitom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba da
energia rCebaT teqnologiis, vaWrobis, xelovnebis, politikis da religiisaTvis.
da bolos, vinaidan qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan, romlebic
TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebad ibadebian, riTac ufro axlos
dganan cxovelebTan, qalebsac, bavSvebze zrunvis gamo, bunebasTan ufro mWidro
kavSirSi ganixilaven. swored am mizeziT, Tavad qalebic sakmaod ,,bavSvur
arsebebad arian miCneulni.
Sinauri sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. Tumca qalebis reproduqciuli
aqtivobebi ar aiZulebs maT aucileblad saxlTan axlos yofnas, isini ufro
metad arian orientirebulni saSinao saqmeebze, rac martivad uTavsdeba bavSvis
movlas. imave mizeziT, mamakacebi ufro metad arian CarTulni ,,sazogadoebriv
aqtivobebSi, rac maT saxlsa da bavSvebs aSorebs. sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac
mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul
pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi.
obieqturi urTierTobebi da ojaxuri cxovreba. fsiqologebi akvirdebian,
Tu ra gziT acnobiereben bavSvebi TavianT sqesobriv kuTvnilebas. sam wlamde
bavSvi ver acnobierebs, vaJia is Tu gogona. sami wlidan ki misi ganviTarebis erTerTi amocanaa emociurad daculad da bednierad igrZnos Tavi imis gamo, rom is
vaJia an gogona.
swored aq xdeba ganmsazRvreli dedis, rogorc bavSvis ZiriTadi aRmzrdelis
roli. patara gogonebic da vaJebic mijaWvulni arian dedaze da surT hgavdnen
mas. magram patara vaJi male aRmoaCens, rom is ver gaxdeba dedis msgavsi; is unda
iyos mamis msgavsi _ im didi mamrobiTi sqesis pirovnebisa, romelsac mcire xniT
Tu xvdeba dilas da saRamos. vaJi xelfexSeboWilia, radgan is ver darCeba dedaze
mijaWvuli, magram amave dros misi misabaZi nimuSi xSirad ar aris saxlSi. amitom
is SeiZleba Seipyros Rrma da aracnobierma eWvebma _ moaxerxebs Tu ara Tavi
gaarTvas mamakacis rols.
magram zrdis kvaldakval, vaJi acnobierebs, rom mamakacad yofna privilegiebis
matarebelia. Tu kaci ,,namdvili mamakacia, socialurad is qalze ufro
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. aq kvlav safrTxe emuqreba mis maskulinobas: axla
mTeli mondomebiT unda daumtkocos sakuTar Tavs da mTel samyaros, rom is
namdvili mamakacia. rogor unda gaakeTos es? yvelaze martivi da usafrTxo gzaa,
rac SeiZleba metad CamoSordes qalebs da maT aqtivobebs, Caiklas da uari Tqvas
yvela ,,qalur Tvisebasa da impulsze sakuTar TavSi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amis
gakeTeba SeiZleba qalisadmi Ria zizRiTa da cudi mopyrobiT. an mamakaci ubralod
42
35
kritikis nimuSi 2
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva:
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa?
meored gadaikiTxeT teqsti, rom detalebic daimaxsovroT. Semdeg gadadeT wigni

da dawereT yvelaferi, rac gaxsovT. am etapze jer kidev SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT
zusti frazebi da ena teqstidan. momdevno etapze Tqveni sityvebiTa da sakuTari
stiliT gadmoeciT warmodgenili informacia. oRond araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
daurToT sakuTari ideebi, Tu komentari. isini perifrazirebuli Tu Sejamebuli
monakveTis Semdeg unda warmoadginoT, raTa mkiTxvelma gaarCios, romelia
avtoris mosazrebebi da romeli _ Tqveni. da yovelTvis miuTiTeT avtori
perifrazirebul Tu Sejamebul monakveTSi, radgan es Tqveni sakuTari ideebi ar
aris.
perifrazirebisas, Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT avtoris ideebsa da maT Cveni
sityvebiT gadmovcemT, amitom perifrazirebuli monakveTi TiTqmis originalis
zomisaa. rogor viqceviT Sejamebisas? vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod avtoris
ZiriTadi pozicia unda gavacnoT mkiTxvels, yuradRebiT unda amovarCioT
avtoris mTavari argumentebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardaWera ise, rom
detalebs ar CavuRrmavdeT. am dros sakuTar sityvebsa da winadadebebis
struqturas viyenebT ise, rom arsad ar vurTavT sakuTar komentars da periodulad vaxsenebT mkiTxvels, rom sxvisi ideebis Sejamebas vaxdenT.
amdenad, kargi Sejameba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva:
masSi aucileblad miTiTebulia ZiriTadi wyaro;
is zustad da akuratulad axdens originalis interpretirebas;
is ar Seicavs damatebiT komentarebs;
is mxolod ZiriTad sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara konkretul
detalebze;
masSi avtoris ideebi mxolod studentis sityvebiTaa gadmocemuli.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: studentis cnobarSi
gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis drosac studentebi, SesaZloa, garicxul iqnen
universitetidan, iseTi araeTikuri akademiuri qcevisaTvis, rogoricaa
plagiati, dokumentebis falsifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da
msgavsi arakeTilsindisieri saqcieli.
aviRoT sami nimuSi, romelic miznad isaxavs ganxiluli winadadebis sakuTari
sityvebiT gadmocemas.
1. studentis cnobaris Tanaxmad, isini, vinc Tavisad gaasaReben sxvis naSroms,
universitetidan gairicxebian.
2. studentis cnobari gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebs,
romlebic arakeTilsindisier saqciels Caidenen, iqneba es sxvaTa sityvebisa Tu
ideebis gamoyeneba ise, rom avtori ar iqneba miTiTebuli, dokumentebis gayalbeba da a.S., SesaZloa universitetis datovebac ki mouwioT.
3. studentTa cnobari gvacnobs im pirobebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, universitetidan studentebis garicxvis mizezi gaxdes. es pirobebia: plagiati,
dokumentebis falasifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da sxva
arakeTilsindisieri qceva.
pirveli nimuSi Sejamebaa, radgan ganxiluli winadadebis ZiriTad ideas
gvacnobs. meore nimuSi perifrazia warmoadgens, radgan studenti sakuTari sityvebiTa da winadadebis miseuli struqturiT gadmogvcems ganxiluli winadadebis arss. mesame winadadeba ki araadekvatur perifrazirebas axdens, radgan
masSi ena da winadadebis struqtura originalis msgavsia; amdenad, es ukanaskneli
plagiatis nimuSia.
savarjiSo #2. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs statias, romelzec momavalSi
kritika unda daweron, sTxovs gaecnon statias da moxdinon misi perifrazireba,
Semdeg ki erT paragrafad Seajamon perifrazirebuli teqsti (es Sejamebuli
paragrafi momavalSi kritikis SesavalSi moTavsdeba).
34
cxovrebac am faqts gvidasturebs; aviRoT, Tundac saqarTvelos mefeebi,

romelTa umravlesoba amis nimuSs warmoadgens.
amave sakiTxis ganxilvisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri strategiis
gamoyenebisas, ,,daucveli mamakaci cdilobs ,,SeniRbos aracnobieri ,SiSi
qalisadmi, rac kidev erTxel ganamtkicebs Cvens arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom
swored mamakaci da ara qalia ,,bavSvuri arseba, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori
ambobs, swored qals (,,Zlevamosil da ,,saSiS arsebas) SeuZlia ,,daucvel da
umweo mamakacs ,,maskulinuri identuroba Semoacalos. romelia am SemTxvevaSi
ufro ,,bavSvuri da ususuri?
rac Seexeba avtoris arguments, rom ,,sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi
dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre
qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT.
cnobili fsiqologi devid maiersi aRniSnavs, rom mTel msoflioSi socializacia miznad isaxavs vaJebis gareojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis,
gogonebis ki Sidaojaxuri saqmianobisaTvis momzadebas. misi sityvebiT,
genderuli socializacia uzrunvelyofs vaJebs ,,frTebiT, gogonebs ki ,,fesvebiT. Tundac es Sedareba cxadyofs, rom vaJebs adreuli asakidanve meti
Tavisufleba, meti gasaqani da samomavlod meti perspeqtiva gaaCniaT. miRwevebi
sazogadoebriv sferoSi iwvevs socialur dawinaurebas, Sinauri saqmeebis
Tundac brwyinvale Sesruleba ki veravis moutans sazogadoebriv aRiarebas.
ufro metic, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi statusi gansazRvravs
adamianis statuss ojaxSi, magaliTad, tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac metad
difuzuri urTierTobebia, menejeri menejerad rCeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,
ojaxSic ki, da Tavad col-Svilic aRiqvams mas, rogorc menejers da usityvod
emorCileba.
unda daveTanxmo avtoris ZiriTad argumentsa Tu rekomendacias mamakacebisa
da qalebis sqesobrivi rolebisa da saqmianobis daaxlovebis Sesaxeb, rasac,
udavod, ormxrivi pozitiuri Sedegi mohyveba. erTis mxriv, aRarc mamakacebs
moeCvenebaT saTakilod da mosarideblad ,,qalebis saqme, da aRarc maT vaJebs
SeeqmnebaT safrTxe, mamasTan arasakmarisi kontaqtis gamo, ,,daucveli
maskulinoba da ,,qalisadmi SiSi ganuviTardeT. Tu es aracnobierad damkvidrda
pigmis erSi, Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma qveynebma kargad gaacnobieres es
tendencia, razec is faqti metyvelebs, rom evropasa da amerikaSi sul ufro
xSirad SexvdebiT situacias, roca mama mondomebiT amzadebs sadils patara
Svilebis garemocvaSi, axalgazrda mama gaRimebuli moabijebs quCaSi
,,kenguruTi Camokidebuli ToTo bavSviT, anda mama da patara vaJebi
enTuziazmiT exmarebian dedas sarecxis gafenaSi. aseTi siuJetebiT uxvad aris
daxunZluli sareklamo abrebi, Jurnalebi da sabavSvo enciklopediebic ki.
meores mxriv, qalebic aimaRleben socialur statuss da met pativiscemas
moipoveben sazogadoebis TvalSi, roca sazogadoebriv asparezze dawinaurdebian
da met wvlils Seitanen socialur-ekonomikur-politikur cxovrebaSi, rac,
agreTve naTlad gaacnobieres mTels msoflioSi, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove
pirobebSi sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi moRvawe qalis gamoCena. statistika
cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi arasodes yofila imdeni politikosi da ministri
qali, rogorc dRes.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
sazogadoebriv sferoSi moRvaweoba mxolod mamakacebis prerogativaa, qalebi ki
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen da mxolod bavSvebis movliT iyon dakavebulni, TandaTan
icvleba da adgils uTmobs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, orive sqesis
warmomadgenlebi Tanabari uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen rogorc ojaxSi, ise
sazogadoebaSi, rac TavisTavad scems pasuxs avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas, rom
mamakacebs ar unda eSinodeT ,qalebis saqmisa.
43
Tema III. analitikuri referati

analitikuri referati warmoadgens akademiuri weris Janrs, romlis mizania
debatis arsis wvdoma da werilobiTi formiT gadmocema, studentisaTvis
SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. Tavis struqturiT analitikuri
referati Zlier waagavs kritikas, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu kritikis werisas
studenti erT statias ganixilavs, aq ukve or, zogjer ki sam statiasTanac aqvs
saqme. rogorc wesi, es aris ori an sami sxvadasxva avtoris statia garkveul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da maT am sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT.
studenti axdens mocemuli statiebis SedarebiT analizs da gamoxatavs sakuTar
pozicias avtorebis mier ganxiluli sakiTxis mimarT. magram umTavresi
gansxvaveba analitikur referatsa da kritikas Soris mainc isaa, rom Tu es
ukanaskneli izolirebulad iwereba anu studenti mxolod erTi statiis
analiziTa da SefasebiT Semoifargleba (Tumca ki misi poziciis ganmtkicebisaTvis sxva avtorTa Sexedulebis damowmebas axdens), analitikuri referatis SemTxvevaSi is mocemul statiebs ara izolirebulad, aramed Sesabamisi
disciplinis Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi ganixilavs, anu
universalizacias Tu konteqstualizacias axdens. Sesabamisad, analitikuri
referatis struqtura Semdeg saxes iZens:
Sesavali: avtorTa poziciebis mokle Sejameba;
konteqstualizacia.
ZiriTadi nawili: I. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi; Zalian
mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT; Tqvens mier avtorTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba
da sakuTari poziciis warmodgena.
II. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi; isev mokled TiToeuli avtoris
argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rasac Tqvenive Sefaseba mosdevs.
III. Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva _ avtorTa poziciebis analizi Tqveni komentarebiT da a.S.
daskvna:
sakuTari Sefasebebis Sejameba da saboloo refleqsia.
amdenad, Zalian mokled rom SevajamoT analitikuri referatis

struqtura, Semdegi elementebis gamoyofas SevZlebT: Sejameba,
konteqstualizacia, analizi, Sefaseba da refleqsia.
aq erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: studentebi xSirad
svamen SekiTxvas, Tu rogor gaaanalizon statiebi jer erTi avtoris
Sexedulebebi ganixilon da mere meorisa, Tu is sakiTxebi gamoyon, rasac
orive/samive avtori ganixilavs da amis safuZvelze Tematurad gaaanalizon
statiebi. akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom
dasavlur akademiur weraSi mravlad moipoveba orive SemTxvevis nimuSebi,
umjobesia Tematurad gavaanalizoT statiebi da ara avtorebis mixedviT, radgan
analitikuri referatis umTavresi mizania fokusireba moaxdinos problemebze
da debatebze mocemul disciplinaSi da swored es fokusi ganapirobebs imas, rom
misi umTavresi komponentia konteqstualizacia.
ufro detalurad gavecnoT analitikuri referatis struqturis Semadgenel
TiToeul nawils.
jer kidev kritikis Janrze saubrisas, ganvixileT statiis Sejamebis teqnika,
rac perifraziT iwyeba (raTa Tavidan aviciloT plagiati) da mxolod amis
Semdeg axdens avtoris ideebis mokled Sejamebas, kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis
gamoyenebis kvaldakval; kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyeneba ki aucile44
xelmisawvdomobas. amis sailustraciod bantings moaqvs im adamianis magaliTi,

romelic ver sargeblobs onlainis sabanko sistemiT da amitom iZulebulia fuli
leibis qveS Seinaxos. bantingi imasac amtkicebs, rom internetis mxardasaWeri
sityvebis miRma mxolod ekonomikuri interesebi imaleba da internetis
dapirebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara utopia.
bantingis momdevno argumenti internetis winaaRmdeg isaa, rom es ar aris
pirveli SemTxveva, roca kacobriobam didi imedi Cado teqnologiaSi, magram
marcxi ganicada. am konteqstSi avtori analogias akeTebs im rwmenasa da
aRelvebasTan, rac nuklearulma energiam gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi. saboloo
jamSi, am uzarmazarma teqnikurma ganviTarebam mZime daRi daasva garemos.
amdenad, Tu SevadarebT ukanaskneli 150 wlis iseT teqnologiur ganviTarebas,
rogoricaa rkinigza, eleqtroba an telefoni, interneti bevrs arafers warmoadgens. interneti udavod iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs, magram bantingis
azriT, isini ar aris maincdamainc mniSvnelovani, radgan sakiTxi exeba ,,sxvaobas
xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi. magaliTad, internetidan
novelis gadmoqaCva nakleb Rirebulia, radgan ufro mniSvnelovania misi
realurad wakiTxvis gamocdileba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas internetiT vaWrobaze.
drois dazogvis mizniT, Sua RamiT internetiT vaWrobis upiratesoba iluziaa,
radgan gacilebiT ufro Semawuxebelia internet-maRaziaSi misvla da amanaTis
wamoReba. bantingi ironiulad aRniSnavs, rom SuaRames ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebac
SeiZleba.
bantingis Sexedulebebi rom SevajamoT, aRmoCndeba, rom, upirveles yovlisa,
is namdvilad aWarbebs, roca veb-manias totalitaruls uwodebs da komunistur
da nacistur ideologiebTan adarebs. aseve, rogorc saTauri ,,Cven aq ukve
vyofilvarT gveubneba, sxva SemTxvevebis arseboba, roca adamiani mixvda, rom
amao imedi daamyara teqnologiis ganviTarebaze (vTqvaT, nuklearuli energia 50ian wlebSi), ar warmoadgens internetis ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg myar arguments.
sinamdvileSi, am ori problemis dakavSireba azrs moklebulia. es mxolod imaze
miuTiTebs, rom istoria wreze midis da adamians SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli
fenomeni warmoadgens saSineli saqmis ganmeorebas da romeli _ kargi saqmisa.
bantingis argumentaciaSi mTlianad uaryofilia internetis mier SemoTavazebuli upiratesobebi. is mxolod internetis uaryofiTi mxareebis demonstrirebas axdens da am SemTxvevaSic ki misi argumentacia aradamajerebelia. ra Tqma
unda, umjobesia waikiTxo novela, vidre gadmoqaCo internetidan da Seinaxo
kompiuterSi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania am novelis xelmisawvdomoba. igive
unda iTqvas internetiT vaWrobazec. avtori bevrs saubrobs masTan dakavSirebul uxerxulobaze da arc ki aRiarebs, rom is aris vaWrobis alternatiuli
gza. magaliTad, gacilebiT martivia SeiZino internetiT iseTi ram, rac ver
moiZie Sens qalaqSi.
da bolos, im gzas, romliTac avtori cdilobs aCvenos, rom internetis
ganviTarebis mxardasaWeri propaganda totalitaruli xasiaTisaa, internetis
SesaZleblobebis winaaRmdeg protestamde mivyavarT.
savarjiSo #1. ramdenad gamarTulia struqturulad kritikis ganxiluli
nimuSebi? daasaxeleT TiToeuli maTganis Zlieri da susti mxaareebi. SeadareT
isini erTmaneTs.
rogorc kritikis struqturidan naTelia, Sesavali avtoris poziciis mokle
SejamebiT iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom avtoris pozicia saTanadod SevajamoT, aucileblia, kargad vflobdeT perifrazirebis teqnikas. garda imisa, rom perifrazireba gvexmareba ukeT gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi da Cveni TvalTaxedvidan
warmovadginoT isini, amasTanave, is umTavresi iaraRia plagiatis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi.
raSi mdgomareobs perifrazirebisa da Sejamebis arsi?
perifrazireba niSnavs teqstis garkveuli monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT
gadmocemas. Sejameba ki warmoadgens teqstis ZiriTadi ideebis mokle Sinaarss,
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemuls.
perifrazirebisaTvis, waikiTxeT teqsti, raTa ZiriTadi idea gaigoT. Semdeg
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cnobierebulni. avtors ar mohyavs magaliTad dot-kompaniebis mier realurad

motyuebuli da daSinebuli adamianebi. mas erTaderTi fraza moqvs internetgverdidan: ,,ar CamorCeT dros, Torem... _ da xsnis mas, rogorc bundovan
muqaras. magram Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT es fraza pozitiuri gafrTxilebis saxiT,
rom ar CamovrCeT dros, viyoT energiulni da vicodeT drois fasi.
avtoris erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom interneti qmnis socialur
uTanasworobas. is cdilobs am ideis dasabuTebas sabanko sistemis magaliTis
moyvaniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu onlains mivmarTavT sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis,
daviviwyebT adgilobriv banks; onlainis gareSe ki mogviwevs kvlav leibis qveS
SevinaxoT fuli. am mosazrebis logikaSi daveWvdebiT, Tu winadadebis pirvel
nawils mis meore nawilTan SevadarebT, radgan gagviCndeba Semdegi SekiTxvebi: 1.
ratom unda daixuros adgilobrivi bankebi, Tu arseboben adamianebi, romlebic
maTiT sargebloben. Tavad avtoric xom amtkicebs, rom interneti yvelasTvis
xelmisawvdomi ar aris. amdenad, visTvisac onlainis sabanko sistema xelmisawvdomi ar aris, albaT, kvlav adgilobrivi bankebiT isargeblebs, rac niSnavs,
rom am ukanasknelT ar mouwevT daxurva; 2. saidan viciT, rom yvela, visTvisac
interneti xelmisawvdomia, onlainis sabanko sistemas iyenebs da ar sargeblobs
adgilobrivi bankebiT?
socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erT magaliTad moyvanilia ganviTarebadi
qveynebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, jer kidev dafis carcis saSovnelad
ibrZvian, amdenad, zedmetia leptopebze saubari. aq sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ras
gvTavazobs avtori. ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavi unda Seikavon internetiT
sargeblobisagan imitom, rom milionobiT adamians ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ara
aqvs leptopi? Tu maT unda moaxdinon internetisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis
investireba ganviTarebad qveynebSi?
avtori amtkicebs, rom mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelni
naxuloben sargebels internetidan. axdens ra fokusirebas internetis mxolod
fizikur aspeqtebze, is ver acnobierebs internetis mniSvnelovan rols
informaciis, codnis (distanciuri swavla), komunikaciis ganviTarebasa da
cxovrebis bevr sxva sferoSi. avtoris calmxrivi pozicia maSinac ki TvalsaCinoa,
roca is cdilobs isaubros internetis pozitiur aspeqtebze: ,,udavoa, rom is
cvlis sadistribucio sistemebs da sacalo vaWrobis Zireul gardaqmnas axdens,
magram ra? es aris sxvaoba xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.
avtori sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, roca wers, rom interneti bevrs
arafers warmoadgens da imavdroulad mas nuklearuli energiis saSiS SedegebTan
adarebs.
amgvarad, Cvens sazogadoebaze internetis saSiSi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ideis
validuroba sustdeba, roca mas kontrargumentebs wavuyenebT. yovelTvis ufro
SemoqmedebiTi da damajerebelia, roca Tavad avtori gvTavazobs sawinaaRmdego
argumentebs, riTac exmareba mkiTxvels, sakiTxs mravali mxridan Sexedos da
obieqturad Seafasos igi.
belia imitom, rom mxolod is iZleva saSualebas, Rrmad gavaanalizoT avtoris

ideebi, ris gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia maTi adekvaturi Sejameba.
savarjoSo #1: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs or statias, romelzec momavalSi analitikuri referati unda daweron da sTxovs maT perifrazirebasa da
Sejamebas.
niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen
qeneT moti (cnobili pedagogi)
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT, gamoqveynebuli

Guardian-Si 2000 wels, ganixilavs Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetis gavlenas,
ufro zustad, ,, internetis mier gamowveul isterias. avtoris azriT,
internetiT gamowveuli enTuziazmi Secvala namdvilma totalitarulma maniam
da momavalSi am teqnologiis ganviTareba mavne iqneba kacobriobisaTvis.
avtori adarebs internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWer propagandas 30-iani
wlebis nacistur da komunistur ideologiebs da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri
totalitaruli ideologiis msgavsad, internetis ganviTarebas SeuZlia
seriozuli negatiuri Sedegebis gamowveva. pirvel rigSi, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios
garkveuli adamianebis gariyva, gansakuTrebiT, asakovani adamianebisa, Tumca misi
mxardasaWeri propaganda amtkicebs, rom is gvTavazobs ,,informaciis Tanabar
niWiers vuwodeb iseT bavSvebs, romlebic floben raime gansakuTrebul

