m

a
ri
a
mx
ofe
ri
a

samarTl is
ist oriis
t erminTa
l eqsikoni

mariam xoferia

samarTlis istoriis
terminTa leqsikoni

Tbilisi
2012

samarTlis istoriis terminTa leqsikoni

sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoriis
terminTa
winamdebare
leqsikoni
Sedgenilia
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis
saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli kursis
_ sazRvargareTis qveynebis samarTlis istoria
_ mixedviT. leqsikonSi Tavmoyrilia is ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic aRniSnuli sagnis
farglebSi iswavleba.
leqsikoni did daxmarebas gauwevs Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis studentebs terminTa ukeT
SeswavlaSi.
did madlobas vuxdi leqsikonis redaqtors
baton n. surgulaZes da recenzentebs qalbaton
m. gariSvilsa da baton d. bostoRanaSvils kvalificiuri rCevebisa da saqmiani SeniSvnebisaTvis; baton d. CikvaiZes berZnulenovan terminebze
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. aseve teqnikur redaqtorebs, romelTac didi wvlili Seitanes am
leqsikonis gamocemis saqmeSi.

samecniero redaqtori
sruli prof. nugzar surgulaZe
recenzentebi:
asoc. prof. daviT bostoRanaSvili
asoc. prof. marina gariSvili
teqnikuri redaqtorebi:
dimitri gegenava
demetre egnataSvili

Feci quod potui, faciant meliora potentes

Zveli

aRmosavleTi

a
avelumi (aqad. Avlum Ze kacisa, mamakaci,
adamiani) _ babilonSi sruluflebiani
Tavisufali mosaxle, ZiriTadad, meTeme.
arThaSastra (sansk: mecniereba praqtikuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb) _ Zvel indoeTSi saero literaturis Janri, saxelmwifo marTvisa da politikis xelovnebis
traqtati (magaliTad, kautilias arThaSastra).
arSa
_ Zvel indoeTSi qorwinebis
erT-erTi saxeoba. am dros qaliSvils
aTxovebdnen gansawavlul an riSi (brZeni)
mamakacze. drahmaSastras gadmocemiT, qaliSvilis mama sasiZosagan xars an or
Zroxas Rebulobda.
asura _ Zvel indoeTSi qorwinebis
erT-erTi saxeoba, romliTac igulisxmeboda mSoblebisagan sacolis gamosyidvas
3

sasiZos mier, romelic xSirad ar iyo

sapatarZlos Sesaferisi, risTvisac is
ixdida imdens, ramdenis SesaZleblobac
hqonda.
b
bairumi (Sumer. Birum meTevze; aqad:
[Tevzisa da frinvelis] damWeri) _ mxedrebis kategoria; babilonSi begaravaldebuli piri, romelic samxedro samsaxuris sanacvlod saxelmwifosagan miwis
nakveTs iRebda.
biblumi (aqad. Biblu(m) motanili) _ babilonSi winasaqorwino saCuqari (Tanxa
an nivTi), romelsac sasiZo an misi mama
sapatarZlos mamas uxdida.
brahma _ Zvel indoeTSi qorwinebis
erT-erTi saxeoba. mamakacs, romelic daasrulebda
Tavis
brahmaCarias
colis
SerTvis ufleba eZloda. vaJis mSoblebi
uTanxmdebodnen sacolis ojaxs qorwinebis Sesaxeb. brahma qorwinebisas mzTevis
gadacema ar xdeboda.
brahmani _ Zvel indoeTSi sazogadoebis
umaRlesi kastis wevri, qurumi. igi uflebamosili iyo Seeswavla da eswavlebina
4

saRvTo wignebi, RmerTebisaTvis msxverplis Sewirva rogorc Tavisi, aseve sxvisi saxeliT, gaeca da mieRo saCuqrebi.
brahmans ekrZaleba nebismieri saxis samsaxuri.
brahmani
exmareboda
qveynis
mmarTvelebs saxelmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi.
g
gandharva _ Zvel indoeTSi qorwinebis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic mxolod
sapatarZlosa da sasiZos nebas efuZneboda.
d
daiva _ Zvel indoeTSi qorwinebis saxeoba, romlis drosac qaliSvilis sasuliero pirze aTxovebdnen.
danda
_ (sansk. kverTxi, joxi) _
marTvis
xelovneba
_
`dandaniti~,
iTargmneba rogorc kverTxiT xelmZRvaneloba (floba).
devaraji _ Zvel indoeTSi `RvTis
sasurveli mefis~ politikuri koncefcia,
romlis mixedviTac mefe valdebuli iyo
mSidobisa da wesrigis damcavi sagangebo
dharma Seesrulebina.
5

dequmi _ (aqad. Dkm daZaxeba) mxedarTa ufrosis kategoria; jarSi xalxis

gawvevaze pasuxismgebeli piri.
di _ (Cin.) cinis periodis CineTSi
mmarTvelis wodeba; mmarTveli, romelmac
imperiis sazRvrebSi mravali teritoria
gaaerTiana da imperatoris (anu di-s)
wodeba miiRo.
dharma _ Zvel indoeTSi (religiurritualuri, zneobrivi, samarTlebrivi)
qcevis savaldebulo wesi, romelic oTxive kastis warmomadgenlis yoveldRiur
qcevis awesrigebda.
v
vaiSa (sansk. xalxi, tomi, mosaxleoba) _
Zvel indoeTSi miwaTmoqmedebisa da xelosnebis yvelaze mravalricxovani kasta.
vani (Cin.) _ gaRmerTebuli mmarTvelis
wodeba Zvel CineTSi, mefe, `cis Svili~
da pirveli qurumi.
vardumi (sansk. Wardum) _ mesopotamiaSi
mona.
vedebi (sansk. codna) _ Zvel indoeTSi
religiuri literaturis Zeglebi, rom6

lebic miTebs, religiur himnebs, Selocvis formulebs, yofa-cxovrebis wesebs

Seicaven.
T
Tamqari (aqad. Tamkarrum) _ babilonSi
1. saxelmwifo savaWro agenti da gadasaxadis amkrefi; 2. vaWari, mevaxSe, gamsesxebeli. (ix. Samalumi)
TerxaTumi (aqad. Terhattum saqorwino
gamosasyidi) _ babilonSi sasiZos mier
sapatarZlos mamisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxa,
sapatarZlos erTgvari gamosasyidi Tanxa.
i
ilkumi (aqad. Ilkum) babilonsa da asureTSi samxedro samsaxurisaTvis mefis
mier nawyalobevi qoneba, romelic samoqalaqo brunvidan amoRebuli iyo.
isaku _ babilonSi mefis moadgile,
romelic qalaqis mmarTvelobas zedamxedvelobda.
k
kasta _ Sua saukuneebis aziis zog
qveyanaSi Caketili, memkvidreobiTi, en7

dogamiuri socialuri jgufi, romelsac

mkacrad gansazRvruli saqmianoba, cxovrebis stili da Cveuleba hqonda. kastebi 1947 wels oficialurad gauqmda.
kenbeti _ Zvel egvipteSi kolegialuri
sasamarTlo organo, romelic 30 wevrisagan Sedgeboda.
l
levirati (frang. Lvirat mazli) _ Zvel
periodis samarTalSi saqorwino Cveuleba, romelic mazls daqvrivebul rZalze
daqorwinebas avaldebulebda.
li
_
Zvel
CineTSi
eTikursamarTlebrivi normebi, romlebic gansazRvravdnen sazogadoebis wevrebis urTierTdamokidebulebas mmarTvelisa da
ojaxis wevrebis mimarT.
lubuTumi (aqad. Lubbutm Zlieri kaci)
babilonSi mxedarTa ufrosis kategoria. SumerSi sataZro meurneobis mmarTveli.
lugali (aqad. Lugal batoni, didi adamiani)
_
mesopotamiaSi
saxelmwifos
mmarTvelis wodeba. (pates-lugali ramde8

nime patesiatis mmarTvelis wodeba, iseve

rogorc ensi - gvaris meTauri, taZris
damaarsebeli).
m
maati _ Zvel egvipteSi 1. WeSmaritebisa
da
samarTlianobis
religiurzneobrivi principi, romlis dacva faraonis
gansakuTrebul
damsaxurebad
miiCneoda; 2. egviptur miTologiaSi samarTlianobisa da wesrigis qalRmerTi
(saberZneTSi - Temida, babilonSi - kitu).
mantripariSadi _ Zvel indoeTSi rajasTan arsebuli da rajas mrCevlebisagan Semdgari kolegialuri saTaTbiro
organo, romelic uflebamosili iyo gansazRvrul saxelmwifo sakiTxebze damoukideblad mieRo gadawyvetileba.
mereTi _ Zvel egvipteSi mdabios aRmniSvneli termini.
miSarumi _ mesopotamiaSi brZanebuleba, romelic periodulad gamoicemoda
glexebisaTvis valebis patiebisa da dagiravebuli qonebis usasyidlod dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT.
9

muSqenumi (aqad. Muknum ZRvenis mimtani, damorCilebuli) _ babilonSi samefo

karis msaxureulobis dabali kategoria,
romelic samsaxurisaTvis mefisagan pirobiT mflobelobaSi miwis nakveTs Rebulobda.
n
nemhu _ Zvel egvipteSi mosaxleobis
(miwaTmflobelebi, xelosnebi, meomerebi,
wvrili moxeleebi) garkveuli jgufi,
romelic samarTlebrivi mdgomareobiT
arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda nejesisagan.
nejesi _ Zvel egvipteSi mefis msaxurTa
saerTo masidan gamoyofili fena, romlis warmoSobda dakavSirebulia kerZo
miwaTmflobelobis
sasaqonlo-fulad
urTierTobebisa da bazris ganviTarebasTan.
nomi _ 1. Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi
qalaq-saxelmwifo, saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis pirveli forma; 2. Zvel egviptis centralizebul saxelmwifoSi administraciul-teritoriuli
warmonaqmni,
mxare.

