თუბალ მეშეხი

aleqsandre axatneli
Tubal-meSexi
( s o m e x Ta eTn og en ez is s akiT xebi)
Tbilisi
2016
redaqtori:
goCa RviniaSvili
damkabadonebeli:
koba bedoiZe
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:
maia bolqvaZe
©aleqsandre axatneli
redaqtorisagan
msoflio sazogadoebrioba informirebulia somexi eris gmiru-

li warsulis Sesaxeb. somxeTis sazRvrebs gareT myofi somexi
moRvaweni (profesias ara aqvs mniSvneloba) dauralavad ganadide-
ben eris grZel warsuls. ar eridebian mezobeli erebis isto-
riis damaxinjebasac. ar ufiqrdebian, rom amiT mtrobas Tesaven.
winamdebare patara wigni simarTlis dadgenas emsaxureba sruli
istoriis gadmocemis pretenziis gareSe.
g. RviniaSvili
3
4
yoveli eTnosis warsuli bevr aRiarebul WeSmaritebas
Seicavs. aseve bevria daudgenel-sakamaTo. zogjer, axal mona-
cemTa Suqze, aRiarebuli sakamaTo xdeba da piriqiT. istoria
cocxali procesia.
arian eTnosebi, romelTa warsuli Rrmad Seswavlilia da
WeSmariteba dadgenili... arian iseTebi, romelTa istoria bevr
gamoucnobsa da urTierTsapirispiro cnobebs Seicavs.
arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom Tvalsazrisi mcdar debulebas
eyrdnobodes da droTa viTarebaSi Seicvalos..
winamdebare mcire naSromi TviTgamorkvevis mizniT Seiqmna
da mTeli istoriis gadmocemis pretenzia ver eqneba. cda em-
saxureba warmomavlobaSi garkvevas, radgan arsebulma liter-
aturam ukmarisobis gancda datova.
mizani amarTlebs saSualebas. gaTvaliswinebulia prob-
lemisadmi midgomis yvela varianti. Sinaganad, kritikulad,
bevria Sefasebuli, gadmocemuli ki isea, rogorc warmoisaxa
Sedegi.
naSromi, erTi mokeTis mier gancdili simarTlea. gadmoce-
mulia fonze, romelic mets Seicavs, vidre sakiTxi moiTxovs.
zogierTi debuleba ganmeorebulia. esec mizania.
naSromi Seqmnilia SinaurebisaTvis da amitom iseT sakiTxeb-
sac exeba, rac scildeba konkretul problemas.
avtori
5
aleqsandre axatneli Tubal-meSexi
klio1
pelazgiur2 _ ZvelberZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad mecniere-

ba – xelovnebis saqmes cxra muza mfarvelobda da emsaxureboda.
maT Soris gamorCeuli iyo istoriis mfarveli klio.
klios moyvaruli, istoriis mcodne da msaxuria, moyvaru-
lia yoveli adamiani, radgan istoria aqvs yvelafer arsebuls.
filosofosebi ityvian: arsebuli ar arsebobs istoriis gareSe.
igia warsulis sarke da momavlis orientiri. amitomaa igi zusti
mecniereba.
klio, yovelTvis adamianebs datrialebs, mas Semdeg, rac
isini sakuTari warsuliT da urTierTobiT dainteresdnen. iyo
1. klio – sityva Sinaarsobrivad qarTulad aixsneba. ra viklio, ra iklio,

mxolod muza klios unda ganesazRvra. ismis kiTxva: Tu muza klios saqmianobas
qarTuli exmianeba, maSin sakvlevia: sityva kavkasiidanaa wasuli balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze Tu iqidanaa aq Semotanili? da rodis? miTologiis Tanaxmad
RmerTebis mefe zevss, hyavda cxra qaliSvili mexsierebis qalRmerT mnemosine-
sagan. yoveli maTgani poeziis, xelovnebis, mecnierebis romelime dargs mfarv-
elobda. klio adre istoriuli eposis mfarveli, Semdeg istoriis qomagad
iqca. mas, rogorc wesi, gragniliTa da saCvenebeli joxiT xelSi gamosaxavdnen.
2. pelazgiuri _ pelazgebi balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis uZvelesi macxovre-
blebia. vin iyvnen pelazgebi ucnobia. cnobili isaa, rom bosfor-dardanelis
sruteTa dasavleTiT pelazgebi saxlobdnen, aRmosavleTiT ki lazgeb-lazebi.
pelazgebs Tavdapirvelad eolelebi Causaxldnen, Semdeg ionelebi da aqa-
velebi. dRes miCneulia, rom isini berZnuli warmomavlobis tomebi unda yo-
filiyvnen. sinamdvileSi? berZnebi, dorielebi mxolod Zveli welTaRricxvis
XIIs. Canan balkaneTSi. manamde?
6
Tubal-meSexi aleqsandre axatneli
Zalze xangrZlivi dro, romlis manZilze adamianebma istoria

zepirsityvierebis gziT gadasces Taobidan Taobebs damwerlo-
bis ar codnis gamo. droTa viTarebaSi movlenebi Zveldeboda,
adamianTa mier warsulis suraTebi icvleboda, raRaca akl-
deboda, emateboda, sxvaferdeboda, dro da adgili daviwyebas
eZleoda, Zveli da axali erTimeoreSi ireoda da aseTi rTuli
da xangrZlivi procesebis Semdeg Semoinaxeboda miTebisa da
legendebis saxiT.
msoflioSi 14 saxis damwerloba arsebobs, tomebi da eTnose-
bi ki mravalaTaseuli. ramdeni iyo da gaqra ise, rom sakuTari
arsebobis Sesaxeb cnobac ver dautova kacobriobas? ramdenTa
Sesaxeb sxva eTnosebs raRaca gaugiaT da daufiqsirebiaT? vin
SeZlebs imis zust codnas rodis, sad, ra moxda? klios moyvaru-
lebs ra dalevs, romelTac miaCniaT, rom `yvelaze ukeT ician~
WeSmariteba? maTgan sxvaobiT klios msaxurebs – istorikosebs
ufleba ara aqvT ganacxadon imis Sesaxeb, raSic darwmunebulebi
ar arian.
aq kidev erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia.
istoria obieqturi – subieqturia. es exeba nebismieri dar-
gis, nebismieri movlenis istorias. aris sagani, movlena, procesi
TavisTvis, obieqturad arsebuli da aris igive CvenTvis, Cven
mier danaxuli, gancdili da gagebuli. `TavisTvis~ _ obieq-
turia, `CvenTvis~ _ subieqturi, radgan adamianebi, subieqtebi,
obieqturs subieqturad aRiqvamen. amdenad nebismieri dargis
sagan-movlenaTa istoria obieqturicaa da subieqturic. klios
moyvarulTa gagebaSi, rogorc wesi subieqturi sWarbobs da es
bunebrivia. maTgan sxvaobiT klios msaxurTa naazrevSi piriqiTaa:
obieqturi sWarbobs. esac erTi pirobiT: klios msaxuri obieq-
turis gaazrebaSi obieqturi unda iyos. es piroba principuli
mniSvnelobisaa.
adamianebi gansxvavebulebi arian garegnuladac da Sinagani
bunebiTac. erTi dargis, erTi sakiTxis or mcodnes ver moZebnian,
romelTac yvelaferi erTnairad ician da erTnairad azrovne-
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ben. adamianebs ki ara, xis or foTols ver naxav absoluturad

erTnairs. ra gasakviria, rom klios msaxurTa Sorisac iyos
azrTa sxvaoba nebismier sakiTxze. amitom aris, rom adamianTa
warsulis – istoriis mvlvevarTa Soris, sxvanairad klios
msaxurTa Soris, bevri sagangebod ikvlevs adre gamokvleulis
obieqtur-subieqturobas anu obieqturi ramdenadaa subieqturi
da ramdenadaa subieqtivizmis Semcveli. sxvanairad am samsaxurs
istoriis istorias anu istoriografiasac eZaxian. klios msax-
urTa es nawili Zalze rTul da saCoTiro saqmesaa SeWidebuli.
amis gareSe istoria, obieqturi – subieqturi ki ara, – subieq-
tivizmis tyveobaSi aRmoCndeboda.
damwerlobis SemoRebidan moyolebuli, klios msaxurTa up-
irvelesi movaleoba iyo zepirsityvierebis SemorCenili maragis
aRricxva _ Senaxva. urTulesi saqmea miTebad da legendebad
qceul informaciul okeaneSi obieqturis gamovlena – asaxva.
imdenad rTuli, rom es procesi aTaswleulebis manZilze das-
rulebuli araa. ara da, es masala rom obieqturi sinamdvilis
Semcvelia, realurma cxovrebam araerTgzis daadastura.
klios msaxurebi met-naklebad subieqturad moazrovneni
iyvnen. subieqtivizmis gamovlinebasac hqonda adgili. subieq-
tivizmi gansakuTrebiT im eTnosTa istoriis mkvlevarTa maxa-
siaTebelia, romelTac dakarges Zveli monapovari da Seinar-
Cunes gandidebis paTosi, dakarges materialuri da danakargis
gadafarvas, sulieris gandidebiT Seecadnen. amas ki bunebrivad
mohyva subieqturis gadazrda subieqtivizmSi.
klios mimdevarTa Soris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori
moqmedebs, rac xels uwyobs subieqtivizmis gamovlenas. esaa
politikuri mrwamsis, sxvanairad partiulobis sakiTxi. erT
dros uazrod gafetiSebuli da axla aseve uazrod dakninebuli
k. marqsi ambobda: partiis wevri ar SeiZleba mecnieri iyos. mas
mxedvelobaSi hyavda rwmeniT da ara formalurad, wevri par-
tiisa. aseTi adamianisaTvis azrovnebisa da moqmedebis ganmsaz-
8
Rvrelia partiis saprogramo gadawyvetilebani.1

rogorc ideologiurad da politikurad angaJirebuli msax-
uri kliosi ar SeiZleba subieqtivisti ar iyos, aseve SeiZleba
iTqvas cru patriotizmiT Sepyrobilebze. patriotizmi sanaqebo
Tvisebaa, magram ramdenadac scildeba obieqturobas, imdenad
saziano xdeba. vTqvaT, Tu mecnierebaze pretenziis mqone, miT
ufro samecniero regaliebiT daxunZluli, pirovneba Tavis
eTnoss, samSoblos, miawers iseT movlenas, faqts, rac ara Tu
ar dasturdeba, aramed gamoricxulia msgavsis SesaZlebloba,
amiT igi sasacilo mdgomareobaSi agdebs Tavis eTnoss, Tavis
samSoblos.2
klios samsaxuri subieqts mxolod obieqturobis dacviT
SeuZlia. magram Tu eTnoss ara hqonia saxelmwifoebrivi orga-
nizeba, damwerloba, damoukidebeli meoba, obieqtur mklvevars
gauZneldeba istoriuli warsulis gaazreba.3
iyo xangrZlivi periodi, rodesac klios msaxurT sicocxlis
fasad ujdebodaT simarTlis dacva. dadga periodi, rodesac is-
toriisadmi midgoma radikalurad Secvlilia. bevri eTnosis bevri
warmomadgeneli istorias brZolis saSualebad aRiqvams. maTTvis
istoriuli warsuli Tu `Selamazebulad~ warmoCindeba, es moma-
valSi SeiZleba didi pretenziebis safuZveli gaxdes. Sesabamisad,
1. sailustraciod mivmarToT sabWoTa imperias, romelsac sabWoTa kavSirs

eZaxdnen. imperiaSi iyo ra e.w. komunisturi (bolSevikuri) partiis diqtatura,
pirovneba verc erTi xaziT warmatebuli ver iqneboda, ver gamoqveyndeboda
samecniero naSromi, Tu iq xarki ar iyo gaRebuli partiis politikisa da par-
tiuli xelmZRvanelobis sasargeblod. sabWoTa e.w. `samecniero produqcia~
obieqturobisagan gamoSignuli, subieqtivizmis artaxebSi gminavda. marTali
iyo k. marqsi, magram vin hkiTxavda? yvelaferi keTdeboda misi saxeliT da
yvelaferi misi mecnieruli daskvnebis sawinaaRmdegod.
2. aseTi `mecnierebisa~ da maTi àRmoCenebis~ CamoTvla sirTules ar warmoad-
gens. isedac momxdara, rom Tu eTnosis `patrioti mecnieri~ ver SeZlebda gansa-
didebeli faqtis àRmoCenas~, mas ucxoni daxmarebian àRmoCenebis~ mignebaSi.
3. sabWoTa imperiaSi, aseTebs, imperiuli ideologiuri centri ùqmnida~
sasurvel istorias. paralelurad bevri eTnosi aiZula istoria iseTi mimar-
TulebiT gadaeweraT, rac centrs misaRebad miaCnda.
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istoria awymoSi mopovebulis dacvisa da momavalSi gandidebis

iaraRi xdeba. Tu saukuneTa manZilze istoria bunebrivi codniTi
interesisa da saerTod SemecnebiTi arealis gaRrmavebas emsax-
ureboda, axla man ideologiuri aRzrdisa da brZolis funqcia
SeiZina. igi yovelTvis iyo msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis
saSualeba, magram arasodes, arsebuli politikuri sistemisa da
Sesabamisi politikuri azrovnebis gamyarebis iaraRi.
klios msaxurTa daniSnuleba WeSmaritebis dadgenaa. Tu qvey-
nis politikuri sistema maT warsulis `Selamazebul~ warmoCenas
ukveTavs da ideologiur, xSirad sxva eTnosTa sawinaaRmdego,
Teoriul paeqrobaSi abams, maSin aseTi mkvlevari gaorebul
mdgomareobas ver acdeba. klios msaxuridan igi politikosTa
msaxurad iqceva.
aris iseTi istoriuli movlenebi, faqtebi romelTa sx-
vadasxvanairi Sefaseba ver gamoiricxeba. aseTi wyaros ganxilva
gansakuTrebul sifaqizes moiTxovs. saWiro xdeba calmxrivobis
gamoricxva, misi gagebis variantebis warmoCena.
klios msaxurT ar unda aviwydebodeT, rom maT mier subieq-
tivisturi gageba, SeiZleba sazogadoebis araswori orientirebis
safuZveli gaxdes. rodesac mkvlevari gansaxilvelad irCevs iseT
periodebs, faqtebs, rac misi eTnosis istoriuli siamayea da
gverds uvlis iseTs, rac sapirispiro ganwyobas qmnis, is klios
msaxuridan ideologiur muSakad gardaiqmneba. Tu aseTi damokide-
buleba warsulisadmi mezobel eTnosebSia damkvidrebuli, aman
SeiZleba eTnosTa SuRli gamoiwvios. Selamazebuli istoriis
mqone eTnosi ki ufro `didi da mniSvnelovani~ kacobriobisaTvis
ver gaxdeba. ra sargebeli unda miutanos mkvlevarma eTnoss Tu
uZvelesi pieriodis arqeologiur monapovars mas miawers an eT-
nosis istorias aRwers im periodidan, roca eTnosi ar arsebobda?
klios mimdevarTa mcdeloba, eTnoss Seuqmnan didebuli
istoria dakavSirebulia sxva eTnosebis warsulis damaxinjeba
– dakninebasTan. es Tavis mxriv eTnikuri dapirispirebis war-
moSobis wyaroa. imperiaTa centrebi am wyaroTi sargeblobdnen
10
saukuneTa manZilze da am gziT asrulebdnen cnobili `gaTiSe