Tvisebasa Tu Sinagan unars, rac araerTma testma Tu dakvirvebam daadgina da vinc
avlens interess da aRwevs warmatebas fizikur, inteleqtualur Tu artistul
sferoebSi.
es SeiZleba iyon bavSvebi, romlebic niWieri aTletebi arian, magram uWirT
akademiuri sagnebis aTviseba, anda studentebi, romlebic ar gamodgebian
aTletebad, magram Zalian kargi inteleqtualuri monacemebi aqvT. ,,niWieri
SeiZleba ewodos saSualo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavles,
romelmac iSviaTi unari gamoavlina musikasa Tu xelovnebaSi, anda bavSvs, romlis
IQ 135 aRwevs da yvelaferSi warmatebulia.
rogor unda moviqceT aseT niWier bavSvebTan? mtkiced mwams, rom
aucilebelia maTi dajgufeba Sesabamisi interesebisa da unarebis mixedviT da
iseT programebSi CarTva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maTi unarebis mTeli
sisruliT gaRvivebas.
am dajgufebas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli sagnebis mixedviT dajgufebis
forma dawyebiT klasebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi klasi heterogenulad aris
dajgufebuli dRis umetes nawilSi, magram drodadro, specialuri instruqtaJis
miRebis mizniT, sagangebo interesebisa Tu unarebis jgufebad iqneba dayofili.
maRal klasebSi moswavleebi SesaZloa dajgufebul iyvnen Cveulebriv klasebad,
oRond sxvadasxva sagnobrivi profilis mixedviT, garkveuli interesisa da
codnis flobis (arflobis) Sesabamisad.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti niWierTa dajgufebis winaaRmdeg, inteleqtualuri snobebis kastis Seqmnis saSiSroebaa. Sesabamisad, zog pedagogs eSinia,
rom saSualo da susti studentebi sakuTar Tavs arasrulfasovnad CaTvlian. Tu
niWierTa Sesaxeb Cemi definiciiT vixelmZRvanelebT, es SiSi usafuZvlo iqneba.
skolebi xom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ajgufeben niWier aTletebs. miuxedavad amisa,
ramdeni aTleti miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs elitis nawilad? gana es aTletebi zemodan
uyureben sxva moswavleebs? maTi aSkara umravlesoba ase ar iqceva.
ramdeni ,,niWier bavSvTa wrea metyvelebaSi, musikaSi, xelovnebasa da
JurnalistikaSi. skolebma siamovnebiT daajgufes niWieri bavSvebi am sferoebSi,
yovelgvari mavne Sedegis gareSe. Cemi dakvirvebiT, niWier oratorTa, musikosTa,
mxatvarTa da mweralTaTvis maTi niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, ar
aRvivebs Surs an arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas nakleb niWier studentebSi.
Tu pedagogebs gulwrfelad surT xeli Seuwyon individualur ganviTarebas,
maT araviTari safuZveli ara aqvT eSinodeT nebismieri saxis dajgufebisa.
swored maswavlebeli da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs studentebis
ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. sanam Seecdeba Sesabamisi
ganwyobis damkvidrebas, pedagogma am gansxvavebaTa mimarT sakuTari ganwyobis
kritikuli analizi unda moaxdinos.
Tu niWieri da araniWieri moswavleebis jgufs mcdari warmodgena Camouyalibdeba sakuTar Tavze, es, albaT, maswavleblebis, mSoblebis an administratorebis bralia. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu maswavleblebi pativs scemen individualur Rirsebas, Tu isini aRviveben interesebs axalgazrdebSi, TiToeuli
moswavle warmatebiT ganaviTarebs sakuTar unarebs. ubralod momxre var, rom
msgavsi ,,niWiT dajildovebulni erTad iyon da siamovneba miiRon am
erTianobisagan.
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45
nimuSi 2
bevri pedagogi ewinaaRmdegeba niWierTa dajgufebis ideas, radgan miaCnia,

rom es ver axdens arsebiT gavlenas Sedegebze. pilotaJuri gamokvleva aCvenebs,
rom arsebiT cvlilebebi ar aris Tu bavSvebi dayofilni arian nel da swraf
klasebad. isic faqtia, rom pilotaJur gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi bavSvebi
dajgufebul iyvnen maTi IQ qulebis mixedviT, romlebic nakleb sandoa, daskvnebi
ki damyarebulia miRwevis qulebze, romlebic zomavs mxolod ostatobas an
konkretul detals. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs raime sando instrumenti iseT
sferoebSi ganviTarebis gasazomad, rogoricaa Semoqmedeba, ganwyobebi,
latenturi interesi da niWi, agreTve, Sinagani unari.
Cemi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic emyareba 10 welze met gamocdilebas
saklaso oTaxSi, swavlis procesi gacilebiT warmatebulia, roca individebi
dajgufebulni arian maTi interesebis da unarebis Sesabamisad, motivirebulni
da STagonebulni arian saskolo samuSaoTi.
heterogenuli saklaso oTaxebi xSirad frustracias iwvevs im bavSvebSi,
romlebic mudmivad CamorCebian umravlesobas. frustracia maSinac Cndeba, roca
niWier bavSvebs ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, rac xSirad xdeba
heterogenul saklaso oTaxebSi.
naklebad maqvs imis SiSi, rom niWieri moswavleebi ukan daixeven, vinaidan maT
TavianT SesaZleblobebze mets mosTxoven, radgan mjera, rom maswavleblebis
umravlesobas Seswevs unari igrZnos zRvari moswavlisadmi wayenebuli
moTxovnebisa. meore mxriv, mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom
niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris,
visac naklebi unarebi aqvs.
ramdenime CemTvis nacnobma skolam daajgufa niWieri bavSvebi saki- Txavi
programis mixedviT (Cveulebriv erTi saklaso oTaxi iyofoda mkiTxvelTa 3-4
jgufad da maswavlebels uwevda TiToeuli jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi drois
gamoyofa). eqsperimenti gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxebidan neli mkiTxvelebis erT oTaxSi moTavsebas, saSualo mkiTxvelebisa _ meoreSi da swrafi
mkiTxvelebisa _ mesameSi. TiToeul saklaso oTaxs hyavda erTi maswavlebeli,
magram mas aRar uwevda yuradRebis gadanawileba sxvadasxva jgufebze.
sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda klasi, romelsac Zveli wesiT aswavlidnen.
ori wlis Semdeg, mkvleverebma aRmoaCines sagrZnobi saerTo progresi
eqsperimentuli jgufis yvela doneze. zogi neli mkiTxveli SeuerTda saSualo
mkiTxvelTa jgufs da zogi saSualo mkiTxveli gadavida swraf mkiTxvelTa
jgufSi.
darwmunebuli var, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia sabunebismetyvelo da socialur mecnierebebSi, maTematikasa Tu inglisurSi. interesisa
da/Tu unaris doneebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia meti
gaakeTos individualuri zrdis dasaxmareblad.
Tumca ar vTvli, rom bavSvebi unda ganixilebodnen im resursis saxiT,
romelsac forma unda mieces sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, mjera,
rom rogorc individebi, isini dajildovebulni arian garkveuli TvisebebiTa da
unarebiT _ bunebisagan boZebuli ,,niWiT, rac maTi potenciuri warmatebis
maCvenebelia. sadac bavSvebs erTnairi ,,niWi aqvT, maT erTad muSaobisa da
swavlis saSualeba unda mieceT.
ZiriTadi nawili. I. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris mniSvnelovani argumenti;

II. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris Semdegi argumenti;
III. avtoris momdevno argumentis ganxilva sakuTari
komentariT da a.S.
daskvna. mokled SeajameT sakuTari Sefasebebi
kritikis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, mis ramdenime nimuSsac gavecnoT.
nimuSi 1
argumenti, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen,

emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxebSi maTi inteleqtualuri
zrda ferxdeba imis swavlebiT, rac Cveulebrivi bavSvisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli. udavoa, rom specialur klasebs niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, SeuZlia
daexmaros maT ufro adre daamTavron swavla da daikavon TavianTi adgili
sazogadoebaSi. meore mxriv, aseTi moswavleebis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxebidan
gayvanam, SesaZloa, seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas rogorc maT, ise
sazogadoebas.
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT yuradRebas amaxvilebs

internetis macdunebel Zalasa da im saSiS Sedegebze, rasac is sazogadoebebs
moutans. avtori miiCnevs, rom interneti mogvevlina im vakuumis Sesavsebad,
romelic komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda da msgavsad Zveli
egalitaruli sistemisa, warmoadgens utopiur ideologias, romelic yvelas
Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas hpirdeba. avtori amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi interneti qmnis socialurad dapirispirebul adamianebs, da ufrosi asakis da Raribi
qveynebis warmomadgenlebi am net-SejibrSi ukan rCebian. xolo mZime da msubuqi
mrewvelobis sawarmoTa mflobelni did sargebels naxuloben internetidan.
bantingi paralels avlebs XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi nuklearuli energiiT
gamowveul mRelvarebasa da Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetiT gamowveul
mRelvarebas Soris. is miiCnevs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ugulebelyofen maT saSiS zegavlenas, radgan nuklearuli energia gvpirdeba SeuzRudavi
raodenobiT iaf da sufTa sawvavs, interneti ki gvpirdeba revoluciur
gardaqmnebsa da cxovrebis tempis daCqarebas. bolos avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom
SeiZleba erT dRes gamovfxizldeT ,,internetis nabaxusevze da aRmovaCinoT
sakuTari Tavi gakotrebuli im servisis da SenaZenebis wyalobiT, rac internetis
gziT ganvaxorcieleT.
bantingis statiis mizania daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom interneti saSiS gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. am ideis mxardasaWerad, avtori fokusirebas axdens
Semdeg ZiriTad argumentebze:
internetma Seavso vakuumi, gaCenili komunizmis Semdeg;
interneti utopia da totalitarizmia, romelic egalitarizmis mcdar
dapirebas iZleva;
interneti socialur dapirispirebas qmnis;
internets sargebeli moaqvs mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis
mflobelTaTvis;
interneti macdunebeli Zalaa, romelic gakotrebas iwvevs.
amgvarad, raTa davrwmundeT mocemuli statiis miznisa Tu ZiriTadi ideis
validurobaSi, pirvel rigSi, mocemuli argumentebi unda gavaanalizoT. medlin
bantingis pirveli argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti mogvevlina komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCenili vakuumis Sesavsebad, aRZravs SekiTxvas:
Tu interneti postkomunisturi vakuumis Sedegia, niSnavs es, rom yvela qveyana,
romelic internets iyenebs, postkomunisturia? Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis
uqonlobis gamo, rTulia msgavsi ganzogadebis gakeTeba yvela sazogadoebaze.
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti utopiaa, avtoris pirad daskvnebs emyareba da Semdegi gadaWarbebuli da sinonimuri frazebiTaa gamoxatuli:
dotkompaniebis masiuri reklamireba miznad isaxavs Cvens ,,stimulirebas, waxalisebas, daSinebas, manipulirebas, raTa gavxdeT internetSi gaTviT-
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niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi erTad unda swavlobdnen
bruno betelhaimi (cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi)
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis identifikacia, maTi logikuri Tavsebadobis dadgena

da Tqveni sapasuxo reaqcia. am safexurebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gavdivarT,
vTqvaT, roca garkveul gancxadebas an sareklamo abraze warweras vecnobiT.
magram samecnierio teqstis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is gacilebiT metad
kompleqsuria. aq ar gamogvdgeba informaciis ubralo mosmena Tu wakiTxva, rasac
yoveldRiuri interaqciisas vakeTebT, armed aucileblad dagvWirdeba teqstis
anotacia, winadadebebis xazgasma da maTze komentaris darTva, paragrafebs
Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena da a.S.
kritikuli kiTxvisas, bolo safexuri naSromis organizeba, analizi da
Sefasebaa. mas Semdeg, rac teqsti waikiTxeT da misi anotacia moaxdineT, Tqveni
mizania ufro detalurad CauRrmavdeT mis struqturasa da Sinaarss, raTa
SeafasoT rigor warmatebiT miaRwia avtorma mizans. rogorc wesi, teqstis
analizi imiT iwyeba, rom mkiTxveli afasebs avtoris argumentebis damajereblobas da maTi mxardaWeris siZlieres, agreTve, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqturia
is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac avtori mis argumentebs warmogvidgens. naSromis
analizis Zalian mosaxerxebeli gzaa teqstis struqturisa da Sinaarsis gegmis
saxiT gadmocema, sadac avtoris ZiriTadi mosazrebebia Sejamebuli. statiis
struqturuli gegma dagexmarebaT ukeT misdioT avtoris logikas; amasTan,
martivad SeamCnioT logikuri araTanmimdevruloba avtoris ideebSi. mas Semdeg,
rac struqturuli gegma mzadaaa, saWiroa metad CauRrmavdeT naSomis ZiriTad
seqciebs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva, Tu ras asabuTebs avtori da ratom
moaxdina man teqstis am da ara sxva formiT organizeba. ris miRwevas cdilobs is
SesavalSi? ra funqcia eniWeba calkeul paragrafebs? da a.S. aqve unda SeafasoT,
Tu ramdenad akademiuria avtoris toni da ramdenad stilisturad gamarTulia
naSromi. da bolos, SeafaseT, ramdenad upasuxa avtorma naSromis SesavalaSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs da ra SegemataT am statiis wakiTxvis safuZvelze [Longman,
A.W. (2001). Critical Reading Techniques. A Division of Parson Education. Retrieved September
15,2004. from http:/www.awlonline.com]
rogorc vxedavT, kritikuli kiTxva gvexmareba sakmaod detalurad
CavuRrmavdeT nawarmoebs da srulyofilad gavaanalizoT igi. mxolod am Rrma
analizis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli uSualod weris procesze gadasvla, romelic
Zalian mokled Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia aRvweroT:
avtoris ideebis warmodgena da axsna, teqstidan Sesabamisi monakveTebis
moxmobis safuZvelze
sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadmocema _ ras fiqrobT avtoris argumentis
Sesaxeb da ratom? aRwereT is sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenSi yvelaze Zlier
reaqcias iwvevs, iqneba es reaqcia pozitiuri Tu negatiuri; TiToeuli sakiTxis
gadmocemisas, mouxmeT Sesabamis monakveTs teqstidan (Tqven SegiZliaT
SeajamoT, citireba an perifrazireba moaxdinoT).
TiToeul skiTxs daurTeT sakuTari komentari Tu Sefaseba.
aq erTi mniSvnelovani detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli; gacilebiT martivia
avtoris ideebis gadmocema da rTulia sakuTari Sefasebis wardgena, romelsac
Sesabamisi mxardaWera axlavs da saTanadod dasabuTebulia. amitom, rogor wesi,
studentebi avtoris argumentebs warmoadgenen xolme da erTi-ori winadadebiT
Tu gamoxataven sakuTar pozicias maTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic ufro
`veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi~-is waagavs, vidre dasabuTebul pozicias. kargi
Sefaseba ki saTanado mxrdaWeras saWiroebs, raTa studentma dausabuTos mkiTxvels, rom avtoris ideebis miseuli Sefaseba sando da damajerebelia, radgan
Sesabamis faqtebsa Tu Teoriebzea agebuli. am pirobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom studentis naSromSi avtoris argumenti paragrafis mxolod 1/3s ikavebs, danarCeni 2/3 ki studentis komentarebsa Tu Sefasebas ukavia.
miRebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, mokled SevajamoT kritikis
struqtura:
Sesavali. avtoris poziciis mokle Sejameba; sakuTari
mtkicebuleba misi poziciis miReba / miuReblobis Sesaxeb
30
gveubnebian, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi niWieri bavSvi kargavs interess

swavlisadmi. es saCivari ufro xSirad ufrosebisagan _ mSoblebisa da
pedagogebisagan gvesmis, vidre Tavad moswavleebisagan. amis safuZvelze,
zogierTi mSobeli da pedagogi midis daskvnamde, rom niWieri bavSvebisaTvis
specialuri klasebi unda arsebobdes.
Tumca zogi mowinave moswavle marTlac wuwunebs, rom interess kargavs
skolaSi, amis mizezi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre skolis samuSao. Tu
grZnobebis fsiqoanalitikuri Seswavla validuria, mobezrebis grZnoba Cndeba,
rogorc dacviTi meqanizmi aRelvebis grZnobis winaaRmdeg. mogbezrdes niSnavs
aRelvebuli iyo. moswavle, romelsac mobezrda swavla, aris adamiani, romelic
ver umklavdeba sakuTar aRelvebas. sinamdvileSi, man unda sTxovos
maswavleblebs, rom mudmivad dakavebuli amyofon swavliTa da inteleqtualuri
SejibriT, da is aRar igrZnobs aRelvebas. niWieri bavSvi, romelsac mobezrda,
aris aRelvebuli bavSvi. misi nevrozuli dacviTi meqanizmebis kveba SesaZloa
sazogadoebis garkveul moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebdes, magram nevrozis kveba
ar exmareba mas, rogorc adamians. fsiqologia, bunebis msgavsad, ar uSvebs
vakuums. Tu moswavles ar ainteresebs masala imitom, rom advilad iTvisebs mas,
Sedegi ar iqneba aucileblad mobezreba. sxva inteleqtualur interesebs
SeuZlia Tavisufali drois Sevseba. nuTu azriania vifiqroT, rom niWieri
bavSvebi swavloben mxolod kurikulumis wnexis qveS?
ramdenime wlis win Tavad davakvirdi, Tu ra daemarTaT niWier bavSvebs,
romlebic specialuri kerZo skolidan, sadac swavlis Zalian swrafi tempi da
Zlieri konkurencia iyo, gadaiyvanes kargi akademiuri moswrebis mqone saxelmwifo skolaSi, sadac skolis samuSao imdenad martivi unda yofiliyo maTTvis,
rom ,,interesi dakargvodaT..
dakvirvebam gamoavlina saintereso ganviTareba axladgadmosul axalgazrdebSi. specialur skolaSi niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, isini sakmarisad ver iyenebdnen
kritikuli Sefasebis unars da umetesad maswavleblebis mier arCeul mimarTulebas misdevdnen. ufro neli tempis mqone skolaSi, sadac aRar eSinodaT
CamorCenisa, maT spontanuri reagireba daiwyes mraval problemaze, romelTagan
zogierTi arc ki iyo Setanili saskolo programaSi. maT iswavles cxovrebis,
xelovnebis, literaturis da sxva adamianebis ufro metad dafaseba. aRar
iRlebodnen ra rTuli davalebebis mzadebiT, maT rCebodaT energia, rom
gaefarToebinaT interesebi da ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen sakiTxs.
gaxangrZlivebuli da daculi usafrTxoeba, SesaZloa, saukeTeso samzadisi
iyos rTul inteleqtualur problemebTan gasamklaveblad. radgan niWieri
bavSvi advilad swavlobs, mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba Cveulebriv klasSi.
meore mxriv, Tu aseT bavSvs moaTavseben specialur klasSi, sadac swavla misTvis
martivi ar aris, sadac is saSualo moswavlea Zalian niWier axalgazrdebs Soris,
man SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom saSualo SesaZleblobebi aqvs da ver SeeWideba rTul
amocanebs; rac xSirad xdeba.
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda
swavlobdnen, amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis saklaso
oTaxidan gayvana amcirebs saSualo moswavleTa aRelvebas. SesaZloa es asea;
magram rogor unda gadavlaxoT aRelveba, Tu ara maTTan megobruli
TanamSromlobis gziT, vinc Cvenze maRla mdgomad gveCveneba, am SemTxvevaSi, vinc
Cvenze ukeT swavlobs.
dRes, Zalian bevr did qalaqSi, moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian akademiur
programebSi, uunarod miiCneven. sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba Raribi, dabali
klasis ojaxebidanaa. cxovroben ra im axalgazrdebis garemocvaSi, romelTac
nakleb ainteresebT ganaTlebis miReba, da aqvT ra naklebi urTierToba maTTan,
vinc swavlas mowyurebulia, amasTanave, ver Rebuloben ra mxardaWeras ojaxidan,
aseT bavSvebs uWirT identifikacia, rac naklebad moxdeboda klasSi kargi
moswavleebic rom yofiliyvnen. warmatebis misaRwevad, bevr bavSvs ekonomiurad
gaWirvebuli ojaxidan, sWirdeba nimuSi, romelic motivacias gauzrdis.
dajgufeba ki tovebs maT yovelgvari stimulis gareSe. isini ubralod
CamorCebian, rac imedgacruebas ufro gamoiwvevs, vidre aRelvebas Seamcirebs.
Tu romelime maTgans gamorCeuli unari aRmoaCndeba, mas niWierTa jgufSi
47
gagzavnian, toveben ra kidev ufro imedgacruebulT araniWierTa jgufis

danarCen wevrebs.
inteleqtualuri unarebis mixedviT, bavSvebis dajgufebas bevri saerTo aqvs
mTamsvlelobasTan. mTaze asvlisas, Cveulebriv, win gidi midis, ukan ki damwyebni
an nakleb gamocdili mTamsvlelebi mihyvebian. Tu damwyebs gamocdil
mTamsvlelTa Soris moaTavseben, is ukeT da ufro swrafad iswavlis. Tuki yvela
karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore
mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos
kidec.
roca debati bavSvisaTvis ,,saukeTeso ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mwvervals aRwevs,
ZiriTadad imaze kamaToben, Tu ra aris saukeTeso sazogadoebisaTvis. dRes
gveubnebian, rom gvWirdeba meti mecnieri da inJineri, raTa ,,gadavrCeT. amitom
unda davaCqaroT Sesabamisi niWis mqone axalgazrdebis aRzrda. icis vinmem, Tu ra
iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis moTxovnileba 30 wlis Semdeg? SeuZlia mecnierebas
gadarCenis garantia mogvces? nuTu sazogadoebas ufro metad ar sWirdeba axali,
SemoqmedebiTi ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movaxdinoT msoflio sazogadoebis
organizeba? nuTu, mecnierebze metad, farTo socialuri xedvis mqone adamianebi
ar gvesaWiroeba? da radganac ideebi nela mwifdeba, iqneb tempis aCqareba ki ar
Rirs, aramed, piriqiT, Cveni zedmetad swrafi cxovrebis Seneleba.
ar vambob, rom Cven ar gvesaWiroeba niWieri adamianebi da rom maT gareSe ukeT
vicxovrebdiT. piriqiT, Cveni skolebi aucileblad unda gaumjobesdes. ubralod
vambob, rom argumenti niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,
moklebulia seriozul mecnierul safuZvels. is, rac amJamad gvWirdeba, aris ara
swrafi kompensacia, aramed Rrma gaazrebasa da dagegmvaze agebuli frTxili
eqsperimentebi.
Semdegi safexuria konteqstualizacia, rac rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,

gulisxmobs mocemuli statiebis da maTSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi ideebis
disciplinis konteqstSi (an kidev ufro farTod sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
WrilSi) ganxilvas. imisaTvis, rom konteqstualizacia saTanado doneze iyos
Sesrulebuli, studenti sakmao codnas unda flobdes mocemul sferoSi da
icnobdes disciplinaSi moRvawe avtoritetTa damokidebulebas gansaxilveli
sakiTxis mimarT, raTa sakuTari Sefasebebis dasasabuTeblad, soliduri
ideebi.
Semdegi safexuria teqstis kritikuli analizi da Sefaseba, risTvisac varkvevT, Tu ramdenad logikuria avtoris argumentebi; ramdenad damajerebelia
maTi mxardaWera; ramdenad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac avtori
gvTavazobs; xom ar gvaxsendeba iseTi faqtebi, romelTac sapirispiro daskvnebamde mivyavarT da a.S.
garda testis Sejamebisa da analizisa, aucilebelia Tavad avtoris kompetenturobis Sefasebac _ warmoadgens is mocemuli sferos eqsperts Tu
ubralod gamocdili mweralia, romelic sxvadasxva sferoSi wers? rogor
daasabuTebdiT amas? am sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, roca informaciis
sandoobas vafasebT. amitom, gadamwyvetia, Tu sad aris statia moTavsebuli. Tu
is samecniero Jurnalsa an krebulSia moTavsebuli, SegviZlia ufro mSvidad
iyoT, radgan iciT, rom aseT Jurnalsa Tu krebuls aucileblad hyavs
redaqtori, romelic dargis specialistia, amasTan, amowmebs mas eqspertTa
jgufic. magram Zalian frTxilad unda moekidoT populruli Jurnalis,
gansakuTrebiT ki, internetis masalas, radgan gagiWirdebaT maTSi warmodgenili
informaciis sandoobis dadgena.
zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom sanam uSualod kritikis weras SeudgebodeT,
aucilebelia kritikuli TvaliT gadaxedoT teqsts. kritikuli kiTxva sxvadasxva teqnikas aerTianebs, rac, pirobiTad, sam safexurad SeiZleba daiyos: teqstis winaswari gacnoba, uSualod kiTxvis procesi da wakiTxulis gaanalizeba.
sanam kiTxvas daiwyebT, unda gaiazroT, Tu ra mizniT kiTxulobT teqsts:
garkveuli informacia gWirdebaT ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac naklebad
icnobT? faqtebi da detalebi gWirdebaT Tqveni argumentebis mxardasaWerad?
Tqvens midgomas adarebT sxvebis midgomebs? roca mizani naTlad gaqvT gacnobierebuli, teqstis swored im aspeqtebze moaxdenT fokusirebas, romlebic
TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania da fuWad ar gaflangavT dros.
Tqveni miznis gacnobierebis Semdeg, Tvali unda gadaavloT teqsts. raTa
avtoris mizani (ras cdilobs avtori _ informaciis mowodebas, axnas,
dasabuTebas?) da naSromis Seqmnis konteqsti (sad da rodis Seiqmna nawarmoebi,
vin aris misi nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli) daadginoT, agreTve, mis zogad Sinaarss
gaecnoT. rogorc wesi, sakvanZo ideebi Tematur winadadebebSicaa Cadebuli, es
ukanasknelni ki paragrafebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli. amdenad, naSromis Sesaxeb
warmodgena rom SegeqmnaT, paragrafebis pirvel winadadebebs, agreTve, anotaciasa da daskvnas gadaxedeT. amasTan, daakvirdiT, xom ar aris teqstSi
qvesaTaurebi; yoveli qvesaTauri Sinaarsobriv seqcias gamoyofs, rac dagexmarebaT avtoris ideebis logikur msvlelobas misdioT.
mokled rom SevajamoT, teqstis winaswari gacnobisas, sam ZiriTad aspeqtze
amaxvilebT yuradRebas:
1. sakuTari miznis gacnobiereba
Tqveni mizania informaciis moZieba Tu detaluri analizi?
rogor dagexmarebaT teqsti miznis miRwevaSi?
2. avtoris miznis, naSromis Seqmnis konteqstisa da naSromis zogadi
Sinaarsis gacnoba.
ras geubnebaT saTauri?
ra iciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, rodis da visTvis dawer statias?
ras geubnebaT statiis Sinaarsze avtoris mier warmodgenili mimoxilva
Tu Semajamebeli informacia?
3. teqstis gadaxedva
naTelia Tu ara teqstis struqtura _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da
daskvna?
ra argumentebs gTavazobT avtori?
ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras
(statistika, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebi...)?
momdevno safexuria uSualod kiTxvis procesi. ra mizniTac ar unda
kiTxulobdeT teqsts, Tqvens winaSe mudam idgeba sami ZiriTadi amocana: yvelaze
48
29