10

nomarqi _ Zvel egvipteSi nomis mmarTveli.

nubanda _ babilonSi sasaxlis mmarTveli, romelsac evaleboda jaris sardloba, mefis xazinis gankargva, sairigacio sistemebis mowesrigeba.
nudunumi (aqad. Nudunnm) qvrivobis
wili (saCuqari), romelic cols uzrunveloyofisaTvis gadaecema qmris gardacvalebis Semdeg.
o
ordali (frang. Ordalie wesrigi; msjavri)
_ Zvel da Sua saukuneebis samarTalSi
sasamarTlo mtkicebulebis gansakuTrebuli forma, e.w. `RvTis msjavri~; (cecxliT, wyliT da a.S. gamocda).
p
paiSaCa _ Zvel indoeTSi qorwinebis
erT-erTi saxeoba, romliTac igulisxmeboda mZinare, mTvrali an ugono qalis
faruli daufleba.
pratiloma
_ Zvel indoeTSi sxvadasxva kastis wevrebs Soris qorwinebis
akrZaluli forma [brahman qalsa da Su11

dra mamakacs Soris, anuloma ki brahman

kacsa da Sudra qals Soris].
prajapatia _ Zvel indoeTSi qorwinebis erT-erTi saxeoba, romliTac, sagangebo sityvebis warmoTqmis Semdeg, sasiZosaTvis sapatarZlos gadascema igulisxmeboda.
puroxita _ Zvel indoeTSi 1. mefis
mrCeveli samarTlebriv da religiur sakiTxebSi; 2. samefos umaRlesi qurumi da
mosamarTle.
r
rabianumi (aqad. rabinum) _ babilonSi
mefis mier daniSnuli Temis mamasaxlisi.
rakSasa _ Zvel indoeTSi qorwinebis
erT-erTi saxeoba, romliTac sacolis
motaceba igulisxmeboda.
redumi (aqad. rdm mdevneli, mexre) _
begaravaldebuli piri, romelsac miRebuli aqvs samefo miwis nakveTi samxedro
samsaxuris Sesrulebis mizniT; magaliTad, taZris, mefis, mosamarTleebis redumebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis davalebas asrulebdnen.
12

reinkarnacia _ sulTa gadasaxleba.

s
sabxa,
samiti _ Zvel indoeTSi 1.
warCinebulTa da xalxis warmomadgenelTa
kreba; 2. oTxi mosamarTlisagan Semdgari
sasamarTlo kolegia, romelsac brahmani
meTaurobda.
sekularizacia (frang. scularisation) _
sataZro-saeklesio
qonebis
(moZraviuZravi) gasaxelmwifoebrioba.
smriti (sansk. damaxsovreba, maxsovroba)
_ Zvel indoeTSi zepiri formiT gadacemuli samarTlebrivi codna, romelic
mogvianebiT, religiuri, zneobrivi da
samarTlebrivi minawerebis krebulebSi
aisaxa.
q
qSatria _ Zvel indoeTSi ierarqiulad meore safuxurze mdgomi kastis
wevri, romlis ufleba-movaleoba qveSevrdomTa dacva, wyalobis gacema, sakuTari saxeliT msxverplis Sewirva, vedebis Seswavla da amqveyniur siamovnebaze
uaris Tqma iyo. qSatriebs evalebodaT
qveynis marTva-gamgeblobaSi monawileoba.
13

S
Samalumi (Sum. amall(m) _ CanTis matarebeli) _ babilonSi mtvirTeli, saqonelis gamsaRebli; Tamqaris savaWro
agenti, romelsac Tamqari sxvadasxva sesxs
aZlevda da romlis winaSec igi iyo pasuxismgebeli.
Sanfu _ vanis piradi neba-survilebis
aRmsrulebeli, administraciuli da samxedro funqciebis ganmkargavi.
Saqanaqumi (aqad. Sakkanakkum) _ babilonSi olqis (provinciis) mmarTveli.
SenSi _ Zvel CineTSi profesiuli samoxeleo aparati.
SerikTumi (aqad. eriktum) _ babilonSi
mziTevi, romelic qaliSvils gaTxovebis
an taZarSi qurumad aRkvecis SemTxvevaSi
miecemoda (nadiTumi (sanskr. unayofo) _
`RvTis xasa~, qurumi qali, romelsac samefo miwaze wili hqonda; enTumi _ `RvTis qalbatoni~ an `RvTis da~; ziqrumi
_ taZris meZavi qali).
Sudra _ Zvel indoeTSi yvelaze dabali kastis warmomadgeneli, romlis mo14

valeoba zemdgomi wodebebis msaxureba

iyo. Sudra piradad Tavisufali adamiani
iyo, magram politikuri uflebiT ar
sargeblobda.

C
Candali _ Zvel indoeTSi xelmiukarebelTa kasta, romelic varnebis sistemis
miRma imyofeboda.
j
jati _ Zvel egvipteSi maRalCinosani
moxele, romelic faraonis miTiTebiT
saxelmwifos yvela saqmes xelmZRvanelobda.

15

elada

da romi
a

agora (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi saxalxo kreba, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

ganmaxorcielebeli umaRlesi organo.
antixreza (berZ. ) _ antikur
samarTalSi xelSekruleba, romlis Tanmadac kreditors ufleba hqonda dagiravebuli nivTis nayofiT, rogorc procentiT, ise esargebla xelSekrulebis
mixedviT.
areopagi (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi tomobrivi aristokratiis umaRlesi
organo, romelic uzenaes xelisuflebas
axorcielebda. areopagis wevrs areopagiti ewodeboda.
arqageti (berZ. ) _ spartaSi
tomobrivi aristokratiis meTauri, beladi, romlis warmoSobac dakavSirebulia lakonikasa da meseniaSi dorieli da
aqaveli tomebis SemosevasTan, ris Sedegad spartaSi Camoyalibda ori aristokratiuli sagvareulo _ ageadebi da
evriponpidebi, romelTa meTaurebic ar16

CeviT arqagetis Tanamdebobas ikavednen.

rogorc wesi, spartaSi samxedro qurumTuxucesisa da samemkvidreo sakiTxebis
gadawyvetas ori arqageti axorcielebda.
rva weliwadSi spartiadi eforebi rCevisaTvis mimarTavdnen delfosis orakuls,
romelsac ama Tu im arqagetis Tanamdebobaze yofnis mizanSewoniloba unda gadaewyvita. garda amisa, eforebi TveSi
erTxel arqagetebTan debdnen SeTanxmeba,
rom Tu patiosnad Seasruleben sakuTar
movaleobas, arqageti darCeboda Tanamdebobdaze, xolo efori ar SeuZlida mas
xels.
arqonti (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi
Tanamdebobis pirTa kolegia, romelic
klisTenes reformamde umaRles aRmarulebel xelisuflebas flobda. am kolegiaSi cxra wevri iyo eponimi, polemaqosi, bazilevsi da eqvsi TesmoTeti.
atimia (berZ. ) _ eladaSi politikuri da samoqalaqo uflebebis CamorTmeva; uRisrad gamocxadeba.

17

b
basilevsi (berZ. ) _ 1. homerosis periodis eladaSi arCeviTi tomobrivi Tanamdebobda, tomis beladi; 2.
Zvel aTenSi meore arqon(t)i, romelic
religiur kults ganagebda; 3.bizantiaSi
imperatoris erT-erTi wodeba.
bule (berZ. ) _ 1. homerosis epoqaSi uxucesTa sabWo; 2. solonis epoqaSi
oTxasTa sabWo; 3. klisTenes reformebis
Semdeg xuTasTa sabWo. bules wevrs bulebti ewodeboda
g
gerusia (berZ. ) _ spartaSi uxucesTa sabWo. gerusiis wevrs geronti
ewodeboda.
grafe
paranomoni
(berZ.

) _ Zvel aTenSi nebismieri moqalaqis ufleba heleiaSi gaasaCivros eklesiaSi Setanili kanonproeqti, romelic
moqmed kanonmdeblobas ewinaaRmdegeba.

18

d
deliqti (laT. Delictum) _ Zvel romSi
samarTaldarRveva, romelic kerZo pirs,
mis ojaxs an qonebas miadga. (iniuria, furtum)
deportacia (laT. Deportatio) _ 1. sasjelis saxe Zvel romSi, damnaSavis samisdRemSio gaZeveba.
diqtatori (laT. Dictator) _ romis respublikaSi
gansakuTrebuli
uflebebiT
aRWurvili
erTpirovnuli
mmarTveli,
Tanamdebobis piri, romelsac sagangebo
viTarebis dros 6 Tvis vadis irCevdnen
(Semdeg 1 wliT, xolo mogvianebiT uvadod).
dokimasia (berZ. ) _ Zvel
aTenSi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze asarCevi kandidatebis sagangebo Semowmeba.
dominiumi (laT. Dominium) _ kerZo sakuTrebis
ufleba
Zvel
romSi,
rac
nivTze srul batonobas gulisxmobda.

19

e
egzogamia (berZn. ) _ erTi gvaris an Temis warmomadgenlebs Soris
qorwinebis akrZalva.
edili (laT. Aedilis) _ romaeli magistri, romelsac evaleboda sazogadoebriv Senoba-nagebobebze, quCebis sisufTavesa, zomisa da wonis sizusteze meTvalyureoba. Tavdapirvelad, edilebi saxalxo tribunTa TanaSemweebi iyvnen. mogvianebiT ki, avgustusma maTi uflebebi
SezRuda, raTa ufro profesionaluri
administraciuli uwyeba Seeqmna. edilebs
daevalaT ezrunaT saxelmwifo Senobebis,
taZrebis, moednebis sisufTavesa da wesrigze; isini xelmZRvanelobdnen sportul asparezobebs, icavdnen saxelmwifo
xazinas, arigebdnen purs da a.S.
ediqti (laT. Edictum) _ 1. imperatoris
konstituticiebis erT-erTi saxe, mTeli
mosaxleobisaTvis saerTo savaldebulo
gankarguleba; 2. romaeli magistratebis
(mag., pretoris) sajaro gancxadebebi da
brZanebebi.