da ibatone~-s politikas.
klios msaxurTa Soris, droTa viTarebaSi, yalibdeba
mTliani warsulis an calkeuli periodebisa da faqtebis erT-
gvari gagebis tradicia. am damkvidrebuli tendenciidan gamo-
TiSva Zalze rTulia. rac ufro avtoritetuli mkvlevarebi
uWeren mxars ama Tu im gagebas, miT ufro Zneldeba kritikuli
azrovneba. ara da, sxvisi azri maSin xdeba Seni, roca mas kri-
tikulad gaiazreb.
arian eTnosebi, romelTac naTlad aqvT warmodgenili sa-
kuTari warsuli, obieqturad asaxaven mas da cdiloben subi-
eqtivizmis gamoricxvas. arian eTnosebi, romelTac sakuTari
warsulis realuri suraTi ar akmayofilebT, iRwvian mis Sela-
mazeba, gandidebisaTvis. (aris igav-araki Ramuras Sesaxeb. erTma
patara Tagunam iukadrisa Tagvoba... da a.S) samwuxarod, ase ara
mxolod calkeul adamianebs, jgufebs, aramed eTnosebsac dam-
arTniaT. bevr eTnoss awuxebs globaluri Tu ara, regionaluri
gamorCeulobis sindromi.
calke aRniSvnas moiTxovs klios msaxurTa im nawilis saqmi-
anoba, romelTa eTnosebi bolo xanebSi xdebian cnobadni, Tavs
daCagrulad grZnoben da `prestiJuli~ istoriis SeqmniT cdi-
loben sxvebze meti Tu ara, maTi `donisad~ mainc gamoCndnen. es
gansakuTrebiT exeba agresiuli xasiaTis mqone patara eTnosebs.
didisadmi, Zlierisadmi mitmasniT, gamorCeuli erTgulebiT
imsaxureben isini keTilganwyobasa da xelSewyobas mezobelTa
monagaris mitacebis saqmeSi.
klios moyvarulTa Tu msaxurTa moRvaweobis xasiaTze mniS-
vnelovan gavlenas maTi religiuroba axdens. religiis msaxurTa
fena uZvelesi droidan yalibdeba rogorc farTo, sulieri,
politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebis mqone gaerTianeba. eTnosTa
istoriis manZilze icvlebodnen RmerTebi, warmodgenebi maT
Sesaxeb, magram adamianTa sulieri damuSavebis, politikuri
damonebis da ekonomikuri Zarcvis miznebi ucvleli rCeboda.
11
amasTan, rac ufro mZime iyo eTnosis da SigniT wevrTa uimedoba,

miT Zlieri da qmediTi xdeboda religiuri sistema da misi warm-
marTveli birTvi. amitomaa, rom religia ver itans mecnierul
gansjas.. igi usityvo morCilebasa da brma rwmenas efuZneba.
klios moyvaruli Tu msaxuri, romelic religiuri grZnobebis
tyveobaSia, ver iqneba movlenebis obieqturi Semfasebeli.
saukuneTa manZilze klios mimdevrebi gagonilisa da nanaxis
aRweriT ifarglebodnen. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da mis
msaxur mecnierebaTa zrda-momwifebis kvalobaze farTovdeboda
da rTuldeboda istoria. obieqturi aucileblobis ZaliT aR-
mocenda arqeologia. Semdeg istoriis sakiTxebiT dainteresdnen
lingvistika, anTropologia, genetika, dRevandel viTarebaSi
sazogadoebisa da misi istoriis Semswavleli arc erTi mimar-
Tuleba araa iseT doneze, rac amave sazogadoebis moTxovnebs
daakmayofilebda. es dRes Seswavlis ra axal meTodebs daayenebs
cxovreba dRis wesrigSi, jer ucnobia. klio mudmiv norCi muzaa.
herodote1
adamianTa interesi istoriuli movlenebisadmi yovelTvis

arsebobda. sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kvaldakval ixveweboda
misi warsulisa da awymosadmi damokidebulebis xasiaTi, Sesa-
bamisad icvleboda midgomisa da gagebis meTodebi da formebi.
iTqva rom, klio Tavidan istoriuli eposis mfarvel muzas
wamoadgenda. adamianebisaTvis ase ufro misaRebi iyo, movle-
nebis Sesaxeb Taobidan TaobisaTvis informaciis gadacema. dam-
werlobis SemoRebis Semdeg am saqmis mimdevrebs logografebs
uwodebdnen.
1. herodote – Zveli welTa aRricxvis 484-425 w. (miaxloebiT) daibada mcire

aziis qalaq palikarnasSi. es mxare uZvelesi tomis karielebis samosaxlo iyo.
amitom aris azri, rom herodote palikarnaseli, SeiZleba warmoSobiT kari-
eli yofiliyo. herodotem imogzaura egvipteSi, babilonSi, asiriaSi, mcire
aziaSi, Savi zRvispireTSi, balkaneTSi da iq macxovrebeli tomebis Sesaxeb
Zalze Rirebuli informacia dautova kacobriobas.
12
herodote, istoriisaTvis pirveli cnobili porovnebaa,

romelmac farTe saxis istoriuli naSromi dagvitova. amitom
uwoda mas gamorCeulma romaelma oratorma ciceronma ìsto-
riis mama~. msoflio sazogadoebrioba daeTanxmeba herodotes
aseT Sefasebas. am aRiarebis gamoZaxilia, rom sxva erebis isto-
riis Semqmnelebsac am eris herodoteT moixsenieben.1
herodotes danatovari 9 wignidan, naxevari sparseT-
saberZneTis omebis aRweras Seicavs. mTliani naSromi ki imden
istoriul, geografiul, eTnografiul masalas, rom avtori
Tamamad warmosdgeba geografad, eTnografad, literatorad.
misi Semoqmedebis mravalmxrivoba bevr problemas uZebnis axsnas
da aseve bevr problebas aCens. maT Soris kavkasielebisaTvisac:
sparselebi cxovroben mewamuli zRvidan CrdiloeTiT. maT
CrdiloeTiT midielebia. midielebis zemoT saspeirebi. sas-
peirebis zemoT kolxebi, romlebic CrdiloeTis zRvas aRweven
da sadac dis mdinare fazisi. es oTxi tomi cxovrobs zRvidan
zRvamde.
yuradsaRebia: 1. cxovrobs da ara cxovrobda; 2. saspeierebi
mexuTe saukuneSi Zveli welTaRricxviT ikaveben im terito-
rias, romelic adre tabalebs (asiriulad), Tubalebs (bibliis
mixedviT) ekavaT da romelTac mogvianebiT iberebi (I s. avtori
ioseb flaviusis mtkicebiT) ewodaT. (mravali mkvlevari mi-
iCnevs, rom saspeiri, speri, iberi erTi eTnosis saxelia); 3.
saspeirebi gansxvavdebian rogorc spars-midielebisagan, aseve
kolxebisagan; 4. es oTxi tomi cxovrobs zRvidan zRvamde da
sxva aravin. ara da naSromSi miTiTebulia, rom Zv. w.a. merve
saukunis 30-20-an wlebSi moxda kimerielebis (gimrebis asiru-
lad) SemoWra. daaxloebiT imave periodSi urartuelebi mTebSi
Serekes dasavleTidan misulma alarodiebma. vin arian isini? ra
Sedegi hqonda SemoWras?; 5. kolxebi saspeirebis mezoblebia,
magram sxva, gansxvavebuli tomia. vin? amasTan kavSirSi cnoba:
1. cnobili somexi istorikosi movses xorenaci aRiarebulia somex herodoteT.

(magaliTisaTvis).
13
egviptis faraonma sesostrisma laSqaris nawili fazisTan

datova. amitom kolxebi Savgvremanebi, xuWuWTmianebi arian.
asirielTa cnobiT kolxebisagan modis winadacveTis tradicia.
(herodotes am cnobaze iqna cnobili afxazi herodotes, dimitri
gulias mier damuSavebuli mtkiceba afxazebis egvipturi warmo-
mavlobis Sesaxeb); 6. tibarenebi da mosxebi muskebia asiriulad,
mezobeli tomebia da mravali sxva.
herodotes es informacia Tanabrad exebaT afxazebs, qarTve-
lebs, somxebs. amitom misi axlo ganCxreka aucilebeli iqneba.
aq ki kidev erTi saintereso cnoba. misi mtkicebiT evropisa da
aziis sazRvari gadioda mdinareebis fazisi (rioni), yvirila,
mtkvris (kori) xeobebze. am cnobis Tanaxmad dRevandeli saqa-
rTvelo evraziuri qveyanaa, somxeTi ki aziuri.
herodote istoriis mamamTavaria, istorikosia, magram ara
Tanamedrove gagebis. dRevandeli istorikosebi specialur
swavlebas gadian, euflebian kvlevis formebsa da meTodebs,
kvalificirdebian ama Tu im mimarTulebiT. ufro meti. istoriis
mTel process hyofen periodebad, qveperiodebad da viwro spe-
cializaciis gziT axdenen sakvlevi problemis Rrma Seswavlas.
herodates dros SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod sakuTari mogzau-
robis, sxvaTa monayolis, dakvirvebis gziT mieRoT sasurveli
informacia. amitom Zveli dronis istorikosTa cnobebi imde-
nadvea sando, ramdenadac kritikulad gasaazrebeli. magram, rom
ar yofiliyo is sawyisi, ver iqneboda dRes miRweuli.
saocari, Zveli drois herodotebis mimdobloba ki araa,
aramed TanamedroveTa dauokebloba. saocaria, ra daJinebiT
cdiloben sakuTari eTnosis warsulis Selamazeba, gamdidreba,
gaRrmavebas. bednieria eTnosi, romelsac ara sWirdeba da ara
hyavs am tipis herodoteebi.
Zveli periodis (klios msaxurebs), specializacia arca
sWirdebodaT, isini Tanabrad iyvnen istorikosebic, geografe-
bic, eTnografebic da jaris sardlebic. maT Soris straboni
iTvleba geografiis mamad.
14
straboni1
istoria sam ZiriTad kiTxvas pasuxobs: sad, ra, rodis?

sad ukve geografiaa. istoria da geografia Tavidanve iyvnen
mWidrod dakavSirebuli. marTalia strabonis istoriuli
Txzuleba dakargulad iTvleba, magram es ver akninebs misi,
rogorc istorikosis damsaxurebas. misi geografia farTed
moicavs istoriasa da eTnografias. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
igi pontos samefoSi daibada da gaizarda, misi cnobebisadmi
ndoba ufro izrdeba. erTi periodi pontos samefoSi (SeiZleba
mas kolxeTis didi samefo ewodos) Sedioda mcire azia, yirimi,
kavkasiis Savi zRvis mxare, saberZneTi da egeosis zRvis bevri
kunZuli. cxadia strabons es mxare da iq macxovrebeli tomebi
kargad unda scnoboda. aseve kargad icoda ufro Zveli geo-
grafebis miRwevebi da iyenebda kidec maT cnobebs. sxvanairad
ver Seafasebda Zvel geografTa Rvawls, ver moicavda mTlian
evropas, im dros cnobil aziasa da afrikas.
Zalze sayuradReboa strabonis mier mocemuli kavkasiisa
da mcire aziis im nawilis aRweriloba sadac herodotes TqmiT
saspeirebi cxovrobdnen.
uZvelesi periodis cnobebi am mxarisa da iq ganfenil tomTa
Sesaxeb `bibliaSi~-a gabneuli. mis erTgvar gagrZelebasa da gan-
viTarebas warmoadgens movses xorenacisa da leonti mrovelis
mier Sedgenili istoriebi, romelnic Zalze faseul geografiul
cnobebsac Seicaven.
strabonamde didi xniT adre ara erTi avtors dautovebia
1. straboni _ Zv. w.a. 63w. _ axali w.a. 24w. iTvleba Zveli saberZneTis gamor-
Ceul istorikos-geografad. SemorCenilia mxolod geografiuli naSromi.
misi geografia 17 wignad, aris Zveli periodis Seswavlis Seucvleli wyaro.
daibada legendaruli miTridate pontoelis gardacvalebis wels da mis
samefo rezidenciis qalaq amasiaSi. misi ojaxi miTridates uaxloesi garemocvis
wevri iyo da safiqralia iseTive xalibi (haliZoni homerosis mixedviT), kolxi,
rogorc Tavad miTridate. miTridates daarsebulia axalcixis cixe-qalaqi, sadac
igi Tavis saunjes malavda.
15
geografiuli Tu eTnografiuli aRweriloba am mxaris Sesaxeb.