Tu calcalke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom

radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. amdenad,
saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba-ardajgufebis sakiTxi da gavaanalizoT
is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic motsa da betelhaims mohyavT.
Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.]

magram, nebismier sferoSi, kritika Sesabamis analizsa da Sefasebas
gulisxmobs; kargi Sefaseba ki, specialistTa azriT, ramdenime ZiriTad
kriteriums emyareba, kerZod:
faqtebzea agebuli;
naTel kriteriumebs iyenebs;
sapirispiro kriteriumebs abalansebs;
refleqcias gulisxmobs;
Semoqmedebas moiTxovs.
ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli punqti? imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba damajerebeli
iyos, is sando faqtebs unda emyarebodes, anu iseT faqtebs, romelTa Semowmebac
SesaZlebelia sxvebis mier.
naTeli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom Sefaseba garkveul
Teoriazea agebuli. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebis damowmebas,
rac mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. gamoyenebeuli kriteriumebidan
gamomdinare ki, sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, udavoa,
rom stalinizmma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacias da am
kriteriumidan gamomdinare, is warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos, magram meore
mxriv, is damRupveli aRmoCnda inteligenciisaTvis, Sesabamisad, damangreveli
Sedegebi moutana qveynis kulturul cxovrebas.
aris SemTxvevebi, roca kriteriumebi winaswar gveZleva; magaliTad, biznesmenisaTvis wamyvani kriteriumia mogebaze zrunva, socialuri muSakisaTvis ki _
sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoba. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad unda
gadavwyvitoT, Tu mocemul situaciaSi ra kriteriumis gamoyeneba iqneba
mizanSewonili.
radgan ramdenime kriteriumi erTdroulad gveZleva, aucilebeli xdeba
sapirispiro kriteriumTa dabalanseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi kriteriumis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan sando Sefaseba ramdenime
kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. swored amis nimuSi stalinizmi, radgan
misi saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva
danarCeni faqtoris erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba.
refleqsia gulisxmobs, rom individs Seswevs unari, damoukidebeli azrovnebis gziT, mivides gadawyvetilebamde da naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu
rogor da ratom mivida ama Tu im daskvnamde. rogorc wesi, refleqsia Cvens xelT
arsebul codnasa da warsulSi miRebul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli.
kargi Sefaseba yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTia, radgan is gulisxmobs siaxlis
Setanas ukve arsebul codnaSi. azri ara aqvs sxvaTa Sefasebebis ubralo
citirebas Cveni Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, maTi gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia Cveni SefasebisaTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, magram
isic faqtia, rom Cveneuli Sefaseba mxolod sxvaTa mosazrebebis motaniT ver
Semoifargleba, amdenad, arsebuli codnis iqiT gasvlas gulisxmobs. es swored
is etapia, roca Cvenive Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs vaxdenT [Gutbrod, H.
(2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]
rogorc vxedavT, saTanado Sefasebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea,
radgan individis mxridan solidur codnas, gamocdilebas da fantaziis unars
moiTxovs. swored am mizezis gamo unda miiCnevdes mkvlevarTa didi nawili
Sefasebis unaris ganviTrebas sauniversiteto swavlebis umTavres misiad [Gutbrod,
H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]
rogor gadavdgaT pirveli nabijebi am rTuli misiis ganxorcielebis gzaze?
daviwyoT mcire zomis statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT.
garkveul statiaze kritikis Sesaqmnelad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia
avtoris ideebis mokled Sejameba da Semdeg maTi kritikuli analizi. statiis
Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT unda wavikiTxoT mTliani statia da davfiqrdeT
avtoris ZiriTad argumentebze _ ra argumentebi mohyavs mas da ra faqtebis
safuZvelze axdens maT mxardaWeras? Tqveni sityvebiT rogor gadmovcemdiT
avtoris argumentebsa da mxardaWeras? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, kidev
erTxel unda gadaikiTxoT statia da darwmundeT, rom sworad SeajameT avtoris
mxardaWera hqondes. garda amisa, mas unda SeeZlos sakiTxis istoriul perspeqtivaSi warmodgena, raTa mkiTxvelma igrZnos, rom studenti mocemuli
sakiTxis istoriul ganviTarebasac icnobs, amdenad, sakmaod kompetenturia.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis socialur da istoriul konteqstSi
ganxilvasTan erTad, studenti mas kroskulturul perspeqtivaSic aanalizebs.
warmogidgenT, mocemuli statiebis safuZvelze, studentebis mier
konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebis ramdenime mcdelobas:
1. ganaTlebis organizebis problemas didi xnis istoria aqvs. swavlebis
efeqturi meTodebi, jer kidev antikuri xanidan (platoni, aristotele...)
moyolebuli mwvave debatebs iwvevda, ramac klasikuri saxe XIX saukuneSi miiRo,
rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze ian komenski da misi kolegebi gamoCdnen.
swored maTi didi mondomebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli im meTodebis ganviTareba,
ramac Tanamedrove pedagogikas Cauyara safuZveli. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevri
ram Seicvala, magram sakiTxma ara Tu aqtualoba dakarga, aramed kidev ufro
aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare swrafi socialurekonomikuri cvlilebebis fonze...
2. ganaTlebis sistema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia socialur institutTa
Soris, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia socializaciis procesis ganxorcieleba anu
sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Taobidan Taobaze gadacema. ganaTlebis sistemis
ZiriTadi elementia saswavlo dawesebulebani, dawyebuli skolebiT da
damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. skola, ojaxTan erTad, upirvelesi da
ganmsazRvreli rgolia socializaciis procesSi da swored skoliT iwyeba
aucilebeli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis dagroveba. amdenad,
sakiTxi, Tu ra formiT gadascems skola am codnas momaval Taobas da rogoraa
organizebuli swavlebis procesi, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa...
3 ,,swavla sikvdilamdeo naTqvamia da Tundac es mcire fraza sakmarisia
imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes adamianisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis udidesi
mniSvneloba. iyo dro, roca ganaTlebis miReba fufunebad iTvleboda da mxolod
warCinebulTa xvedri iyo, sxvebisaTvis ki auxdenel ocnebad rCeboda. samrewvelo da demokratiulma revoluciebma ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovnad
gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli da dRes saSualo ganaTlebis miReba ukve savaldebulodaa miCneuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. saskolo swavlebisas
miRweuli warmatebebi da ganviTarebuli interesebi ki did gavlenas axdens
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze, Sesabamisad, samomavlo karierazec. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze mwvave problemas
dasaqmeba warmoadgens, samsaxurSi miRebis mTavar kriteriumad ki SeZenili
codna gvevlineba, swored saTanado ganaTleba yofila pirovnebisaTvis Semdgomi
warmatebis sawindari. aqedan gamomdinare, didi yuradReba unda mieqces
mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavlebis formebs...
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savarjiSo #3. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs Seafason konteqstualizaciis

warmodgenili nimuSebi da miuTiTon TiToeulis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. amis
Semdeg studentebi qmnian konteqstualizaciis sakuTar nimuSebs.
Semdeg etapze studentebi uSualod statiebis SedarebiT analizs axdenen da
avtorTa poziciebs afaseben. kritikis Janris ganxilvisas, ukve gavecaniT
teqstis analizisa da Sefasebis teqnikas, amitom aq Zalian mokled SevajamebT da
mxolod ZiriTadi punqtebis saxiT warmovadgenT mas. teqstis analizis ZiriTadi
safexuria:
teqstis analizi
rogoria avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia?
ra aris avtoris mizani?
vin aris avtoris mier nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli?
ra argumentebs warmogvidgens avtori misi poziciis mxardasaWerad?
ra monacemebis/faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis
mxardaWeras?
ra mosazrebebi udevs safuZvlad avtoris daskvnebs?
teqstis Sefaseba
aris avtoris argumenti logikuri?
aris teqsti kargad organizebuli, naTeli da advilad wakiTxvadi?
aris avtoris faqtebi akuratuli?
aris mniSvnelovani terminebi naTlad gansazRvruli?
aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT?
ganamtkicebs Tu ara argumentebi ZiriTad pozicias?
Seesabameba Tu ara teqsti nagulisxmev mkiTxvels?
ganixilavs da ukuagdebs Tu ara teqsti oponentTa mosazrebebs?
gexmarebaT Tu ara teqsti mocemuli sakiTxis gagebaSi?
aris teqstSi iseTi sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac TqvenSi Zlier reaqcias
iwvevs? rogoria es reaqcia?
ra udevs safuZvlad mocemuli sakiTxisadmi Tqvens amgvar reaqcias? sad
da rodis SeityveT pirvelad mis Sesaxeb? ra kavSirSia es yvelaferi
mocemul teqstTan?
ra SekiTxvebs wamoWris mocemuli teqsti? [Katz, S. and Scerl, J. (2003). Critiques.
Retrieved May, 23, 2004, from http://www.criticalreading.com/]
Tema II. kritika

kritikis Janris mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentSi kritikuli azrovnebis

ganviTarebas. kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva unarebis rTul
kombinacias, romelTagan ZiriTad unarebs warmoadgens:
racionaloba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca veyrdnobiT gonebas da ara emocias;
roca viTvaliswinebT yvela SesaZlo faqts; roca, problemis analizisas, Cveni
mizania ara gamovCndeT gamarjvebulni, aramed movZebnoT sakuTari axsna Tu
gadawyvetileba.
TviTanalizi
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca Segvwevs unari SevafasoT, Tu ra
motivebi udevs safuZvlad Cvens gadawyvetilebas da ramdenad obieqturni varT.
miukerZoebloba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vafasebT yvela SesaZlo Sedegs; roca
viTvaliswinebT yvela mxaris Sexedulebasa da pozicias; roca Ria vrCebiT
alternatiuli interpretaciebis mimarT; roca uars ar vambobT arapopularul
Sexedulebebze mxolod imitom, rom isini naklebaRiarebulia; roca CvenTvis
misaRebia axali modeli Tu paradigma, radgan is ukeT xsnis faqtebs, ufro
martivia, naklebi xarvezi aqvs da a.S.
disciplina
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca varT zustebi da yvela detals
viTvaliswinebT; uars vambobT manipulaciaze; veridebiT zerele Sefasebebs.
Sefaseba
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vaRiarebT alternatiul mosazrebaTa da
gadawyvetilebaTa Rirsebasa da upiratesobas; roca Cveni argumentebi saTanado
faqtebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.
erTi sityviT, kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi bunebiT skeptikurni arian;
aucileblad aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian, radgan mudmivad cdian sxvadasxva
taqtikasa da strategias, raTa mniSvnelobas swvdnen da gageba gaaRrmavon; garda
amisa, isini Ria arian axali ideebisa Tu poziciebis misaRebad; TviTkritikulobiT gamoirCevian da mudmivad aanalizeben sakuTar arguments, amasTanave,
mudam mzad arian SeeWidon oponentTa argumentebs. kritikulad moazrovne
adamianebs SeswevT unari gaarCion obieqturi monacemebis subieqturi analizi da
misi safuZvlianoba Seafason, radgan, Tumca faqtebi faqtebad rCeba, maTi
interpretacia SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos [Kurland, D. (2002). What is Critical
Thinking. Retrieved October 6, 2004. from http:/www.criticalreading.com/].
mas Semdeg, rac kritikis Janris swavlebis mizani ganvsazRvreT, Tavad
naSromis arssa da struqturaze gadavideT.
`kritika~ warmoadgens mcire zomis naSroms erTi statiis an erTi wignis
Sesaxeb. marTlia, qarTul sinamdvileSi `kritika~ gakritikebis gagebiT ixmareba,
realurad is franguli sityvidan modis da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. Sefaseba ki
SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri, negatiuriz an orives kombinireba, radgan statiis an
wignis kiTxvisas, rogorc wesi, avtoris garkveul mosazrebebs viziarebT da
veTanxmebiT, nawils ki _ ar veTanxmebiT da kritikulad vudgebiT.
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom studenti kritikis weris teqnikas flobdes,
radgan, erTi mxriv, misi codna aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom studentma ufro
rTuli Janris nawarmoebebs (vTqvaT, analitikur referats an kvleviT naSroms)
gaarTvas Tavi; meore mxriv ki, is saukeTeso gzaa pedagogisaTvis Seafasos, Tu
ramdenad yuradRebiT ecnoba studenti sakiRxav masalas da ramdenad Seswevs misi
Rrma analizis unari.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kritikis werisas, sxvadasxva specialobis warmomadgenelni
gansxvavebul sakiTxebze svamen aqcents, kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi
kritikis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia imaze, Tu ramdenad `sainteresoa~
argumentebi. socialur mecnierebebSi _ ramdenad gamarTulia meTodologia;
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ki _ ra Sedegebia miebuli da ramdenad
mniSvnelovania isini [Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate
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ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze movaxdenT TiToeuli statiis analizsa

da Sefasebas, da Semdeg maT SedarebiT analizs SevudgebiT. amisaTvis Zalian
efeqturi saSualebaa venis diagrama, romelic vizualurad gvixatavs da ufro
TvalsaCinos xdis avtorTa poziciebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. venis
diagrama Semdegi saxisaa:
A C
A zona erTi avtoris specifikur argumentebs moicavs, B zona meorisas, C

ki imas, rac maT Soris saerToa. amdenad, A da B zonebi avtorTa poziciebs Soris
gansxvaveba-kontrasts gvixatavs, C ki msgavsebas. ideebis am formiT gadmocema
gvexmareba logikurad gavmarToT da efeqturad davgegmoT analitikuri
referatis struqtura.
savarjiSo 4. zemoT ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze, studentebi axdenen
savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenili statiebis SedarebiT analizsa da Sefasebas.
studentebi klasSi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.
uwyobs xels. martin qoris ganmartebiT, `globalizacia gaxlavT is, rasac Cven
mesame samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze kolonizacias vuwodebdiT~.
da bolos, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT globalizaciis kidev erTi Tanmdevi
procesi, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis dakargvas niSnavs.
saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi vestfaliis sistemidan iRebs saTaves. es
iyo mmarTvelobis struqtura, romlis saTaveebTan saxelmwifoebriobisa da
suverenulobis principebi idga. saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda msoflios
teritoriul erTeulebad dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba
marTavda, xolo suverenuloba _ Tavis kuTvnil teritoriaze yovlismomcvel,
uzenaes, SeuzRudav da eqskluziur kontrols. dReisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT,
rom suverenitetis Zireuli norma aRar moqmedebs da misi aRdgena
globalizebul msoflioSi SeuZlebelia. rodesac arsebobs zesaxelmwifoebrivi
mmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven uflebas damoukideblad
warmarTon TavianTi saSinao da sagareo politika. magaliTad, evrosabWo
daJinebiT moiTxovs saqarTvelosagan Turqi mesxebis axlo momavalSi
dabrunebas, rac mraval sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebul.
Tumca, globalistebi miiCneven, rom globalizacia progresis, modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis winapiroba da garantia, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT
isic, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es exeba ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs,
romlebic kidev ufro Zlierdebian susti da ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze,
maTi bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis eqspluataciis Sedegad, rasac am qveynebis
ekonomika saboloo krizisamde mihyavs. TandaTan sul ufro aSkara xdeba isic,
rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi relurad ver asruleben maTze dakisrebul
funqciebs da mxolod ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs emsaxurebian.
rac Seexeba kulturul modernizacias, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ama Tu im xalxis
kultura xSirad maTi istoriuli ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
uSualo asaxvaa da misi nebismieri saxiT gardaqmna am RirebulebaTa dakargvis
tolfasia, Tundac qarTveli xalxisaTvis yvelaze did saganZursa da erovnul
siamayes misi kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, risi moSlac ara marto
istoriis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis dakargvis momaswavebelia.
amrigad, globalizacia is msoflios masStabebis movlenaa, romelic uSualod
axdens gavlenas adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoze, iqneba es politika,
ekonomika, kultura Tu sxva. procesis im tempebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi,
rogoriTac es dRes xdeba, sxvadasxva xalxebs erTian sazogadoebad gardaqmna
emuqreba, radgan globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRwevs calkeul
kulturebSi, laxavs saxelmwifoTa suverenulobis princips, rac ukve imis
maniSnebelia, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTals; iwvevs mesame
samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebasa da degradacias da, rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, es yovelive xdeba erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis damkvidrebis
fasad. Sedegad ki viRebT yovlad umarTav procesebs, rac iwvevs calkeuli
xalxebis protests globalizaciisa da globaluri migraciebis mimarT.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara globalizaciis SeCereba da gvaqvs Tu ara arCevani? es
kiTxva gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia iseTi patara saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogoric
saqarTveloa, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi mTavari sazrunavi da
prioriteti sakuTari enis, TviTSegnebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da
saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba unda iyos, raTa maTze mTeli sisruliT ar
aisaxos globalizaciis uaryofiTi efeqti.

SesaZleblobebi.
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51

Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura
maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi
anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu
dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic
saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isev da isev grZnobs.
savarjiSo #5. SeadareT erTmaneTs avtorTa poziciebis
warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
Sefasebis
savarjiSo #6. analitikuri referatis I versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia. studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.

Tu cal-calke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom
ganaTlebis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria sazogadoebisTvis.
dResdReobiT yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,
samsaxuris dawyebis mTavari kriteriumia, Tu rogori ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli
adamians. swored ganaTlebaa pirovnebisTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari, ris
gamoc xSiria konkurencia ganaTlebul adamianebs Soris. amitomac aucilebelia
yuradReba mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavla-ganaTlebis formebs.
rodesac laparakia niWieri bavSvebis calke jgufis Seqmnaze, qeneT motis
mosazrebiT, sxvadasxva unarisa da interesis mqone bavSvebi unda dajgufdnen
Sesabamis jgufebSi, raTa SeZlon ukeT gaaRvivon sakuTari interesebi.

betelhaimis azriT ki, niWieri bavSvisaTvis Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi swavlis
gaxangrZliveba sulac araa saziano, piriqiT, am dros mas eufleba usafrTxoebis
grZnoba, xolo niWier bavSvebSi man SeiZleba Tavi sustad igrZnos, ris Sedegadac
sruliad daekargos swavlis survili.
aucilebelia Tanatolma mozardebma ganaTleba miiRon erTi da imave
programiT, raTa msgavsi sastarto pirobebi hqondeT. garda amisa, calke
dajgufebis SemTxvevaSi, xSiria cinikuri damokidebuleba niWieri moswavleebis
mxridan, Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili aRar eqneba Cagvrasa da
cinizms.
betelhaimi imasac amtkicebs, rom neli tempis skolaSi, sadac moswavleebs ar
eqnebaT CamorCenis SiSi, isini daiwyeben reagirebas klasgareSe sakiTxav
literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, riTac gaifarToveben codnis areals da
gaiRrmaveben interesebs. rogorc qeneT moti amtkicebs, neli tempis skolebSi
niWieri bavSvebi frustracias ganicdian, radgan ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo
samuSao, magram arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac niWieri bavSvebi gadahyavT
niWierTa skolebSi. swored maSin uCndebaT frustraciis SegrZneba, roca
aRmoCndeba, rom danarCen niWier moswavleebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad
niWierni arian. Cemi azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problema
wamoiWreba. Sefasebis gansxvavebuli sistema. cxadia, niWierTa jgufebSi ufro
mkacrad xdeba Sefaseba, vidre Cveulebriv jgufebSi, Sesabamisad, rTulia
winaswar gansazRvra, Cveulebrivi klasis xuTosani moswavle ra niSnebze
iswavlida niWierTa klasSi. es SeiZleba gaxdes frustraciis erT-erTi mizezi.
SemiZlia moviyvano piradi magaliTi: rodesac me-7 klasSi viyavi, CvenTan
gadmovida axali moswavle komarovis skolidan, romelic teqnikur sagnebSi Cveni
klasis erT-erTi xuTosani moswavle gaxda, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu ratom
gadmovida Cvens skolaSi, man gvipasuxa, rom iq teqnikur sagnebSi maswavleblebi
samebs uwerdnen, maSin roca Cvens klasSi igive sagnebs warCinebiT swavlobda.
SesaZleblobebi.
amrigad, qeneT motis da bruno betelhaimis statiebSi ganxiluli
sakiTxebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: aucilebelia niWierma da Cveulebrivma
bavSvebma Tanabar pirobebSi miiRon saSualo-saskolo ganaTleba, radgan maT
eqnebaT saSualeba gansakuTrebuli unarebi da interesebi gamoavlinon, rodesac
daamTavreben skolas da airCeven momaval specialobas. ase rom, miuxedavad
gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebisa, Tanatoli mozardebi, Tanabar pirobebSi unda
swavlobdnen da sxvadasxva unarebis mqone bavSvebTan urTierTobiT, iZendnen
mravalmxriv gamocdilebas.
mogvexseneba, rom msoflio metad mravalferovania. xalxebi gansxvavdebian

TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiTa da cxovrebis
wesiT, rac maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosdgamT da arc aqvT raimes Secvlis
survili. es aixsneba ara maTi CamorCenilobiT, aramed maTi miswrafebiT
SeinarCunon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia da TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas
aZlevs. amis magaliTia iaponia, romelic teqnologiuri ganviTarebis doniT
pirvelia msoflioSi. magram amave dros, erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri tradiciebis
mqone qveyanaa. globalizacia, Tavis mxriv, iWreba amgvar kuturaTa
TaviseburebebSi da gardaqmnis maT. Sedegad, calkeul xalxebSi xdeba erovnuli
TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis dakargva, RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, rac
metad mtkivneulia nebismieri erisaTvis. es ar exeba mxolod qcevisa Tu Cacmis
stils. am tipis xalxebis globalur procesebSi CarTva xSirad gulisxmobs garkveul gardaqmnebs socialur struqturaSi, qalTa genderuli rolis cvlilebebs
da a.S. es yovelive protestis grZnobas aRvivebs maTSi da Sedegad sxvadasxva
formiT aris xolme gamoxatuli. protestis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa
terorizmi, gansakuTrebiT islamur qveynebSi, risi mowmenic xSirad
gavmxdarvarT am bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. amgvari qmedeba, ra Tqma unda, ar
imsaxurebs gamarTlebas, magram gvafiqrebinebs, rom es xalxebi Zlieri wnexis
qveS imyofebian da iZulebiT gardaqmnebs ganicdian maT sulier Tu yofiT
cxovrebaSi.
am uaryofiT damokidebulebas ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtori, sadac
mTavar rols saxelmwifoTa politikuri orientacia asrulebs. globalizacia ar
viTardeba ganyenebulad, TavisTavad. mas hyavs fasilitatori Zala,
romlisTvisac momgebiani iqneboda amgvari globaluri procesis fonze sakuTari
Zlieriebisa da gavlenis gavrceleba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT
80-iani wlebidan, naTlad gamoikveTa msoflios zesaxelmwifo, romelic
sayovelTao hegemoniisaken miiswrafvis. globalizaciis erT-erTi ganmartebac
`vesternizacia~ swored amis aRmniSvnelia. amdenad globalizacia da
amerikanizacia bevrisaTvis sinonimebia. dRes ukve aSkaraa, Tu rogor arRvevs
zesaxelmwifo demokratiis saxeliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, rogor
axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umniSvnelovanesi gaawyvetilebebisa da rezoluciebis ignorirebas, mas SeuZlia omic ki daiwyos `demokratiis saxeliT~.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom bevr saxelmwifos ar surs
misi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva. Tumca, patara da susti qveynebi xSirad
iZulebulni xdebian moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobiT moipovon amgvari hegemonebis
daintereseba, magram, amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom globalizacia am formiT
ar aris mxolod koka-kola da jinsebi, rogorc bevrs miaCnia. es aris asimilacia
mmarTvelobis formebis, sasamarTlos, ganaTlebisa da sxva sistemebis gauazrebeli struqturuli gardaqmna, rac, Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTze, yovlad
miuReblad da dauSveblad mimaCnia.
aseve saWiroa SevexoT globalizaciis ekonomikur mxares Tanamedrove
msoflioSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma urTierTobebma sruliad
globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, metad aqtiurad dadga e.w. mesame samyaros sakiTxi,
romelSic moiazreba ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufi. ganviTarebuli da
ganviTarebadi samyaros urTierTobebi ZiriTadad batonoba _ daqvemdebarebuli gamoixateba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba mcire, aratevadi
Sida bazris mqonea. maTi meurneoba ar aris diversificirebuli. amitom isini
didad arian damokidebulni ganviTarebul qveynebze, saidanac Semodis maTi
ekonomikisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone investiciebi. finansuri sesxisa
Tu daxmarebis gamcemi kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maT gadawyvetilebebze. amis
Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian moaxdinon sul ufro didi
raodenobiT bunebrivi resursebis eqsporti (xe-tye, wiaRiseuli, navTobi,
nedleuli, sxva mineralebi) dabal fasad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da investticiebis misaRebad. nadgurdeba tyis safari da sxva bunebrivi resurebi.
zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac xeliT warmoebaSi iyo Cabmuli adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba, sawarmoo danadgarebis Setanam umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia. aqedan
gamomdinare, globalizacia mesame samyaros qveynebis ara Tu ganviTarebas,
aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier eqspluatacias da kidev ufro gaRaribebas
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yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, albaT, gamoCndebian sawinaaRmdego azris

mqone adamianebic, romlebic ityvian: ratom oponirebT amJamindel politikur
tendenciebs da globalizaciis procesebs? is udavod exmareba sxva
saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebasa da erTmaneTtan mWidro kavSiris damyarebaSi,
amasTanave, xels uwyobs kacobriobis yvelaze didi monapovris _ demokratiuli
procesebis ganmtkicebas. magram Cven SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ase ar aris.
cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe lindon laruSi ambobs:
`saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma da gadawyvites
feodalizmisaken dabruneba, rasac lamazad `globalizacia~ da `Tavisufali
vaWroba~ uwodes. rogorc Cans, romis imperiis magaliTiT moxiblulebma,
faqtobrivad, iwyes msoflio imperiis Seneba, rac aris rogorc zneobrivi, aseve
ekonomikuri da politikuri sigiJe~. romis amJamindelma maSeneblebma TavianTi
miznebis realizacia daiwyes saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis ganadgurebiT. maTi
amocanaa erTi centridan kontrolirebadi saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelic
gadawyvets, Tu romels aqvs ganviTarebis ufleba da romels ekrZaleba arseboba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamad msoflios ZiriTadi birTvi amerika cdilobs
xelT igdos msoflios erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba, magram rogorc laruSi
ambobs: àmJamad cxovrebaSi damkvidrebuli utopia daimsxvreva ganviTarebis
zenitSi, iseve rogorc daeca romi~. rac Seexeba demokratias, xdeba ara zogadad
demokratiis ganmtkiceba, aramed msoflioSi dasavluri demokratia vrceldeba,
rac sasargebloa mxolod amerikisaTvis da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis. aSS Tavisi
miznebis misaRwevad yvela xerxs da meTods iyenebs da amas Tavisufal sityvasa da
demokratias uwodebs. amis magaliTia, ukve naxsenebi aSS-erayis omi, romelic
mimarTulia navTobiT mdidari teritoriis xelSi Casagdebad da ara msoflioSi
mSvidobis dasamkvidreblad. vfiqrob, am saeWvo omSi uazrod daRupuli uamravi
adamianis magaliTi sakmaod Zlieri safuZvelia imisTvis, rom amgvari demokratia
negatiur movlenad miviCnioT.
is, rom globalizacia gardauvali procesia, albaT, TiToeuli Cvengani

acnobierebs, magram es movlena kidev ufro mtkivneulad rom ar Seexos
saxelmwifoebs, vfiqrob, yoveli eri unda cdilobdes ipovos masSi qveynis
unikalurobis SenarCunebis resursi. is, rom msoflioSi xdeba yvelaferi
dasavluris popularizacia da gavrceleba, kacobrioba siRatakes ebrZvis da,
rom erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxe emuqreba, vfiqrob, sakmao argumentebia
imisTvis, rom globalizacia da msoflioSi arsebuli amJamindeli
tendenciebi uaryofiT procesad miviCnioT.
nimuSi 2
`globalizacia asaxavs yvela im process,
romelTa meSveobiTac msoflios xalxebi
erT msoflio sazogadoebaSi, globalur
sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian.~ martin elbrou
xSirad axali termini imitom xdeba popularuli, rom msoflioSi mimdinare
ama Tu im mniSvnelovan cvlilebas asaxavs. axali idea axali viTarebis aRsawerad
aris saWiro. 1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda saubari globalizaciaze, ramac
yoveldRiur azrovnebaSic iCina Tavi. Znelia im momentis zustad gansazRvra,
rodis daiwyo globalizacia. periodizacia xSirad sakamaToa, Tumca misi gavlena
kacobriobis didi nawilis cxovrebaze yvelaze intensiurad 1960-iani wlebidan
aris SesamCnevi, radgan swored am periodidan xdeba aSkara misi uaryofiTi
gavlena sxvadasxva kulturisa Tu aRmsareblobis erebze. dadga erovnuli
suverenitetisa
Tu
TviTmyofadobis
SenarCunebis
problemebi,
erTi
zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis zrdisa da e.w. mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro
dasustebis safrTxe: yovelive aman naTlad dagvanaxa, rom globalizacia
uaryofiTi movlenaa. dRes ki es procesi kidev ufro intensiuri da
problemuria, vidre odesme.
24

radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. zogadad
rom vimsjeloT, ganaTlebis sistema aris sfero, romelic yvelaze met
sifrTxiles da dakvirvebas moiTxovs, sanam raime gadawyvetileba iqneba miRebuli, radgan moswavleebi, mozardebi, studentebi arian adamianebi, romelTa
ganaTlebis safuZvelzec qveynisa Tu msoflios momavali igeba. am SemTxvevaSi ki
Secdomis daSveba dauSvebelia. amdenad, aucilebelia safuZvlianad ganvixiloT
es konkretuli sakiTxic _ niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba da
gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic mohyavT motsa da
betelhaims.
pirveli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec orive avtori amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, aris arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba, romelic uCndeba saSualo da
sust moswavleebs. bruno betelhaimis azriT, rodesac niWieri moswavle
specialur jgufSi gadahyavT, mas eWvi Seaqvs sakuTar ZalebSi da ipyrobs
SegrZneba, rom rTul amocanebs ver SeeWideba. Tumca am azrs ar eTanxmeba qeneT
moti da ambobs, rom amis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs; amasTanave, mas magaliTad
mohyavs is niWieri aTletebi, romlebic specialur klasebSi daajgufes da
ambobs, rom arc erTi maTgani zemodan ar dascqeris Tavis SedarebiT sust
tanatols. pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli gavarkvioT, saerTod ras niSnavs iyo
niWieri. aq, albaT, saubari inda iyos zogad azrovnebasa da codnaze da ara
aTletebze, risi magaliTic mohyavs qeneT mots da rac savsebiT ar warmoadgens
aucileblobas sxva moswavleTaTvis. aseve vfiqrob, rom mis sityvebs `niWieri
moswavleebi zemodan ar dascqerian sustebs~, sWirdeba saTanado dasabuTeba,
radganac, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi. swored
sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs 2000 wels safrangeTis erT-erT skolaSi momxdari
mkvleloba, romelic imitom moxda, rom erT-erTma gamorCeulma moswavlem
abuCad aigdo Tavisi Tanatoli, romelic gonebrivad da fizikurad ar iyo
srulfasovani; misma megobarma ki daicva igi da situacia ise gamwvavda, rom
sicocxles gamoasalma megobris damCagvreli klaseli.
aseve mniSvnelovania maswavleblisa da mSoblis roli srulfasovani
moswavleebis, rogorc `Rirsebebis mqone individebis,~ CamoyalibebaSi. am
sakiTxze saubrobs qeneT moti. misi azriT, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs
gveSinodes niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufebisa, radgan swored pedagogi
da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs moswavleebis ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. vfiqrob, maswavleblis faqtori umniSvnelovanesia, magram ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisTvis, rom amgvari dajgufeba
samarTlianad miviCnioT. pedagogs didi wvlili miuZRvis ara marto bavSvebis
aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis saqmeSi, aseve klasSi saerTo atmosferos SeqmnaSi,
magram maze Zlieri faqtori, romelic ufro metad axdens gavlenas moswavleebis
fsiqikaze, swored maTive urTierTdamokidebulebaa. pedagogi yovelTvis ver
akontrolebs moswavleTa qcevas, mas ZiriTadi aqcenti Tavis saganze da mis
Seswavlaze aqvs gadatanili, amitom SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCes is
araswori qmedeba, romelsac, vTqvaT, erTi moswavle meoris mimarT axorcielebs.
zemoT naxsenebi magaliTis msgavsi faqtebi bevri arsebobs, Tumca es ar
miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevebSi araprofesional pedagogebTan gvaqvs saqme.
es TavisTavad maTgan damoukideblad xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qeneT
motis Sexeduleba pedagogis rolze SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas, Tumca, vTvli,
rom argumentad ar gamodgeba imisTvis, rom daveTanxmoT niWierTa dajgufebas
53
specialur klasebSi.
Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am
yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is
frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis
saSiSroebasac isevdaisev grZnobs.
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ekonomikuri pirobebi da amiT gamowveuli problemebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen moswavleebze. samwuxarod, am sakiTxze ar
saubrobs pedagogi, Tumca damajereblad msjelobs bavSvTa fsiqologi, bevr did
qalaqSi moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian sxvadasxva programebSi, uunarod
miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba dabali fenis ojaxebidanaa. es
xelisSemSleli pirobebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs moswavleebze da iwvevs
stimulis dakargvasa da imedgacruebas. istorias Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, amis
damadasturebel magaliTebs uamravs moviZiebT. rogorc cnobilia, warsulSi
mxolod didgvarovan ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs hqondaT ufleba mieRoT
ganaTleba. Raribi bavSvebi ki, didi survilis miuxedavad, uswavlelni rCebodnen.
Tundac gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, romelic maSindel relobas
asaxavs. codnas mowyurebuli Raribi gabro verasodes SeZlebda ganaTlebis
miRebas, rom ara is bednieri SemTxveva, romelmac glexis biWi uangarod momuSave
maswavlebels Seaxvedra.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom specialur
klasebSi niWier moswavleTa dajgufeba ar aris mizanSewonili, radganac
SevamCnevdiT, rom ufro zustad mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze mogviwia saubari,
vidre dadebiTze. absoluturad miuReblad mimaCnia nebismieri wamowyeba Tu
reforma, romelic bavSvebSi emociuri mdgomareobis gamZafrebas iwvevs da
difuzurs xdis maT Sinagan samyaros. es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba niWieri
adamianebi. piriqiT, maTi arsebobis gareSe ver ganviTardeboda msoflio ise,
rogorc dRes aris; ubralod saWiroa sxvadasxva kargad dagegmili, frTxili
eqsperimentebisa da kvlevebis Catareba, raTa davadginoT Tu rogor miviRoT
sasurveli Sedegi ise, rom arc sust moswavles gavuCinoT arasrulfasovnebis
gancda da arc niWieri moswavle davCagroT.
54
savarjiSo #14: argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna.
nimuSi 1
XX saukunis dasawyisidanve SeamCnia msofliom axladganviTarebuli,
swrafadmzardi procesi. ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi veRar
eteoda erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi, gadadioda sxva qveynebSi da iwvevda maT
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul unifikacias. sociologiuri azrovneba
Zalze gvian dafiqrda am stiqiur procesze da mas globalizacia uwoda.
adamianebi gauTaveblad msjeloben mis mniSvnelobaze. ismis uamravi kiTxva da
arsebobs uamravi pasuxi. globalizacia warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodis
yvelaze farTod gamoyenebul, Tumca yvelaze bundovan, Tezisze gadasvla ufro
TvalsaCino da logikuri unda iyos! amave dros, politikurad yvelaze efeqtur
sityvas. globalizacia dResdReobiT negatiur movlenad gvevlineba, radganac
is araswori formiT warimarTeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi subieqti aris
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflioSi swored aSS-is
ekonomikis, teqnologiis, kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis globaluri gavrceleba
xdeba. msoflios mravali qveynis, maT Soris _ evropeli moazrovneebi mwvaved
reagireben am movlenaze. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis germaneli filosofosi ulrix
beki, romelic ambobs, rom globalizaciis dadebiT Tvisebebze iseve unayofoa
saubari da diskusia, rogorc pudingis kedelze lursmiT miWedeba. msoflio
amerikuli globalizmis xafangSia gabmuli.
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizacia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebasa da
Sromis dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi eqsports iwvevs. es im dros, roca uwyveti
ekonomikuri da transnacionaluri koncernebisa da sxvadasxva msxvili
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Semosavlebis zrdis miuxedavad, msoflioSi
mZvinvarebs umuSevrobis problema. globalizmis epoqaSi ekonomikis ganviTareba
erovnul-saxelmwifo kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, iseTi hegemoni
qveynebi, rogorebic iyvnen safrangeTi da germania, dResdReobiT aSS-sa da didi
britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, miekuTnebian globalizaciis procesSi wagebuli
qveynebis ricxvs. statistikis mixedviT, am qveynebSi umuSevroba sul mcire 30
procentiT gaizarda. gazeT `Spigelis~ erT-erTi nomeri aseTi fraziT iwyeba:
`Semosavlebi maRla micocavs, samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba~. aRmosavleT
germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari ki wers: `Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi. adamianis
saxis dakargvis aRwera SeuZlebelia~. is, rom samuSaos dakargva `saxis dakargvas~
iwvevs, albaT, msoflios saerTo tragedia unda iyos.
aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtori, rom globalizmi, romlis virusic mTel
msoflios Seeyara, seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul Rirebulebebs,
TviTidenturobas, warmoSobs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebs, rac xSirad
omebiT sruldeba. amis magaliTia aSS-erayis omi, romlis mizezi viTomda
msoflioSi demokratiuli principebis aRiareba da ganmtkicebaa, realurad ki
xalxi mxolod aSS-is interesebs ewireba. amasTanave xdeba ukiduresad
gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sejaxeba. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia axlo
aRmosavleTis regionis modernizacia da demokratiis dasavluri modelis
damkvidreba. aviRoT, magaliTad, qalTa uflebebi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom
arabeTis naxevar kunZulis qveynebis qalebma axlo momavalSi miiRon iseTi
uflebebi, rac dasavleTSi mcxovreb qalebs aqvT. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi
saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba,
romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq manqanis marTvis uflebasac ar aZleven.
yvelaze did ukmayofilebas dasavluri demokratiis modelis mimarT
gamoTqvamen islamuri religiuri partiebi da moZraobebi, romlebic xalxs
samarTlianobisa da maRali zneobis damkvidrebisken mouwodeben. aseT partiebis
SeuZliaT am maRali Rirebulebis mqone principebis damyareba, magram VII-VIII
saukunis normebiT. maT araferi eqnebaT saerTo dasavluri tipis demokratiul
faseulobebTan.
23
daskvna
daskvna argumentirebuli eses umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan is ajamebs
avtoris pozicias da saboloo STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. Sesavlis
msgavsad, isic sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:
avtoris argumentebis Sejameba TiTo winadadebiT;
Tezisis gameoreba, oRond sxva sityvebiT, rom avtorma kidev erTxel
daafiqsiros pozicia, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis mosabezreblad ar JRerdes;
problemis ganxilva momavlis WrilSi, rac mkiTxvels safiqrals
dautovebs, vTqvaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenos mocemuli ese realur cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi.
vinaidan daskvna ZiriTad nawilSi warmodgenili argumentebis Sejamebas
axdens, yovelmxriv unda moveridoT am etapze axali sakiTxebis wamoWras. Tu
vfiqrobT, rom raime mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa, axali paragrafi unda davumatoT
ZiriTad nawils da iq ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. mxolod amis Semdeg davweroT
daskvna, romelic modificirebul saxes miiRebs.
savarjiSo #12: studentebi weren argumentirebuli eses daskvnas.
savarjiSo #13: argumentirebuli eses pirveli versiis prezentacia:
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.
roca argumentirebuli eses pirveli versia Seqmnilia, aucilebelia misi
gamarTulobis Semowmeba, risTvisac akademiuri weris specialistebi Semdeg
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas gvTavazoben:
eses Semowmeba
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
ipyrobs Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?

ra aris eses Tezisi?
aris Tezisi naTeli da sakmarisad dakonkretebuli?
gaqvT raime rCeva SesavalTan an TezisTan dakavSirebiT?
ra principiTaa ese organizebuli? aris misi struqtura efeqturi?
aris ese logikuri da Sekruli?
yvela paragrafi ganamtkicebs Teziss?
gaqvT raime rCeva paragrafebTan dakavSirebiT?
aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli mxardaWeriT?
gaqvT raime rCeva mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT?
10. aris saWiro esesTvis raimes damateba an raimes amoReba?
11. aris daskvna logikuri? aris is saintereso? gaqvT raime rCeva daskvnasTan
dakavSirebiT?
12. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? romel nawils sWirdeba gaumjobeseba?
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]
Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi

kvleviTi naSromi warmoadgens akademiuri problemis werilobiTi formiT
gadaWras sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis an Tavad studentis mier Catarebuli
empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, is ori saxisaa: sabiblioTeko da
eqsperimentuli. es ori saxis kvleviTi naSromi sxvadasxva mizans emsaxureba:
pirveli ajamebs da afasebs arsebul wyaroebs, raTa sakuTari Tezisi ganaviTaros; meore ki moipovebs pirvelad informacias socialuri kvlevis
sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT, iqneba es eqsperimenti, interviu, kontentanalizi, Tu sxv. miznidan gamomdinare, maTi struqturac gansxvavebulia. Tumca
unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTuli kvleviTi naSromi, iqneba es sabiblioTeko Tu
eqsperimentuli, msgavsi niSnebiT gamoirCeva:
naSromSi gansazRvrulia problemis aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da
amocanebi;
naSromSi naTladaa gaazrebuli problemis irgvliv arsebuli wyaroebi;
naSromi struqturulad gamarTulia;
naSromi logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva;
naSromi akademiuri stiliT aris Sesrulebuli;
naSromi sworad da akuratulad axdens citirebas, perifrazirebasa da
Sejamebas;
naSromSi sworad da akuratuladaa miTiTebuli ,,CarTulebi;
naSromSi mkacrad aris daculi wyaroebis miTiTebis erTi gansazRvruli
formati.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri kvleviTi naSromi sabibilioTekoa is Tu
eqsperimentuli, garkveulwilad msgavsadaa organizebuli, rasac qvemoT
SemogTavazebT APA formatis farglebSi. rogorc iTqva, amerikis fsiqologiuri
asociaciis _ APA-s mier SemoTavazebuli formati, erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi da, kritikaze saubrisas, ukve
ganvixileT, Tu rogor unda mivuTiToT ,,CarTulebi misi gamoyenebiT. gavecnoT
APA stilis gamoyenebas naSromis mTlian struqturaSi:
saTauris gverdi moicavs sam ZiriTad saTaurs:

naSromis saTauri (maqsimum 10-12 sityva.);
studentis saxeli da gvari;
saswavlo dawesebuleba.
TiToeuls Soris daSoreba ori 2-2 intervalia da gaTanabrebulia gverdis
centrSi marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qvemoT. Tu naSromis saTaurs erT
striqonze meti ukavia, isic 2-intervaliania.
saTauris gverds mosdevs anotacia anu abstraqti, rac naSromis Sejamebaa. is
moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi, 2 intervaliTaa daSorebuli saTauridan da
warmoadgens erT paragrafs, romelic abzacis gareSea dawerili. anotacia
Sedgeba 75-100 sityvisagan Teoriuli naSromebisaTvis da 100-150 sityvisagan
empiriuli naSromebisaTvis.
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iTvaliswinebs Semdeg detalebs:
gverdi yoveli mxridan 1.5 intervaliTaa daSorebuli;
mTeli naSromi 2-intervaliania, garda mcirericxovani gamonaklisebisa:
cxrilebsa da grafikebSi nebadarTulia 1-intervalis gamoyeneba; qvesaTaurebisa
da sqolios win, agreTve teqstSi cxrilebis win da Semdeg, 3-4 intervalis
gamoyenebaa nebadarTuli;
22
55
naSromis pirveli gverdi imeorebs saTaurs, romelic moTavsebulia

gverdis centrSi da 2-intervaliTaa daSorebuli teqstidan;
yvela paragrafi 5-intervaliani abzaciT iwyeba;
Sesavali usaTauroa, yvela danarCeni nawili ki (meTodebi, Sedegebi,
diskusia/daskvna, bibliografia) saTauriani; isini damoukidebel Tavebs
warmoadgenen, amitom TiToeuli maTgani axali gverdidan iwyeba;
yvela saTauri didi SriftiT aris dabeWdili da centrSi
gaTanabrebuli;
nebismieri cxrili da grafiki moTavsebulia Sesabamis adgilas teqstSi:
mokle cxrilebi da grafikebi CarTulia teqstebs Soris imave gverdze;
grZeli cxrilebi da grafikebi calke gverdzea moTavsebuli, uSualod
im gverdis Semdeg, romelzec isini pirveladaa naxsenebi;
saTaurebi dgas cxrilebis dasawyisSi da grafikebis bolos;
nebismieri danarTi, romelic statistikur monacemebs gvacnobs,
moTavsebulia sul bolos, bibliografiis Semdeg;
TiToeuli danarTi iwyeba axali gverdidan;
gverdis nomeri danarTSic unda iyos miTiTebuli;
saTaves. tradiciuli argumentirebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar cdilobs

`gamarjveba moipovos~ oponentTa poziciaze, aramed garkveuli kompromisis
SemoTavazebis gziT, cdilobs daabalansos sapirispiro poziciebi, iTvaliswinebs ra orive mxaris Zlier argumentebs.
k. rojersis Tanaxmad, muqara aferxebs komunikacias. isini, vinc muqaras
grZnoben, wyveten komunikacias da aRar usmenen mosaubres. garda amisa, rac ufro
metad Seutev oponents, miT ufro Zlieria misi mxridan winaaRmdegobac. am
muqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod neitraluri, obieqturi tonis
SenarCunebiTa da oponentisaTvis imis CvenebiT, rom mis pozicias gagebiT
ekidebi.
rojersiseuli argumentis Semadgeneli komponentebia:
mokle da obieqturi Tezisi, romelic problemis zogad gansazRvrebas
iZleva;
oponentTa poziciis Rrma, amave dros, neitraluri analizi, rac imis
gamomxatvelia, rom gagebiT ekidebi sapirispiro pozicias;
sakuTari poziciis Rrma da neitraluri analizi ise, rom ar asabuTeb
Seni poziciis upiratesobas;
imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra saerToa Tqvens poziciebs Soris;
problemis gadaWris SemoTavazeba, romelic orive mxaris interesebs
iTvaliswinebs. [Hairston, M. (1982). A Contemporary Rhetoric (3rd ed.) Boston. Houghton
Mifflin.]
danarTis saTaurebi ,,danarTi 1, ,,danarTi 2 da a.S. gaTanabrebulia

gverdis centrSi. [Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York:
Macmillan Reference USA.]
am saerTo maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvis Semdeg, uSualod kvleviTi naSromis
struqturasa da Sinaarsze gadavideT. daviwyoT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi
naSromiT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnisas, studentma Semdegi safexurebi
unda gaiaros miTiTebuli TanmimdevrobiT:
sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba;
wyaroebis moZieba;
wyaroebis Sefaseba;
wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna, amoReba;
citatebze muSaoba;
perifrazireba da Sejameba;
naSromis pirveli versis Seqmna;
bibliografiis miTiTeba;
naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna.
sakvlevi problemis dasmisas, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:
sakiTxi aucileblad aqtualuri da saintereso unda iyos, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba mkiTxvelis daintereseba da misi darwmuneba
imaSi, rom Rirs drois daxarjva am naSromis wakiTxvisas;
sakiTxi aucileblad Semowmebadi unda iyos, anu sxva mkvlevars,
survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda SeeZlos Tqveni monacemebis gadamowmeba,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini arasandod CaiTvleba;
56
21
reblobas; damajerebeli argumenti ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs avtoris

poziciis siZlieres.
mxardaWera, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxis iyos. es SeiZleba iyos yoveldRiuri
faqtebi, statistikuri monacemebi, cnobil adamianTa citireba, eqspertTa
Sefasebebi, piradi gamocdileba da a.S. avtoris mizania, misi mxardaWera rac
SeiZleba efeqturi da damajerebeli iyos, da konkretulad ra saxis mxardaWeras
gamoiyenebs, konteqstsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, literaturis sferoSi, cnobil mweralTa citireba ufro gamodgeba mxardaWerad,
socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki, statistikuri monacemebi da eqspertTa
Sefasebebi.
savarjiSo #9: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs paragrafebs da sTxovs
gamoarCion argumenti da misi mxardaWera; amasTan, gansazRvron, Tu ra tipis
mxardaWeraa warmodgenili.
savarjiSo 1#0. studentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera moaqvT savarjiSo 8-Si
warmodgenili argumentebis gasamyareblad.
kontrargumentis ukugdeba
argumentireba aucileblad gulisxmobs sapirispiro poziciis arsebobas.
amitom, mkiTxvelis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, avtorma ara marto sakuTari
pozicia unda axsnas da daasabuTos, aramed oponentis savaraudo argumentic
unda gansWvritos da ukuagdos. oponentis argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba
aucilebelia, radgan sazogadoebaSi iarsebebs adamianTa Tundac mcirericxovani
jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebisaa, rac mkiTxvelisaTvis isedac
cnobilia. am sapirispiro azris gauTvaliswinebloba isev avtoris poziciis
sisusteze metyvelebs, radgan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mas ar Seswevs unari
`SeeWidos~ oponentebs. Tanac, avtorma oponentTa yvelaze Zlieri argumentis
ukugdeba unda scados, rac kidev erTxel daarwmunebs mkiTxvels misi poziciis
damajereblobaSi. rac Seexeba yvelaze Zlieri kontrargumentis gansazRvras,
amaSi avtors momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqema daexmareba, sadac mis yovel arguments
Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs.
oponentTa argumentebis Sefasebisas, aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswineba:
ramdenad Zlieria Cemi oponentebis argumentebi?
misaRebia CemTvis romelime maTgani, Tundac nawilobriv?
ramdenad axlos idgeba mkiTxveli Cemi oponentebis poziciasTan?
xom ar aris raime logikuri sisuste Cemi oponentebis poziciaSi?
namdvilad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac oponentebi
gvTavazoben?
yvela faqti aqvT maT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu mxolod maTTvis xelsayreli
faqtebi?
xom ar aris oponentTa daskvnebi gamotanili sakamaTo ganzogadebebis
safuZvelze?
xom ar aris oponentTa argumentebi mimarTuli mkiTxvelis emociebze?
xom ar gvTavazoben oponentebi, rom esa Tu is idea Tu moqmedebis taqtika
kargia mxolod imitom, rom garkveuli individebi/jgufebi iziareben mas an
iqcevian ase?
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad farTo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver

SeZlebT saTanado Tezisis Camoyalibebasa da warmatebiT mxardaWeras;
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver
moiZiebT sakmaris masalas mis dasasabuTeblad;
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad teqnikuri anu moiTxovdes specialur
codnas, romelic ar gagaCniaT;
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad ordinaluri, romlis Sesaxebac yvelam
icis da amitom mkiTxvelisTvis mosawyenad JRers;
sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi,
gagiWirdebaT misi dasabuTeba.
[Steps in Writing a Research Paper.
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].
Retrieved
22
May,
2005
from
savarjiSo #1: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi problemebis

nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, romeli gamodgeba sakvlev problemad da ratom.
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
1.
axalgazrdebis mier 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebani;
2.
riTi SevamciroT axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebani
saqarTveloSi?
3.
axdens ganaTleba gavlenas axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebze
saqarTveloSi?
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian viwroa
da statistikuri monacemebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia, raTa mas vupasuxoT; meore
winadadebac ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian farToa da mTeli
rigi
faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebas
miTxovs,
kerZod,
fsiqologiuris,
socialuris, iuridiulis da ekonomikuris, rac erTi disciplinis farglebs
scdeba; mesame problema gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is fokusirebulia
erT konkretul sakiTxze, romlis kvleva da Semowmeba SesaZlebelia.
mas Semdeg, rac sakvlevi problema dasmulia, aucilebelia sakvlevi Tezisis
Camoyalibeba, sakvlevi Tezisi warmoadgens savaraudo pasuxs Cvens mier dasmul
sakvlev problemaze, amitom SesavalSi mas hipoTezis forma aqvs, daskvnaSi ki
dasabuTebuli da Camoyalibebuli Tezisisa. is imave moTxovnebs unda
akmayofilebdes, rasac sakvlevi problema, anu Semowmebadi unda iyos, arc
zedmetad farTo unda iyos da arc zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdegobrivi ar unda
iyos da a.S. vinaidan Tezisi sakvlevi problemis pasuxia mas aucileblad
argumentis forma unda hqondes da ara SekiTxvisa.
savarjiSo #2: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi Tezisis nimuSebs da
sTxovs gansazRvron romeli warmoadgens saTanado Teziss da ratom. magaliTis
saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:
kompromisuri pozicia
arsebobs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba oponentTa poziciis mimarT,
romelic cnobili fsiqologis karl rojersis komunikaciis Teoriidan iRebs
1. mozardTa uwignuroba safrTxes uqmnis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

2. rogor gadavWraT mozardTa uwignurobis problema Tanamedrove
saqarTveloSi?
3. saqarTveloSi, mozardTa uwignurobaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi axdens.
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is zedmetad
farToa. arc meore winadadeba gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is problemas
wamoWris da ara masze SesaZlo pasuxs gvTavazobs (Tanac SekiTxvis forma aqvs);
mesame winadadeba ki namdvilad warmoadgens sakvlev Teziss, radgan is
gvTavazobs arsebuli viTarebis axsnisa da problemebis SesaZlo gadaWris
20
57
savarjiSo #11. studentebi ukuagdeben savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenil

kontrargumentebs.
konkretul gzas.
roca sakvlevi problema dasmulia da Tezisi Camoyalibebuli, Semdegi
nabijia uSualod wyaroebis moZieba, raTa dasmul problemas vupasuxoT da Cveni
Tezisi Sesabamisi Teoriis safuZvelze ganvamtkicoT. arsebobs informaciis sami
ZiriTadi wyaro, romlis gamoyenebac students SeuZlia: biblioTeka (wignebi,
Jurnalebi, leqsikonebi da sxva nabeWdi masala), interneti da sxva wyaroebi (CD,
kasetebi, kinofirebi da a.S.).
magram sanam am wyaroebs uSualod gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia maTSi
warmodgenili informaciis Sefaseba, risTvisac studentma Semdeg SekiTxvebze
unda gasces pasuxi:
ramdenad pasuxobs mocemuli wyaro Cems sakvlev problemas?
ramdenad sandoa informacia, anu aris Tu ara is eqspertis mier
mowodebuli?
ramdenad sandoa Tavad wyaro?
arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva wyaroebic?
pirvel SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom zogadad vecnobiT ama Tu im wyaros
Sinaarss, vTqvaT, gadavxedavT wignis an Jurnalis sarCevs an indeqss, gavecnobiT
mis anotacias, Tvals gadavavlebT qvesaTaurebs da a.S., ris safuZvelzec zogadi
warmodgena gveqmneba misi struqturisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.
meore SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom vadgenT, Tu ramdenad xSirad
moixsenieben avtors specialur literaturaSi, ramdenad avtoritetulia is
aRniSnul sferoSi, ramdeni naSromis avtoria da a.S.
mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: 1.
ramdenad miukerZoebelia avtori (ar xelmZRvanelobs politikuri, religiuri
Tu sxva mosazrebebiT); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs Tu ara Tavad avtors sakuTari
informaciis wyaroebi; 3. aRwers Tu ara Tavad avtori ara marto miRebul
Sedegebs, aramed kvlevis meTodologiasac, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebeli iyos am Sedegebis gadamowmeba; 4. ramdenad axalia wyaro. SesaZloa,
istoriaSi amas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, magram socialur mecnierebebSi Zalian
mniSvnelovania, rom informacia, rac SeiZleba axal kvlevebze iyos agebuli,
vinaidan socialuri samyaro mudmivad icvleba da SesaZloa garkveuli
monacemebi kargad aRwers 10 wlis win arsebul viTarebas, magram sruliad ar
Seesabameba Tanamedrove realobas.
da bolos, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ramdeni wyaros moZiebaa
SesaZlebeli mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rac ufro met wyaros
moipovebs studenti da maT SedarebiT analizs moaxdens miT ufro sandod da
dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba misi informacia [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved
22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].
rac Seexeba moZiebuli wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoRebas,
akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, rom informaciis moniSvnisaTvis
Zalian efeqturia SeniSvnebis baraTebis keTeba. es aris momcro zomis baraTebi
da TiToeulze erTi konkretuli saxis informaciaa warmodgenili (wyaros sruli
miTiTebiT, gverdebis CaTvliT). es informacia SeiZleba iyos citata,
perifrazirebis nimuSi, avtoris idealebis Sejameba an piradi komentari
naSromis garkveul nawilTan, an avtoris garkveul argumentTan dakavSirebiT. ra
saxis informaciasTanac ar unda hqondes saqme, studentma unda daimaxsovros,
rom erT baraTze mxolod erTi saxis informacia unda miuTiTos. mogvianebiT, mas
SeuZlia Tematurad daalagos baraTebi da, am gziT, naSromis garkveuli Tavebi
Tu qveTavebi miiRos. baraTebis sistema students im mxrivac umartivebs
amocanas, rom, radgan TiToeul baraTze srulad aris miTiTebuli wyaro
(gverdebis CaTvliT), students aRar sWirdeba wyarosTan mibruneba da
informaciis sandoobis gadamowmeba; da Tundac metad detaluri informacia
dasWirdes, gacilebiT martivad moiZiebs mas, radgan baraTze misi zusti
adgilmdebareoba aqvs miTiTebuli.
Semdeg etapze students uSualod citatebTan, perifrazirebasa da
SejamebasTan aqvs saqme, rac detalurad ganvixileT kritikis Janrze saubrisas.
58
argumentiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels vafiqrebinebT, rom araTu ideebi

amogvewura, aramed Segvwevs unari kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani argumenti
warmovadginoT.
argumentebis mofiqrebasa da maTi siZlieris SefasebaSi, momxremowinaaRmdegis sqema dagvexmareba, romlis nimuSsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
Tezisi: marixuanis moweva legalizebul unda iqnes
momxre
mowinaaRmdege
1. is umtkivneulo gasarTobia
1. is miCvevas iwvevs
2. saxelmwifos SeuZlia misi

gayidvidan Semosavlis miReba
2. saxelmwifom unda akrZalos saziano

narkotikuli saSualebebis
cirkulacia
3. is wamlad gamodgeba
3. misi gavlenis qveS myofma adamianma

SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs
4. mravali adamiani isedac moixmars

mas
4. mis gamoyenebas mivyavarT sxva ufro

saSiSi narkotikebis gamoyenebamde
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]
am sqemis safuZvelze, SegviZlia `CamovyaroT~ orive poziciis Sesabamisi
argumentebi, davalagoT isini siZlieris mixedviT da sabolood gadavwyvitoT,
Tu romeli poziciis mxardaWeras vapirebT da ratom. garda amisa, mocemuli sqema
gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT oponentTa savaraudo argumentebic, vinaidan TiToeul
arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs sapirispiro grafaSi.
savarjiSo #7. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs argumentis nimuSebs da
sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgani gamodgeba argumentad da ratom.
magaliTad:
zogierTi adamiani mudam saqmes ufuWebs sxvebs (ar gamodgeba argumentad,
radgan Zalian zogadia da gaurkvvlia, Tu risi Tqma surs avtors).
daufiqrebeli fanebis mier atexili aurzauri skolis safexburTo matCis
CaSlis mTavari mizezia (kargia, radgan zeda winadadebaSi Cadebuli azri ukve
dakonkretebulia da naTelia mkiTxvelisaTvis). amave dros sakamaToa, radgan
viRacas SeiZleba miaCndes, rom matCis CaSlas sxva mizezebi ganapirobebs).
Tanamedrove pirobebSi korufcia Rrmad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi
(gamodgeba Tezisad da ara argumentad, radgan avtoris zogad pozicias gamoxatavs. argumentad gamodgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis sxvadasxva aspeqts davakonkretebT, kerZod, vityviT, rom korufcia farTod gavrcelebulia umaRlesi
ganaTlebis sferoSi, da Sesabamis mxardaWerasac movitanT).
vaSli xilia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan obieqturi faqtia
warmodgens)
vaSli gemrielia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan gemovnebis sakiTxia da
ver ikamaTeb)
soflis meurneobis saministrom unda waaxalisos glexebi, rac SeiZleba
meti vaSli moiyvanon (kargia, radgan Sesabamisi mxadaWeris SemTxvvaSi,
SesaZlebelia misi dasabuTeba).
savarjiSo #8. studentebi ageben momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqemas savarjiSo 6Si arCeuli Temis safuZvelze. sqemebis prezentacia da jgufuri diskusia.
mxolod argumentebis wardgena ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa Tezisi
dasabuTebulad CaiTvalos. ucilebelia, rom argumentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera
axldes, radgan swored Zlieri mxardaWera ganapirobebs argumentis damaje19
Catarebis efeqtur saSualebad.

pirveli, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebi gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan
isini argumentirebadia. magaliTad, erTma mxarem SeiZleba asabuTos, rom
studnetebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT kursebis arCevisas, maSin roca
meore mxare SeiZleba amtkicebdes, rom fakultetma Tavad unda gansazRvros
studentebisaTvis aucilebeli kursebi. meore da mexuTe winadadebebi ar
gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan meore winadadeba faqts warmoadgens,
romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad statistikuri monacemebic sakmarisia; mexuTe
winadadebaSi ki avtori ar asabuTebs Tavis pozicias, Sesabamisad, sapirispiro
poziciis wardgenac azrs moklebulia.
Sesavlis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, ramdenime sityviT mis Sinaarssac
SevexoT. studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu riT daiwyon wera. akademiuri
weris specialistebi gvTavazoben eses Sesavlis oTx ZiriTad variants:
zogadidan specifikuris mimarTulebiT moZraoba. vidre uSualod sakiTxze
gadavidodes, avtorma garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miawodos
mkiTxvels da Tanmimdevrulad unda imoZraos zogadidan konkretulis
mimarTulebiT, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels misdios mis logikas.
dramatuli Sesavali, romelic pirdapir moqmedebis centrSi (siuJetSi)
`gadaisvris~ mkiTxvels
Sesabamisi citatis moxmoba, rac pirveli winadadebebidanve emsaxureba
avtoris poziciis ganmtkicebas
kontrargumentiT dawyeba, Semdeg sakuTari Tezisis SeTavazeba da mkiTxvelisaTvis sapirispiro poziciebs Soris kontrastis demonstrireba. [Smalley, R. L.,
Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and
Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]
Tu ra tipis Sesavals airCevs avtori, gansaxilvel sakiTxsa da mis
gemovnebazea damokidebuli.
savarjiSo #6. studentebi irCeven saTaurs savarjiSo 4-Si SemoTavazebuli
saTaurebis siidan da weren argumentirebuli eses Sesavals.
ZiriTadi nawili
argumentebis wardgena
argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad nawilSi avtori sakuTar argumentebsa da maT
mxardaWeras gvTavazobs, agreTve waradgens da ukuagdebs oponentTa savarudo
arguments. argumentebis saSualo raodenobaa 3-4, radgan samze naklebi
argumenti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom avtorma gansaxilveli sakiTxis
sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas; oTxze meti argumentis wardgenisas ki, erTi mxriv,
avtoris yvela argumenti ver iqneba erTnairad Zlieri da, rogorc wesi,
argumentebis rodenobis zrdasTan erTad, Cveni fantaziac iwureba, meore mxriv
ki, mkiTxvelic iRleba da interess kargavs.
ar arsebobs mkacri wesi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT argumentebi,
Tumca SegviZlia gamoviyenoT garkveuli teqnika, raTa isini efeqturad
warmovadginoT. aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT argumentis wardgenis Semdegi
Tanmimdevroba:
siZlieriT meore adgilze mdgomi argumenti;
yvelaze Zlieri argumenti;
amgvari Tanmimdevroba dagvexmareba imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi
STabeWdileba movaxdinoT mkiTxvelze, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, adamianebs pirveli
da bolo punqtebi yvelze ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, meore mxriv ki, yvelaze Zlieri
18
am yvelafers ki jer naSromis struqturuli gegmis, Semdeg ki misi pirveli

versiis Seqmna mosdevs.
rogor unda Seiqmnas kvleviTi naSromis struqturuli gegma da ra mizans
emsaxureba is?
naSromis gegma avtorisTvis gzismkvlevs warmoadgens, radgan is naSromis
mTliani struqturis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. masSi Tanmimdevruladaa
warmodgenili avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi da qveargumentebi; amdenad,
naSromis gegmis umTavresi funqciaa daexmaros avtors, rac SeiZleba efeqturi
gziT gadmosces saTqmeli. kvleviTi naSromis saboloo gegma xSirad misi sarCevis
funqciasac asrulebs.
nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT kvleviTi naSromis gegma, romelSic sami
politikuri Teoriaa ganxiluli: neomarqsizmi, pluralizmi da elitizmi.
vTqvaT, studenti adgens naSromis sawyis gegmas da am etapze saTanadod mxolod
pirvel or Teorias icnobs, mesamis Sesaxeb ki met informacias saWiroebs. misi
sawyisi gegma Semdegi saxis iqneba:
neomarqsizmi
aqcents svams ekonomikaze
pluralizmi
aqcents svams jgufebs Soris koaliciaze
elitizmi
definicia
aRwera
analizi: SeerTebuli Statebi
neomarqsizmi
pluralizmi
elitizmi
zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi samuSao gegmaa, romelic avtors naSromis sawyisi
versiis SeqnaSi exmareba da saSualebas aZlevs upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor
vapireb informaciis warmodgenas, viTvaliswineb ra Cems mizans, mkiTxvelsa da
ZiriTad pozicias?
Semdgom etapze stundenti gaecno mesame Teoriasac. axla misi mizania,
aRweris samive Teoria da Seadaros isini erTmaneTs konkretuli qveynis
mTavrobis magaliTze; imavdroulad asabuTebs ra, rom neomarqsizmi mocemul
pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa. marTalia, misi naSromis samuSao gegma ar
aris Zalian formaluri, magram is kargi struqturuli gegmis pirobebs akmayofilebs, radgan ganamtkicebs studentis pozicias, Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens
ZiriTad sakiTxebs da naTelyofs kavSirs pirvelxarisxovan da meorexarisxovan
sakiTxebs Soris. warmogidgenT naSromis gegmis meore versias:
Sesavali
_ Teoriebi ufro martivia, vidre realuri cxovreba
_ Teoriebi iaraRad gamogvadgeba
sami politikuri Teoria
_ neomarqsizmi
aqcentirebulia ekonomikuri kontrolis mniSvneloba
_ pluralizmi
interesebis mqone jgufebi qmnian koalicias
_ elitizmi
Zalaufleba elitis xelSia
elitis definicia
SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
_ neomarqsizmi
_ pluralizmi
59
_ elitizmi
naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnisas, students SeuZlia samuSao gegmidan
aRweriT gegmaze gadavides. aRweriTi gegma naSromis TiToeul paragrafs aRwers,
amdenad, students SeuZlia kritikuli TvaliT Seafasos misi naSromis mTliani
struqtura. is exmareba avtors upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: logikurad misdevs
erTi paragrafi meores? msgavsi ideebi erT seqciaSi ganvixile Tu gabneuli maqvs
mTel naSromSi? warmogidgenT aRweriT gegmas, romelic studentma naSromis
pirveli versiis Seqmnis Semdeg SemogvTavaza. man paragrafebis mixedviT Seajama
naSromi da Semdegi suraTi miiRo:
paragrafi I _ zogadi Sesavali politikur TeoriebSi. Tezisi: neomarqsizmi
yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa
paragrafi II _ neomarqsizmis aRwera
paragrafi III _ pluralizmis aRwera
paragrafi IV _ interesebis mqone jgufTa koalicia
paragrafi V _ elitizmis aRwera
paragrafi VI _ pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
paragrafi VII _ neomarqsizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi
paragrafi VIII _ neomarqsizmis Zlieri mxareebi, neomarqsizmisa da
pluralizmis susti mxareebi
paragrafi IX _ elitizmis susti mxareebi
paragrafi X _ daskvna

zomiereba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois
gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles
moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.
mas Semdeg, rac ideebis generaciis teqnikasa da paragrafebis struqtuirebis
xelovnebas gavecaniT, uSualod argumentirebuli eses struqturasa da misi
TiToeuli nawilis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT:
saTauri
argumentirebuli ese saTauri dasrulebuli winadadeba, romelic
aucileblad or spirispiro pozicias gamoxatavs, Tumca avtoris gadasawyvetia,
Tu romel poziciis dasabuTebas apirebs. mag.: argumentirebuli eses saTauri
SeiZleba iyos `sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia~ da am saTauris qveS avtori im
pozicias daasabuTebs, romelsac emxroba _ mas SeuZlia asabuTos, rom
sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebulia an gaumarTlebeli. magram argumentirebuli
eses saTauri ver iqneba `Tanamedrove msoflioSi sikvdiliT dasja~, radgan
msgavsi saTauri mxolod informaciis gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva da masSi ar
Cans sapirispiro poziciebi, Sesabamisad, arc argumentirebas moiTxovs.
savarjiSo #4: studentebi sTavazoben pedagogs argumentirebuli eses
saTauris nimuSebs da asabuTeben TiToeulis Sesabamisobas.
studentma SeamCnia, rom neomarqsizmisa da elitizmis aRweras TiTo

paragrafi ukavia, pluralizmis aRweras ki _ ori paragrafi. man gadawyvita, rom
me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi SeeerTebina. studentma isic SeamCnia, rom naSromis
meore nawili erTi Teoriidan meoreze xtoda, warmogvidgenda ra TiToeuli
Teoriis analizs da Semdeg TiToeuli Teoriis sisustes. man gadawyvita erT
paragrafSi gaeerTianebina pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi da am
Teoriis sisusteebi (me-6 paragrafi); agreTve erTad moeTavsebina elitizmis
analizi da misi sisusteebi; Semdeg ki ori paragrafi daeTmo neomarqsizmis
analizisa da misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis ganxilvisaTvis.
students SeiZleba daevalos naSromis formaluri gegmis Seqmnac, romelic
misi naSromis saboloo versias daerTveba da mkiTxvelisaTvis gzismkvlevi
iqneba. formaluri gegmis Seqmnis ori gzaa: 1. Tematur gegmebSi, ideebi paraleluri frazebis saxiTaa warmodgenili anu msgavsi gramatikuli struqtura
aqvT. rogorc wesi, aseTi gegma SedarebiT mokle da lakonuria; 2.
winadadebebisgan Semdgar gegmebSi, ideebi sruli winadadebebis saxiTaa
warmodgenili, Tumca isini SeiZleba arc iyos paraleluri. winadadebebisagan
Semdgari gegma ufro detalurad acnobs mkiTxvels avtoris argumentebs.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis formalur gegmas airCevs studenti, man
aucileblad TezisiT unda daiwyos da mkacrad gansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas
misdios, vTqvaT, I., A., 1., a., (1), (a). warmogidgenT formalur-Tematuri gegmis
nimuSs:
I. politikuri Teoriebis funqciebi
A. iaraRi mkvlevaris xelSi mTavrobis gasaanalizeblad
1. kategorizacia
2. Sedareba
B. SezRudva: zedmetad martivi
II. sami politikuri Teoria
A. neomarqsizmi
1. definicia
2. aRwera
B. pluralizmi
1. definicia
2. aRwera
C. elitizmi
Sesavali
Sesavali sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:
`kauWis~ funqcia, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesavlis pirveli winadadebebi
mimarTulia imaze, rom daainteresos, `daiWiros~ mkiTxveli, cdilobs ra
daarwmunos, rom warmodgenili ese Rirs imad, mkiTxvelma dro daxarjos mis
wasakiTxad.
safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba. mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebis Semdeg, avtorma mas eses Seqmnis mizezi unda gaacnos. magram pirdapir avtoris poziciis wardgena ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, radgan aman SeiZleba
daabnios mkiTxveli, romelsac garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia
sWirdeba, rom momzadebuli Sexvdes avtoris pozicias.
Tezisis wardgena. Tezisi avtoris ZiriTad pozicias niSnavs, romlis
dasabuTebasac emsaxureba argumentirebuli ese. rogorc wesi, Tezisi erTi-ori
winadadebisagan Sedgeba (faqtiurad, es aris mTliani eses Sejameba erTi-ori
winadadebiT) da misi mizania gaacnos mkiTxvels, Tu ris dasabuTebas apirebs
avtori da ras Seexeba misi ZiriTadi argumentebi. Cveulebriv, Tezisi Sesavlis
bolo winadadebas warmoadgens [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring
Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]
savarjiSo #5. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs
gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgania argumentirebadi, amdenad, gamodgeba Tezisad.
magaliTad:
universitetis studentebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT airCion
maTTvis saintereso kursebi;
Cvens universitetSi gacilebiT meti studentia, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva
universitetebSi;
100-baliani Sefasebis sistema akuratulad ver asaxavs studentTa
inteleqtualur miRwevebs;
studentebis xma gadamwyveti unda iyos, roca fakultetze pedagogebis
datoveba-daTxovnis sakiTxi dgas;
arsebobs uamravi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos ese gamocdis
60
17
rac orive megobari gaecnoba maT.