20

evikcia (laT. Evictio) _ romis samarTalSi myidvelisaTvis nivTis flobis

uflebis CamorTmeva im sarCelis safuZvelze, romelis nivTis kanonierma mesakuTrem waradgina mis winaaRmdeg.
evpatridi (berZ. ) _ atikis
aristokratiuli modgma, romelic aTenSi
klisTenes reformebamde privilegirebul
fenas warmoadgenda da mxolod maT
SeeZloT raime saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis
dakaveba.
emancipacia (laT. Emancipatio) _ Zvel
romSi Svilebis an SviliSvilebis mamis
xelisuflebidan samgzis fiqtiuri gayidvis gziT gaTavisufleba.
emfiTevzisi (berZ. ) _
kur da Sua saukuneebis samarTalSi
nivTze
uflebis
nairsaxeoba,
grZelvadiani memkvidreobiTi ijara
visebis uflebiT.

antisxvis
miwis
gasx-

efeti (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi sasamarTlo kolegia, romelic gaurfTxilebeli mkvlelobis saqmeebs ganixilavda.

21

efori (berZ. ) _ spartaSi yovelwlirad xuT efors irCevdnen, romelTac,

Tavdapirvelad,
mxolod
sasamarTlo
procesis warmoeba evalebodaT, xolo
mogvianebiT yvela saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirsa da TviT arqagets meTvalyureobdnen. spartaSi xuTi eforis Tanamdeboba qr.Sobamde 405 wels aristokratiuli oligarqiis warmomadgenlebma SemoiRes.
v
veto (laT. Veto) _ Zveli romSi plebeebis ufleba diqtatoris garda, nebismieri magistratis gadawyvetileba uareyoT.
T
Temenosi (berZ. ) _ homerosis
periodis eladaSi basilevsis sasargeblod gaRebuli miwis gansakuTrebuli
nadeli.
Teti (berZ. ) _ eladaSi gaRatakebuli meTeme glexi, romelic valauvalobis gamo monad iyideboda.

22

Toqsoti (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi

policiis funqciebis ganmaxorcielebeli
saxelmwifo mona.
i
imperatori (laT. Imperator) _ Tavdapirvelad, es iyo sapatio wodeba, romelic Zlevamosil mTavarsardals eniWeboda. mogvianebiT ki, imperiis uzenaesi
mmarTvelis wodeba gaxda.
imperiumi (laT. Imperium) _ Zvel romSi umaRlesi samxedro, administraciuli
da sasamarTlo xelisufleba, romelic
gaaCndaT diqtators, konsuls, pretorsa
da cxenosani razmebis meTaurebs; aseve,
adgilobrv romael nacvlebs provinciebSi (prokonsulsa da propretors).
instituciebi (laT. Institutiones) _ Zvel
romSi romaeli iuristebis naSromTa
erT-erTi saxe, romlebsac saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba hqondaT.
intencia (laT. Intentio) _ Zvel romSi
pretoris formulis mTavari Semadgeneli
nawili, romelSic mosarClis moTxovnebi
iyo mocemuli.
23

ipoTeka (berZ. ) _ antikur (berZnul-romaul) samarTalSi uZravi qonebis

dagiravebis saxe, roca ipoTekis nivTi
mevales rCeba.
k
kvestori (laT. Quaestor) _ dabali rangis Tanamdeboba romaul magistraturaSi.
kvestorad niSnavdnen romis moqalaqes
mxolod 30 wlis asakidan. misi saqmianoba
ZiriTadad, finansebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Tavisi movaleobis aRsrulebis
Semdeg eqs-kvestors saSualeba eZleobda
gaegrZelebina moRvaweoba senatSi an sxva
dawesebulebaSi.
kleruxia (berZ. miwis nakveTi,
- vflob) _ eladaSi aTenelTa samxedro
dasaxleba mokavSire polisSi.
klienti (laT. Clientes) _ Zvel romSi
ucxoelebi an gaRaribebuli romaeli moqalaqe, romelic particiuli ojaxis
mfarvelobaSi imyofeboda.
koloni (laT. Colonus) _ Zvel romSi
Tavdapirvelad, miwis Tavisufali meijare, xolo IV saukunidan miwaze samar24

Tlebrivad mijaWvuli glexi, romelsac

ekrZaleboda sakuTari dasaxlebis mitoveba.
komicia (laT. Comitia) _ Zveli romis
saxalxo kreba, romelic uflebamosili
iyo mieRo kanonebi (ganexorcielebina
sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba) da aerCia magistratebi. romSi Semdegi saxis komiciebi
arsebobda 1. centuriis kreba (Comitia centuriata) Zvel romSi moqmedi saxalxo kreba,
romlis wevrebi xmas centuriebis anu
aseulebis mixedviT aZlevdnen. 2. kuriis
kreba (Comitia curiata) Zvel romSi moqmedi
saxalxo kreba, romlis muSaobaSi monawileobas iRebda 30 patrici. 3. tribebis
kreba (Comitia tributa) Zvel romSi moqmedi
saxalxo kreba, romlis wevrebi xmas tribebis aZlevdnen.
kondemnacia (laT. Condemnatio) _ Zvel
romSi pretoris formulis ZiriTadi
nawili, romelSic igi mouwodebda mosamarTles mopasuxis gamarTlebis an gamtyunebisken.
konstitucia (laT. Constitutio) _ imperiis periodSi imperatoris mier gamoce25

muli aqti (ediqti, mandati, reskripti,

dekreti), romelic sxva magistratebis
aqtebsagan gansxvavebiT imperiis mTels
teritoriaze moqmedebda.
konsuli (laT. Consul) _ respublikis
periodidan moyolebuli konsuli iyo
umaRlesi wodeba, romelic imperiis periodSi sapatio Tanamdebobad iqca. Tavdapirvelad, saxalxo kreba irCevda or
konsuls patriciaTa modgmidan erTi
wlis vadiT. mogvianebiT, qr.Sobamde miRebuli iqna liciniusisa da seqstiusis
kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, erTi konsuli
aucileblad unda yofiliyo plebsis
warmomadgeneli. konsulebi sargeblobdnen xmis micemis uflebiT sisxlissamarTlebriv sasamarTlo procesebze; isini
ganagebdnen samoqalaqo samarTlis zogierT sferos, kerZod, monebTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebs. maT sapatio movaleobad
iTvleboda saxalxo asparezobisa da religiuri zeimebis mowyoba. konsulis Tanamdebobaze yofna ama Tu im pirs saSualebas aZlevda gza gaekafa sazogadoebriv
Tu samxedro sarbielze. konsulTa atributebad miiCneoda gansakuTrebuli toga,
saceremonio savarZeli da pirad mcvelTa
amala. qr.Sobamde 153 wels miRebuli ka26

nonis Tanaxmad, konsulTa inauguraciis

dRed daniSnuli iyo 1 ianvari.
kontumberniumi (laT. Contubernium) _
Zvel romSi monasa da Tavsufals Soris
qorwinebis msgavsi mudmivi, Tumca iuridiuli Sedegis armqone ojaxuri kavSiri,
Tanacxovreba.
kuria (laT. Curia) _ 1. Zvel romSi patriciebis aTi gvaris gaerTianeba; 2. imperiis periodSi provinciul qalaqebSi
municipaluri mmarTvelobis organo (qalaqis senati); 3. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis qveynebSi senioraluri sasamarTlo (senioris sabWo Tavis vasalebTan erTad) an kaTolikuri eklesiis
mmarTvelobis centraluri organoebis
erToblioba (papis kuria).
l
legati (laT. Legatum) _ romaul samarTalSi saanderZo danakisri, romlis Tanaxmadac, memkvidre valdebuli iyo anderZSi miTiTebuli pirisaTvis qonebis
gansazRvruli wili gadaeca.

27

legioni (laT. Legio) _ romis imperiis

samxedro SenaerTi, romelic 4 200 - 6
000 qveiTi da 300 cxenosnisagan Sedgeboda.
liqtori (laT. Lictor) _ piradi mcveli.
tradiciis Tanaxmad, liqtorTa instituti romSi etruskTa mibaZviT daaarsa romulusma. liqtorebi, dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. isini maRalCinosanTa
win
Camwkrivebulni
miabijebdnen
faskiebiT xelSi. yoveli magistratisaTvis liqtorTa gansazRvruli raodenoba
iyo dawesebuli. ase magaliTad, diqtatoris amalaSi 24 liqtori iricxeboda,
konsuls Tan axlda 12, pretors 6, imperators Tavdapirvelad 12, mogvianebiT
ki 24 liqtori.
liturgia (berZ. ) _ RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba. 1. Zvel aTenSi mdidar moqalaqeebze saxelmwifos sasargeblod dakisrebuli gansakuTrebuli movaleoba; 2. qristianuli eklesiaSi RvTismsaxureba.