sakmarisia qsenofontes gaxseneba, romelmac Zv. w.a. 401 wels ber-
ZenTa jarTan erTad, rogorc sardalma da mkvlevarma Semoiara
da aRwera iq macxovrebeli tomebi... straboni agrZelebs da
avsebs axali viTarebis Sesabamisad Secvlil realobas.
strabonis Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia saspeirebisa da
kolxTa sivrcis eTnografiul-tomobrivi raobis gaazreba. es
miT ufro faseulia, rom Tanamedroveobam warmoSva medrove ara
mxolod herodotebi, aramed strabonebic. rogorc ucnaurad
ar unda JRerdes, Tanamedrove strabonebi, Zvels istoriulsac
usworeben da cdiloben sasurveli mimarTulebiT mis warmoCenas.
etyoba esec bunebrivi movlenaa. Tavad strabons uswavlia da
ganuxilavs sxvadasxva (rom ar iTqvas urTierTdapirispire-
buli) Tavalsazrisi vTqvaT homerosis poemebis istoriulobis
Sesaxeb. erTni miiCnevdnen, rom poemebSi realuri ambebia moce-
muli da cdilobdnen iq dasaxlebuli geografiuli adgilebis
gansazRvras. meoreni darwmunebiT amtkicebdnen, rom yvelaferi
gamogonilia.
unda iTqvas, rom homerosis poemebisadmi aseTi gaorebuli
damokidebuleba strabonamdec iyo da Semdegac ar Sewyvetila
kamaTi. TviT genialuri henrix Slimanis miRwevebmac ver dausva
wertili skeptikosTa Tvalsazriss.
16
Slimani1
henrix Slimanma gadatrialeba moaxdina antikuri xanis

movlenebis gagebisa da Sefasebis saqmeSi. misi damsaxurebaa,
rom sazogadoebriobam aRiara homerosis poemebSi moTxrobili
ambebis istoiuli realoba. mxedvelobaSia balkaneTis naxe-
varkunZulze qalaq-samefoebis arseboba, kreta-mikenis kultura,
brZola troas winaaRmdeg. is, ris gamo TvalsazrisTa Widili
mimdinareobda ori aTas welze meti xanis manZilze, arqeolo-
giuri Ziebis wyalobiT dasrulda. daasrula procesi TviTnas-
wavlma arqeologma da ara romelime arqeologiurma skolam.
Tavad arqeologia adasturebs im ubralo WeSmaritebas, rom
stiqiuri arqeologia mudam arsebobda. sxvanairad ver miakvlevd-
nen ukve didi xnis win gaZarcul samarxebs. sakvirveli araferia.
roca romelime didebuls saflavSi did simdidres atandnen,
yovelTvis gamoCndebodnen am ganZis dauflebis msurvelebi.
evropaSi Slimanamde arqeologebi iyvnen da arqeologiuri
skolebic, magram es sakmarisi ar iyo iseTi didi da sarisko
saqmisaTvis, rogoric poemebSi moTxrobili naxevrad zRapruli
movlenebis realoba – ararealobis garkvevaa. amas sWirdeboda
ara arqeologiuri mecnieruli meTodebisa da formebis mcodne,
aramed iseTi geniosi romantikos-avantiuristi mecnierebaSi,
rogoric iyo Slimani.
1. Slimani _ 1822-1890ww. daibada germaniaSi. klasikuri ganaTleba ar miuRia.

cnobilia rogorc msxvili komersanti da TviTnaswavli arqeologi, romel-
mac arqeologias bevri SesZina. biografebi amboben rom icoda 15 ucxo ena.
swored enebis codnis wyalobiT miaRwia did simdidres. 24 w. asakSi dasaxlda
ruseTSi, miiRo moqalaqeoba, gamdidrda. 44 w. asakSi Cairicxa parizis univer-
sitetSi. dainteresda homerosis poemebiT, irwmuna troas omis istoriuloba.
1869w. gadasaxlda amerikaSi. gaeyara rus cols. SeirTo berZeni da bina daido
saberZneTSi, aTenSi. 1871 w. moyolebuli arqeologiur gaTxrebs (sakuTari
xarjebiT) awarmoebda troaSi da rogorc Tavad amtkicebda aRmoaCina mefe
priames ganZi. 1873 w. Semdeg gaTxrebi daiwyo q. mikenSi, q. orqomenSi, q. tir-
infSi.arqeologiurad daamtkica, rom homerosis poemebSi aRwerili qalaqebi
da movlenebi istoriul sinamdviles asaxavdnen.
17
kavkasielebs zogadad, kolxebs konkretulad, SeuZliaT

mxolod sinanuli gamoTqvan imis gamo, rom Slimans ar misces
saSualeba gaTxrebi ewarmoebina Savi zRvis pireTSi, risi didi
survilic mas hqonda. Slimani darwmunebuli iyo argonavtTa
kavkasiaSi mogzaurobis istoriul realobaSi da isic icoda
sad unda eZia legendaruli mefe aietis sasaxle.
Slimans arqeologiis mamas ver uwodeb, magram arc imis
uaryofa SeiZleba, rom adamianma, romelsac specialuri ga-
naTleba ara hqonda, aRmoaCina brinjaos xanis civilizaciis
arseboba evropaSi.. man muSaobis meTodebiT da formebiT gaamdi-
dra mecnieruli arqeologia. man daaCqara e.w. klasikuri arqe-
ologiis ganviTareba. man Secvala sazogadoebis damokidebuleba
istoriuli eposisadmi. ramdenadac sarwmuno gaxda qalaq-samefo
trois arseboba, amdenad moixsna eWvebi argonavtTa laSqrobis
realobasTan dakavSirebiT. sarwmuno gaxda istoriuloba im
informaciisa rasac Seicavs ZvelberZnul-pelazguri miTebi
da legendebi. saWiroa mxolod istoriuli cnobebis ganTavi-
sufleba im zRapruli CenCosagan, romelic uxvadaa dagrovili.
XXI saukuneSi arqeologia mecnierebis uaRresad ganviTa-
rebul dargs warmoadgens. uxvadaa arqeologiuri skolebi da
yovelwliurad aTasobiT eqspedicia ewyoba dakarguli Tu davi-
wyebuli warsulis gasacocxleblad. iSviaTobas aRar warmoad-
gens WeSmaritad internacionaluri samecniero eqspediciebi.
mZlavri arqeologiuri skolebi arsebobs kavkasiis re-
spublikebSic. yoveli eTnosi cdilobs maqsimalurad moicvas
Tavisi teritoria da SeZlebis kvalobaze, aRmoCenili sakuTar
istoriul warsuls daukavSiros. ramednadaa es SesaZlebeli,
sxva sakiTxia. miT ufro, roca sakvlevo teritoriis aborigeni
mosaxleoba sxvaa an sxva iyo.
saqarTvelo arqeologiurad kargad Seswavlil qveyanas
warmoadgens. moqmedebs Zlieri arqeologiuri skola. miCneulia
rom Rrmadaa gamokvleuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli
qvis da brinjaos xanis kultura. akademikosma oTar jafariZem
18
WeSmaritad akademiurad Seajama miRwevebi. magram yovelive mx-

olod sawyisi etapia.
saqarTvelo dRes Tubal-muSexTa saarsebo arealis mcire
nawils warmoadgens. herodotes mier warmoCenli saspeirebi da
kolxebi, maTi STamomavlebi, sitoriul warsuls ver aRidgnen
Tu kvlevis areali ar gafarTovda.
qvemo qarTlSi, dmanisSi warmoebulma gaTxrebma gaaRrmaves
codna adamianis kavkasiis regionSi cxovrebis xangrZlivobis
Sesaxeb. sakuTriv saqarTvelos miwa jer kidev bevr saidumlos
inaxavs, romelTa mokvleva arqeologebs xelewifebaT. azris
sicxadisaTvis sakmarisia mieTiTos, rom Tamar mefis saflavic
ki araa daZebnili. ara da SeuZlebelia ukvalod gamqraliyo
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli cnoba-anderZi.. iqneb aseT problemeb-
sac romantikos-arqeologi sWirdeba? aw sulac fanatikurad
Seyvarebuli? Znelia mkiTxaoba. faqti ki isaa, rom mefe mnaTobis
saflavi dakargulia. da mxolod misi?
eWvi araa arqeologia momavalSi bevrad gaamdidrebs warmod-
genas ara mxolod Soreuli warsulis Sesaxeb. antikuri periodi
da Sua saukuneebic moTminebiT elodebian axal eqspediciebs,
raTa garkveuli doziT gaamJRavnon dafaruli saganZuri. vin
icis kidev ramdeni Slimani sWirdeba WeSmaritebis dadgenas?
sabednierod arqeologia marto ar aris am procesSi.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs mecnierebis dargi,
romelic praqtikulad ar iyos Cabmuli istoriuli warsulis
kvlevaSi.
19
Sampolioni1
didi mcdelobis miuxedavad kacobriobis istoriis bevri

sakvanZo sakiTxia daudgeneli. dRemde gadauwyvetia adamianTa
warmoSoba-ganviTarebis problema. sakiTxavia: adamiani yov-
elTvis iyo Tu raRaca periodSi Camoyalibda, ganviTarebis ra
etapebi ganvlo, rogor moxda rom milionobiT wlebis manZilze
qvis iaraRebs ver gacda, bolo 10 aTasi wlis manZilze ki revo-
luciurad viTardeba, da a.S.
istoriis Seswavlisa da Sefasebis mravali meTodi da forma
arsebobs. k. marqsi ambobda: miTxariT ra iaraRebiT sargebloben
adamianebi da getyviT, rogoria maTi urTierTobani, rogoria
sazogadoebrivi wyoba. misTvis Sromis iaraRi iyo progresis do-
nis ganmsazRvreli. 2. f. kliksi da bevri sxva miiCneven rom pro-
gresis donis ganmsazRvrelia adamianTa gonebrivi ganviTareba.
warsulis kvleva bevrairad SeiZleba. cnobili paul kreC-
meri ambobda: `Tu Cven win enobrivi gadmocema ar gviZevs, Tavis
qalebi ver gvetyvian, Tu ra enaze laparakobdnen odesRac maTi
matareblebi.~ amis garkveva ki damwerlobis Zeglebis codniT
SeiZleba.
istoriis Seswavlis saukeTeso wyaroa werilobiTi informa-
cia. damwerlobis sxvadasxva saxeobaa: ieroglifuri, lursmuli
aso bgeriTi. aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda damwer-
lobis nimuSebi, romelTa wakiTxva veravin SeZlo. rad ginda
damwerloba, romelTa asaval-dasavals veravin mixvdeba. ara
da mcdeloba gaSifvrisa yovelTvis iyo. sainteresoa, rogor
1. Jan francua Sampolioni _ 1790-1832 ww. frangi istorikos-lingvisti,

egviptologiis damfuZnebeli, safrangeTis geografiuli sazogadoebisa da
ruseTis saimperatoro akademiis sapatio wevri.
1798w. daiwyo napoleonis egvipturi eqspedicia, rasac am qveynisadmi intere-
sis gaZliereba mohyva. 17 wlis asakSi Sampolionma dawera wigni ègvipte
faraonebis dros~. 19 wlisa grenoblSi profesori gaxda. icoda 12 ena. maT
Soris kopturi. gaSifra ieroglifuri damwerloba da dawera egvipturi enis
gramatika. 1831w. daaarsa egviptologiis kaTedra.
21
unda momxdariyo, rom aso-bgeriTi damwerlobis paralelurad

aseuli wlebis manZilze adamianebi sargeblobdnen sxva saxis
damwerlobiT da daikarga maTi mniSvnelobis gageba.
daviwyebuli damwerlobis axsnas mxolod enTuziazmi ar
eyofa. es araa arqeologia, sadac adamiani SeiZleba sameurneo
saqmianobis dros gadaeyaros raime istoriulad Rirebuls.
ieroglifuri da lursmuli damwerlobis nimuSebi adamianebs
yovelTvis hqondaT, magram wakiTxvas ver axerxebdnen.. amas en-
Tuziazmis garda specialuri enaTmecnieruli codna sWirdeba.
vTqvaT Tomas iungi, uaRresad erudirebuli pirovneba, romelmac
15 wlis asakSi rva ena icoda, iyo fizikosi, eqimi, zoologi,
lingvisti, kaligrafisti da rac mTavaria Sifrebis special-
isti. amis da miuxedavad igi uSedegod cdilobda egvipturi
ieroglifebis gaSifrvas.
es SeZlo meore, aranakleb saocarma Sampolionma. man bevri
sxva enebTan erTad icoda kopturi, romelic egvipturis monaTe-
savea. Sampolionma saTave daudo egviptologias da biZgi misca
damwerlobis sxva saxeobaTa dadgenis process.
ise moxda, rom Zveli welTa aRricxvis 196w. egvipteSi,
qurumebma, qveynis mmarTvel ptolemeos mimarTes. mimarTva qvazea
amokveTili da iqvea misi Sesatyvisi ZvelberZnuli Targmani.
orenovani teqsti gaxda ieroglifuri damwerlobis gaSifrvis
safuZveli.
egvipturi damwerlobis gaSifrvas mohyva lursmuli damw-
erlobis gaSifrvis warmatebuli mcdeloba. Jan-francua Sampo-
lionis Sromam win waswia Zvel damwerlobaTa Seswavlis saqme.
ieroglifuri damwerloba Tavis mxriv xangrZlivi ganvi-
Tarebis Sedegs warmoadgenda. uZveles nimuSad naxati-hikto-
grafiuli memkvidreoba iTvleba. naxatebidan ieroglifebisaken,
ieroglifebidan anbanuri damwerlobisaken gza marTlac rTuli
da xangrZlivi iyo.
bevrma mkvlevarma scada sxva saxis damwerlobaTa gaSifra.
miCneulia rom Cexma hroznim 1915 w. SeZlo xeTuri lursmuli
22
damwerlobis wakiTxva da iqve daadastura rom xeTuri ena in-