students gamoucdia kolejSi swavlis romelime periodSi. axalgazrdobis
energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis
uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian.
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia
droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. devid buxholci,
nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori)
ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki
seriozul darRvevebs iwvevs, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe
ramdenime Rame da es arc ki daetyobaT. adamianebs, agreTve sxvadasxva
minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan
10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes,
Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.
zrdis. magram isini cdebian. sinamdvileSi, stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. buxholcis azriT,
,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT.
SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis
winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili da
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas. yavis msmelebma
unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis,
Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes,
magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT
ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da
paranoia. da bolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis
profesori fsiqiatriaSi, aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi
iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba mwvave depresiaSi
Cavardes.
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is martivad ver gamoZvreba Ramis
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv, erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis
roca sizmari Cndeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi
uecar zrdasTan.
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame
relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba.
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad
ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi
TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da
TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
1. definicia
2. aRwera
III. SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis magaliTze
A. pluralizmi
1. analizi
2. susti mxareebi
B. elitizmi
1. analizi
2. susti mxareebi
C. neomarqsizmi
1. analizi
2. kritika
a. susti mxareebi
b. susti mxareebi
IV. daskvna
[Using Outlines (2004). Writing Tutorial Services. Indiana University. Retrieved March 18,
2005, from http:/www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/]
16
61
rogorc vxedavT, detaluri struqturuli gegma, faqtiurad, naSromis mokle

Sinaarssa Tu Sejamebas warmoadgens da mxolod misi gaSlaRa gvrCeba, ris
safuZvelzec naSromis pirvel versias vRebulobT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi, sxva ganxilul naSromTa msgavsad, sami
ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnisagan.
mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebas,
mis dainteresebas emsaxureba. masSi aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili
problemis aqtualoba, naSromis mizani da amocanebi; agreTve mkiTxvels saWiro
safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miewodos, sanam avtori sakuTar Teziss
gaacnobdes mas, radgan swored es informacia amzadebs mkiTxvels avtoris
Tezisis misaRebad.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawili moZiebuli wyaroebis
sinTezsa da SedarebiT analizs axdens. is Zlier waagavs analitikuri referatis
ZiriTad nawils, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, Tu analitikur referatSi 2-3
wyaroa ganxiluli, aq ukve 5 wyaroze metis analizi da Sefaseba xdeba
gansaxilveli problemis WrilSi.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis daskvna Semdeg moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes: avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs unda ajamebdes; problemis momaval
ganviTarebas unda gvixatavdes; moqmedebisaken unda mouwodebdes mkiTxvels, anu
garkveul samomavlo gegmas sTavazobdes ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi;
universalizaciasa Tu konteqstualizacias unda axdendes; provokaciuli
SekiTxvis dasmiTa Tu gafrTxilebiT unda dasruldes, raTa mkiTxvels
safiqrali dautovos da Zlieri saboloo STabeWdileba moaxdinos.
roca kvleviTi naSromis pirveli versia mzadaa, avtorma guldasmiT unda
waikiTxos da Seamowmos igi. arsebobs 2 saxis Semowmeba: Rrma _ struqturulSinaarsobriv doneze da zedapiruli _ gramatikul-stilistur doneze.
studenti struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi SemowmebiT iwyebs da mxolod amis Semdeg
aqcevs yuradRebas naSromis stilistur gamarTulobas.
am SemTxvevaSi studentma Semdegi sakiTxebi unda gaiTvaliswinos:
naSromis daweridan Sesworebamde ramdenime dRem unda ganvlos.
students sWirdeba garkveuli dro, rom weridan redaqtirebaze gadaerTos;
studentma orjer mainc unda gadaxedos naSroms saboloo versiis
Seqmnamde;
naSromis Sesworebisas, studentma nela da xmamaRla unda ikiTxos,
raTa daakvirdes, Tu yurs rogor xvdeba xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sakuTari
azrebi;
studentma yuradReba unda miaqcios, xom ar aris saWiro sadme

magaliTebis damateba, an paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSiri xom ar aris
darRveuli;
studentma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva _ kidev ris gagebas
isurvebda mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, ukmarisobis
grZnoba xom ar rCeba. amis Semdeg, sasurvelia, man megobarsac waakiTxos
naSromi, rac kargi saSualebaa sakuTar TavSi rwmenis ganmtkicebisa da
Rirebuli SeniSvnebis misaRebad.
am yvelafris safuZvelze, warmogidgenT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis
struqturul gegmas, rac naSromis Seqmnasa da gamarTvaSi dagexmarebaT.
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqtura
sakvlevi sakiTxis moZebna da dakonkreteba
moZebneT sakiTxi, romelic realurad gainteresebT
aRwereT is gza, romelic gaiareT am sakiTxis Ziebisas
esaubreT xelmZRvanelsa da jgufelebs Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb
CamoayalibeT Tqveni sakiTxi SekiTxvis saxiT, romelsac unda upasuxoT, an
problemis saxiT, romelic unda gadaWraT
wyaroebis moZieba, arCeva da kiTxva
dagWirdebaT Semdegi tipis wyaroebis moZieba:
baraTis katalogebi, periodul gamocemaTa indeqsebi, bibliografiebi;
pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;
Jurnalebi, wignebi, enciklopediebi, internetis masala.
informaciis dajgufeba da dokumentireba
Semdegi sistemebi dagexmarebaT iyoT organizebulni:
bibliografiul baraTebze wyaroebis miTiTebis sistema;
SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT masalis miTiTebis sistema;
informaciis CaniSvnis sistema;
naSromis gegmis Sedgena
amaSi Semdegi SekiTxvebi dagexmarebaT:
ra sakiTxs ganvixilav?
ratomaa is mniSvnelovani?
ra safuZvelmdebare informacia mWirdeba?
ra aris Cemi Tezisi (ZiriTadi pozicia)?
ra struqturuli gegma gamoxatavs saukeTesod Cems mizans?
naSromis Sesavali
warmoadgineT Sesabamisi safuZvelmdebare Tu konteqstualuri masala
gansazRvreT saWiro cnebebi da terminebi
axseniT naSromis ZiriTadi mizani
warmoadgineT Tqveni struqturuli gegma
gaecnoba maT. leqciebi arasodes gaqreba srulad sauniversiteto scenidan,

radgan isini ekonomiurad aucilebelia da didi xnis tradicia aqvT.
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis
unars Soris mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi
xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs
iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema
da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.
zrdis. magram isini scdebian. sinamdvileSi stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. kidev ufro uaresia is,
rom leqciebis mosmena pasiuri swavlebis formaa, gansakuTrebiT gamoucdeli
studentebisaTvis. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur
darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is
aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi
miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas. yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon
kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da
Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios
daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi
mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi
zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. dabolos,
rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi
aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg
wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba Cavardes mwvave depresiaSi.
students gamoucdia kolejSi swavli raime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT
aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. studentebi xdebian aqtiurad CarTulni,
roca kiTxvis qveS ayeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise maswavleblis ideebs. Zilis
moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini
marTlebi arian.
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is ver gamoZvreba martivad Ramis
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis
roca sizmari Cndeba. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro
efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis
naTeli ar gaxdeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi
uecar zrdasTan.
gamarTuli nimuSi
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili

ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni struqturuli gegmiT
aageT Tqveni naSromi sakiTxebis mixedviT (da ara masalis mixedviT)
SeajameT, gaaanalizeT, axseniT da SeafaseT wyaroebi (da ara ubralod
moyeviT maTi Sinaarsi)
imoZraveT zogadidan kerZosaken da kvlav zogadisaken
62
qeiT elbou
SuaRamea da spiraluri rveulidan furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels gverdiT mjdom megobars. ase
grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg,
15
7. ra aris paragrafis yvelaze Zlieri mxare?

8. aris es naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi paragrafi?
mohyavs Tu ara avtors am tipis paragrafisaTvis Sesatyvisi
detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?
aris Tu ara saWiro damatebiTi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?
aris struqtura Sesaferisi am tipis paragrafisaTvis?
savarjiSo #3. studentebi ecnobian statias èrTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani~. masSi paragrafebis Tanmimdevroba areulia; amasTan, TiToeul paragrafSi zedmeti winadadebaa CarTuli, romelic logikurad ar Seesabameba gansaxilvel sakiTxs da paragrafis mTlianobas arRvevs. pirvel rigSi, studentebi
Tanmimdevrulad alageben paragrafebs da iReben zedmet winadadebebs; Semdeg,
TiToeul paragrafSi gamoyofen Tematur winadadebasa d makontrolebel ideas;
bolos ki _ ganszRvraven, ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili TiToeul
paragrafSi.
gasamarTi nimuSi
qeiT elbou
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. dRes amerikis
kolejebi da universitetebi Zlieri Setevis qveS moxvdnen mravali kuTxidan.
devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan
(baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi seriozul darRvevas iwvevs ZilisaTvis
gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon
Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame ise, rom es arc ki daetyobaT. adamianebs agreTve,
sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba
ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania
adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. bevri
studenti miiCnevs, rom wlobiT televizoris yureba xels uSlis maTi
yuradRebis koncentracias, magram maTi realuri problemaa is, rom yuradRebiT
mosmena gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre maT hgoniaT.
zomiereba. maswavleblebs adanaSauleben,
rom isini kargad ar aswavlian,
studentebs ki imaSi, rom isini kargad ar swavloben. ra Tqma unda, zogjer
gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri
seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci
ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.
SuaRamea da spiralur rveulSi furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis
ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg, rac orive megobari
14
naSromis daskvna
Tu Tqveni argumenti kompleqsuria, saWiro iqneba mkiTxvelisaTvis misi
Sejameba
Tu naSromis daskvniT nawilamde ar agixsniaT Tqveni daskvnebis
mniSvneloba, aucileblad gaakeTeT es axla
imoZraveT detaluridan zogadisaken, rac daabrunebs sakiTxs SesavalSi
warmodgenil konteqstSi
SemogvTavazeT, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis ra mxareebi iTxovs Semdgom kvlevas
Sesworeba da naSromis saboloo versia
SeamowmeT naSromis mTliani struqtura: Sesavlis logikuri mdinareba,
ZiriTad nawilSi analizisa da Sefasebis siRrme, daskvnis efeqturoba
paragrafis doneze SeamowmeT: ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, misi mxardamWeri
detalis logikuroba, paragrafis Tanmimdevruloba da harmoniuloba
winadadebis doneze SeamowmeT: winadadebis struqtura, sityvebis arCeva,
punqtuacia
wyaroebis dokumentireba: arCeuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba,
yvela masalis miTiTeba, rac ar ganixileba sayovelTaod aRiarebul
WeSmaritebad, sqolioebis Sesabamisi gamoyeneba
[Planning a Researcg Paper. (2006). The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Retrieved 17 Jane, 2006, from http:/www.wiscedu/writing/Handbook/ PlaneResearchPaper.html.]
da bolos, sanam sabiblioTeko kvleviT naSromze saubars davasrulebdeT,
SemogTavazebT specialistebis rCevas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dagegmoT dro
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis weris procesSi.
Tu sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmnamde dagrCaT:
8 kvira
3 dRe _ sakvlevi problemis arCeva
4 kvira
1 dRe sakvlevi problemebis arCeva
danarCeni dReebi eTmoba naSromis kompiuterze akrefas da amobeWdvas.
[Sorenson, S. (2002). How to write Research Papers (3rd ed.). Thomson ARCO]
vinaidan eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi uSualod studentis mier
Catarebul socialur kvlevazea agebuli, is met dros saWiroebs da met
xarjebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. kvlevis dagegmvas, Catarebasa da monacemebis
damuSavebas sakmao dro miaqvs da mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli monacemebis
63
analizi da Sefaseba.
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Sesaqmenlad, studentma Semdegi
safexurebi unda gaiaros:
sakvlevi hipoTezebis formulireba;
kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvra;
Teoriuli wyaroebis moZieba da gacnoba;
kvlevis dagegmva da kvlevis programis Sedgena;
monacemebis Segroveba;
monacemebis analizi;
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmna.
[Blaxter, L., Hugles, C., and Tighti M. (1996). How to Research. Philadelpia. Open University
Press].
rogor vxedavT, uSualod naSromis Seqmnas sakmaod xangrZlivi da
Sromatevadi procesi uswrebs win. am procesSi Semavali TiToeuli safexuris
gaazrebulad da akuratulad ganxorcieleba, saTanado eqsperimentuli
kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeli pirobaa.
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi, sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromisagan
gansxvavebiT, oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi da
diskusia/daskvna. imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli nawili
da rogoria eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis mTliani struqtura, Semdegi
savarjiSoebi gvexmareba:
savarjiSo #3. Tqvens winaSea eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis seqciebi,
TanmimdvrobiT mocemuli. qvemoT areuladaa warmodgenili TiToeulis
ganmarteba. miusadageT naSromis TiToeul seqcias misi Sesabamisi ganmarteba.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqtura

saTauri
madlobis gadaxda
sarCevi
cxrilebis/grafikebis CamonaTvali
abstraqti
problemis dayeneba
literaturis mimoxilva
gamokvlevis dizaini
gamoyenebuli meTodologia
Sedegebi
diskusia
daskvnebi
bibliografia
danarTi
a) informaciisa da monacemebis prezentacia, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli

xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba hipoTezebis miRebisa Tu ukugdebis Sesaxeb.
b) mniSvnelovani monacemebi da sailustracio masala, moTavsebuli ZiriTadi
teqstis farglebs miRma.
g) naSromis ZiriTadi seqciebi, TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebuli.
d) SerCeuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis mimoxilva da maTi originaluri
da kritikuli analizi.
e) miRebuli SedegebiT nakarnaxevi principebis, kavSirebis, korelaciebisa da
ganzogadebebis prezentacia; Sedegebis interpretacia da sakvlev
problemasa da hipoTezebTan maTi kavSiris Cveneba; deduqciurinduqciuri daskvnebis gamotana da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
v) yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros akuratuli miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.
64
rogorc wesi, Tematuri winadadeba ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens. Tematur

winadadebas, Cveulebriv, makontrolebeli idea axlavs, romelic gamoxatavs
avtoris emociur damokidebulebas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT. nimuSis saxiT
ganvixiloT Semdegi paragrafi:
erT-erTi problema, dakavSirebuli leqciebTan, aris is, rom maTi mosmena
rTuli saqmea. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi
gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar
gaxdeba. ubralod, yuradRebis koncentraciac ki sakmaod rTulia: adamianebs
SeswevT unari moisminon 400-600 sityva wuTSi, maSin roca yvelaze mondomebuli
profesori amis mesamedsac ki Zlivs axerxebs. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da
gagebis unars Soris, mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs.
aq pirveli winadadeba Tematuri winadadeba, romelic sakiTxs gvacnobs;
sityva `rTuli~ ki makontrolebel ideas warmoadgens, radgan is leqciebis
mimarT avtoris emociur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. Tematur winadadebas
Sesabamisi mxardaWera mosdevs, romelic avtoris ZiriTadi ideis Tu argumentis
ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. rogorc wesi, is Tematur winadadebaSi warmodgenili
ideis ilustrirebas, axsnas an dasabuTebas axdens. ganxilul magaliTSi, avtors
ori saxis mxardaWera moaqvs, raTa dagvisabuTos, rom leqciebis mosmena sakmaod
`rTuli saqmea~: erTi mxriv, is miiCnevs, rom studentisaTvis ufro martivi da
gasagebia, roca Tavad ecnoba Sesabamis masalas; meore mxriv ki, leqtoris
saubris tempsa da studentis gagebis unars Soris Seusabamoba, yuradRebis
gafantvis ZiriTadi mizezi xdeba.
imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeras viyenebT, paragrafi SiZleba iyos
naratiuli, aRweriTi da axsniTi. pirveli gulisxmobs Sesabamisi detalebis
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT organizebas, radgan mogviTxrobs warsul Tu
awmyo istorias; meores mizania, sagnis Tu movlenis aRwera, amitom, misTvis
mTavaria obieqtebis sivrciTi ganlageba. axsniTi paragrafi ki specifikur
detalebsa da magaliTebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; misi Tematuri winadadeba
zogad informacias gvawvdis, mxardaWera ki _ specifikuri detaliT
ganamtkicebs Tematur winadadebas, amitom axsniTi paragrafis Cveuli
Tanmimdevrobaa zogadidan kerZos mimarTulebiT moZraoba.
ra tipisac ar unda iyos paragrafi _ naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi, is
gamarTulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or ZiriTad pirobas
akmayofilebs, kerZod, mTlianobiTa da logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva.
mTlianoba niSnavs, rom paragrafSi yvela winadadeba Tematur winadadebasTan
dkavSirebulia da mis mxardaWeras emsaxureba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba ki
gulisxmobs, rom yvela winadadeba logikur kavSirSia mis winamdebare da
momdevno winadadebasTan. logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofas didad
uwyobs xels iseTi gardamavali sityvebi, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, magaliTad,
gansxvavebiT, ufro metic, miuxedavad, Tumca, Sesabamisad da a.S.
akademiur
weris
specialistebi
gvTavazoben
Semdegi
SekiTxvebiT
vixelmZRvaneloT, roca paragrafis gamarTulobas vamowmebT:
paragrafis Semowmeba
1. ra aris paragrafis Tema? axasiaTebs Tu ara paragrafs zogadidan
kerZosaken svla? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Semdgomi dakonkreteba?
2. romelia paragrafis ZiriTadi winadadeba?
3. romelia paragrafis makontrolebeli idea? aris is naTeli da
fokusirebuli? rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi gaumjobeseba?
4. aris paragrafi Sekruli? ganamtkicebs yvela winadadeba makontrolebel
ideas?
5. aris paragrafi logikuri? harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs yvela
winadadeba?
6. romelia paragrafis yvelaze saintereso nawili?
13
Zalian bevr kanfets

miirTmeven
uviTarebs mavne
Cvevebs
bavSvebisaTvis
saziano
mag.: kanfetebiviT
miirTmeven vitaminebs
aferxebs gadacemebis
msvlelobas
Zalian didi
raodenoba
xSirad informacia
realobas ar Seesabameba
z) mTeli naSromis Zalian mokle mimoxilva.

T) kolegebis, xelmZRvanelebis, sponsorebisa da sxv. madlobis gadaxda
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.
i) monacemebis sandoobisa da validurobis Cveneba; im analizis ganxilva,
romelic unda emsaxurebodes hipoTezebis Semowmebas.
k) miRebuli Sedegebisa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebis mokled Sejameba.
l) hipoTezebis SemuSaveba da ganxilva; im Teoriuli struqturisa da
meTodebis miTiTeba, romlis farglebSi da romelTa gamoyenebiTac unda
Semowmdes hipoTezebi.
m) cxrilebisa da diagramebis miTiTeba im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es
teqstSia mocemuli.
n) naSromis adekvaturi aRwera rac SeiZleba naklebi sityviT.
o) gamokvlevis xasiaTisa da misi ganxorcielebis mizezebis mokle mimoxilva;
gamokvlevis miznebisa da hipoTezebis naTlad formulireba.
mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas gavecaniT,
mokled warmogidgenT misi Semdgeneli ZiriTadi nawilebis funqcias.
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi
saTauri
saTaurma unda asaxos kvlevis sagani
saTauri zustad unda asaxavdes naSromis fokuss (arc zedmetad farTo
unda iyos, arc zedmetad viwro)
saTauri TviTamxsneli unda iyos mocemuli sferos specialistebisaTvis
problemebi
reklama
abstraqti
kvleviTi naSromis abstraqti Sedgeba erTi paragrafisagan, romelSic 4-10
winadadebaa. arsebobs ori saxis abstraqti: I koncentrirebas axdens miRebul
Sedegebsa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebze; II ki axdens naSromis 4 ZiriTadi
nawilis (Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia) TiTo-TiTo winadadebiT
Sejamebas.
sargebeli
finansurad exmareba
Jurnal-gazeTebs da
televizias
msaxiobebi
asaqmebs sxvadasxva
specialobis adamianebs
mwerlebi
fsiqologebi
axal produqcias
gvacnobs
mag.: axali
manqanebi
savarjiSo #2:
studentebi vizualurad gamosaxaven savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenil ideebs.
yvela es teqnika gvexmareba idebis generaciasa da maT Soris logikuri
kavSirebis dadgenaSi. mas Semdeg, rac ideebi yovelgvari struqturis gareSe
`Camoyrilia~ furcelze, aucilebelia maTi struqturuli gamTlianeba, rac
paragrafis doneze xorcieldeba.
paragrafi warmoadgens winadadebebis jgufs, romelic erTi ZiriTadi ideis
anu erTi Temis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. paragrafi iwyeba Tematuri winadadebiT,
romelic gansaxilvel Temas Tu sakiTxs waradgens. argumentirebul eseSi,
12
Sesavali
Sesavlis mizania sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna da mkiTxvelebis mopoveba. is sami
ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:
1. sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna
problemis aqtualobis CvenebiT (savaldebulo)
mocemul sferoSi ukve arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganxilviT (savaldebulo)
2. konteqstis Seqmna
wina gamokvlevebis safuZvelze yuradRebis miRma darCenili sakiTxebis
miTiTebiT da arsebuli codnis Sevsebis mcdelobiT (savaldebulo)
3. konteqstis aTviseba
gamokvlevis miznisa da xasiaTis miTiTebiT (savaldebulo)
ZiriTadi daskvnebis warmodgeniT (arCeviTi)
naSromis struqturis gadmocemiT (arCeviTi)
meTodebi
socialur mecnierebebSi meTodebis seqcia Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:
detaluradaa gadmocemuli yvela procedura
ar xdeba arsebuli kvlevebis ganxilva
moicavs dasabuTebebs, axsna-ganmartebebsa da magaliTebs
terminologia xSirad meordeba
Sedegebi
meTodologiis dasabuTeba
65
Sedegebis interpretacia
arsebul gamokvlevebTan Tanxmobis dadgena
komentari miRebulmonacemebTan dakavSirebiT
interpretaciis procesSi sirTuleebis Cveneba
diskusia / daskvna
daskvna sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:
sakvlevi sivrcis gamTlianeba (savaldebulo)
mocemuli gamokvlevis SezRudvebis Cveneba (arCeviTi, Tumca
gavrcelebuli)
momavali kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis miTiTeba (arCeviTi da
gavrcelebuli mxolod zogierT sferoSi)
bibliografia
yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros miTiTeba erTi arCeuli formatis farglebSi (vTqvaT,
APA stiliT).
kvleviTi naSromis seqciebSi arsebuli sakiTxebis sixSire
axlandeli dro
warsuli dro
vnebiTi gvari
citireba
SezRudvebi
komentari
Sesavali
maRali
saSualo
dabali
maRali
saSualo
maRali
meTodebi
dabali
maRali
maRali
dabali
dabali
dabali
Sedegebi
dabali
maRali
cvalebadi
cvalebadi
saSualo
cvalebadi
diskusia
maRali
saSualo
cvalebadi
maRali
maRali
maRali
[Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The
Univesity, Michigan Press]
rogorc sabiblioTeko, ise eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromebis gacnobis
Semdeg, warmogidgenT bibliografiis miTiTebis teqnikas APA formatis
farglebSi.
wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
kidi, u. (2002) kultura da identuroba. niu iorki: palgreiv makmilani.
wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali., da avtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri.
sueilsi, j.m., da fiki, q.b. (1994). akademiuri wera magistraturis
studentebisaTvis. miCigani: miCiganis universitetis presa.
wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis
stantoni, d.q., da farbmani, e. (red.). (2003). qalis avtografi:
avtobiografiis Teoria da praqtika. midltauni: ibis presi.
mentebi an maTi mxardaWera ganvaviTaroT.