28

m
mandati (laT. Mandatum) _ Zvel romSi
imperatoris konstituciebis erT-erTi
saxe, calkeuli moxeleebisaTvis micemuli
davalebebi.
mancipacia (laT. Mancipatio) _ romis
samarTalSi nivTiebis gasxvisebis mkacrad
gansazRvruli
forma,
romelic
xorcieldeboda spilenZisa da sasworis meSveobiT.
medimni (berZ.) _ Zvel aTenSi
wonis erTeuli (51.84 litri).

zoma-

meteki (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi metekebad iwodebodnen sxva polisidan an

qveynidan mosuli is ucxoelebi, romelTac qalaqSi cxovrebis ufleba garkveuli
sazRauris
safasurad
eZleodaT;
Tumca, maT politikuri uflebebi ar
hqondaT.
n
nabkraria (berZ. ) _ eladaSi
teritoriuli olqi, romelsac saTaveSi
pritani (ix. pritania) edga. am olqis
mcxovreblebs samxedro gemisa da misi
29

ekipaJis yovelwliuri aRWurva evalebodaT.

neqsumi (laT. Nexum) _ romis samarTalSi xelSekrulebis erT-erTi saxe,
romlis meSveobiTac mancipaciis formiTa da mevaleze `xelis dadebis~ muqariT
sxvadasxva saxis valebuleba (qiravnoba,
ijara, sakuTrebis gasxiseba) formdeboda.
nobiliteti (laT. Nobilitas) _ qr. Sobamde IV-III saukuneebSi romSi Camoyalibebuli umaRlesi wodeba, romelic yvelaze cnobil patriciebsa da mdidar
plebeur gvarebs aerTianebda.
novacia (laT. Novatio) _ romis samarTalSi xelSekrulebis monawileTa axali
pirebiT Canacvleba, an damatebiTi kreditoris an mevalis Semoyvana, an valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgilis, vadis an
pirobis Secvla.
o
optimatebi (laT. Optimates) _ Zvel
romSi Tavisufali moqalaqeebis gaerTianeba, romelic emxroboda senats da
30

qr.Sobamde I saukuneSi popularebis mowinaaRmdegeebad iTvlebodanen.

ostrakizmi (berZ. ) _ gaZeveba qoTnis natexebiT. aTenSi, argossa da
zogierT sxva qalaqSi arasasurvel adamians saxelmwifodan wilisyriT aZevebdnen. moqalaqe Tixis qoTnis natexze, romelsac `ostrakoni~ ewodeboda, amokawravda misTvis arasasureli kacis saxels. ostrakonebs agrovebdnen da iTvlidnen. maTi ricxvi samoci aTasze naklebi ar unda yofiliyo. xmebis daTvlis
Semdeg, gamoacxadebdnen im kacis saxels,
romelic met xmas miiRebda da mas aTi
wliT unda daetovebina qalaqi, ukan politikuri ufllebis gareSe dabrunebis
uflebiT.
p
patricebi (laT. Patricii) _ Zvel romSi
warCinebuli umaRlesi Caketili wodeba,
romelTa warmomavloba saerTo winaprisagan aiTvleboda.
pedonomi (berZ. ) _ spartaSi
Tanamdebobis piri, romelsac 20 wlamde
vaJebis aRzrda evaleboda.
31

pekuliumi (laT. Peculium) _ Zvel romSi

mamasaxlisis mier vaJiSvilis an monisaTvis damoukideblad samarTavad gadacemuli qonebis nawili.
pentakosiomedimni
(berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi solonis reformebis Sedegad Tavisufali mosaxleobis
qonebrivi niSniT gansazRvruli umeRlesi Tanrigi.
peregrini (laT. Per - Tvis, Agere - miwa)
_ Zvel romSi ucxoeli, dapyrobili an
damorCilebuli uxco qveynis warmomadgeneli.
periekebi (berZ. ) _ spartaSi
arasruluflebiani
Tavisufali
mosaxleoba, romelic vaWrobasa da xelosnobas misdevda.
plebeebi (laT. Plebs) _ AZvel romSi
sagvareulo Temis miRma darCenili mosaxleoba an gaRaribebuli da sakuTar
Tems CamoSorebuli wevrebi.
poletebi (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi
aTi wevrisagan Semdgari kolegia, romelic saxelmwifo xarjebs akontrolebda.
32

popularebi (laT. Populares) _ Zvel

romSi Tavisufali moqalaqeebis opoziciuri politikuri dajgufeba, romelic
senaturi oligarqiisa da optimatebis
winaaRmdeg ibrZoda.
preskripcia (laT. Praescriptio) _ Zvel
romSi pretoris procesualuri formulis is nawili, romelic, intenciis win
iwereboda da es iyo uaryofiTi piroba,
romelic
mosarClis
sasasargeblod
zRudavda davis sagans.
pretori (laT. Praetor) _ Zvel romSi
bolo reqsis gaZevebis Semdeg damkvidrebuli Tanamdebodba. pretorebis saqmianobis umTavresi sfero samoqalaqo samarTaliT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis
gadawyveta iyo. imperiis periodSi pretorTa poziciebi Sesustda. maT movaleobaTa ZiriTadi nawili gadaeca qalaqTa prefeqtebs. arsebobda qalaqisa
(praetor urbanus) da ucxoelebis (praetor peregrinus) pretori.
prefeqti (laT. Praefectus) _ umaRlesi
Tanamdebobis pirTa wodeba armisa Tu
samoqalaqo samsaxurSi. prefeqtis wode33

bas iRebdnen mxolod senatorebi an mxedarTa fenis warmomadgenlebi.

principati (laT. Principatus) _ Zvel
romSi
imperiis
pirveli
periodi
(qr.Sobamde I _ qr.Sobis III saukuneebi),
oqtaviane avgustusis dros Camoyalibebuli mmarTvelobis erTgvari forma, piradi mmarTvelobis gansakuTrebuli reJimi.
princepsi (laT. Princeps) _ araoficialuri, Tumca friad mniSvnelovani wodeba, romelic `pirvel saxelmwifo moRvawes~ gulisxmobda. respublikis periodis romSi princepsi ewodeboda senatis
nusxis saTaveSi mdgom pirs, romelic
`pirveli xmis uflebiT~ sargeblobda;
magaliTad, pompeusi, ciceroni. imperiis
epoqaSi `princepsi~ imperatoris wodeba
gaxda, Tumca, saxelmwifoebrivi an samarTlebrivi datvirTva mas ar hqonda. pirvel xanebSi es wodeba prestiJuli iyo.
kaligulas mmarTvelobidan (qr.Sobis 3741 w.) moyolebuli ki, man sabolood dakarga Tavisi mniSvneloba.
pritania (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi
bules samorigeo kolegia, romlis Ziri34

Tadi mizani saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri

saqmianobis uSualo gaZRola iyo.
provokacia (laT. Provocatio) _ Zvel
romSi gansasjelis ufleba sasikvdilo
ganaCenis gasaCivrebisaTvis komiciis an
plebsis tribunisaTvis miermarTa.
prokulianelebi (laT. Procul(e)iani) _
Zvel romSi samarTlebrivi skola, romelic faqtobrivad labeonma daaarsa.
misi mimdevrebi respublikis periodis
romaeli iuristebis tradiciebs ganagrZobdnen da kazuistikisi sferoSi warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen. (ix. sabinianelebi)
proletarebi (laT. Proles) _ Zvel
romSi qalaqis Raribi mosaxeloba, uqoneli moqalaqeebi, romlebic saxelmwifosaTvis sasargebloni iyvnen imiT, rom
qveynis genofonds zrdidnen da aRwerilni iyvnen rogorc `Sefasebuli Tavebi~
(laTinuri: capite censi).
r
reqsi (laT. Rex) _ uZveles romSi tomis arCeviTi beladi; mefe.
35

reskripti (laT. Rescriptum) romSi imperatoris erT-erTi konstituciaTagani,

riTac imperatori pasuxobda calkeul
pirs an magistrats, romelic samarTlebriv sakiTxebze rCevisaTvis mimarTavda
imperators.
s
sabinianelebi (laT. Sabiniani) _ Zvel
romSi samarTlebrivi skola, romelic
sabinianusis moswavlem kasiusi longinusma Camoayaliba. am skolis warmomadgenlebi samarTlis sistematizaciasa da iuridiuli teqnikis safuZvlebs SeimuSavebdnen.
senati (laT. Senatus) _ romSi uxucesTa
sabWo arsebobda jer kidev reqsebis periodSi. senatis wevrebi iyofodnen rangebad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra Tanamdebobebs flobdnen adre (konsulebi, pretorebi, edilebi, tribunebi, kvestorebi).
diskusiis
dros
senatorebs
sityvis
Tqmis ufleba am rangebis mixedviT eniWebodaT. senatis saTaveSi idga yvelaze
Rirseuli senatorTagan, mas princepsi
ewodeboda (princeps senatus). senatis funqciebSi Sedioda kanonebis miReba, arCev36

nebis Sedegebis damtkiceba; magistratebis

saqmianobaze zedamxedveloba da maTTvis
rCevebis micema; saSinao politikis warmarTva; finansebTan dakavSirebul problemebis gadawyveta. mis dadgenilebebs,
iseve rogorc saxalxo krebisa Tu plebsis krebis gankargulebebs, kanonis Zala
eniWeboda.
senatuskonsultumi (laT. SenatusConsultum) _ Zvel romSi senatis dadgenileba,
romelic principatis periodidan romis
samarTlis wyaro gaxda.
servituti (laT. Servitutes) _ romis samarTalSi sxvis nivTze sanivTo ufleba,
riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba nivTis sruli
an nawilobrivi floba, rac uSualodaa
miwasTan an konkretul pirTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sikofantesi (berZ. ) _ profesionali damsmeni, cilismwamebeli. qr.
Sobamde V saukunidan Zvel aTenSi upasuxismgeblo
cilismwamebels
sastikad
sjidnen.
simaqia (berZ. ) _ eladaSi delosis sazRvao kavSiri, romelic aerTia37