doevropuli, rusulis msgavsia. amave dros miaCniaT, rom xeTebi
warmatebiT iyenebdnen ierogliful damwerlobasac.. gamoiTqva
azri, rom ieroglifuri gvian, Zveli welTa aRricxvis 15 saukuni-
dan gamoiyeneboda xeTebs Soris. gaCnda versia, rom ieroglifuri
damwerloba unda moetanaT indoevropul tomebs, romlebic dunais
mxridan, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis gavliT SeiWrnen da damkvi-
drdnen anatoliaSi (dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze) asea?
bedrJis proznim aseve scada kretuli damwerlobis gaSifra,
magram uSedegod. isic sakiTxavia, ramdenad gamarTuli iyo mis
mier gaSifruli xeTuri.
kretuli damwerlobis hiqtografiuli (naxati) nimuSi Zv.
w.a. IV aTaswleuliT TariRdeba. aseve SemorCenilia A da B ti-
pis damwerlobad cnobili nimuSebi. maTi wakiTxvis yoveli cda
da Sedareba sxva Zvel enebTan unayofo gamodga. bolos, 1951-3
wlebSi ingliselma maikl ventrisma da jon Cedvikma SeZles B
tipis damwerlobis 65 niSnis wakiTxva da daaskvnes, rom iyo
arqaul berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli damwerloba.
ventris-Cedvikma gaSifres mxolod B xazovani. rac Seexeba
pirvel or saxeobas, gauSifravebi rCeba, didi mcdelobis miuxe-
davad.
uZveles damwerlobaTa gagebis saqmes klios bevri moyvaru-
li da ara naklebi msaxuri dasWidebia. maT Soris qarTvelebic.
cnobili moRvawe zurab qafianiZe TavgamodebiT cdilobda Sum-
eruli qarTulis meSveobiT aexsna. aseve cdilobs maTematikosi
gia kvaSilava cnobili kretuli e.w. `festosis diskos~ warweris
gaSifrvas qarTveluris meSveobiT. gavrcelda informacia, rom
man warmatebiT SeZlo urTulesi amocanis amoxsna. asea? dro
uCvenebs. miT ufro, rom wamyvan mkvlevarTa azriT SeuZlebelia
Zveli eTnosebis sruli Seswavla qarTveluri enebis gaTval-
iswinebis gareSe.
qarTvel mkvlevarebs aqvT erTi dadebiTi, ara cdiloben
sakuTar winaprebs miaweron Zvel damwerlobaTa Seqmnis pativi.
23
es miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel berZen avtorTa cnobiT kolxebs

ara mxolod damwerloba hqondaT argonavtebis laSqrobis pe-
riodSi, aramed geografiuli cnobaric, sadac gamosaxuli iyo
zRvebi, mdinareebi, gzebi. ufro meti. imave ZvelberZen avtorTa
mtkicebiT, asoTi damwerloba muskebma (muSqebma, meSex, mesxebma)
SeiTvises finikielebisagan (savaraudod im mxareSi laSqrobis
dros) da Semdeg maTgan gaiTavises berZnebma. es unda momxdariyo
Zv. w.a. XII-X saukuneebSi.
aqve unda mieTiTos, rom Zvel egrisel-kolxTa tomebs Soris
ueWvelad moiazrebian afxazebis winaprebi. Sesabamisad, rode-
sac afxazebi amtkiceben, rom uZvelesi damwerlobis kulturis
matareblebi arian, eWvSeutanel simarTles amboben.
sxva ambavia XXs. meore naxevarSi rusi avantiuristis mier
agorebuli sicrue, raSic istoriul afxazebs gaazrebuli wv-
lili ar miuZRviT.
sakiTxi ase gamoiyureba: afxazebis didi `qomagi~ i. voro-
novi saerTod uaryofda kolxeTis saxelmwifos arsebobas. mi-
iCnevda rom es qarTvel istorikosTa gamonagonia. meore rusma,
g. turCaninovma, piriqiT, `daamtkica~ rom kolxeTis samefoc
arsebobda, mefe aietic da iq iyo pirveli damwerlobac. mx-
olod es iyo adiRur-afxazuri. maTgan finikielebma gadaiRes,
finikielebisagan berZnebma da iqidan msoflioSi gavrcelda.
bolos saqme iqamde mivida, rom am uZvelesi adiRur-afxazuri
damwerlobis gamoyenebiT turCaninovma bibliis Zveli nimuSebi
`waikiTxa~. e. i. biblia Tavdapirvelad adiReur-afxazur enaze
yofila dawerili. davijeroT?
rus avantiuristTa aseTi enTuziazmi ZirSive ewinaaRmdegeba
Tanamedrove osebis did `ganmanaTlebel~ alan CoCievis konce-
fcias. CoCievi `mecnierulad amtikciebs~, rom ieso qriste os-
ebSi izrdeboda, q. cxinvalSi miiRo ganaTleba da aqedan aziara
kacobrioba qristianobas.
unda `virwmunoT~, rom es asea da albaT iesos moZRvrebis
Cawerac Zvel osur enaze warmoebda?
24
ara nakleb uxerxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen obieqturad

moazrovne somxebi. maT kargad icodnen, rom somxuri damwerloba
V s. Seqmna cnobilma mesrop maStvocma. amis Semdeg somxuri dam-
werloba viTardeba da erTgulad emsaxureba eTnosis ineresebs.
ara da imave periodSi, roca adiReur-afxazuri damwerloba iqna
àRmoCenil-gaSifruli~, somxebmac miakvlies Zveli damwerlobis
nimuSebs. didi iyo enTuziazmi da didadac gaaxmaures uZvelesi
somxuri damwerlobis àRmoCenis~ ambavi. iTqva, rom uZvelesi
damwerloba adiR-afxazebisa ki ara, somexTa winaprebis Seqmnilia.
did zar-zeims da msoflio masStabis xmaurs aseTive rezonansis
uxerxuloba mohyva. aRmoCnda rom es iyo Zveli arabuli damw-
erlobis nimuSi, romelsac somxebi marjvnidan marcxniT ki ar
kiTxulobdnen, rogorc es arabulSia miRebuli, aramed marcxni-
dan marjvniv, rogorc es somxur damwerlobaSia dakanonebuli.
cxadia, ukuRma `wakiTxuli~ ukuRmarTulad iqna gagebuli. ara
da somxebs sulac verafers matebda es aRmoCena, radgan maT is-
edac originaluri, Zveli damwerloba aqvT. eWvs gareSea, rom
es damwerloba erTi kacis mier ver Seiqmneboda da uceb eTnosis
masStabiT ver gavrceldeboda. maStvoci SeiZleba iyo ufro
Zveli somxuri damwerlobis reformatori, iseve, rogorc mefe
farnavazia reformatorad miCneuli qarTvelTa Soris. kargia,
rom simarTle dadginda, magram xom Seeqmna uxerxuloba eTnoss?
kavkasielTa `wvlilis~ Sesaxeb uZveles damwerlobaTa Seqm-
nis saqmeSi aRiniSna, rogorc gafrTxileba. gamoricxuli araa
momavalSi damwerlobis raime niSnebis mikvleva. saWiro iqneba
didi Zieba-analizi im marTlac da didi aRmoCenis gaxmaurebamde.
mxolod varaudis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom kolxeTSi Zv.w.a. VI
saukunidan moyolebuli funqcionirebda berZnuli faqtoriebi.
kolxebs (egriselebs) rom ara hqonodaT sakuTari damwerloba,
logikuria vifiqroT, berZnuliT isargeblebdnen da misi miba-
ZviT Seqmnidnen sakuTars, rogorc es sxva eTnosebma gaakeTes.
egriselebisagan (kolxebisagan) qarTlosianebs rom gadaeRoT,
amis gamoricxvac ar SeiZleba.
25
saqarTvelo farnavazis mefobis dros
biblia1
kacobriobas bevri koncefcia aqvs Seqmnili adamianTa da

sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. uZveles droSi, es Sexedulebani, axal
Taobebs gadaecemoda zepiri an arsebuli damwerlobis saxiT.
samwuxarod, bevri ram dakargulia. Taobidan Taobaze tomebidan
tomebze uZvelesi periodis gadacemuli informacia, pirvel
yovlisa `bibliam~ Semogvinaxa.
`biblia~ araa istoriuli wyaro im gagebiT, rasac Taname-
drove adamiania miCveuli, magram arc iseTia, romlis xelaRebiT
uaryofa SeiZlebodes. pirvel rigSi es exeba Zveli aRTqmis im
nawils, romelic gadmoscems adamianTa warsulis im versias, rac
jer kidev Sumerebma daafiqsires warRvnis Sesaxeb. mecniereba
Tanxmdeba, rom stiqiur movlenebs SeeZlo warRvnis efeqtis
gamowveva. bibliis es nawili Rirebulia imiTac, rom Seicavs
cnobebs uZvelesi tomebis Sesaxeb. lingvistebi irwmunebian,
rom wina aziaa is mxare, sadac uZveles droSi yalibdeboda is
deda ena, romelic Semdeg daiyo semitur, iafetur da indoev-
ropul ganStoebebad. am Tvalsazriss ganamtkicebs ara mxolod
enobrivi memkvidreoba, aramed is aRiarebuli debulebac, rom
Tavdapirvelad adamianTa ori tipi Camoyalibda: aRmosavleTSi
(am tipis adamianis naSTebi mikvleulia CineTSi, pekinis axlos)
da dasavleTis (am tipis naSTebi nanaxia azia, evropa, afrikaSi).
am Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod metyvelebs, erT dros farTed aRi-
arebuli koncefcia semitebis, iafetidebis da qamitebis Sesaxeb.
`biblia~ jer kidev noemde mcxovreb Tubal-kaens axsenebs.
igi miwaTmoqmedia, da mWedeli (xelosani). es miTiTebaa imaze, rom
Sromis didi (sazogadoebrivi) danawileba moxda miwaTmoqmedTa
da mejoge-monadireebs Soris. Semdeg miwaTmoqmedebs xelosnebi
gamoeyvnen. ase Seiqmna adamianTa sami jgufi miwaTmoqmedebi, me-
saqonleebi, xelosnebi. droTa viTarebam moiTxova maTi naxela-
vis gacvlis aucilebloba. ase daemata meoTxe-vaWrebis jgufi.
1. bibliis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia avtoris naSromebSi `qarTvelTa

eTnogenezi~, `kavkasionTa eTnogenezi~ amdenad aq aRar ganmeordeba.
27
meore Tubali iafeTis Zea. amasTan masTan erTad ixsenieba

meSexi. mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian im azrze, rom Tubali (Tabali,
tabali) bolos iberad iwodeboda. aseve meSexebs (muSqebs, mus-
kebs, mosxebs, mosoxebs, mesxebs) kapadokielTa winaprebi ewo-
debodaT cnobili Zvelebraeli istorikosis ioseb flaviosis
mtkicebiT.
`bibliis~ monacemebs, bevri eTnosis pirvelxsnebad miiCneven,
gviani periodis istorikosebi. `biblia~ CamoTvlis tomebs maTi
eTnarqis saxelis mixedviT, magram maTi mosaxleobis sazRvrebs
ar iZleva. SeiZleba 5-7 aTasi wlis win arc iyo Semofargluli
teritoriebi, jer erTi Tavisufali sivrcis arsebobisa da
meore adamianTa didi masebis mesaqonleobiT dakavebis gamo.
mesaqonleoba sazamTro-sazafxulo saZovrebs Soris mudmiv
gadaadgilebas gulisxmobda. ara da bibliis es istoriuli
nawili uZveles dros asaxavs...
`bibliis~ mixedviT tomTa dayofa semitebad, iafetebad da
qamitebad Zv.w.a. VI -V aTaswleulebSi unda momxdariyo. aseTi
varaudis safuZveli bibliaSivea mocmuli.
ebraeli eTnosis aRiarebuli mamamTavaria abraami (dabadebi-
sas abramad wodebuli). istoriulad dadgenilad iTvleba,
rom igi Zv.w.a. 1813w. daibada. misgan zeviT, semamde ramdenime
Taoba gamoicvala. bibliis mixedviT abraamis dabadebamde 390
weli gasula. SeiZleba sxva daangariSebac... vTqvaT, somexi
herodotes, movses xorenacis mixedviT 1161 welia gasuli. erTi
gamoTvliT sems memkvidre eyola Zv.w.a. 2203w. meore angariSiT
2974w. SeiZleba asec: `...asi wlis iyo semi, roca Sva arfaqSati,
warRvnidan ori wlis Semdeg~ (biblia, Tb. 2013w. gv.13, XI). iqve,
Tavi 5, bibliaSi weria: noes 90 wlisas eyola semi... da iqve Tavi
6: èqvsasi wlisa iyo noe roca warRvna moxda~...
ubralo ariTmetika: noes, 90 w. asakSi eyola semi, warRvnis
momentisaTvis 510 wlisa unda yofiliyo. aseve, warRvnidan 2
wlis Semdeg igi 100 wlisa ki ara 512 wlisa iqneboda. am asakSi
sems eyola pirveli Svili.
28
ras gvaZlevs sakiTxis aseTi dakonkreteba? umniSvneles

daskvnas: tomTa eTnarqebis asakis mixedviT SeiZleba msjeloba,
CvenTvis cnobili pirveli didi migraciuli procesi, semitebad,
iafetebad, qamitebad dayofa moxda Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulis da-
sawyisSi Tu boloSi. an sulac VI-V aTaswleulebis mijnaze?
varaudis safuZvelia eTnarqebis asaki (ara naklebi 600 wli) da
maTi droiTi monacvleoba iafetidan Targamosamde (isic 600 w.
iyo, roca mamuli gauyo Svilebs).
damatebiT unda mieTiTos, rom TariRebi aris miaxloebiTi.
iafetidebis istorias gakvriT exeba movses xorenaci.
xorenaci1
movses xorenacis damsaxureba, somexi sazogadoebis da

pirvel rigSi mravlad Seqmnili istoriuli naSromebis avtorTa
winaSe, imdenad didia, rom XIXs. bolomde misi kritikuli
gaazrebis mcdelobac ara yofila. mis mier Seqmnil `somxeTis
istorias~ mxolod swavlobdnen da xSirad izepirebdnen, ro-
gorc biblias. yoveli momdevno avtori mxolod agrZelebda
miseul istorias.
somexTa istorias ki movses xorenaci uZvelesi droidan
iwyebs. mas eWvgareSed miaCnia, rom maTi eTnarqia haiki (hao-si
qarTuli gagebiT), bibliuri Torgomis (Targamo-sis qarTulad)
Camomavali. hai-ki iyo Torgomis saxlis modgmidan, magram sxva
warmomadgenlebs ar asaxelebs. mizezi ucnobia. ar icis, ar
ainteresebs, Rirsad ar miiCnevs, Zneli samkiTxaoa, magram didi
mniSvnelobis.
haikma Svili aramaneakis dabadebis Semdeg miatova babiloni
da sxva uamravi Svilebis, badiSebis, msaxurebis, samasamde
mcvelis, xiznebis TanxlebiT gadawyvita vanis tbis samxreTiT
dasaxleba. mas daxvda ucxo xalxi, romelic SeirTa an daimor-
1. movses xorenaci _ somexTa herodoted wodebuli, `somxeTis istoriis~