rogorc wesi, moulodnel ideebs Tavisufali wera mosdevs. es aris wera
Sesvenebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ideebis msvlelobas mivyvebiT ise, rom ar
vzrunavT paragrafebis struqturasa da gramatikul gamarTulobaze. wina
teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveul sityvasa Tu frazaze, asociaciis
gziT, masTan dakavSirebuli sityva Tu fraza gvaxsendeba, Tavisufali wera ara
ganyenebuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba, aramed ideaTa logikuri jaWvia.
Tavisufali werisas, garkveuli limiti unda davawesoT drosa da gverdebis
raodenobaze, da uwyvetad vweroT, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. amis Semdeg,
gadavikiTxoT Cveni naweri da is ideebi amovkriboT, rac momavali naSromis
SeqmnaSi dagvexmareba.
Tavisufali weris Semdgom gaRrmavebas `lupireba~ warmoadgens. roca
erTdroulad ramdenime idea gviCndeba, `lupireba~ gvexmareba, ZiriTad ideaze
vfokusirdeT da misi Rrma analizi movaxdinoT. sakiTxis dasmis Semdeg, 5-10
wuTis ganmavlobaSi, uwyvetad vwerT yvelafers, rac masTan dakavSirebiT
gvaxsendeba. gansazRvruli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavikiTxavT nawers da
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT, rasac `lupirebis~ meore etapi mosdevs. am
SemTxvevaSi, ukve Sejamebuli winadadeba warmoadgens CvenTvis ZiriTad fokuss
da Cveni azrebic mis garSemo trialebs 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, rasac kvlav
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT da `lupirebis~ mesame etaps viwyebT.
savarjiSo #1. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Temas. isini ideebis
generacias moulodneli idebiT iwyeben, Semdeg 10-15 wuTis manZilze Tavisufali
weriT da `lupirebiT~ arian dakavebulni.
ideebis generaciis aranakleb efeqturi teqnikaa `ra, vin, sad, rodis, ratom?~
SekiTxvebis dasma, rac saSualebas iZleva gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva
aspeqti vikvlioT. Tumca, es teqnika Zalian popularulia Jurnalistebs Soris,
mas aranaklebi warmatebiT iyeneben socialuri mkvlevarni sakvlevi problemis
dasmisas. vTqvaT, sociologs surs ikvlios azartuli TamaSebis problema, raTa
sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas, man Semdegi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas:
ra iwvevs azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobas? aq aucilebelia imis
gansazRvra, Tu ra iTvleba azartul TamaSad da ra mdgomareoba iTvleba mis
mimarT mijaWvulobad.
vin xdeba azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvuli? gonivruli iqneba, Tu
empiriuli kvlevisas, SemovifarglebiT konkretuli jgufis SeswavliT, vTqvaT,
tineijerebiT, romlebic ver wydebian saTamaSo aparatebs.
sad TamaSoben xolme azartul TamaSebs? Tu, vTqvaT, saTamaSo aparatebis
kvlevas virCevT, umetesad dasasvenebel da gasarTob centrebsa da klubebze
unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba.
rodis xdeba azartuli TamaSebiT gataceba da ra sixSiriT?
ratom warmoadgens socialuri mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur
SekiTxvas. kvlevis mizani xom swored azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobis
mizezebis axsnaa [Newel, R. (2002). Constructing Questionneires in Gilbert, N. (ed.). Researching
Social Life. London: SAGEE Publications].
rac Seexeba ideebis vizualur gamosaxvas, saukeTeso teqnikad `klasteri~
unda miviCnioT. is gvaTavisuflebs ideebis sworxazovani Tanmimevrobisagan da
axal asociaciebs iwvevs, riTac met SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas uwyobs xels.
klasteris agebisas, gverdis centrSi movaTavsebT ZiriTad sakiTxs da masTan
mimavali xazebiT davakavSirebT Sesabamis ideebs. Semdeg davadgenT axal
kavSirebs sxvadasxva ideebs Soris da maT kategoriebad Tu klasterebad
davajgufebT:
statia an damoukidebeli Tavi wignidan, romelsac erTi an

ramdenime redaqtori hyavs:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis an Tavis saTauri.
wignSi redaqtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). wignis saTauri (gverdebi). gamocemis
66
11
bebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarTlebulia.

arsebobs danaSaulTa kategoria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi masstaburobiT.
saubaria iseT SemTxvevebze, roca saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
danaSaulze. istorias mravali iseTi faqti axsovs, romelmac sazogadoebis
farTo masebis cxovreba uaryofiTad Secvala, da igi gamowveuli iyo mxolod
erTi adamianisa (lideris) Tu adamianTa viwro jgufis interesebiT. am kategoriis damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja aucilebelic aris, radgan sazogadoebis
Cagrulma fenebma miiRon ara marto usafrTxoebis garantia, aramed garkveuli
emociuri muxti, romelic maT `Cagrulobis~ poziciidan rebilitirebis
saSualebas miscems.
saubari SeiZleba `devianti~ lideris garkveul simbolurobaze, garkveuli
danaSaulebrivi jgufebis liderebis qceva jgufis danarCeni wevrebis adekvatur
reaqcias iwvevs anu xdeba lideris maxasiaTebeli simboloebisaken swrafva, rac,
saerTo jamSi zrdis danaSaulis albaTobas. amitom, vfiqrob, rom gansakuTrebiT
sastiki danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi amgvari `simboloebis~ fizikuri likvidacia aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normaluri ritmis SesanarCuneblad.
sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis asaxsnelad SesaZlebelia damnaSaveTa kidev
erTi kategoriis magaliTis gamoyeneba. bolo dros Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
Zlier Seawuxa TviTmkvleli teroristebis problemam. eseni arian adamianebi,
romlebic gamarTlebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli miznis misaRwevad iyeneben Semzarav
saSualebebs. yvelaze saSineli `gverdiTi efeqti~ ki, rac am TviTmkvlelli
teroristebis qmedebebs axlavs, aris udanaSaulo msxverpli, xSirad bavSvebis
saxiTac. amgvari pirebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia maTTvis `meore
Sansis~ micema da isini dauyovnebliv inda iqnan likvidirebulni, raTa maTma
sicocxlem datovebam ar gamoiwvios maTi `kolegebis~ eiforia teroristuli
operaciebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT.
rasakvirvelia, aseT TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali sawinaaRmdego
azri, romlebic ZiriTadad humanistur mosazrebebs emyareba da religiuri
wyaroebiT sazrdoobs. Tanamedrove kacobriobis erT-erT udides miRwevad
iTvleba liberaluri demokratia, romelic gansakuTrebiT èloliaveba~
adamianis uflebebs, sicocxlis uflebas. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, Cemi pozicia
ucvleli rCeba da vfiqrob, rom sikvdiliT dasja mainc gamarTlebulia. ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom is adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sastik danaSauls
Cadian da Semdeg ki SesaZloa garkveuli organizaciebis dacvis qveSac moxvdnen,
romlebic maTi `sicocxlis uflebas~ daicavs, amave dros TviTon arTmeven am
`sicocxlis uflebas~ sxva adamianebs, sazareli danaSaulebrivi aqtebis Sedegad.
borotebis sikeTiT damarcxeba religiuri filosofiis centraluri
momentia, Tumca gansakuTrebiT didi borotebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, umjobesia patara, magram efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi borotebis gamoyeneba, vidre
uzarmazari sikeTis dapirispireba, romelic SesaZloa uSedego aRmoCndes, radgan araadekvaturad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva adamianebis mier da Tan Sedegis misaRebad gacilebiT xangrZliv periods iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos arseboba iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis
garkveul dones da Sesabamisad igi avtomaturad ufro gaizrdeba `moZaladeebis~
mimarT.
sanam ufro detalurad ganvixilavT argumentirebuli eses TiToeuli
nawilis _ Sesavalis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnis _ Taviseburebebs, gavecnoT
ideebis generaciisa da paragrafebis struqturirebis teqnikas.
ideebis generacia moulodneli ideebiT iwyeba, rac azrovnebis stimulirebas
uwyobs xels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viwyebT garkveuli sityviT Tu fraziT da
gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, vwerT yvelafers, rac am sityvasa Tu
frazasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. daniSnuli drois amowurvis Semdeg,
gadavxedavT Cvens CamonaTvals, raTa davadginoT, ramdenad logikuria kavSiri
warmodgenil ideebs Soris, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa Tu ara maTi dajgufeba. am
teqnikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia, raTa argumentirebuli esesTvis argu10
Silzi, e. (2002). centri da periferia. wignSi spilmeni, l. (red.). kulturis
sociologia. oqsfordi: bleqveli.
xelaxla gamocemuli wigni:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa).
sorensoni, S. (2002). rogor davweroT kvleviTi naSromi. (me-3 gam.). niuiorki: arko.
wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:
wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.

vebsteris axali leqsikoni. (1961). spingfildi: meriami.
mravaltomiani naSromi:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). wignis saTauri. (tomebi).
beri, j.v., segali, m.h., da kagicibasi, s. (red.). (1996). kroskulturuli
fsiqologiis cnobari. (1-3 t.). londoni: seigi.
leqsikoni:
saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
oqsfordis mokle inglisuri leqsikoni. (me-5 g.). (2002). niu-iorki:
oqsfordis universitetis presa.
statia Jurnalidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis saTauri. Jurnalis
saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi (ar iwereba gv.)
uitkrofti, g. (2004, ivnisi). toni bleris tragedia. atlantika, 293, 56-72.
statia gazeTidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gazeTis saTauri,
gverdebi (iwereba gv.).
mourisi, d. (2003, 17 marti). politika _ binZuri TamaSi? niu iork Taimsi, gv.
11-12.
disertacia an avtoreferati:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. disertacia,
universiteti, misi mdebareoba.
wulaZe, l. (2003). socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTuli kulturis
konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da sanqciebi). sakandidato disertacia, iv.
javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi.
leqciaze micemuli masala:

leqtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. masala warmodgenili ama da am
leqciaze, universiteti, misi mdebareoba.
wulaZe, l. (2005, aprili). mSobelTa rwmenis sistemebi kulturaSi. masala
warmodgenili kulturis sociologiis leqciaze, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is
Tbilisi sax.-fo universiteti, Tbilisi.
samTavrobo dokumenti:
saministrosa Tu dawesebulebis saxelwodeba. (gamocemis TariRi).
dokumentis saTauri (publikaciisa Tu brZanebis nomeri). gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemeli.
mentaluri janmrTelobis nacionaluri instituti. (1982). televizia da
67
qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni:

aSS-s mTavrobis gamomcemloba.
aranabeWdi wyaroebi:
gvari, iniciali. (pozicia). (TariRi). saTauri [filmi, telegadacema...].
redford, r. (reJisori). (1980). ubralo adamianebi [filmi]. holivudi:
paramaunti.
masala internetidan:
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (internetSi publikaciis TariRi). dokumentis
saTauri. naSromis saTauri srulad. naSromis internetSi moZiebis TariRi da
saitis misamarTi.
internet-wigni
braiant, p. (1999). biomravalgvaroba da dialogi. moZiebuli 4 oqtomberi,
1999, http:/www. .........
sagazeTo statia internetidan
azari, b., da martini, s. (oqtomberi, 1999). umaRlesi skolis fsiqologia. APA
monitori. moZiebulia 7 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www....
Jurnalis statia internetidan
faini, m., da kurdeki, l.a. (1993). refleqsia. saganmanaTleblo reformis
sakiTxebze. amerikeli fsiqologi, 48, 1141-1147. moZiebulia 7 ivnisi, 1995.
http:/www. .........
[APA References. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http:/webster.comment.edu/ada.htm]
upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is

miznebi, rasac emsaxureba dasja saerTod. kerZod, sasjelis amocanebia:
socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis gamosworeba (resocializacia),
da axal danaSaulTa Cadenis Tavidan acileba (specialuri prevencia). damnaSavis
mokvla ver aRadgens dazaralebulis uflebebs, agreTve dasjis zomiT
SeuZlebelia kriminalis gamosworeba, xolo rac Seexeba axal danaSaulTa Tavidan acilebas, sikvdiliT dasja did gavlenas ar axdens potenciur damnaSaveebze. ruseTSi 1954 wels SemoRebul iqna sikvdiliT dasja mkvlelobaze,
Tumca amis Semdeg mkvlelobebi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaxSirda.
sikvdiliT dasjis sawinaaRmdego erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumenti
ukavSirdeba SemTxvevas, roca adamians SecdomiT edeba brali. am dros xdeba
udanaSaulo pirovnebis mkvleloba, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, axloblebi da
romelsac SeiZleboda sargebeli moetana sazogadoebisTvis. istorias
Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi adamianebis xsovna, romlebic tyuilad iqnen dasjilni
(aristotele, jordano bruno da sxvebi).
garda kriminologiuri argumentebisa, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba
gamovTqvaT religiur-eTikuri argumentebic. mcneba àra kac-hkla~ vrceldeba
yvelaze, maT Soris, samarTaldamcavebzec. sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisgan
da aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb did
codvad iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wminda
basili gvarigebs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mxolod sikeTiT
SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvlelobis gamo, maSin ra ufleba
aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos igive qmedeba _ damnaSavis mkvleloba?!
sazogadoebas SeuZlia Tavisufleba SeuzRudos kriminals, magram ar SeiZleba
gadawyvitos misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi.
SesaZloa sarwmunod gveCvenos mosazreba, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebam
SeiZleba danaSaulis ricxvis zrda gamoiwvios, ramdenadac adamianebs naklebi
SiSi eqnebaT kanonis winaSe. mravalricxovani kvlevebi sawinaaRmdego suraTs
gvixatavs. ufro metic, isini gviCveneben, rom danaSauli iq ufro cotaa, sadac
sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. aSS-Si sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis Semdeg mZime
danaSaulTa ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. garda amisa, masaCusetsa da texasSi, sadac
ar mimarTavdnen sikvdiliT dajas, danaSaulis koeficienti gacilebiT naklebi
iyo, vidre niu-iorksa da floridaSi, sadac sasjelis am zomas mimarTavdnen. arc
erTi kriminologiuri gamokvleva ar adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjas SeuZlia
danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba.
amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja srulebiTac ar aris
kriminaluri qmedebebis likvidaciis saukeTeso da efeqturi saSualeba. dasjis
aseTi ukiduresi zoma ver àkeTilSobilebs~ kriminalur sazogadoebas da ver
icavs adamianis uflebebs. ufro metic, sikvdiliT dasja iseTi Seuqcevadi
procesia, romelmac SeiZleba udanaSaulo adamianebic imsxverplos. sxvisi
sicocxlis xelmyofi scodavs ara marto adamianTa, aramed RmerTis winaSec.
humanur, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sasjelis es
araadamianuri saxe. umjobesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo mimarTavs saSiSi
damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan izolaciis sxva gzebs.
nimuSi 2
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba sul ufro metad
iRebs humanur Sinaarss, mravali iseTi faqti gvxvdeba, romelic sazogadoebas
gamousworebel zians ayenebs. garkveuli pirebis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi
iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom sazogadoebis udides nawils SiSis zars scems.
rogorc wesi am kategoriis damnaSaveebs aTavseben sapatimro dawesebulebebSi,
raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi garkveuli droiT izolireba sazogadoebisagan.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca damnaSave patimrobis periodSi ar dgeba gamosworebis
gzaze, piriqiT, igi ufro saSiSi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis da gaTavisuflebis
Semdeg agrZelebs sazogadoebis udanaSaulo wevrebisadmi Semzaravi zianis
miyenebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi danaSaulebrivi qmede68
kursis Sinaarsi
silabusi
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese
akademiuri wera
nimuSi 1
kacobriobam civilizaciis miRwevamde xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da cxoveluri
sawyisebi gadalaxa. miuxedavad amisa, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi
araadamianuri qmedebebi, romlebic yovel Cvengans Tavzars scems. yoveldRe
araerTi sastiki danaSauli xdeba da damnaSaveTa samyaro sul ufro da ufro
izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba da damnaSaveTa dasja
yvela drois mniSvnelovan problema iyo. sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeuZlia cixes
samudamod Seifaros saSiSi damnaSaveebi da amiT sazogadoebas misces maTgan
usafrTxoebis garantia. da ai, aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba dadges sikvdiliT dasjis
gamarTlebis sakiTxi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. saWiroa
sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi? namdvilad aucilebelia dasjis
es ukiduresi zoma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansakuTrebiT mZime
danaSaulebi? albaT, ar moiZebneba iseTi Zlieri argumenti, romelic
gaamarTlebda sikvdiliT dasjas. yoveli adamianis uflebaa icocxlos da aravis
ar aqvs damnaSavis sicocxlis xelyofis neba (TviT samarTaldamcavebsac ki).
aqedan, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja samarTlianobis
aRdgenis gaumarTlebeli saSualebaa.
8
saswavlo kursis kodi:

saswavlo kursis statusi: magistratura, I kursi, savaldebulo.
saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: 1 semestri.
ECTS: 8 krediti. sakontaqto muSaobaze gaTvaliswinebuli saaTebis raodenoba _
32, damoukidebeli muSaoba _ 150 saaTi.
leqtori: lia wulaZe, asistent-profesori, socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti, sociologiis departamenti.
T: 33 30 43; 893 21 38 12; e-mail: likuna282003@yahoo.com
saswavlo kursis mizani: akademiuri weris kursi agebulia centraluri evropis
universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelze da 4 Janrs moicavs:
argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli.
aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben
leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva
Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da,
jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze.
ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da
gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis
Seswavlis winapirobebi: mocemuli kursi acnobs studentebs akademiuri weris
safuZvlebs da iwyebs argumentis struqturirebis teqnikiT; amdenad, misi
mTavari moTxovnaa, rom studentebi kargad icnobdnen qarTuli enis
marTlwerasa da hqondeT analitikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisi done.
saswavlo kursis formati: leqcia, praqtikuli muSaoba da prezentacia.
saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi:
gakveTili
TiTqmis yvela Janris akademiuri naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan

nebismieri nawarmoebis mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, rom rasac avtori ambobs,
saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es ki moiTxovs saTanado strategiebis SemuSavebas, raTa avtorma efeqturad gadmosces Tavisi mosazrebebi da gaiTvaliswinos
mkiTxvelis Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. argumentirebis unari exmareba adamians ideebis ganviTarebasa da organizebaSi, Sexedulebebis damajereblobis
SefasebaSi, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis dacvasa da saTqmelis naTlad da
efeqturad warmodgenaSi _ yvela es unari Zalian Rirebulia akademiuri weris
nebismieri JanrisaTvis.
argumentirebis Tanamedrove Teoria berZnul-romauli tradiciebidan iRebs
saTaves. berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis, argumenti iyo debatebis gadawyvetisa
da WeSmaritebis dadgenis gza. Cven mogvyavs argumentebi ara imitom, rom vinmeze
gabrazebuli varT an misi ar gvjera, aramed imitom, rom argumentireba
gvexmareba ukeT SeviswavloT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi ideebi; SevafasoT
sapirispiro poziciebi; naTlad da akuratulad gamovxatoT Cveni Sexedulebebi;
movaxdinoT sxvaTa ideebis kritikuli analizi. amdenad, argumentirebuli eses
ZiriTadi principebis aTviseba gvexmareba sxva nebismieri Janris nawarmoebis
SeqmnaSic.
akademiur weraSi argumentirebuli eses struqturirebis ori nimuSi
arsebobs, romelTac qvemoT warmogidgenT: [Smally, R.L., Ruetten, M.K. and Kozyrev,
J.R. (2000). Rifining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle and Heinle,
Thomson Learning].
rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali da daskvna orive nimuSSi msgavsia, gansxvaveba
ZiriTad nawilSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori warmogvidgens mis argumentebs,
rasac oponentTa argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba axlavs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki,
avtori mxolod oponentTa Sexedulebebis ukugdebiTaa dakavebuli. marTalia,
eses struqturis orive nimuSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur akademiur
weraSi, upiratesobas mainc pirvel nimuSs mivaniWebdi, radgan argumentirebuli
eses SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mizani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari argumentebis
warmodgena, da, damajerebeli dasabuTebaa (razec saTauric metyvelebs) da ara
oponentis Sexedulebebis gakritikeba. amitom, Semdgom msjelobaSi mxolod
pirveli nimuSiT vixelmZRvanelebT. argumentirebuli eses struqturis
gacnobis Sedeg, misi nimuSebic ganvixiloT.
Tema
Sesavali
miznebi
studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da

argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis kriteriumebs
studentebi ecnobian argumentirebuli eses
Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs
studentebi ganixilaven argumentirebuli eses
nimuSebs
69
weriTi procesis
safexurebi
studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad

safexurebs da varjiSoben ideebis generaciaSi,
Temebis arCevasa da saTaurebis formulirebaSi
paragrafebis
ganviTareba
studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis

struqturas
studentebi varjiSoben paragrafebis
ganviTarebaSi
Sesavali nawili
sakuTari argumentebis
prezentacia
kontr-argumentebis
gaTvaliswineba da
ukugdeba
daskvna
argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da

prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs
kritikis Sesavali
studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis

kriteriumebs
studentebi ecnobian kritikis Janrs, mis
struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs
studentebi ganixilaven kritikis nimuSebs
perifrazireba Sejameba
citireba
plagiatis Tavidan
acileba
Sefaseba-refleqsia
studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa

da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs
studentebi varjiSoben daskvnis daweraSi
da prezentacia
studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis

gaTvaliswinebasa da ukugdebas
studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da

logikuri Tanmimdevrobis uzrunvelyofis
teqnikas da varjiSoben masSi
studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis

wardgenasa da dasabuTebas
logika da mTlianoba
studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis

rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs
studentebi varjiSoben Sesavlis daweraSi
studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis

perifrazirebas
studentebi ecnobian teqstis Sejamebis teqnikas
studentebi swavloben citirebis swor teqnikas
studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor aicilon
Tavidan plagiati
studentebi gamoxataven TavianT pozicias
avtoris ideebTan mimarTebaSi
studentebi kritikulad afaseben statias

logikaze
kritikis saboloo
versiis Seqmna da
prezentacia
kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia;

studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs
Sesavali

Sefasebis kriteriumebs
70
zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani

erTmaneTTan mWido kavSirSi imyofeba. Tu mkiTxveli mweralze nakleb
informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi funqciaa
informaciis miwodeba (rogorc, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloSi). Tu mkiTxveli
mweralze metad informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis
ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari codnisa da eqspertizis demonstrireba. swored es
mizani amoZravebs magistraturis students, roca weriT davalebas asrulebs.
daiwyeT daskvniT
akademiuri weris erT-erTi umTavresi principia, rom avtorma SesavalSive
warmoadginos misi Tezisi anu ZiriTadi pozicia, rac or mizans emsaxureba: 1.
naSromis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebas, radgan avtorma ukve
Camoayaliba misi pozicia, rac daexmareba erTi arCeuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos
da yvela argumenti Tu qveargumenti warmodgenili poziciis gasamyareblad
gamoiyenos; da 2. mkiTxvelisTvis Tavidanve naTelia avtoris pozicia, amitom
misTvis martivia rogorc avtoris argumentebis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, ise mis
mosazrebebSi logikuri xarvezebis aRmoCena.
struqtura
nebismieri informacia gansazRvruli struqturis safuZvelze unda iyos
organizebuli. elementaruli doniT rom daviwyoT, martiv winadadebasac da
mcire zomis paragrafsac ki sakuTari struqtura aqvs. naSromis miznidan gamomdinare, akademiur weraSi informaciis organizebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba,
Tumca, maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia naSromis organizeba
`problema _ gadaWris gza~ struqturis safuZvelze, romelic 4 ZiriTadi
nawilisagan Sedgeba:
1. situaciis aRwera
2. problemis identifikacia
3. gadaWris gzis aRwera
4. gadaWris gzis Sefaseba
[Holy, M. (1983). On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen and Unwin].
stili
akademiuri naSromi Sesabamisi stiliT unda iyos Sesrulebuli, romelic ara
marto Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos daculi mTel naSromSi, aramed aucileblad
Seesabamebodes mwerlis mizansa da nagulisxmev mkiTxvels. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba profesiuli donis miRweva, radgan araformaluri eniT
dawerili eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis angariSic ki, miuxedavad kompleqsuri monacemebis warmodgenisa, SesaZloa, zedmetad gamartivebuli gveCvenos. Sesabamisi stilis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul umTavres sirTules warmoadgens sakiTxi, Tu ra miviCnioT akademiurad da ra _ ara. unda aRiniSnos, rom
akademiuri weris stilis arsebiTi niSania metyvelebis nawilebs Soris (iqneba es
zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, Tu sxv.), rac SeiZleba metad formaluris SerCeva;
winadadebebis Sedgenisas ki, umTavresad formaluri tonis gamoyeneba.
logikuri Tanmimdevruloba
akademiur naSromSi avtoris yvela argumenti misi ZiriTadi poziciis
gamyarebas unda emsaxurebodes, rac niSnavs, rom yvela idea logikur kavSirSi
unda imyofebodes da avtori ar unda meryeobdes sxvadasxva mosazrebebs Soris.
Tu mkiTxvels uxdeba ukan dabruneba da azris gasagebad, naweris ramdenjerme
gadakiTxva, anda mas uWirs avtoris argumentebis ZiriTad poziciasTan
dakavSireba, es niSnavs, rom naSromi araTanmimdevruli da aralogikuria [Swales,
J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan
Press.]
akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebis gacnobis Semdeg, uSualod kursis
Sinaarsze gadavideT.
Janrebi universitetSi
Janri
1) argumentirebuli
ese
2) kritika
3) analitikuri
referati
4) sabiblioTeko
kvleviTi naSromi
5) eqsperimentuli
kvleviTi naSromi
aRwera
araakademiuri debatis
ori mxaris
struqturirebuli
analizi.
erTi akademiuri teqstis
kritikuli kiTxva da
werilobiTi formiT
Sefaseba.
debatis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis gansazRvra
studentisaTvis SerCeuli
ori an sami statiis
safuZvelze.
akademiuri problemis
werilobiTi formiT
gadaWra sabiblioTeko
gamokvlevis safuZvelze.
angariSi, romelSic
dasabuTebulia arCeuli
meTodologia da warmodgenilia gamokvlevis
TiToeuli etapi, miRebuli
Sedegebi da maTi
interpretacia.
mizani
mtkicebulebis
formulirebisa da
Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT
ganmtkicebis procesis
ganviTareba.
kritikuli azrovnebisa
da ZiriTadi
argumentebis SejamebaSefasebis unaris
ganviTareba.
debatis ZiriTadi arsis
wvdomisa da werilobiTi
formiT gadmocemis
xelSewyoba.
mocemul disciplinaSi
sakvlevi problemis
dayenebisa da gadaWris
xelSewyoba Sesabamisi
Teoriis/literaturis
gamoyenebis safuZvelze.
struqturirebisa da
prezentaciis xelSewyoba
akademiuri disciplinis
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
10
konteqstualizacia
studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da

varjiSoben konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebaSi
11
avtorTa poziciebis
analizi da Sefaseba
studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabijnabij afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs
Sexedulebebis
ganmtkiceba
studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon

Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT sakuTari da sxvebis
Sexedulebebi

logikaze
da prezentacia
analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna

da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis
naSromebs
kvleviTi naSromis
Sesavali
studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis

kriteriumebs
studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Janrs da
mis ZiriTad elementebs
12
13
14
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi
naSromi
studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi

etapebs sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis
procesSi
15
eqsperimentuli
kvleviTi naSromi
studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi

etapebs eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis
Seqmnis procesSi
16
bibliografiis
miTiTebis APA-stili
studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis

APA-stils
studentebi varjiSoben APA-stilis mixedviT
bibliografiis miTiTebaSi
[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) akademiuri weris

centris mier SemuSavebuli sqemis safuZvelze]
akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebi:
akademiuri wera ramdenime ZiriTad principzea agebuli:
mkiTxveli
sanam weras daviwyebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu vin iqneba Cveni mkiTxveli.
magistraturis studentisaTvis mkiTxveli leqtoria, romelic mocemuli dargis
eqspertia. weriT davalebas warmatebiT rom gaarTvan Tavi, studentma unda
gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mocemul sakiTxSi da misi
molodinebi, rac, udavod, gavlenas axdens naSromis Sinaarsze. nagulismevi
mkiTxvelidan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, azrobrivad msgavsi ori winadadeba
SeiZleba gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebodes. nimuSis saxiT warmogidgenT or
winadadebas, romelTagan erTi farTo auditoriisaTvis, meore ki _ specialistebisTvisaa dawerili:
socializacia aris procesi, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis
Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da, romlis
safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens.
process, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul
socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens, socializacia ewodeba.
mizani
6

ZiriTad elementebs
studentebi ganixilaven analitikuri referatis
nimuSebs
studentebi adareben kritikisa da analitikuri
referatis ZiriTad elementebs
Sefaseba:
daswreba 15%
naSromebis Seqmna 60%
naSromebis prezentacia 25%
savaldebulo literatura:
*radgan akademiuri wera SedarebiT axali disciplinaa saqarTveloSi da
Zalian rTulia qarTulenovani literaturis moZieba mis Sesaxeb, leqtori
aZlevs studentebs mis mier Targmnil da damuSavebul masalas, agreTve,
sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs.
Bailey, S. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide for Students. London and N.Y.:
RoutledgeFalmer.
71
Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The
University of Michigan Press.
damatebiTi literatura:
Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for Academic Success: A Postgraduate Guide. London: SAGE
Publications.
Ede, L. (2001). Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising. (5th ed.). Boston
and N.Y.: Bedford/St. Martins.
Giltrow, J. (ed.). (2002). Academic Reading: Reading and Writing in Disciplines.
Hewings, M. (2002). Writing in Context: Implications and Applications.
Jordan, R. R. (3rd ed.). (1999). Academic Writing Course. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education
Limited.
Rosen, L. (2005). Handbook of Academic Writing.
Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference
USA.
Teitelbaum, H. (4th ed.).(1998). How to Write a Thesis. Boston: Arco, Thomson Learning.
http://www.apa.org/
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html
http://www.criticalreading.com/
http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/
http://www.powa.org/
http://www.refdesk.com/citations
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/index.html
http://www.utoronto.ca/writing
http://webster.comment.edu/
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/
http://writing.richmond.edu/writing/
swavlis Sedegi:
mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen akademiuri
weris oTx ZiriTad Janrs: argumentirebul eses, romelmac gaacno studentebs
sakuTari argumentebis prezentaciisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis,
agreTve, kontrargumentebis ukugdebis teqnika; kritikas, romelic emsaxureba
kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas studentebSi;
analitikur referats, romlic aswavlis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebis
Sejamebas, analizs, konteqstualizacias da maTze refleqsias; kvleviT naSroms,
romelic warmoadgens studentebisaTvis megzurs warmatebuli sakursos
dasawerad da amzadebs sadiplomo naSromebis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan erTad,
studentebma gaicnes plagiatobis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swori
teqnika,
msoflioSi
aRiarebuli
formatis
farglebSi
gamoyenebuli
literaturis miTiTeba da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovneba.
72
gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman].

blumis taqsonomiis Tanaxmad, codna da gageba/wvdoma ,,informaciis Seyvanis
etapia, gamoyeneba da analizi aqtiuri procesis etapad moiazreba, sinTezi da
Sefaseba Sedegis miRebis etapia, romelic azrovnebis produqtiul da
SemoqmedebiT doneze miuTiTebs. naxevari saukunea, aRniSnuli principebi
safuZvlad udevs dasavleTis qveynebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas, Tumca
Cvens realobaSi isini axlaRa inergeba, radgan sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis
pirobebSi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ver iqneboda orientirebuli kritikuli
azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebaze, albaT, sabWoTa reJimgamovlil
adamians sakmaod ucnaurad moeCveneba dasavlur samyaroSi damkvidrebuli
akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principi ,,daiwyeT daskvniT, rac gulisxmobs, rom
mweralma Tezisi anu misi ZiriTadi pozicia SesavalSive unda warmoadginos, da
ara xangrZlivi msjelobiT daRlil mkiTxvels, daskvnaSi SesTavazos igi; rac
Cveuli ambavia sabWoTa literaturisaTvis, radgan sabWoTa avtori sakmaod
frTxili unda yofiliyo sakuTari poziciis gadmocemisas, gansakuTrebiT iseT
sferoSi, rogoric socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebia. arc isaa saidumlo,
rom wlebis manZilze Cveni sauniversiteto swavleba mimarTuli iyo studentis
mier miwodebuli informaciis pasiur daswavlaze, yovelgvari kritikuli
gaazrebisa Tu analizis gareSe, rac erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi unda iyos imisa,
rom studentTa sakurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebi xSirad uneburi plagiatis
nimuSi iyo. magram arsebul viTarebas ufro metad is faqti amZimebda, rom, CvenSi
sauniversiteto swavlebis ZiriTadi mizani ,,informaciis Seyvana iyo, studentebisaTvis did sirTule iyo aqtiuri procesis doneze gadasvla da miRebuli
codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeboda produqtiuli da
SemoqmedebiTi donis miRweva.
aRniSnuli problemis daZleva umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca saqarTveloSi
mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, boloniis
procesSi CarTvis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, aucilebel moTxovnad iqca sauniversiteto swavlebaSi iseTi kursis Semotana, romelic studentebSi kritikuli
azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezisa da Sefasebis unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxureboda. swored aseTi sagania akademiuri wera, romelic 2004/2005 saswavlo
wlidan moyolebuli ekiTxeba Tsu-s rogorc bakalavriatis, ise magistraturis
studentebs.
kursis mizani: magistraturis studentebs mTeli rigi weriTi davalebebi
eZlevaT, romlebic, Tumca gansxvavebulia programis mixedviT, ori saerTo
TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. es davalebebi etapobrivad rTuldeba da 2. isini
,,akademiurad unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba akademiuri weris saseminaro kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis, romelic centraluri evropis universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelzea agebuli
da 4 Janrs moicavs:argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da
kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa sabiblioTeko da
eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da
aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli
Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve
afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis
safuZvelze.
ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve, arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis
qvemoT mokled warmogidgenT TiToeuli Janris mizansa da aRweras:
argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba
kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis

miRwevas emsaxureba, romelTa Soris ganmsazRvreli adgili kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas ukavia. jer kidev 1948 wels benjamin
blumma da misma kolegebma muSaoba daiwyes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da
amocanebis gansazRvraze, rac 1956 logikurad dagvirgvinda ,,saganmanaTleblo
miznebis taqsonomiis SeqmniT, romelic dRes blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa
cnobili. aRniSnuli taqsonomiis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom swavlebis procesSi
studentebis mier miRebul codnas ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs, ufro martividan metad kompleqsuris mimarTulebiT. amdenad, studentebi etapobrivad
gadian garkveul safexurebs da sauniversiteto swavlebis mizania, yvela
safexuris Tanmimdevrulad dauflebis Sedegad, studentebma umaRles safexurs
miaRwion. am umaRles safexurad, blumsa da mis kolegebs, swored Sefasebis
unaris ganviTareba miaCniaT. qvemoT warmogidgenT blumis taqsonomias, raTa
umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis ilustrireba movaxdino.
naSromis
struqtura
Sesavali
damakmayofilebeli
naSromi kargad
organizebulia.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da umetesad
efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
organizebis
mcdeloba. an
yvela
struqturuli
elementi
saxezea, magram
ar aris
efeqturad
gamoyenebuli,
an erT-erTi
elementi
aklia.
araorganizebuli.
araerTi
struqturuli
elementi aklia.
paragrafebi
sanimuSod
ganviTarebuli
da logikuria.
paragrafebi
kargadaa
ganviTarebuli
da logikuria,
magram
periodulad
aklia saWiro
detali.
paragrafebis
ganviTarebis
mcdeloba,
magram xSirad
aklia saWiro
detali da
nakleb
logikuria.
paragrafebi ar
aris
ganviTarebuli.
naSromi savsea
individualuri,
daukavSirebeli
winadadebebiT.
sanimuSodaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. gramatika
da punqtuacia
uSecdomoa.
kargadaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ZiriTadad
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. umniSvnelo
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
met-naklebad
gamoyenebulia
formaluri
werilobiTi
ena. aklia
profesiuli
toni.
garkveuli
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
ar aris
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ar aris miRweuli
profesiuli
toni. bevri
Secdoma
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
avtoris
argumentebi
Zlieria da
damajerebladaa
dasabuTebuli.
avtoris
argumentebi
sakmaod
damajerebelia
da kargadaa
dasabuTebuli.
avtoris
argumentebi
damajerebelia,
magram aklia
dasabuTeba.
avtoris
argumentebi
nakleb
damajerebelia
da ar aris
dasabuTebuli.
warmatebiT
ukugdebulia.
umetesad
ukugdebulia.
kontrargumentebis gaTvaliswinebis
mcdeloba,
Tumca isini
naklebadaa
ukugdebuli.
kontrargumentebi ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli da
ukugdebuli.
sanimuSo
kargi
naSromi
sanimuSodaa
organizebuli.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _

monacemebis dajgufeba logikur qvejgufebad, qvejgufebs Soris logikuri
kavSirebis dadgena. analizi zrdis studentis mier Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebasa
da aTvisebas, aZlevs ra saSualebas moaxdinos masalis organizeba da struqturireba mis Semadgenel komponentebad. es organizeba gansxvavebulia sagnis
mixedviT _ SesaZloa is iyos logikuri, asaxavdes fizikur aRweras, an
qvekategoriebisagan Semdgari klasifikaciis forma hqondes. analizi aris is
done, romelic asaxavs Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebas/wvdomas.
5. sinTezi _ gamocdilebis organizeba axali formiT _ sxvadasxva komponentebis safuZvelze axali struqturebis Seqmna, an problemis gadaWris axali gzis
moZieba; informaciis logikur kategoriebad organizeba. sinTezi produqtiuli,
SemoqmedebiTi, problemis gadaWris donea. am doneze students SeuZlia Seqmnas
raime axali (moxseneba, modeli, prezentacia) adre SeZenili codnisa da gagebis
safuZvelze.
6. Sefaseba _ SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba
_ konkurirebad gadawyvetilebebs Soris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis dadgena,
argumentsa Tu gadawyvetilebaSi araTanmimdevrulobis gamovlena, SemoqmedebiTi naSromebis Sedareba da kontrastis dasabuTeba, gamoyenebuli kriteriumebis Cveneba. Sefaseba saSualebas aZlevs students Seadaros konkurirebadi
gadawyvetilebebi, Sromis produqtebi, an daasabuTos biznes-gadawyvetileba.
sxvaoba karg Sefasebasa da zerele msjelobas Soris isaa, rom pirveli gulisxmobs wina xuT doneze SeZenili codnis, unarebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis
4
stili da ena
3. gamoyeneba _ miRebuli informaciiT praqtikaSi xelmZRvaneloba _informaciisa da wesebis gamoyeneba axal situaciebSi, principebisa da Teoriebis gamoyeneba specifikur garemoebebSi. wesisa Tu principis gamoyeneba axal Tu uCveulo
situaciaSi saSualebas aZlevs students ,,gamoyenebadi gaxados misi codna.
sakuTari
argumentebis
dasabuTeba
2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT

gadmocema, arsebuli monacemebis gaazreba, ganzogadeba. gageba asazrisianebs
faqtsa da codnas Soris kavSirs. faqtebis interpretaciis, Sejamebisa da ganzogadebis safuZvelze, studenti swavlobs informaciasTan muSaobasa da mis
gaTavisebas.
kontrargumentebis
gaTvaliswineba da
ukugdeba
1. codna informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi,

wesebi, kriteriumebi, kategoriebi, struqtura, procedura. codna warmoadgens
cnebebis, leqsikonis, konteqstis safuZvels.
paragrafebis
ganviTareba
da logika
blumis taqsonomia
73
kritikis Sefaseba
stili da ena
paragrafebis
ganviTareba da
logika
naSromis struqtura
Sefaseba
wvdoma
s
sanimuSo
kargi
avtori Rrmad
swvda statias da
masSi mocemul
ZiriTad
argumentebs.
avtorma
saTanadod gaigo
statia da masSi
mocemuli
ZiriTadi
argumentebi.
avtori avlens
kritikuli
azrovnebis
sanimuSo unars.
is ganixilavs
yvela ZiriTad
arguments,
axdens maT Rrma
interpretacias,
analizs,
Sejamebasa da
Sefasebas.
avtori avlens
kritikuli
azrovnebis
unars. is
ganixilavs yvela
ZiriTad
arguments,
kompetenturad
axdens maT
interpretacias,
analizs,
Sejamebasa da
Sefasebas.
naSromi
sanimuSodaa
organizebuli.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
naSromi kargad
organizebulia.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da umetesad
efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
paragrafebi
sanimuSod
ganviTarebuli
da logikuria.
sanimuSodaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. gramatika
da punqtuacia
uSecdomoa.
damakmayofilebeli
avtors
mxolod
zedapirulad
esmis statia da
masSi mocemuli
ZiriTadi
argumentebi.
avtori
cdilobs
kritikulad
gaaanalizos
statia, magram
zogierTi
ZiriTadi
argumenti ar
aris saTanadod
interpretireb
uli,
Sejamebuli da
Sefasebuli.
avtors
arasworad esmis
statia da ver
axdens ZiriTadi
argumentebis
diferenciacias.
araorganizebul
i. araerTi
struqturuli
elementi aklia.
paragrafebi
kargadaa
ganviTarebuli
da logikuria,
magram
periodulad
aklia saWiro
detali.
organizebis
mcdeloba. an
yvela
struqturuli
elementi
saxezea, magram
ar aris
efeqturad
gamoyenebuli,
an erT-erTi
elementi
aklia.
paragrafebis
ganviTarebis
mcdeloba,
magram xSirad
aklia saWiro
detali da
nakleblogiku
ria.
kargadaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ZiriTadad
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. umniSvnelo
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
met-naklebad
gamoyenebulia
formaluri
werilobiTi
ena. aklia
profesiuli
toni.
garkveuli
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
ar aris
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ar aris miRweuli
profesiuli
toni. bevri
Secdoma
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
74
avtori ver
axdens statiis
kritikul
analizs.
ZiriTadi
argumentebi
ar aris
interpretirebu
li da
Sejamebuli. maTi
Sefaseba
araadekvaturia.
Sesavali..................................................................................................................... 4
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese .......................................................................... 8
Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27
Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44
Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55
paragrafebi ar
aris
ganviTarebuli.
naSromi savsea
individualuri,
daukavSirebeli
winadadebebiT.
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
stili da ena
socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

Center for Social Sciences, 2006
pozicia, analizi,
Sefaseba
giorgi bagrationi
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis identifikacia da konteqstualizacia
lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:
ISBN: 99940 873-7-1
sanimuSo
naSromis
struqtura
enobrivi redaqtori:
marine CitaSvili
paragrafebis
ganviTareba
da logika
mTavari redaqtori:
analitikuri referatis Sefaseba
kargi
avtori avlens
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
identifikaciisa
da farTo
konteqstTan maTi
dakavSirebis
sanimuSo unars.
avtori axdens
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
identifikacias da
cdilobs maT
dakavSirebas
farTo
konteqstTan.
sanimuSo
SedarebiTi
analizi. avtori
axdens statiaTa
avtorebis
poziciebis
diferenciaciasa
da Sefasebas,
imavdroulad
gvTavazobs ra mis
kargad
dasabuTebul
pozicias.
avtori axdens
statiaTa
avtorebis
poziciebis
saTanado
diferenciaciasa
da SedarebiT
analizs, magram
misi pozicia ar
aris naTlad
dasabuTebuli.
naSromi
sanimuSodaa
organizebuli.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
naSromi kargad
organizebulia.
yvela
struqturuli
elementi saxezea
da umetesad
efeqturadaa
gamoyenebuli.
paragrafebi
sanimuSod
ganviTarebuli da
logikuria.
paragrafebi
kargadaa
ganviTarebuli da
logikuria, magram
periodulad aklia
saWiro detali.
sanimuSodaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia
profesiuli toni.
gramatika da
punqtuacia
uSecdomoa.
gamoyenebuli
literatura
srulad da
sworadaa
miTiTebuli.
kargadaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ZiriTadad
miRweulia
profesiuli toni.
umniSvnelo
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
gamoyenebuli
literatura
srulad da
sworadaa
miTiTebuli.
75
damakmayofilebeli
avtori cdilobs
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
identifikacias,
magram yvela
maTgani ar aris
gamoyofili.
maTi farTo
konteqstTan
dakavSirebis
warumatebeli
mcdeloba.
SedarebiTi
analizisa da
statiebis
avtorTa
poziciebis
Sefasebis
mcdeloba,
magram ZiriTad
argumentebs
aklia dasabuTeba
da amitom
avtoris pozicia
ufro
bundovania.
organizebis
mcdeloba. an
yvela
struqturuli
elementi
saxezea, magram
ar aris
efeqturad
gamoyenebuli, an
erT-erTi
elementi aklia.
paragrafebis
ganviTarebis
mcdeloba,
magram xSirad
aklia saWiro
detali da
nakleb
logikuria.
avtori ver axdens

ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis
identifikaciasa
da konteqstualizacias.
met-naklebad
gamoyenebulia
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
aklia
profesiuli
toni. garkveuli
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
gamoyenebuli
literatura
sruladaa
miTiTebuli,
magram
garkveuli
xarvezebiT.
ar aris
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena. ar
aris miRweuli
profesiuli toni.
bevri Secdoma
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
gamoyenebuli
literatura
arasrulad da
arasworadaa
miTiTebuli.
avtori ar axdens
SedarebiT
analizsa da
statiebis avtorTa
poziciebis
Sefasebas, misi
poziciac ar aris
Camoyalibebuli.
araorganizebuli. araerTi
struqturuli
elementi aklia.
paragrafebi
ar aris
ganviTarebuli.
naSromi savsea
individualuri,
daukavSirebeli
winadadebebiT.
stili da ena
gamoyenebuli
literatura
daskvna
ZiriTadi
nawili
Sesavali
kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba

sanimuSo
kargi
efeqturi Sesavali, problemis

naTeli definiciiTa da
detaluri
safuZvelmdebar
e informaciiT.
problema
gansazRvrulia
adekvaturi
safuZvelmdebar
e informaciiTa
da detalebiT.
gamoyenebuli
wyaroebis
SedarebiTi
analizi da
kritikuli
Sefaseba
sanimuSoa.
gamoyenebuli
wyaroebis
SedarebiTi
analizi kargia,
magram
garkveulwilad
aklia kritikuli
Sefaseba.
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi
kargadaa Sejamebuli da nakleb
ganmeorebadia.
mocemulia
garkveuli
rekomendaciebi,
romlebic
kavSirSia
sakvlev
problemasTan.
5 wyaro mainc
aris gamoyenebuli. yvela
wyaro sakvlevi
problemis
relevanturia.
isini srulad
aris miTiTebuli, magram
ramodenime ar
aris sasurvel
formatSi.
kargadaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
ZiriTadad
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. umniSvnelo
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi sanimuSodaa

Sejamebuli da ar
aris
ganmeorebadi.
daskvnebi da
rekomendaciebi
logikuria da
kavSirSia
sakvlev
problemasTan.
minimum 5-6
wyaroa
gamoyenebuli.
yvela wyaro
sakvlevi
problemis
relevanturia.
isini srulad da
sworadaa
miTiTebuli.
sanimuSodaa
gamoyenebuli
formaluri
werilobiTi ena.
miRweulia
profesiuli
toni. gramatika
da punqtuacia
uSecdomoa.
damakmayofilebeli
problema ar
aris naTlad
gansazRv- ruli
da aklia
saWiro detali.
safuZvelmdeba
re informacia
ar aris
adeqvaturad
axsnili.
SedarebiTi
analizis
mcdeloba,
magram aklia
kritikuli
Sefaseba.
problema ar aris
gansazRvruli.
safuZvelmdebare
informacia
bundovania an
ar aris
dakavSirebuli
problemasTan.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi zogadad

Sejamebulia,
magram ganmeorebadia.
rekomendaciebi
Tu sakuTari
Sexedulebebi
ar aris
mocemuli.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ar aris

adeqvaturad
Sejamebuli.
rekomendaciebi
Tu sakuTari
Sexedulebebi ar
aris mocemuli.
5 wyaroze
nakle bia
gamoyenebuli.
isini srulad
aris
miTiTebuli,
magram maTi
nawili ar aris
sasurvel
formatSi.
4 wyaroze
naklebia
gamoyenebuli.
isini ar aris
srulad
miTiTebuli,
umravlesobis
formati
arasworia.
met-naklebad
gamoyenebulia
formaluri
werilobiTi
ena. aklia
profesiuli
toni.
garkveuli
Secdomebi
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
ar aris gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ar aris

miRweuli
profesiuli
toni. bevri
Secdoma
gramatikasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
SedarebiTi
analizi
bundovania.
kritikuli
Sefaseba ar aris
mocemuli.
akademiuri
wera
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis

magistrantebisaTvis
lia wulaZe
Tbilisi
2006
76

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stili da ena

kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba

efeqturi Sesavali, problemis

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi sanimuSodaa

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi zogadad

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ar aris

ar aris gamoyenebuli formaluri werilobiTi ena. ar aris

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

ZiriTadi sakiTxebis identifikacia da konteqstualizacia

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:

ISBN: 99940 873-7-1

analitikuri referatis Sefaseba

avtori ver axdens

Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27

Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44

Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55

argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba

kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis

4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _

2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT

1. codna informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi,

gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman].

studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da

studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabijnabij afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs

studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon

weris stili da logika

studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da

analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna

studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis

studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi

studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi

studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis

[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) akademiuri weris

studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad

studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis

argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da

studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis

studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa

studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis

studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da

studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis

studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis

studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis

weris stili da logika

studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da

kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia;

studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani

Tema I. argumentirebuli ese

saswavlo kursis kodi:

TiTqmis yvela Janris akademiuri naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan

studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da

qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni:

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is

bebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarTlebulia.

xelaxla gamocemuli wigni:

wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:

wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.