nebda aTenis egidiT Seqmnil sxvadasxva

poliss.
sinoikizmi (berZ. ) _ eladaSi
atikis sagvareulo Temebis nebayoflobiTi an iZulebiTi gaerTianeba politikur
erTobad.
sisaxTia (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi solonis reforma, romliTac gauqmda
savalo monoba.
sisitiebi (berZ. ) _ spartaSi
spartanelebis savaldebulo erToblivi
sadili, romelic imavdroulad saomar
qvedanayofs warmoadgenda.
solidi (laT. Solidus) _ 312 wels konstantines mier aureus-is magivrad SemoRebuli oqros moneta. erTi solidis
wona 1/72 romaul funts (libra) udrida.
monetis moWris eqskluziuri ufleba aRmosavleT-romis imperatorebs hqondaT.
rogorc fulis erTeuli solidi bizantiis imperiis dacemamde arsebobda da
mTel evropaSi iyo mimoqcevaSi. amaze metyvelebs mogvianebiTi periodis terminebi soldo (italiuri), sou (franguli).
38

stipulacia (laT. Stipulatio) _ romis

samarTalSi
abstraqtuli
verbaluri
xelSekrulebis uZvelesi saxe, romelic
gansazRvruli sityvieri formuliT ideboda.
strategosi (berZ. ) _ Zvel
aTenSi
mxedarTmTavari.
qr.Sobamde
508/507 wels Zvel aTenSi Seiqmna aTi
strategosisagan Semdgari kolegia, romelsac
yovelwliurad
irCevdnen
da
romlebic armiasa da flots meTaurobdnen. gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi strategosi-avtokratori mxadarTmTavari xdeboda
da
saxelmwifoSi
mTel
Zalauflebas
iZenda.
t
tetrarqia (berZ. ) _ romis
imperiaSi mmarTvelobis gansakuTrebuli
sistema, rac saxelmwifo teritoriis
oTxad dayofas efuZneba. es sistema Camoyalibda imperator diokletianesa da
misi TanammarTvelis keisris periodSi.
triba (laT. Tribus) _ 1. uZveles romSi
aTi kuriisagan Semdgari gaerTianeba,
39

tomi; 2. servius tuliusis reformis Sedegad teritoriuli olqi.

tribuni (laT. Tribunus) _ Zvel romSi
umniSvnelovanesi arCeviTi Tanamdeboba.
plebsis interesebis damcvel tribuns
ewodeboda saxalxo tribuni tribunebi
Tavis amomrCevelTa interesebis Tavgamodebuli damcveliebi iyvnen. sargeblobdnen ra gansakuTrebuli uflebebiT, isini
akontrolebdnen
romael
politikosTa
saqmianobas; maT SeeZloT nebismieri institutis an piris (diqtatoris garda)
win aRdgoma. qr.Sobamde I saukunidan
tribunis Tanamdeboba yvelaze avtoritetuli da sapatio gaxda. . tribunis Tanamdeboba arsebobda legionebSic samxedro tribunis saxelwodebiT.
trierarqia (berZ. ) _ eladaSi
liturgiis gansakuTrebuli saxe, rac
SeZlebul aTenelebs sakuTari xarjebiT
samxedro gemis aRWurvas avaldebulebda.
tritiebi (berZ. ) _ eladaSi gansakuTrebuli regionebi (saqalaqo, sanapiro, samiwaTmoqmedo), romlebic Sediodnen klisTenes reformebiT dawesebul aT
teritoriul filaSi.
40

triumfi (laT. Triumphus) _ gamarjvebis

niSnad mTavarsardlis pativsacemad gamarTuli zeimi.
u
uzufruqti (laT. Usus - sargebloba,
fructus - nayofi) _ sxvisi nivTis nayofiT
sargeblobis ufleba.
f
faskia (laT. Fascia) _ tyavis TasmebiT
Sekruli wnelTa kona, romelSic culi
iyo Camagrebuli. faskiebs romis maRali
wodebis
is magistratebi atarebdnen,
romlebic
sadamsjelo
xelisuflebas
axorcielebdnen.
federatebi (laT. Foederatus) _ imperiis periodis romSi germanuli tomebis
warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac romTan samokavSireo da sazRvrebis dacvis SeTanxmeba gaaformes.
fideikomisi
(laT. Fideicommissum) _
romis samarTalSi anderZis Sedgenis gareSe araformaluri danakisri mesame pi41

ris sasargeblod samkidro qonebis gadacemis Sesaxeb.

fiducia (laT. Fiducia) _ romis samarTalSi ndobaze dafuZnebuli dagiravebis
forma, romlis drosac dagiravebuli
nivTi kreditoris sakuTrebad iTvleboda.
file (berZ. ) _ 1. homerosis periodis eladaSi atikis tomi; 2. Zvel aTenSi klisTenes reformebiT Seqmnili teritoriul-politikuri olqi.
fiski (laT. Fiscus) _ Zvel romSi imperatoris xazina.
formula (laT. Formula) _ 1. Zvel roSi
mosamarTlisadmi gankuTvnili pretoris
mokle ganawesi imis Sesaxeb, faqtiuri Tu
iuriduli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
rogor unda gaamarTlos an gaasamarTlos mopasuxe; 2. adreuli Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi romelime garegebis gamaformebeli sigeli, sabuTis nimuSi.

42

fseTizma (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi

calkeuli pirebisaTvis eklesiis dadgenileba.
c
cenzori (laT. Censor) _ mniSvnelovani
magistrati
respublikuri
periodis
romSi. cenzorebs yofil konsulTagan
irCevdnen 5 weliwadSi erTxel; maTi uflebamosilebis
vada
18
TviT
ganisazRvreboda. cenzorTa umTavres movaleobad mosaxleobis (rogorc Tavisufali, ise monebis) aRricxva, mxedarTa da
senatorTa nusxebis revizia iTvleboda.
cenzors ufleba hqonda amoewera an Caewera am nusxaSi pirebi. aqedan gamomdinare, cenzorebi sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen
moqalaqeTa znis zedamxedvelobis funqciasac. garda amisa, cenzorTa saqmianoba
dakavSirebuli iyo saxelmwifo biujetis
ganawilebasTanac,
qalaqis
nagebobaTa
dacvasTan da a.S.
centuria (laT. Centuria) _ Zvel romSi
1. aseuli, rogorc romauli jaris erTeuli; 2. romael moqalaqeTa qonebrivi
cenzis mixedviT gaerTianeba komiciebSi
monawileobis miRebis mizniT.
43

cesia (laT. Cessio) _ romaul samarTalSi sasamarTlo wesiT uflebis daTmoba,

kvitiruli uflebis gadacemis formaluri saSualeba pretoris TandaswrebiT
formaluri sasamarTlo davis meSveobiT.
civitasi (laT. Civitas) _ Zvel romSi
Temi-saxelmwifo,
uZvelesi
laTinebis,
sabinianelebisa da etruskebis tomebis
gaerTianebis Sedegi.
h
helieia (berZ. ) _ Zvel aTenSi sasamrTlo organo, romelic solonis periodSi sisxlis samarTlis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani saqmeebis gansaxilvelad da kanonmdeblobis sferos makontroleblad Seiqmna. helieias wevrs helieasti ewodeboda.
hiloTebi, iloTebi (berZ. ) _
eladaSi meseniis avtoqtonuri (ZirZveli)
mosaxleoba, romelic spartis mier dapyrobis Semdeg saxelmwifo monebi gavxdnen.
isini miwis nakveTebze mimagrebuli monebi iyvnen da maTi movaleoba iyo spartanelebisaTvis am miwidan aRebuli Semosavlis naxevari miecaT. zogjer maT sam44

xedro samsaxurac avalebdnen msubuqi

qveiTebis saxiT. sruliad uuflebo hiloTebi spartanelebis mxridan mkacr mopyrobasa da usamarTlobas awydebodnen.
Sesabamisad, hiloTebi araerT ajanyebas
awyobdnen.
hipomeioni (berZ. ) _ `fskerze
daSvebuli is spartiatebi, romlebsac
ar ergoT klerosi, ver moipoves beiTalmani qoneba da aekrZalaT sisitiebSi
monawileoba.
hopliti (berZ.
) _ eladaSi
mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari.

45

adre da Sua saukuneebis periodis dasavleT evropa

a
absolutizmi (frang. Absolutisme) _
feodaluri
wyobilebis
saxelmwifoSi
mmarTvelobis forma, rodesac SeuzRudavi umaRlesi xelisufleba monarqs ekuTvnis.
alodi (germ. Al - sruli, Od - mflobeloba) _ Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi
Tavisuflad
gasxvisebadi
miwaTmflobeloba, individualuri saojaxo
sakuTreba.
antrustioni _ frankebis samefoSi
mmarTvelis mosamsaxure (msaxuri), romelic kanonis gansakuTrebuli mfarvelobiT
sargeblobda.
arier-vasali (frang. Arriere Vassal daqvemdebarebuli feodali) _ Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi vice-vasali (valvasori), wvrili an saSualo feodali,
romelic msxvil feodalebze, gvirgvinis
an perebis vasalebze iyo damokidebuli.
46

asiza (gviani laT. Assisa sxdoma) _ 1.Sua

saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi feodalTa
sxdoma; 2. Sua saukuneebis inglisSi mefis
gankarguleba an sasamarTlo sarCelis
saxe, an gamsvleli sasamarTlo nafic
msajulTa monawileobiT.
aTatomia _ frankebis samefoSi qonebis gadacemis simboluri sajaro aqti,
mesame piris sasargeblod Cuqebis xelSekrulebis erTgvari saxe, romelic anderZis elementebs Seicavs.
b
bazilika (berZ. ) _ bizantiaSi
berZnul enaze dawerili sakanonmdeblo
aqtebis krebuli, romelic X saukuneSi
dasrulda, krebulis 60 wigni imdroisaTvis jer kidev moqmedi iustinianes
samarTals kompilacias Seicavs.
baii (frang. Bailli) _ Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi daSnis an mantiis moxele, romelic samarTals mefis an senioris saxeliT axorcielebda.
bani (frang. Ban) _ 1. Sua saukuneebis
evropaSi vasalebis samxedro samsaxurSi
47

gawveva; 2. frankebis samefoSi CveulebiTi

samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli mefis uflebamosileba
gamosces
sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi; 3. Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi mefis ganaCeniT gasamarTlebis ufleba.
banaliteti (frang. Banalite _ seniorisTvis gankuTvnili) _ Sua saukuneebis
dasavleT evropaSi sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebaze (wisqvili, Rumeli, venaxi da
sxva) senioris monopoliuri ufleba.
beilifi (ingl. Bailiff) _ Sua saukuneebis inglisSi sasamarTlo moxele, aseulis ufrosi da Serifis TanaSemwe.
beneficiumi (laT. Beneficium - wyaloba)
_ Sua saukuneebis evropaSi miwis samisdReSio pirobiTi mflobeloba, samxedro an administraciuli samsaxurisaTvis
vasalis anazRaureba.
buklendi (ing. Bookland) _ Sua saukuneebis inglisSi miwis mflobeloba, romelic mefis mier saeklesio dawesebulebis an aristokratiis warmomadgenls
wyalobis saxiT gadaecema.