Semqmneli, sadac Txroba uwyvetia uZvelesi droidan ax.w.a. V saukunemde.
29
Cila. aqedan daiwyo man sxvisi teritoriebis dakaveba.

hai-kis saqme, babilonidan CrdiloeTis teritoriebis dakave-
ba-SemoerTeba, warmatebiT ganagrZes misma STamomavlebma. somex
istorikosTa saerTo daskvniT egreT wodebuli CrdiloeTis
teritoriebi somexTa kuTvnileba unda gamxdariyo da Tumca iq
sxva xalxi cxovrobda, amas xeli ver unda SeeSala didi somxuri
saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis. am miswrafebaSi erTsulovanni arian
Zveli da axali warmomadgenlebi eTnosisa, aqeTken iyo da aris
mimarTuli ideuri, ideologiuri, politikuri, samxedro mis-
wrafeba. sxva ambavia ras maiRwies. miaRweven ki sasurvel mizans?
movses xorenacma daamkvidra vanis tbidan kavkasionamde
teritoriebis CrdiloeTad moxseniebis tradicia, sadac sxva
eTnosebs ar cnobs an Tu asaxelebs, mxolod somxebisadmi
daqvemdebarebulTa saxiT. ara da swored am sivrceSi moiazrebda
herodote saspeirebsa da kolxebs.
Zv.w.a. V saukuneSi saspeirebi mosaxleobdnen vanisa da ur-
miis tbebidan kolxebamde teritoriaze. aTasi wlis manZilze
isini gaqrnen, gadasaxldnen Tu ra bedi ewiaT, ratom axdenen
somexi istorikosebi maT ignorirebas ucnobia. Tavad xorenaci
gakvirvebuli aRniSnavs, rom mematianis cnobiT somxebis kuT-
vnil miwa-waylze, Turme haikis modgmis mosvlamde sxva xalxi
cxovrobda. vin, mas ar ainteresebs. igi kmayofildeba haikisa
da mis STamomavalTa sagmiro saqmeebis gadmocemiT. am mxriv ki,
realuri adgils uTmobs gamogonils an gagonils.
herodote Tavis nawerebSi did adgils uTmobda sparseT-
saberZneTis omebis istorias... aravin gamoricxavs, rom sparsul
jarSi monawileobdnen adre dapyrobili eTnosebis warmomadgen-
lebi da maT Soris somxebic. somxebis monawileoba saberZneTis,
gnebavT egviptis winaaRmdeg sparseTis dapyrobiT laSqrobebSi,
ramdenad niSnavs somxebis mier saberZneTis an egviptis dapy-
robas? aRaraferi iTqmis imis Sesaxeb, rom mtkice qronologiis
gareSe istoriis gadmocema yovelTvis iwvevs faqtebisa da mov-
lenebis aRrevas da Sedegi subieqtivizmis nimuSi xdeba.
30
is, rasac gverds uvlis somexi herodote, qarTveli leonti

mrovelis mieraa dakonkretebuli.
mroveli
leonti mroveli mokled, mSralad, magram arsebiTad axa-

siaTebs im periods, saidanac somxebis istorias iwyebs movses
xorenaci. gansxvaveba am ori avtoris TxrobaSi didia, magram
aris saerToc. mrovelTan dro da movlenebi ufroa mowesrige-
buli. SeiZleba es dasmuli ZiriTadi amocanis Sedegia?
mroveli eTanxmeba xorenacs, rom somxebis winapari hao-
si (haik-i) Targamosis (Torgomis) saxleulidanaa. amave dros
akonkretebs saxleulobis Semadgenlobas da aRniSnavs, rom
haosis garda Targamoss Svidi gamorCeuli memkvidre hyavda,
uamrav Svilebs Soris. amas garda, babilonidan CrdiloeTiT
gadasaxlda Targamo-si da ara hao-si swored igi daemkvidra
mTebis araratisa da masis Soris.
Targamosis mier dakavebuli teritoria moicavda herodotes
mier naxsenebi saspeirebisa da kolxebis qveynebs. amasTan,
herodote exeba Zv.w. V saukunes, mroveli ki Zv.w. III aTaswleuls.
mrovelis mixedviT Targamoss (da ara hao-ss), ekuTvnoda
Zalze vrceli teritoria iq mosaxle tomebiT. `... sazRvari
qyeyanisa misisa: aRmosavleT zRua gurgenisa, dasavleT zRua
pontosa da samxreT zRua oreTisa, da CrdiloT mTa kavkasia~.
gurgenis (kaspiis) zRvidan pontos (Sav) zRvamde, oreTis xmelTa-
Sua zRvidan kavkasiamde teritoria Zalze didi iyo da Tanac
mWidrod dasaxlebuli mravali tomiT...
istorikosebis interess iwvevs kiTxva: erTni amtkiceben
rom mrovelma xorenacis gavleniT dawera istoria; meoreTa mt-
kicebiT ar SeiZleba maTi wyaroebis erToba gamoiricxos; zogis
SexedulebiT jer am avtorTa droiTi arseboba unda gairkves da
Semdeg moRvaweobisa da aRwerilobis farglebi; sxvaTa azriT
saWiroa imis gaTvaliswineba, rom xorenacis mizani iyo somexi
eTnosis gamxneveba. cnobilia, rom sasomxeTSi mefoba V saukuneSi
31
moispo. eris winamZRolobis funqcia religiurma institutma

Caibara da Tanac warmatebiT da sxva.
nebismier problemasTan dakavSirebiT bevri Tvalsazrisi
gamoiTqmeba. amasTan, dausrulebelia dava, romeli Sexedulebaa
marTebuli. wamkiTxvelma kritikulad unda Seafasos nebismieri
da ise gaakeTos daskvna. daskvnaTa erToba ki sazogadoebrivi
azria.
Tubal-muSexi
yovel msaxurs da moyvaruls kliosi, movlenebisadmi Tavisi

midgoma aqvs. xorenacs ainteresebs mxolod sakuTari eTnosis,
somxebis, mamamTavrad aRiarebuli haiki da cdilobs srulad
asaxos misi dinastiuri istoria. misgan sxvaobiT mroveli
mTlianad Targamosis saxleulobis istorias exeba. amave dros
gakvriT moixseniebs ara TargamosianelTa, magram naTesavTa
arsebobasac.
ukve iTqva, rom iafetidebis CamoTvlis dros bibliaSi erTad
figurireben Tubalebi da meSexebi.
isic aRiniSna, rom Tubalebi droTa viTarebaSi Tobal, ta-
bal, iberad iwodebian. icvleboda maTi saxeli dawinaurebuli
tomis saxelis mixedviT erTi periodi maT saspeireebs, xali-
bebs, taoxebs, afxazebs da kolxebsac eZaxdnen. rac SeexebaT
meSexebs, isini cnobilni xdebian meSex, mosox, muSq, mesxoi,
mesxi, kapadokielisa da frigielis saxeliT. saxelwodebaTa am
cvlilebebze miuTiTebda ebraeli istorikosi ioseb flaviosi
ori aTasi wlis win.
cnobilia, rom meSexebi Tubalebis dasavleTiT saxlobdnen,
magram sad? logikuria varaudi, rom iafetidebi erTbaSad ver
gamravdlebodnen da ver daikavebdnen did teritorias. tomTa
zrdisa da sasicocxlo arealis Ziebis periodSi adgili eqne-
boda nebayoflobiT Tu iZulebiT migraciebs, gayofisa Tu gar-
Tianebis, gaucxoebisa Tu asimilaciis procesebs.
xmelTaSua zRvis pireTis rasa, rogorc uwodeben iafet-
32
idebs, erTbaSad arc Seiqmneboda da arc daiSleb-moispoboda.

aTaswleulebi gaivlida, sanam iseT saxes miiRebda, rogorsac
mroveli aRwerss. yovel SemTxvevaSi aRiarebuli mtkvar-araqsis
kultura, romelic Zv.w.a. IV_III aTaswleulebSi arsebobda
uceb ver Seiqmneboda.
arqeologiuri monapovrebis garda, werilobiTi gadmocemac
arsebobs im uZvelesi periodis Sesaxeb. Tavad mroveli aRniS-
navs, rom TargamosianelTa gayris, calke samefoebis Seqmnis
Semdeg hao-ss (haiks) gauWirda nebroTis (qamitebis) winaaRmdeg
brZola da dasaxmareblad axlobelbs mimarTa. am brZolaSi
Targamosianelebs miexmarnen dasavleTSi macxovrebeli tomebi.
etyoba III aTaswleulis bolos, Tubal-meSexebs (tabal-muskebs,
asiriulad) Soris naTesauri grZnoba jer kidev arsebobda. es
moxda imis da miuxedavad, rom kulturis erTianobis rRveva
mimdinareobda. swored im periodidan SeimCneva e.w. kolxuri
kulturis gavrceleba Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi.
meSexebze sayuradRebo informacias asuruli wyaro iZleva.
cnoba, rom muSqebi xuTi mefis meTaurobiT cdiloben siriis
dablobis dakavebas, mraval metyvelia: Targamosis dros (III
aTaswleulis bolos) Tubalebis teritoria xmelTaSua (ore-
Tis) zRvamde vrceldeboda. meSexebi ufro dasavleTiT mo-
saxleobdnen. aTasi wlis Semdeg maT aRmosavleTiT wauwyviaT,
radgan siriis teritoriis dakavebas cdiloben.
mkvlevarTa nawils miaCnia, rom iafetidebis gayofis dros,
kavkasionis dasavleTi nawili jer kidev muSexebis samosaxlo
unda yofiliyo. aqedan unda momxdariyo maTi migracia dasav-
leTSi. migracia ara niSnavda maTi nawilis darCenis SeuZle-
blobas. amitom kidec iyo Tvalsazrisi abask, abazg, afxazTa
meSexur-mesxuri warmomavlobis sasargeblod.
rodis unda momxdariyo meSexTa kavkasiidan dasavleTiT
migracia? zusti ki ara, miaxloebiT drois dadgenac problema-
turia. SeiZleba aseTi paralelis gamoyeneba iyos mizanSewonili?
iafetidi Tubalebis meoTxe Taobas ganekuTvneboda leg-
33
endaruli Targamos. misi cxovrebis me-600 wels daiyvnen Tar-

gamosianelebi Tav-Tavisi tomebisa da enebis mixedviT. erTi
daangariSebiT es Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulis kuTvnili movlenaa.
iafetidi meSexebi dasavleTSi qmnian Tavisi warmoSobis
ìstorias~. maTTvis iafeti ukve iapetad saxeldeba. iapetis
Ze promeTea. isini RmerTebad ki ara, titanebad iwodebian
pelazgiur-ZvelberZnul miTologiaSi. SeiZleba imitom, rom
zevsis meTaurobiT Camoyalibebul RmerTTa panTeonisagan ganesx-
vavebinaT. SeiZleba imitom, rom maTi sxva warmomavlobisaTvis
gaesvaT xazi. bevrnairi azris gamoTqma SeiZleba. mTavaria, rom
promeTe zevsTan dapirispirebulia. maTi Widili zevsis gamar-
jvebiT mTavrdeba da promeTes kavkasiaSi kldeze maijaWvaven.
mis sanaxavad sapelazgodan yovel wels Camodis misi Ze devka-
lioni. devkalioni warRvnas gadarCenili is gmiria, romelic
kacobriobas amravlebs. devkalionis vaJia korinTos pirveli
mefe dardani, romelic samSoblodan gamoZevebuli gadadis
mcire aziaSi, Tevkrebis tomis mefes CaesiZeba da safuZvels
udebs dardanidebis samefo dinastias. am dinastiis erTi xazis
gamgrZelebelia trois cnobili mefe priame, xolo meore xazisa
aia-kolxeTis mefe aieti. (aietis papa ilim SeZlo da daibruna
korinTos mefoba, magram sabolood mtrebma imZlavres. aieti iyo
ra korinTos da kolxeTis mefe, iZulebuli gaxda mietovebina
korinTo, kolxeTSi dasaxlebuliyo da aqedan ganegrZo brZola
dakargulis dasabruneblad, rac misi qaliSvili medeas meSveo-
biT misma da iazonis vaJebma moaxerxes).
mokle mogoneba Zveli miTebisa da legendebis samyarodan
motanilia erTi mizniT. mrovelis Tanaxmad Targamosi iafetidan
meoTxe Taobaa. misi `gadawyvetilebiT~ xdeba TubalTa erTiani
sivrcis dayofa arsebul tomTa gaerTianebebs Soris. aseve ia-
petidan meoTxe Taobaa dardani, romelic balkaneTSi naxevarkun-
Zulidan (sapelazgodan, pelazgisidan) gamoZevebuli mcire aziis
dasavleTSi axal samefos qmnis. Sesabamisad es istoriulad erT
periods niSnavs. Tu dasaSvebad miiCneva pe-laz-gebisa da laz-
34
ebis eTnikuri naTesaoba, kavSirebi, razec uamrav cnobebs Zveli

berZeni moazrovneni iZlevian, maSin naTeli moefineba Tubal-
meSexebs Soris mimdinare migraciul procesebs da rac mTavaria
periods, rodesac es moxdeboda.
Tubalebi da meSexebi bibliaSi moixsenebian rogorc erTi
Camomavlobis tomebi, magram cxovreba da istoria xom win mi-
iwevda? xom unda gairkves, romeli tomi romel eTnoss udebs
safuZvels da romeli tomi, romel eTnoss miekuTvneba? ra es
meorexarisxovani problemaa?
Crdiloelebi – samxreTelebi
ukve iTqva, rom somxebis didi istorikosi movses xorenaci