48

breve (laT. Breve mokle) _ romis papis

normatiuli aqtis erT-erTi saxe.
bula (laT. Bulla _ liTonis burTi) _
romis papis an germaniis imperatoris
normatiuli aqti (sigeli, dadgenileba an
gankarguleba), romelic mrgvali liTonisebri beWdiT iluqeboda.
burJua (frang. Bourgeois) _ 1. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi saqalaqo fenis warmomadgeneli; 2. Sua saukuneebis
safrangeTSi aseve msxvili mewarme an finansisti.
g
gerefa _ normandiul inglisamde mefis warmomadgeneli farTo sasamarTlopoliciuri uflebebiT, qalaqis an olqis
mmarTveli.
glafordi (ing. Glaford) _ anglosaqsebSi erlebis an temebis ricxvidan
mfarveli, romelic sagadasaxado imunitetis sigeliT da mTel saimuniteto teritoriaze sapolicio da sasamarTlo
xelisuflebiT iyo aRWurvili.
49

glosatorebi (berZ. ucxo,

gaugebari sityvebis ganmarteba) _ Sua
saukuneebis italieli iuristebi, romlebic romis samarTlis naSromebSi calkeul debulebebsa Tu terminebs ganmartavdnen da TavianT mokle komentarebs
anu glosebs striqonebs Soris an teqstis velze werdnen.
e
epitimia (berZ. sasjeli) _ eklesiis kanonebisa da mRvdlebis miTiTebebis darRvevisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli
saeklesio sasjeli, romelic xangrZliv
locvebs, mkacr marxvebsa da uziareblobas gulisxmobda.
eresi (berZ. ) _ mZime danaSauli,
romelic
dogmatikis,
kulturisa
da
saeklesio organizaciis sakiTxebSi eklesiis oficialuri doqtrinidan gadaxvevas gulisxmobs.
erli (ing. Earl) _ normadniuli periodamdel inglisSi gvarovnuli aristokratia, mogvianebiT _ grafi.

50

v
`varskvlavTa palata~ (ing. Court of
Star Chamber) _ Sua saukuneebis inglisSi
sagangebo/gansakuTrebuli
sasamarTlo,
romelic politikuri danaSaulis saqmeebs ganixilavda.
vasali (frang. Vassal _ daqvemdebarebuli, msaxuri) _ Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi miwaTmflobeli, romelic
Tavis seniors eqvemdebarebnoda da vasaluri garigebis safuZvelze, valdebuli
iyo mis sasargeblod garkveuli samsaxuri gaewia.
vergeldi (germ. Wergeld - adamianis fasi) _ adre Sua saukuneebis samarTalSi
Tavisufali adanianis mokvlisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli fuladi kompensacia.
vikariusi (laT. Vicarius Camnacvlebeli,
Semcvleli) _ saepiskoposoSi, monasterSi sasuliero piris moadgile; kaTolikuri eklesia romis paps `ieso qristes
vikariuss~ uwodebs.
vilani (laT. Villa _ mamuli, nakveTi) _
Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi glex51

obis kategoria, romelic batonze garkveulwilad iyo damokidebuli.

votCina (rus. B) _ mamuli, upirobo miwaTmflobelobis forma ruseTSi.
z
zakupi (rus. ) _ kievis ruseTSi
mosaxleobis kategoria, romelic kreditoris sasargeblod muSaobda aRebuli
valis dasafaravad.
i
imediatizacia (frang.) _ Sua saukuneebis evropaSi arier-vasalebis uSualod mefisadmi daqvemdebarebaSi gadasvlis procesi.
inkvizicia (laT. Inquisitio - gamoZieba,
gamokvleva) _ Sua saukuneebis evropaSi
kaTolikuri eklesiis tribunali, romelic sagamoZiebo, sasamarTlo da sadamsjelo funqciebs axorcieleba. rogorc ki qristianoba oficialurad religiad dakanonda, yvela sxva religiuri
mimdinareobisa Tu ideologiis devna
daiwyo. inkviziciis mTavari mizani iyo
52

kaTolikuri eklesiisaTvis maqsimaluri

sargeblis motana da saero xelisuflebisaTvis Semosavlebis mozidva. aRniSnuli tribunali eresebs ebrZoda (ix. eresi).
ini (ing. Inn of Court) _ Sua saukuneebis
inglisSi daxuruli iuridiuli korporacia, sadac momaval mosamarTleebsa da
samarTaldamcvelebs amzadebdnen.
intendanti (frang. Intendant) _ Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi mefis mier daniSnuli provinciis mmarTveli, romelsac
administraciuli, safinanso da sasamarTlo xelisufleba gaaCnda.
iusticiari _ Sua saukuneebis inglisSi inglis-normandielTa mefeebisa da
plantagentebis dinastiis pirveli mefeebis dro umaRlesi mosamarTle da mrCeveli.
k
kamerariusi (laT. Camerarius) 1. frankebis samefoSi erT-erTi umaRlesi Tanamdeboba; 2. adrefeodalur germaniasa da
normandiul inglisSi xazinis Semosav53

lebsa da sasaxlis qonebaze zedamxedveli

piri.
kanoni (berZ. norma, wesi) _
1.kanonikuri
normebis
erToblioba;
2.bizantiaSi miwis gadasaxadi.
kapitulari (laT. Capitulum - Tavi, kanonis muxli) _ adreuli Sua saukuneebis
evropaSi mefis aqti.
kerli (ing.) _ anglo-saqsebis samefoSi
Tavisufali meTeme glexi.
komendacia (laT. Commendere - rwmuneba,
gadacema) _ Sua saukuneebis evropaSi
mfarvelobis gansakuTrebuli xelSekruleba, romelic eklesia-monastersa da
glexs Soris formdeboda.
kompozicia
_
dazaralebulisaTvis
zianis fuladi anazRaureba.
konetabli (frang. conntable) _ 1. Sua
saukuneebis safrangeTSi mTeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis meTauri; 2. Sua saukuneebis
inglisSi samxedro iurisdiqciis mqone
Tanamdebobis piri.

54

kopiholdi (ing. copyhold) _ Sua saukuneebis

inglisSi
damoukidebeli
miwaTmflobeloba, rodesac piradi da miwis gadasaxadis gadaxda manoris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis aslebis safuZvelze xdeba.
kurfiursti _ Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi erT-erTi (sam sasuliero da oTx
saero) yvelaze gavlenian da msxvil feodalTagani, romelic imperators irCevda.
kutiumi (frang. coutume) _ Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi calkeuli provinciis,
senioriis, Temis samarTlebrivi Cveuleba.
l
landzasi (germ.) _ Sua saukuneebSi
germaniis mosaxleoba, romelic ijariT
aRebul miwis nakveTebze cxovrobda.
landrexti (germ. landrecht) _ Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi 1.adgilobrivi samarTali (calkeuli miwis samarTali), romelic
`sagrafo
iurisdiqciis~
sasamrTloebSi gamoiyeneboda; 2.`saqsoniis
sakris~ erT-erTi nawili.
55

lendlordi (ing. Landlord) Sua saukuneebis inglisSi memkvidreobiTi msxvili

miwaTmflobeli-aristokrati.
lenrexti (germ. Lehrnrecht) _ Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi samarTlis normaTa erToblioba, romelic miwaTmflobelobasTan dakavSirebiT seniorsa da vasals
Soris urTierTobas argulirebda.
leti _ anglo-saqsebis samefoSi Temis
SezRudulqmedunariani,
naxevradTavisufali mosaxle.
liti _ 1. frankebis samefoSi Temis
SezRudulqmedunariani
naxevradTavisufali mosaxle; 2. Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi glexebis kategoria.
m
maiorati (laT. maior _ didi, ufrosi)
_ memkvidreobis gansakuTrebuli principi, romlis mixedviTac mamkvidreblis
uZravi qoneba ufros vaJiSvils an gvaris
ufros mamakacs gadaecemoda.
maiordomi (frang. majerdeum) _ frankebis
samefoSi
samefo
administraciis
ufrosi.
56

malusi (laT. malus) _ frankebis samefoSi aseulis Tavisufali adamianebis

Sekreba.
ministeriali _ 1. frankebis samefoSi
umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri; 2. Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi mefisa da samxedroadministraciuli valdebulebebis mqone
msxvili feodalis araTavisufali msaxuri.
o
omaJi (laT. Homo _ adamiani, frang.
Homage) _ Sua saukuneebis dasavleT
evropaSi vasaluri xelSekrulebis dadebisa da raindad kurTxevis wesi, romelsac Tan erTgulebis dapirebac axlda.
p
prevo (frang. Prvt) _ Sua saukuneebis
safrangeTSi sasamarTlo, sagadasaxado da
sxva funqciebiT aRWurvili administraciul-teritoriuli olqis mmarTveli.
prekariumi (laT. Praecarium - TxovniT
gadacemuli) _ Sua saukuneebis evropaSi
glexsa da batons Soris dadebuli xel57