mxolod ha-osis (ha-ikis) cxovrebasa da `moRvaweobas~ aRwers.
danarCeni Targam-osianebi (Torgom-ebi) mas ubralod Crdilo-
eTelebad hyavs moxseniebuli. Targamosis mTlian saxleulobas
da maT tomTa gaerTianebebs leonti mroveli asaxelebs.
logikuria, rom Tu haosianebisaTvis danarCeni tomebi
Targam-osis saxleulobisa Crdiloelni arian, danarCenTagan
ha-osianebi samxreTelebad iwodebodnen, aseve, Semadgenlobis
dakonkretebis gareSe.
mroveli samxreTelebs ar exeba, ar azustebs da mxolod
miuTiTebs, rom md. araqsi iyo gamyofi ha-osianebsa da danarCens
Targam-osianebs Soris. gayofisa da migraciuli procesebis
dros ha-osianebs ergoT qveynis saukeTeso samxreTi naxevari.
unda vivaraudoT, rom samxreTelebi iseve tomTa simravlis
Semcvelebi iqnebodnen, rogorc CrdiloeTis macxovreblebi.
ase, rom rodesac mroveli ha-osis misamarTiT ambobs, rom mas
qveynis saukeTeso naxevari ergo, ar unda igulisxmebodes erTi
romelime tomi. aRaraa xazgasasmeli faqti, rom gamijvnis
miuxedavad yvela erTad aRebuli kvlav Tubalebia. tomobrivi
dayofa araa misuli eTnikur dayofamde. savaraudod, iarsebebda
tomebsa da tomTa gaerTianebebs Soris enobrivi sxvaoba, Tundac
gamokveTili dialeqtebis doneze, magram naTesauri siaxlovis
35
grZnoba gansxvavebas faravda. sxvanairad ver ityoda mroveli,

rom qamitebis (nebroTianebis) winaaRmdeg brZolisas samxreTe-
lebs (ha-osianebs) miexmarnen ara mxolod moZme Crdiloelebi,
aramed sxvac vinme naTesavni dasavleTisani.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. mrovelis Tanax-
mad CrdiloelebSi yvelaze Zlieri qarTosis (qarTebis) tomTa
gaerTianeba iyo. SedarebiT susti – her-osis (herebis) tomTa
gaerTianeba. amave dros istoriulad cnobilia, rom bevrad
gvian vanisa da urmiis tbebs Soris herebi binadrobdnen, xolo
yvelaze samxreTiT qarT-qarduxebi. es imaze mianiSnebs, rom
samxreTelebad da Crdiloelebad gamijvnis dros adgili hqonda
tomebis gayofas. tomis nawili rCeboda, nawili migrirebda.
amitomaa, rom herodote miuTiTebs sparselebisa da midielebis
zeviT saspeirebis, rogorc erTiani, didi gaerTianebis arsebo-
baze. saspeirebis saxelqveS ki mravali tomi da eTnikuri jgufi
igulisxmeba.
mrovelis mier, CrdiloeTiT macxovrebel tomTa daxasiaTeba
da maT Soris teritoriebis gamijvna imdenad zustia, rom ara-
sodes eWvqveS ar damdgara misi obieqturi realoba.
CrdiloeTTa Soris teritoriebi ganawilda tomTa
ricxovnebis, siZlieris da damsaxurebis mixedviT. mroveli
brZanebs àrganZebisamebr maTisa~.1
Crdiloelebs Soris yvelaze didi teritoria qarTebs Sex-
vdaT. mroveli brZanebs: `misca qarTloss da uCina sazRvari;
aRmosavalT hereTi da mdinare berdujisi; dasavliTi zRua pon-
tosi; samxriT mTa, romeli mihyvebis berdujis mdinaris Tavsa, da
mTa, romeli mihyvebis dasavleT kerZo,romlisa wyali gardmodis
CrdiloT kerZo da mierTvis mtkuarsa, romel mihyvebis mTa So-
1. arZangebisaebr – ras niSnavs da rogor unda iqnes gagebuli? sulxan-saba

orbeliani amas `saxdomeli pativi, arzangi~-s uwodebs. `saxdomelsa pativsa
ewodebis kacTaTvis Rirsebisaebr maTisa~ (leqsikoni qarTuli, t.7. gv.67.
Tb.1991). aseTi ganmarteba ramdenad srulia? mroveli iqve ambobs, rom teri-
toriebi ganawilda `Rirsebisaebr~. ratom ixmara orive sityva. dafiqrebaa
saWiro.
36
ris klarjeTsa da taos vidre zRuaisa; da CrdiloT sazRvari

Rado, mTa mcire, romelT gamovlis Sid kavkasisagan da mohkidavs
wueri dasasrulsa Radora, romelsa aw hqvian lixi~ (qarTlis
cxovreba, t.1, Tb. 1955w. gv. 4-5).1
qarTTa gaerTianeba àrZangebisaebr~ ikavebda CrdiloelTa
Soris centralur, vrcel teritorias da bunebivia, rom haosian
Tubalebs swored igi emijneboda.
qarTebis garda, haosianebs, bardosis monaTesave tomebi es-
azRvrebodnen. mroveli aRniSnavs: xolo bardoss misca mtkuars
samxriT, berdujis mdinariTgan vidre sada Sekrbebian mtkuari da
raxsi. aman bardos aRaSena qalaqi bardavT da daeSena mun~ (gv.5).
Targam-osis saxleulobis sxva warmomadgenlebi aseve Se-
dian CrdiloeTis macxovreblebSi, floben gansazRvrul teri-
toriebs, magram uSualo sazRvari samxreTelebTan, Tubalebis
ha-osian nawilTan ara aqvT, ase arian movaknelebi, herebi,
egroselebi. rac SeexebaT lekoselebs da kavkasosebs (kavka-
sionebs), isini saerTod kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT saxldebian.
gayris, gamijvnis, masobrivi migraciis procesebi ganekuT-
vneba Zv.w.a. III aTaswleuls. herodotes mtkicebiT ki Zv.w.a.
V s. Targamosian TubalTa tomebi, Tumca calkeul eTnosebad
yalibdebian, magram mainc inarCuneben erTobas ukve saspeirTa
da kolxTa saxelwodebiT.
CrdiloeT TubalTa tomebi cnobilni arian da garkveuli
cvlilebebis miuxedavad inarCuneben meobasa da naTesaobas.
sanacvlod didi gaurkvevlobaa samxreTiT darCenil tomTa
raobisa da adgil monacvleobis TvalsazrisiT. amis da miuxe-
davad, samxreTelebi monawileoben CrdiloelTa TavdacviT
omSi. istoria gvamcnobs, rom rodesac Crdiloel Targamosia-
nebs gauWirdaT mtris Semotevis mogerieba, maSin `...Sekrbes
yovelni naTesavni Targamosianni da gardavles mTa kavkasTa.
da motyuennes yovelni sazRvarni~. (q.c. t.7. gv.11) mtrisani da
gamarjvebulni dabrundnen. savaraudoT mZime omebi Targamosia-
1. mTa mcire araa Rado. Rado lixia. mTa mcire –xadoa?
37
nebs erToblivi ZaliT Zv. w. a. XIII s-mde unda ewarmoebinaT. es

ki niSnavs, rom mTeli aTasi wlis manZilze naTesauri grZnoba
CrdiloeT – samxreTelebs Soris SenarCunebuli iyo.
Tubalebis CrdiloeTi nawilis daxasiaTeba, rom logikur
daskvnamde mivides, unda gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas mrovelis mier
tomTa Soris teritoriebis ganawilebis suraTi.1
kavkasionis samxreTi nawilis aRmosavleTi movaknelebis (mo-
vamavlSi albanelebis) mier iqna dakavebuli. am tomebma daikaves
`...mtkuarsa Crdilo, mcirisa alaznisa SesarTaviTgan zRuamde~...
mrovelis mowmobiT, Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulSi, kavkasionis
CrdiloeTi md. volgamde dausaxlebeli iyo. es ar gamoricxavda
momTabare tomebis sezonur yofnas, magram mudmivi samkvidro
aravisTvis yofila. pirvelebi vinc daesaxlnen iyvnen Targamo-
sianel lekosisa da kavkas-osis tomebi. savaraudoa, rom isini
isedac sezonurad saxlobdnen im midamoebSi da teritoriuli
dayofac am niSniT moxdeboda. lekosianebma daikaves CRdiloeT
kavkasiis aRmosavleTi nawili md. Tergidan (lomekidan) kaspiis
zRvamde da CrdiloeTiT sadamdec SeZlebdnen. md. Tergidan
dasavleTiT aseve zRvamde kavkasianni dasaxldnen. mxolod erTi
pirobiT, maTi samxreTi sazRvari md. yubanze gadioda, radgan
mdinaris marcxena mxares egroselebi saxlobdnen.
mrovelis Tanaxmad egroselebi flobdnen lixis mTis dasav-
leTiT zRuamde da CrdiloeTiT md. yubanamde teritoriebs.
amasTan, egroselebs Soris dawyebuli iyo dayofa egriselebad
da svanebad.
mrovelis mier Tubalebis CrdiloeTi tomebis vinaoba da
geografiuli are, mSralad, magram arsebiTad aRwerilia. sam-
wuxarod igive ar iTqmis samxreTelebze. Tubali ha-osis (hai-
kis) xseneba srulebiTac sakmarisi araa. Zalze did teritorias
erTi tomi ver moicavda. arqeologia ver axsnis tomTa, gnebavT
1. mrovelis mier mocemul istoriul warsuls bevri ar eTanxmeba. bevri miiC-
nevs, rom es mogonili istoriaa, samwuxarod aseTni ar iZlevian sxva suraTs,
ver amtkiceben ratomaa es ararealuri. dasabuTebis gareSe raimes uaryofa
ar niSnavs realur uaryofas.
38
eTnosTa raobas. istoria ki mxolod im faqts aRniSnavs, rom

Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulSi, q. aqadis mefe sargon I-ma1 CrdiloeTis
tomebs Seutia da warmatebasac miaRwia. mefe sargonisaTvis
CrdiloeTiT macxovrebli tomebi Tubalebis samxreT nawils
warmoadgenen, magram saxeldobr romels, ucnobia.
imisTvis, raTa romelime tomis eTnikuri kuTvnileba gan-
isazRvros, saWiroa maTi enobrivi, lingvisturi, kulturul-
ekonomikuri da fizikur-genetikuri monacemebis codna. mxolod
arsebobis geografiuli arealis gansazRvra sakmarisi araa.
informaciis simwiris gamo raime arsebiTis Tqma Tubalebis
samxreTul tomebze Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulisa ki ara, II aTaswleu-
lis manZilzec garTulebulia.
arqeologia adasturebs Zv.w.a. IV-III aTaswleulebSi e.w.
mtkvar-araqsis civilizaciis arsebobas. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom
misi Semqmnelebi Tubalebi ara yofiliyvnen, iseve, rogorc xeTebis
imperiis arseboba meSexebis monawileobis gareSe gamoiricxeba.
magram romeli tomebi, ra enaze metyveli adamianebi? varaudi
SeiZleba, mtkiceba ara.
mecnierebi gamoTqvamen azrs, rom xorenaci _ mrovelis mier
ha-osis (haikis) kuTvnil teritoriad miCneul mxareSi xaTebi
mosaxleobdnen. amave arealSi iyvnen xuritebi da urartelebi.
fiqrobdnen rom es erTi eTnosis ganayarebia. gansakuTrebiT xu-
ritebi da urartelebi. magram roca ena ucnobia, Znelia raimes
danamdvilebiT mtkiceba.
aseve sakamaToa azri, rom qarTveluri enebi (da ara qar-
Tuli) Sedian xuritul-urartuli enebis arealSi da amave dros
1. sargon I Zv.w.a. 2369-2314 ww. istoriulad dadgenilad iTvleba, rom semitebi,
III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi gamoCndnen, SuamdinareTSi. maT tigr-evfratis
maqsimaluri moaxloebis adgilas daafuZnes qalaqi aqadi. swored qalaq –
saxelmwifo aqadis mefe gaxda sargoni. gadmocemis Tanaxmad adreul asakSi
daoblebuli sargoni, Ratakma dedam mownul kalaTSi Casva da mdinare evfrats
gaatana. igi wylis mzidavma ipova da aRzarda... axalgazrda sargoni qalRmer-
Tma iSTarma Seiyvara da xeli Seuwyo q. aqadSi mis gamefebas. sargonma SeZlo
imperiis Seqmna dapyrobebis gziT da maT Soris CrdiloeTis macxovrebelTa
damarcxebac moaxerxa.
39
xaTurTanac arian kavSirSi.. roca ena ucnobia, Tu arsebobs

damwerloba, gauSifravia, maSin varaudis gamoTqmac ki Zneldeba.
ramdenad sworadaa gaSifrul-amoxsnili xeTuri, urartuli
warwerebi? roca romelime avtoritetiani mklvevari frTxil
varauds gamoTqvams, ar SeiZleba misi gameorebiT da masze dayrd-
nobiT Sors mimavali Teoriebis Seqmna. es ki sabWoTa kavSiris
arsebobis dros, zogi eTnosisaTvis wesad iyo miRebuli.
amave dros arc imis ukugdeba ivargebs, rom erTnairi warmo-
mavlobis toponimebi Tu erTi tomis, erTi eTnosis Semoqmedeba
araa, yovel SemTxvevaSi angariSgasawev faqtors warmoadgens.
Tubalebis samxreT da CrdiloeT nawilebTan mimarTebaSi gas-
aazreblelTa vTqvaT vanis sakiTxi. samxreTiT tba vani, Semdeg
se-vani, ijevani fara-vani, Sora-vani (Sorapani), dasavleTiT
qalaqi vani. aseve aRmosavleTiT ana-ga, egrosis kuTvnil mxa-
reSi ana-klia, ana-kofia (axali aToni), ana-pa. bevri maniSnebeli
magaliTis motana SeiZleba.
cxadia, terminTa siaxlove yovelTvis ver iqneba raimes
damajerebeli mamtkicebeli. saWiro iqneba sxva maxasiaTeblebis
moSvelieba. faqtobrivma masalam unda ganapirobos daskvnis sis-
wore. swored faqtobrivi monacemebis simwire aZnelebs TubalTa
samxreTeli nawilis istoriis Tanmimdevrul kvlevas.
logikis ZaliT SeiZleba varaudi, rom md. araqsis samxreTiT
vanisa da urmiis tbebidan moyolebuli xmelTaSua zRvamde mra-
vali tomi icxovrebda, mravali tomTa gaerTianeba Seiqmneboda
da daiSleboda saukuneebis manZilze... samwuxarod informaciis
simwire naTeli suraTis daxatvis saSualebas ar iZleva. mkv-
levarebi iziareben azrs, rom Zv.w.a. II aTaswleulSi xeTebisa
da muSqebis samefoebi arsebobdnen, aseve Seiqmna urartueli
tomebis gaerTianeba.
miCneulia, rom Zv.w.a. XIVs. xeTur warwerebSi naxsenebia aia-
sa, rogorc CrdiloeTis qveyana. warweras kiTxuloben haiasa-
acci-s terminiT. amasTan gaurkvevelia ra konkretuli Sinaarsi
devs am gamoTqmaSi. mkvlevarTa nawilis daskvniT es somxuri
40
qveynis moxsenieba unda iyos. yuradRebas ar aqceven faqts, rom

warweraSi amokiTxuli qveyana trapizonis maxloblad unda yo-
filiyo. im midamoebSi SeiZleba Tubalebs ecxovraT, SeiZleba
meSexebs, magram ara somxebis uSualo winaprebs. somexi eTnosis
genezisis cnobili mkvlevarebi, am winaprebs bevrad samxreTiT
tigr-evfratis saTaveebTan moiazreben. Sesabamisad, Tu dadas-
turdeba, rom xeTuri warwera sworadaa gaSifruli da gagebuli,
maSin SeiZleba romelime sxva qveyanaze iyos saubari, vTqvaT
aia-kolxeTi.
mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian im sakiTxSi, rom zemo evfratisa da
tigris midamoebSi asureTsa da xeTis samefoebs Soris, Zv. w.a. II
aTaswleulSi arsebobda e.w. xuri) miTanis samefo. ramdenadac
xuritul enas urartulis monaTesaved moiazreben, Tvlian rom
am samefos SemadgenlobaSi haisiani Tubalebis tomebic iqne-
bodnen gaerTianebuli. II aTaswleulis Sua periodSi miTanis
samefos Zlierebis xanaa. igi warmatebiT uwevda metoqeobas
rogorc asureTis, aseve xeTis samefoebs.
logikuria imis varaudi, rom Tu Zv.w.a. IV_III aTaswleuleb-
Si Zlieri mtkvar-araqsis kultura arsebobda. III aTaswleulSi
misi Semqmneli tomebis erTianobis daSlis Semdeg, Tundac
tomebis gafantvis, migraciuli procesebis dawyebis Semdeg,
isini ganagrZobdnen arsebobas, qmnidnen axal gaerTianebebs ukve
Tavisi mefeebis xelmZRvanelobiT da amave dros civilizaciis
miRweul dones inarCunebdnen.
mrovelis naTqvami, rom TubalTa erTiani samefo Targamosis
dros daiSala, swored Zv.w.a. III aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba da
droSi emTxveva mopovebul damwerlobiTi cnobebisa da arqe-
ologiis monacemebs, ase, rom xorenac-mrovelis Tvalsazrisi
Targamosis (Torgomis) saxleulebis Sesaxeb, maT Soris erTiani
samefos rva nawilad dayofis Sesaxeb, istoriul realobas unda
asaxavdes. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es araa am avtorTa fantaziis
nayofi, rogorc es zogierT mkvlevars surs warmoaCinos. arse-
bulis Selamazeba –damaxinjdebulis saxiT asaxva SeiZleba, ara
41
arsebulis arsebulad warmodgena ara.

arqeologiuri monapovari da kapadokiaSi aRmoCenil warwe-
riani firfitebia is safuZveli, romelze dayrdnobiTac Seiqmna
daskvna xaTi-xeTebis Sesaxeb. amasTan ramdenad sworadaa gaSi-
fruli xeTuri lursmuli damwerloba, Zneli saTqmelia. meore
mxriv niSandoblivia rom arc `biblia~, arc egvipturi, asuruli,
ZvelberZnuli wyaroebi arafers amboben xaTi-xeTebis Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad amisa xeTologia warmatebiT viTardeba.
mkvlevars SeiZleba sarwmunod miaCndes erTi cnoba-faqti
da eWvi gamoTqvas meoreze. erTi da igive movlena SeiZleba
sxvadasxvanairad iqnes gagebuli. mTavaria, rom dadasturebac
da uaryofac logikurad dasabuTebuli iyos, gansakuTrebul
siZneles mainc droiTi gansazRvra qmnis.
TubalebTan mimarTebaSi sarwmunod is unda iqnas miCneuli,
rom maTi erToba Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulSi dairRveoda. mtkvar-
araqsis saxelwodebiT arsebuli kultura erTiania, mTliania,
magram arqeologebi aqac pouloben ganmasxvavebel niSnebs.
arqeologia adasturebs am kulturis dacema-daSlas Zv.w.a. III
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi da misi elementebis gamoCenas
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. amasTan, iqac ansxvaveben dasavlur Tu
aRmosavlur mimdinareobas. dasavlurs miiCneven e.w. kolxuri
kulturis msgavsad da gagrZelebad, aRmosavlurs ki saerTo
kulturis Sesabamisi aRmosavluri nawilis msgavsad. arsebiTi
ki isaa, rom saerTo mtkvar-araqsis kulturis rRveva da misi
elementebis Crdilo kavkasiaSi damkvidreba, droSi emTxveva
mrovelis mier, Targamosis samefos dayofisa da calkeuli
samefoebis aRmocenebis, Sesaxeb gadmocemul istorias. aseTi
ram SemTxveviT ver moxdeboda.
arqeologia mrovelis monaTxrobs adasturebs da radgan
sxva mtkicebulebebi ar arsebobs, unda vivaraudoT, rom Zv.w.
a. III aTaswleulSi, Tubalebis sacovrebel arealSi aRmocende-
boda eqvsi samefo. damatebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Seiqmneboda
Tubal-lekosianebisa da Tubal-kavkasianebis samefoebi.
42
istoria adasturebs, rom im periodSi Tubalebis mezo-

blad mxolod samxreTis mxares arsebobda sxva civilizacia,
romelsac SeiZleba Seeqmna safrTxe maTi ganviTarebisaTvis.
safrTxis sididis mixedviT ergoT haosianebs Targamosis (Tor-
gomis) samefos saukeTeso naxevari.
xorenaci _ mrovelis monaTxrobi exeba am safrTxeebs.
marTalia gadmocema sxvaobasac Seicavs, magram am SemTxvevaSi
arsebiTi isaa, rom Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulSi Tubalebs brZolebi
hqondaT mxolod samxreTis mezoblebTan. vin iyvnen mter-mezo-
blebi?
SuamdinareTi
mkvlevarebi TubalTa samosaxlos md. idigna (tigri) da md.

furaTus (evfrati) zemo welis midamoebiT sazRvraven. ufro
samxreTiT maT SeiZleba hqondaT dakavebis mcdeloba, magram
mtkicebisaTvis saWiro masala miukvlevelia.
istoriulad isaa cnobili, rom Zv.w.a. IV aTaswleulSi
TubalTa civilizaciis samxreT mezoblad Sumeruli kultura
arsebobda. vin iyvnen Sumerebi, ucnobia. aris mosazreba, rom
Sumerebi saidanRac movidnen. saidan? versia mravalia, maT So-
ris TubalTa sacxovrebeli arealidan, mTiani mxaredan, barSi
Casaxlebis Sesaxeb.
mecnierebi midian im daskvnamde, rom dRemde cnobili Zveli
civilizaciebi Sumerulis safuZvelze ganviTardnen.
kidev erTi yuradsaRebi faqti. arc arqeologia da arc weri-
lobiT _ zepiri cnobebi arafers amboben Sumerebis brZolebze
maT mezoblebTan. ratom? 1. Sumerebi Tavisi siZlieriT bevrad
sWarbobdnen mezoblebs da maT xelyofas veravin ubedavda. 2.
Tavad Sumerebi kmayofildebodnen sasicocxlo arealiT da mis
ganvrcobaze ar fiqrobdnen; 3. Sumerebs ara hyavdaT mezoblebi.
romelia sinamdvilesTan miaxloebuli?
is, rac kacobriobam Sumerebze Seityo, mcirea am civiliza-
ciis istoriis dasadgenad.
43
XIX s. bolos intensiurma arqeologiurma saqmianobam

Sedegad SumerTa aRmoCena gamoiwvia. gaTxares qalaqebi lagaSi,
nipuri, uri. miakvlies bibliaSi aRwerili warRvnis Sedegebs.
daadgines, rom Sumerebi Zalze daxelovnebuli maTematikosebi,
astronomebi, eqimebi, mSeneblebi yofilan. fiqroben, rom maTgan
gadaiRes egviptelebma, babilonelebma, asirielebma, finikieleb-
ma, ebraelebma, pelazgebma da albaT Tubalebmac civilizaciis
elementebi.
herodotes cnobiT, SuamdinareTis (Sumerebis) piramidebi
ufro meqsikurs hgavs, vidre egvipturs, amas emateba cnoba
Sumerebis mier didi sazRvao laSqrobis Sesaxeb dasavleTiT.
sadamde? aqedan xom araa amerikaSi, inkebs Soris SemorCenili
cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom maT mosvlamde aq cxovrobda xalxi,
romlebmac Seqmnes piramidebi?
SumerebTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli yoveli cnoba uaRresad
saintereso da bevrismetyvelia. TubalebTan maTi urTierTobis
sakiTxi ki sruliad Seuswavleli. mxolod erTi SeiZleba iTqvas
didi miaxloebiT: Tu maT SeZles Tavisi kvalis datoveba Soreul
mxareebSi, gverdiT arsebul TubalTa sivrces gavlenis gareSe
arseboba ar SeeZlo. aseve, Tu ar arsebobs informacia TubalTa wi-
naaRmdeg samxreTidan agresiisa, es SeiZleba axloblobiTac aixsnas.
esaa dReis mdgomareoba, ra siaxleebs moitans momavali, ucnobia.
mroveli _ xorenaci erT sakiTxSi erT pozicias amJRavneben.
TubalTa mravalricxovan tomebs agresiis safrTxe samxreTidan
emuqrebodaT da pirveli visTanac didi omi gadaixades, iyvnen
babilonelebi.
arqeologia adasturebs, rom Zv.w.a. IV aTaswleulSi
Cndeba qalaq-saxelmwifoebi. dasavleT TurqeTis teritoriaze
miakvlies Zv.w.a. VIII aTaswleulis qalaqur dasaxlebas. ami-
tom Znelia imis mtkiceba, saerTod rodidan iwyeba qalaquri
dasaxlebebis Seqmna. realur faqtad isaa miCneuli, rom Zv.w.a.
IV aTaswleulSi arsebobdnen iseTi qalq-saxelmwifoebi, ro-
goricaa lagaSi, uri, eridu, uruqi, uma, nipuri da sxva.
44
imave periodSi unda dafuZnebuliyo qalaqi babiloni. mrov-

eli babilonis mSeneblad, qamis STamomaval, nimrods asaxelebs.
`biblii~-s monacemebTan TanxmobaSi aseTi suraTi warmosdgeba:
warRvnis Semdeg noes sami vaJis STamomavloba daiyo, semi da
semitebi aRmosavleTiT wavidnen. qami da qamitebi samxreTiT,
araratis midamoebSi darCnen iafeti da iafetidebi, samxreTSi,
SuamdinareTSi, qamis STamomvalma nimrodma daafuZna qalaqi
babiloni da moindoma didi koSkis ageba, romlis wveri zecas
miswvdeboda. am mizniT man iZulebiT Tavi mouyara sxva mxareTa
warmomadgenlebs da daiwyo mSenebloba. am sxvebSi iyo iafetidi
Targamosi. roca babilonis godoli daingra an sxvanairad, roca
Sesabamisi dro dadga, Targamosma mSobliur mxares maiSura,
vanis tbis napirebTan daafuZna qalaqi tuSpa da aqedan marTavda
mTel sanaTesaos.
naTqvamia: nimrodi iyo pirveli mefe, romelmac Zalis
gamoyeneba daiwyo qveyanazeo. ras niSnavs es, Tu ara SesaZlo
winaaRmdegobas Tubalebsa da qamitebs Soris. amas emateboda is
faqti, rom am arealSi gmaoCndnen semitebi, romelTac qamitebi
saboloo angariSiT gandevnes wina aziidan egviptemde.
xorenacis mixedviT babilonidan CrdiloeTiT midis Tor-
gomis vaJi haiki (mrovelis mixedviT Targamosis vaJi haiosi),
imorCilebs iq macxovrebel ucxoelebs da aarsebs Tavisi sax-
elis qalaqs. sxvaoba orive monaTxrobs Soris arsebiTia, aris
saerToc.
mrovelis mixedviT babilonelebma moindomes TubalTa
damorCileba. haosma daxmarebisaTvis Zmebs (TubalTa sxva li-
drebs) mimarTa. ara mxolod Tubalebis, aramed maT dasavleTiT
macxovrebeli meSexebis daxmarebac gaxda saWiro, raTa babi-
lonelTa mZlavri Semoteva moegeriebinaT.
xorenacis mixedviT haiki imdenad mZlavri pirovnebaa, rom
SebrZolebis dros hklavs bels da amarcxebs babilonelebs.
bels uwodebdnen babilonis mTavar RmerTs, mrisxane marduks.
mizani araa xorenaci _ mrovelis Tvalsazrisebis analizi da
45
Sefaseba. saWiro iyo imis dadastureba, rom orive avtori aRniS-

navs babilonelebsa da Tubalebs Soris brZolebis faqts. orive
miuTiTebs, rom TubalTa modgmas, im dros, samxreTidan emuqre-
boda saSiSroeba da saWiro iyo gaerTianeba mtris winaaRmdeg.
aseve Zv.w.a. III aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba Tubalebis mZime
brZolebi asiriis mrisxane mefe sargon I winaaRmdeg.
orive es faqti amarTlebs, mrovelis mier gadmocemul
istorias, haosisavis samefos ukeTesi naxevaris mikuTvnebis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ucnobia TubalTa gaerTianebuli samefos
istoria. ucnobia ra moxda Zv.w. a. VI _ V aTaswleulebSi, Cans
III aTaswleulSi ukve situacia maTTvis saxarbielo araa. ufro
meti. Tubalebma ase Tu ise SeinarCunes, semitebTan da qamitebTan
gayris dros miRebuli teritoriebi. III aTaswleulis II nax-
evarSi semitebi Semobrundnen samxreT-dasavleTiT. jer daiwyes
Casaxleba qamitebs Soris, Semdeg ki isini sabolood gandevnes
aziis kontinetidan. amitom iTqmeba afrikelebis qamitebidan
warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
aris mecnieruli varaudi adamianis afrikidan, keniidan
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. qamitebis saxiT xom ar daubrundnen ada-
mianebi afrikas? vin icis.
Zv.w. a. III aTaswleulis bolo da II aTaswleulis pirveli
naxevari is periodia istoriisa, roca ukve arsebobs damwerloba
da movlenebi ufro realuri asaxvas pouloben. sirTules qmnis
damwerlobis waukiTxaoba an wakiTxvis sizuste. mkvdar enaze
Sesrulebuli damwerlobis Zeglebi, im dros maT SemoqmedTa
maRal kulturaze metyveleben, magram konkretulad ras gadmos-
cemen, _ es gaugebaria an sakamaTo. kargia egvipturis msgavsad
Tu warwera orenovania, rac gaSifvris safuZvels warmoadgens.
magram Tu ara?
danmamdvilebiT imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom Zv.w.a. III aTaswleu-
lis bolo didi ryevebiT da cvlilebebiT xasiaTdeba arsebuli
civilizaciebis arsebobaSi. irRveva, iSleba Zveli da iqmneba
axali.
46
am gardaqmnaTa process verc TubalTa tomobrivi gaer-