Sekruleba, romelic batonis mier glexisaTvis, mfarvelobaSi Sesvlisa da mis

sasargeblod gadasaxadebisa da sxvadasxva
movaleobis Sesrulebis pirobiT, miwis
nakveTis gadacemas gulisxmobda
peri (frang. Paire) _ 1.Sua saukuneebis
evropaSi msxvili feodalebi, romlebic
formalurad mefis vasalebi iyvnen, Tumca faqtiurad mefis Tanasworad miiCnevdnen Tavs; 2. Sua saukuneebis inglisis
parlamentSi lordTa palatis wevrebi.
posluxi (rus. ) _ ruseTSi mowmis saxe, romelmac danaSaulis Sesaxeb
gadmocemiT icis, monacemebi gziT moipova.
prodaJa (rus. ) _ sisxlis samarTlis sasjeli (jarima), romelic odenoba danaSaulis simZimis mixedviT dgindeboda. pridaJas dazaralebuls an mis
ojaxs uxdidnen.
J
Jakeria (frang. Jacquerie) _ 1358 wels
safrangeTis CrdiloeTiT glexebis antifeodaluri ajanyeba. aRniSnuli saxel58

wodeba miiRo safrangeTSi glexebs Soris farTod gavrcelebuli saxelis Jacques Jak - mixedviT. ajanyebulebis feodaluri daqvemdebarebulobisa da saglexo damokidebulebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.
Jeneraliteti (frang. Gnralit) _ Sua
saukuneebis
safrangeTSi
sagadasaxado
mizniT calke gamoyofili sagangebo olqebi.
r
raindi _ Sua saukuneebis dasavleT
evropaSi
samxedro-feodalur
wodebas
mikuTvnebuli piri.
raxinburgi _ frankebis samefoSi samarTlisa da adgilobrivi Cveulebebis
mcodneebi,
aseulebis
sasamarTloebis
procesebis monawileebis.
reipusi _ frankebis samefoSi qvrivis
gamosasyidi, romelsac momavali meuRle
sacolis gardacvlili qmris naTesavebs
uxdida.
remonstracia _ Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi parizis parlamentis preroga59

tiva uari Tqvas mefis ordonansebis registraciaze.

s
seneSali _ 1. karolingebis dinastiis
frankebis samefoSi mefis administraciis
ufrosi; 2. Suasaukueneebis safrangeTSi
gvirgvinis warmomadgeneli balis uflebebiT seniors mierTebuli domenis da
sasazRvro teritoriebze.
servi (laT. Servus _ miwaze mimagrebuli
mona) _ Sua saukuneebis evropaSi piradad damoukidebeli glexi, romelic batonis sasargeblod naturiTa da fuliT
ixdida gadasaxads.
skabini _ frankebis samefoSi aseulTa
sasamarTlos wevri.
t
triaJi (frang. Triage) _ absolutizmis
periodis safrangeTSi Tavadebis mier
saglexo Temis kuTvnili miwis erTi mesamedis gamoRebis ufleba, xazinaSi saTanado Tanxis gadaxdis sanacvlod.
tungini _ frankebis samefoSi aseulTa
sasamarTlos warmomadgeneli.
60

u
uitenagemoti (ing. Witenagemot) _ normandiul inglisamde mefesTan arsebuli
`brZenTa~ sabWo.
f
faris fuli _ Sua saukuneebis inglisSi fuladi konpensacia, romelsac
vasalebi samxedro samsaxurisagan gaTavisufelbis sanacvlod mefis sasargeblod
ixdidnen.
feodi (laT. Feodum) _ Sua saukuneebis
dasavleT evropaSi memkvidreobiTi miwaTmflobeloba, romelic seniorisagan
vasals garkveuli (samxedro, administraciuli) samsaxuris sanacvlod hqonda nawyalobebi.
folklendi (ing. Folkland) _ Sua saukuneebis inglisSi Tavisufali meTemis miwis mflobeloba.
formariaJi (frang. Formariage) _ Sua
saukuneebis safrangeTSi batonis mier
qorwinebaze gacemuli sagangebo nebarTva.

61

friholdi (ing. freehold) _ Sua saukuneebis inglisSi, piradi an rainduli samsaxuris sanacvlod, miwebis Tavisufali
mflobeloba, aseve Tavisufali glexis
miwaze mflobeloba, risTvisac glexi
lords fiqsirebul Tanxas uxdida.
S
SevaJi _ Sua saukuneebis periodis safrangeTSi servis mier gadaxdili suladobrivi gadasaxadi.
Serifi _ Sua sakuneebis periodis inglisSi Tanamdebobis piri, romelsac adgilebze sasamarTlo, sapolicio, samxedro
da
finansuri
uflebamosileba
gaaCnda.
Sefeni _ Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi
`arakeTilSobili~
Tavisufali
mosaxleobis warmomadgeneli, romelTa rigebidan saTemo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebs irCevdnen.
Sefenebis sasamarTlo _ germaniasa
da skandinaviaSi sasamarTlos forma,
rodesac profesionali mosamarTle da
mosaxleobis
warmomadgenlebi
erTian
kolegias qmnidnen.
62

C
CinSi germaniaSi glexebze dakisrebuli saijaro fuladi gadasaxadi.
c
cenzitariusi _ wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi periodis safrangeTSi piradad
Tavisufali masa, romelic sakuTari senioris sasargeblod ixdidad fulis
rentas (cenzs), romlis moculobac mudmivad icvleboda.
j
jentri (frang. Genterie) _ Sua saukuneebis inglisSi `axali aznauroba~, miwaTmflobelebi, romlebic axal, kapitalistur meurneobasTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni.
h
hoftagi _ Sua saukuneebis germaniaSi
imperatorTan arsebuli samefo sabWo,
romelic mniSvelovan saxelmwifo saqmeebs
ganixilavda.
herioti _ 1. normandiulmde inglisSi vasalis qonebis nawili, rogorc wesi,
63

misi SeiaraReba, romelic memkvidreobis

wesiT seniorze gadadioda; 2. Sua saukuneebis periodis inglisSi miwis gadasaxadikopigoldis memkvidreobiT miRebisas.

64

Tanamedrove epoqa
a
abolicionizmi (ing. Abolitionism gauqmeba, uaryofa) _
aSS-Si monobis gasauqmeblad warmoebuli moZraoba, romelic
organizaciulad
XIX saukunis
20-ian
wlebSi gaformda; abolicionizmi aseve
gvxvdeba didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa
da sxva qveynebis koloniebSic.
administraciuli
iusticia _ 1.
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi kanonierebis dacvaze zedamxedvelobis sagangebo organoTa sistema; 2. erTi mxriv,
moqalaqes an organizaciasa da meore
mxriv, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organos
Soris
administraciul-samarTlebrivi
davebis gadawyvetis sagangebo procesualuri wesi.
avtoritarizmi (laT. Auctoritatis _ xelisufleba, Zalaufleba, franguli autoriratisme) _ 1. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
antidemokratiuli
sistema,
romelic,
rogorc wesi, pirovnul an klasobriv
diqtaturas emyareba; 2. politikuri reJimi, romelic xasiaTdeba erTi uwyebis
65

an erTi piris xelSi moqceuli centralizebuli

saxelmwifo
xelisuflebiT,
rasac uapelacio mmarTvelobis meTodi
da upirobo daqvemdebarebuloba axasiaTebs.
aneqsia (laT. Annexio _ mierTeba) _
saxelmwifosTan romelime teritoriis
mierTeba, rasac, Cveulebriv, win uZRvis
mierTebuli teritoriis dapyroba an
okupacia.
`asi dRe~ _ safrangeTSi napoleon I-is
mmarTvelobis periodi (1815 wlis 20
marti _ 22 ivnisi), romelic misi kunZul elbaze gaqcevis Semdeg damyarda da
vaterlooze (1815 wlis 18 ivniss) franguli armiiis damarcxebiTa da (1815
wlis 22 ivniss) napoleonis gadadgomiT
dasrulda.
audiencia (laT. Audientia - mosmena) _
vice-mefesTan an general-kapitanTan Seqmnili
sagangebo
sasamarTloadministraciuli organo, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa laTinuri amerikis
qveynebis kolonizaciur mmarTvelobaSi.

66

aqti (laT. Acta) _ saxelmwifo organos

mier gamocemuli sabuTi, romelic saerTo-normatiul an individualurad gansazRvrul miTiTebebs Seicavs.
b
bili (ing. Bill) _ 1. sasamarTloSi sasarCelo saCivari; mogvianebiT, peticia,
romelic parlamentSi Sedioda; 2. kanonproeqti, aseve zogierTi sakonstitucio
aqtis saxelmwodeba (magaliTad, bili
uflebaTa Sesaxeb).
bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb _ konstituciuri deklaracia, romliTac ganisazRvra moqalaqeTa ZiriTadi uflebebi
da Tavisuflebebi da maTi dacva saxelmwifos mxridan Carevisagan uzrunvelyofili iqna (inglisi 1686 w., aSS 1791).
bonapartizmi _ 1. napoleon bonapartes dros safrangeTSi arsebuli aramyari socialuri uTanasworobis periodis politikuri reJimi; 2. avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis erT-erTi forma,
romelic samxedro-policiuri teroriTa
da biurokratizmiT xasiaTdeba, samxedro
Zalas emyareba da burJuaziasa da ubralo xalxs Soris lavirebs.
67

d
digeri (ing. Digger mTxreli) _ memarcxene politikuri Zala, romelic kerZo
sakuTrebis gauqmeba da miwebis glexebisaTvis gadacemas moiTxovda.
direqtoria (laT. Directorium - mimarTuleba, mmarTveloba) _ safrangeTSi
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi
organo, romelic 1795 wlis 4 noembers
Seiqmna da 1799 wlis 10 noembramde arsebobda; es organo xuTi direqtoriisagan
Sedgeboda, xuTasTa sabWosa da uxucesTa
sabWos mier irCeoda.
domicili, domiciliumi (laT. Domicilium - adgilsamyofeli, sacxovrebeli)
_ 1. piris sacxovreblis an organizaciis adgilsamyofelis iuridiuli mniSvneloba; 2. Tanamedrove saojaxo samarTalSi colis ufleba damoukidebels
sacxovrebelze.
dofini (frang. Dauphin) _ safrangeTSi
taxtis memkvidri wodeba.

68

i
iakobinelebi (frang. Jacobins) _ safrangeTSi XVIII saukunis radikaluri
politikur-revoluciuri moZraobis wevrebi, romlebic muSaTa da glexTa interesebs icavdnen. maTi Sekrebebi imarTeboda parizis wm. iakobis taZarSi, ris
gamoc maT iakobinelebi ewodaT.
independentebi (ing. Independent _ damoukidebeli) _ XVII saukunis inglisis
revoluciis politikuri moZraobis wevrebi, romelTac konstituciuri monarqiis aRdgenasa da administraciuli aparatisagan damoukidebeli adgilobrivi
religiuri sazogadeobebis Seqmnas iTxovdnen. (ix. leverelebi)
k
kongresi (laT. Congessio _ Sexvedra,
urTierToba) _ 1. mmarTveli pirebis
Sexvedra saerTo saqmis gansaxilvelad; 2.
aSS-Si sakanonmdeblo organo; 3. safrangeTSi deputatebis palatisa da senatis
gaerTianebuli Sekreba.

69

l
leverelebi (laT. Levis - gluvi, swori,
ing. levellers ) _ XVII saukunis inglisis
revoluciis politikuri moZraobis wevrebi, romlebic independentebis Semadgenlobas gamoeyvnen da saxalxo suverenitets, sayovelTao Tanasworobas, erTpalatiani parlametis SemoRebasa da respublikis gamocxadebas iTxovda. (ix. indenpendentebi).
o
ormagi votumi _ inglisSi amomrCevlis ufleba arCevnebSi orjer misces xma
_ sacxovreblisa da uZravi qonebis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT; 1949 wels aRniSnuli wesi gauqmda.
p
probacia _ inglisSi pirobiTi gaTavisufleba, romelic rogorc sasjelis
forma ise gavrcelda da gansasjelis
socialuri adaptaciis efeqturi saSualeba gaxda; probacia spacialuri socialuri samsaxuris zedamxedvelebis gansakuTrebuli meTvalyureobiT xorcieldeboda.
70

puritanizmi (laT. Purus - sufTa) _

inglisSi religiur-politikuri moZraoba, romlis mizani iyo kaTolicizmisagan
anglikanuri eklesiis `gawmenda~.
J
Jirondistebi (frang. Girondists) _ XVIII
saukunis
safrangeTSi
revoluciurpolitikuri dajgufeba, romelic savaWro-samewarmeo da samiwaTmoqmedo burJuaziis interesebs icavda. (am dajgufebam saxelwodeba Jirondis departamentis
mixedviT miiRo).
r
roialisti (frang. Royallist) _ monarqiis, samefo xelisuflebis momxre.
s
samoqalaqo
sia _ konstituciuri
monarqiis dros parlamentis aqti, romelic gansazRvravs monarqisa da samefo
karis Senaxvis fulad xarjebs.
`samoqalaqo sikvdili~ _ sisxlis
samarTlis RonisZieba, romlis mixedviTac gansasjeli mTel qonebaze kargavda
71

uflebas, `TiTqos
gardacvliliyo~.

bunebrivi

formiT

u
unia (laT. Unio - gaerTianeba) _ monarqiuli saxelmwifoebis erTi suverenis
xelSi gaerTianeba. ganasxvaveben pirad
unias _ roca ori an meti saxelmwifos
saTaveSi erTi suvereni imyofeba da realur unias _ roca ramdenime saxelmwifo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze erTiandeba.
S
`Savi kodeqsebi~ (ing. Black Codes) _
1865-1866 wlebSi amerikis CrdiloeTis
StatebSi monobis gauqmebis sanacvlod
gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic rasobriv diskriminacias akanonebdnen.
h
habeas
korpus
aqti _ inglisSi
1679 wels miRebuli kanoni qveSevrdomTa
Tavisuflebebis ukeT uzrunvelyofisa da
okeanis miRma gadasaxlebis gafrTxilebis
Sesaxeb, romelic miznad isaxavda gaemar72

tivebina sasamarTlo brZanebis miReba

dakavebulis sasamarTloSi winaswar miyvanis procedura da misi dacvis qveS
yofna.

73

islamuri samyaro
a
aia (arab. aa) saswauli, niSani, yuranis leqsi.
i
imami (arab. imam) _ 1. calkeul qveynebSi
musulmanTa sulieri lideri, romelsac
zogjer saero xelisufelbac gaaCnia; 2.
meCeTSi religiuri ritualis xelmZRvaneli; 3. sunizmis oTxTagan TiToeuli
religiuri-iuridiuli ganmartebis fuZemdebeli; 4. Siitebis lideri.
ijma (arab. al-ijma) _ islamuri samarTlis erT-erTi wyaro, muslim samarTalmcodneTa erToblivi mosazreba religiur an samarTlebriv sakiTxze. muslim swavlulTa erTsulovani azri
k
kanuni (arab.) _ islamuri samarTlis
erT-erTi wyaro, saero xelisuflebis
mier gamocemul normatiuli aqti.

74

kiasi (arab. al-kias) _ islamur samarTalis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro, analogiiT msjeloba.
m
maliqitebi _ erT-erTi sunituri samarTlebrivi skolis (mazhabis) warmomadgenlebi.
s
suna (arab: as-suna gza, mimarTleba; adaTi, Cveuleba) _ islamuri samarTlis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro; gadmocemebi
muhamedis Sesaxeb, romelic Seicavs winaswarmetyvelis gamonaTqvamebs, moqmedebebs
da a.S.
sunizmi _
mimdinareoba.

islamis

orTodoqsaluri

f
faTva (arab. faTva, sp. feTva _ ganmarteba) _ muslimi samarTalmcodnis (mufTis) gadawyvetileba, daskvna calkeul
religiur an samarTlebriv sakiTxze.
fikhi _ (arab. al-fikh,
samarTalmcodneoba)
islamuri
samarTlebrivi
doqtrina.
75

S
SariaTi (arab: aS-Saria _ marTali,
naTeli gza) _ islamis religiuri kanoni. yuransa da sunaSi gadmocemuli religiur-samarTlebrivi normebis principebis erToblioba.
Safiitebi (arab. aS-Sahia) _ erT-erTi
sunituri samarTlebrivi skolis warmomadgenlebi.
y
yurani (arab. al-kuran) _ islamuri
samarTlis erT-erTi wyaro, musulmanTa
`wminda wigni~, romelSic mocemulia gadmocemebi muhamedis Sesaxeb.
x
xaraja (arab.) _ aramuslimebisaTvis
dawesebuli saadgilmamulo gadasaxadi.
j
jizia (arab. jizia) _ aramuslimebisaTvis dawesebuli suladobrivi gadasaxadi.

76

h
hanafitebi (arab. al-hanafia) _ abu
hanifas mier daarsebuli samarTlebrivi
skolis warmomadgenlebi.
hanbalitebi
(arab. al-hanibala) _
ahmed ben hanbalis mier daarsebuli sunituri skolis samarTlebrivi skolis
warmomadgenlebi.

77

gamoyenebuli

literatura

1. romis samarTlis wyaroebi, gaiusis

instituticiebi, (laTinuridan Targmna,
winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi, saZieblebi da
leqsikoni daurTo prof. n. surgulaZem),
Tbilisi, 2011.
2. romis samarTlis wyaroebi, iustinianes
instituticiebi,
(laTinuridan
Targmna, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi, saZieblebi da leqsikoni daurTo prof. n.
surgulaZem), Tbilisi, 2002.
3. berZnuli da romauli sakuTari saxelebis orTografiuli leqsikoni, k. gigineiSvili, Tbilisi, 1985.
4. ucxo
sityvaTa
leqsikoni,
b.TezeliSvili, Tbilisi, 2007.
5. strategosebi da keisrebi, (Zveli saberZneTisa da romis saxelovan moRvaweTa
cxovrebis aRwerilobani antikur wyaroTa gaTvaliswinebiT Seadgina nana toniam),
Tbilisi 2007.
6. Sua saukuneebis samarTali, tomi II,
ganviTarebuli feodalizmis xana, Seadgina da komentarebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tbilisi, 1962.
7. gariSvili m., xoferia m., romis samarTali, Tbilisi, 2011.
78

8. doliZe i., Zveli aRmosavleTis samarTali, Tbilisi, 1960.

9. ioseliani l., gortinis kanonebi, Sesavali, teqsti, Targmani komentarebiTa da
leqsikoniT, Tbilisi, 1966.
10.surgulaZe n., islamuri samarTali, t.
I, leqciebis kursi, Tbilisi, 2005.
11.surgulaZe n., islamuri samarTali, t.
II, leqciebis kursi, Tbilisi, 2005.
12.surgulaZe n., islamuri samarTali, t.
III, leqciebis kursi, Tbilisi, 2005.
13. Le nouveau Petit Robert de la langue franaise, Paris, 2009.
14. Le Petit Larousse, Paris, 2001.
15. Oxford Advances Learners Dictionary, 2010.
16. ., , , ,
, , 1989.
17. - , .. , ..
, , 1949.
18. .
. .1. . . . .
. . . . 3- . , 2005.
19. .
. .2. . . . .
79

 . . . . 3- . , 2005.
20. , ,
.. ., , , 1953

80

 mariam xoferia, 2012

saqarTvelos axalgazrda mecnierTa sazogadoeba, 2012