Tianeba an modgma ascda. Tu CrdiloeTis mxares 7 axali samefo
gaCnda, samxreTiT haosianTa erTiani samefoc ganicdis rRveva-
dayofas. aqac mimdinareobs tomTa gaerTianeba – rRvevis, erTis
hegemoniis meoreTi cvlis procesi.
amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom ikveTeba TubalTa da meSexTa
mWidro kavSirebis, maTi urTierTobis da urTierTSeRwevis
suraTebi.
Tubal-muSexi
winaswar iTqmeba, rom ar arsebobs Zveli welTa aRricxvis

II da miT ufro III aTaswleulis eTnosebis, tomebis, saxelmwi-
foebis da saerTod sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mwyobri isto-
ria. aris calkeuli faqtebi, monacemTa erToblioba, romelTa
erTian istoriad gadmocema TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. ar momxdara
am saerTo informaciis dalageba droSi. amdenad yoveli cda,
mxolod miaxloebaa sinamdvilesTan.
TubalTa Sesaxeb informaciis gadmocemisas iyo naTqvami
meSexTa Sesaxebac. mxolod gakvriT mxolod is, rom SesaZle-
belia meSexebi adre flobdnen im teritoriebs, romelic Sem-
deg TubalTa samkvidro gaxda. rom es cvlileba SeiZleba iyo
TandaTanobiTi, mosaxleobis gamravlebis kvalobaze, SeiZleba
Zalismieri meTodebic iyo gamoyenebuli. araferia naTqvami
meSexTa ganfenis arealis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiTac
bevria sarwmuno da iseTi, romelzec ityvian: zRaparia, sisule-
lea da a.S.
TviTeulma unda gadawyvitos ra sjobs: 1. siCume. rac aka-
demiuri mecnierebis mier sayovelTaod aRiarebuli araa, imaze
msjeloba avtors uxerxulobas uqmnis. Rirs Tavis sasacilo
mdgomaroebaSi Cagdeba? 2. Tu arsebobs raRac informacia, raime
monacemebi, moxdes maTi obieqturi Sefaseba, logikuri istoriis
Seqmnis mcdeloba?
uazro uZraobas, romantiuli moZraoba sjobs.
47
TubalTa modgma SeZlebisdagvarad daxasiaTda Zv.w.a. III

aTaswleulSi. II aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis mwiri informaci-
uli suraTi ase warmosdgeba: 1. haosiani Tubalebis samxreTSi
Cndeba mZlavri asureTis imperia da iwyeba gardamavali xasiaTis
xangrZlivi omi pirvelobisaTvis. am brZolebSi periodulad
erTveba gaZlierebuli egvipte; 2. aRmosavleTiT iwyeba elamur
da sparsul tomTa gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba, rac momavalSi
did safrTxes qmnis; 3. haosianeli Tubalebis CrdiloeTiT ase-
Tive safrTxis qveS dgebian bardoseli Tubalebi; 4. samwuxarod
praqtikulad ar arsebobs cnobebi movakneli da hereli Tub-
alebis Sesaxeb; 5. maTgan CrdiloeTis macxovrebeli lekoseli
Tubalebi inarCuneben kavkasionis aRmosavleTs da md. Tergidan
kaspiis zRvamde teritorias mtkiced floben. CrdiloeTiT
maTi sazRvrebis dadgenis mcdelobac ara yofila. SeiZleba
arqeologiuri masalaa mosaZiebeli? SeiZleba iq mesaqon-
leoba monadireobas mosdevdnen ZiriTadad da arqeologiuri
Zeglebic ar arsebobs? momavali kvleva-Zieba gascems pasuxs
am kiTxvebs; 6. lekoselebis dasavleTiT didi sivrce, leonti
mrovelis cnobiT, kavkasianebs SexvdaT. kavkasianebi, kavkasosebi
da kavkonebi sxvadasxvanairi mxolod formaa, saxelia. isini
uZvelesi droidan flobdnen kavkasionis centralur nawils.
maTi eTnarqis mixedviT ewoda mTagrexils kavkasioni. didi
migraciebis dros, CrdiloeTSi gadasvlis dros, maTi tomebis
erToba dairRva. kavkasianTa nawili dasavleTiT wavida, meSexTa
did talRas SeuerTda da axali sacxovrisis damkvidreba iwyo.
kavkasionebis es nawili gzaSi daiyo. erTi nawili darCa aziaSi
da momavali paflagoniis teritoria daikava md. halisis dasav-
leTiT. meore nawili gadavida balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze da
ulumbos (olimpos) mTis kalTebze daesaxla. (cnoba kavkonTa
sam adgilas mosaxleobis Sesaxeb sxvanairad Znelia aixsnas).
kavkasionis midamoebSi darCenili kavkonebi (kavkasianebi) md.
Tergidan moyolebuli zRvamde flobdnen kavkasionis Crdilo-
eTs. aris azri, rom kavkonebi, sxvanairad maT mTis iberebsac
48
uwodebdnen ucxoeli avtorebi, mogvianebiT, ara mxolod egro-

sel TubalTa CrdiloeTs flobdnen, ara mxolod kavkasionis
CrdiloeTiT saxlobdnen, aramed kavkasionis mTianeTis nawilsac
inarCunebdnen. kerZod froxvelebi, WarTlelebi, dvalebi, di-
gorelebi, basianelebi kavkasianuri warmoSobis tomebi iyvnen.
qarTlosiani Tubalebi Tumca inarCunebdnen adre dakavebul
teritorias, magram maTi Sida erTianoba ukve darRveuli iyo,
mrovelis mier daxatuli suraTi qarTlosis SvilTa Soris
teritoriebis dayofisa, sxva araferia Tu ara tomobrivi gami-
jvnis procesi. qarTus (qarT-karduxebi) erToba, rasac adgili
hqonda III aTaswleulis dros, II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi
icvleba tomobrivi daqsaqsulobiT. qarTlosi Tu centrali-
zebuli saxelmwifos mefea, Semdeg ukve xdeba am institutis
Secvla calkeuli kuTxeebis mamasaxlisebiT.
egrosel TubalTa Sorisac araa SenarCunebuli Zveleburi
erTianoba. egroselebs enobrivad, organizaciulad, SeiZleba
religiuradac gamoeyofian sanig-svanebi. da mainc egroselebi
inarCuneben saerTo siZlieresa da saxelmwifoebriv erTianobas.
siZliere da erTianoba, SemorCenili informaciis mixedviT,
kolxeTis legendarul mefe aietis saxels ukavSirdeba.
informaciuli zRva arsebobs aietisa da masTan argonavtebis
stumroba-laSqrobis, aietis badiSTa da Svilebis, gansakuTrebiT
medeas Sesaxeb. Zveli pelazgiur-berZnuli legendebisa da
miTebis mniSvnelovani nawili bevr sainteresos da ueWvelad
istoriuls Seicavs.
pirvel rigSi, vin iyo aieti, rogor SeiZleboda, rom igi
erTdroulad balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze qalaq-saxelmwifo
korinTosa da kolxeTis saxelmwifos mefe yofiliyo?
winaistoria ase gamoiyureba:
Tubalebis dasavleTiT mcire azia, egeosis zRvis kunZulebi,
bakaneTis naxevarkunZuli, apeninebisa da pirineis naxevarkun-
Zulebi, xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebi erTi modgmis sasicocxlo
areals warmoadgenda. am modgmis tomebSi muSexebs mniSvnelovani
49
adgili ekavaT. maTi naTesaoba ikveTeba ara mxolod TubalebTan,

aramed etruskebTan, egeosis auzis macxovreblebTan. bevr cno-
bil mkvlevars miaCnia isini erTi Ziridan momdinare tomebad.
gansakuTrebul interess mainc balkaneTSi pe-laz-gebisa da
aziaSi (Savi zRvispireTSi) laz-eb (laz-gebis) naTesaobis sakiTxi
iwvevs. Zveli berZnebis meSveobiT SemorCenili miTologiuri,
istoriuli, geografiuli cnobebi uaRresad aqtualurs xdis
am sakiTxTa krebuls.
rodidanaa meSexTa mosaxleoba egeosur sivrceSi – ucnobia.
miaCniaT rom Zv.w.a. III aTaswleuli e.w. minosuri kulturis
ayvavebisa da dacemis periodebia. mas adreminosur periods uwo-
deben. es dro qalaq-saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebiTa da ayvavebiT
xasiaTdeba. meSexuri elementebis gamocalkaveba da analizi arc
aravis mouxdenia da egeb arc iyo saWiro.
mxolod erTia dasamaxsovrebeli. am dros xdeba didi
miTologiur-kulturuli cvlileba. arsebul wamyvan RmerTTa
wyvils, usazRvro dronis RmerT kronis da qalRmerT rea-
kibelas cvlis kunZul kretadan mosuli zevsisa (Weqaquxilis
RmerTi) da heras (haeris qalRmerTis) wyvili. amas Tan axlavs
mcire aziidan da egoesis zRvis kunZulebidan mosuli RmerTebis
amaRleba da olimpos mTaze damkvidreba.
realur sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi igi ionielTa gamoCe-
niT xasiaTdeba. ionelebi iWrebian pelazgur samyaroSi, magram
mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ver iwveven da Tanacxovrebis wesze
gadadian.
es ori procesi organul urTierTkavSirSi unda iqnas ganxi-
luli. cxovrebaSi momxdari cvlileba zeciurs ganapirobebda.
pelazgiuri elementi da kultura kvlav wamyvani rCeboda.
Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulis bolo da II aTaswleulis pirveli
naxevari Suaminosuri kulturis periodadaa miCneuli. esaa e.w.
kreta-mikenis kulturis ayvavebis periodi. am periodis CarCoe-
bSi moiazreba kolxuri saxelmwifos siZliere, sakuTriv aietis
zeoba da argonavtTa iq laSqroba-mogzauroba.
50
iTqva, rom aziaSi iafetisa da iafetidebis istoria evro-

paSi iapetis saxiT gamovlindeba. iapetis memkvidreebia promeTe,
epimeTe, menetiosi da atlanti. miTologiaSi isini RmerTebad
ki ara titanebad moiazrebian. amiT xazi aqvs gasmuli zevsis
Taobis upiratesobas.
promeTes vaJia devkalioni, romelic pelazgTa mamamTavaria.
rodesac zevsma promeTe kavkasionis mTebSi maRal kldes miajaWva,
devkalioni yovel wels Camodioda mamis sanaxavad da samkurnalod.
es Tavis mxriv miTiTebaa pelazgebisa da kolxebis (muSexebisa da
egroseli Tubalebis) mWidro kavSirze da urTierTobis sixSireze.
ufro meti, miTologia, RmerTebis mefe zevsis aRmzrdel-maswav-
leblebs Soris kolx korabantebsac moiazrebs. Zalze bevri da
sayuradReboa am cnobaSi. kirbebis (dRevandeli gagebiT wignebis)
Semqmneli kor-abantebi (tyavze weris ostatebi) kolxebi arian.
amave dros kunZul makrisze momavali makronebis pirvel sacxovre-
belze (dRevandeli k. evbea), abantTa tomi saxlobda. ra saerTo
iyo kolx kor-abantebsa da makrisel abantebs Soris?
devkalions, Tavis mxriv, atlantis asul eleqtrasagan
hyavda dardani, iasioni da asuli harmonia. xolo, roca meore
coli, ucxotomeli pira moiyvana, mas Tan gerebi moyvnen elini
da amfiqtioni... elinis vaJi iyo elosi, eolelTa mamamTavari.
dardani, mamis memkvidre, gaxda qalaq-saxelmwifos korinTos
pirveli mefe... misi Zma iasioni ki qalaq orqomenis mefe. maTi
naxevarZmebi, devkalionis gerebi, elini magnesiis mefe, xolo
amfiqtioni Termopilesi. gamovida, rom devkalionis Svilebma
mdidari mxare daikaves, gerebma ki Raribi...
gadmocema gvamcnobs, rom Raribebma Suris niadagze mokles
iasioni. iasonis vaJi, koribantebis mamamTavari gaaqcies da man
Tavi kunZul makriss (evbeas) Seafara.
amis Semdeg Zmebma gandevnes qalaq-saxelmwifo Tebes dam-
aarsebeli mefe kadmosi da korinTos mefe dardans miadgnen.
dardani iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi qonebiT da axloblebiT srutes
gadasuliyo da aziaSi damkvidrebuliyo.
51
istoriis mixedviT, dardani aziaSi Tevkrebis tomis mefes

CaesiZa, marmarilos zRvis mxares idis mTebSi daefuZna, daarsa
qalaqi dardani da gaxda maTi mefe. dardans axali coli bateia-
sagan eyola vaJi erixToni. Tavis mxriv erisTons astioqesgan
eyola ori vaJi, ili da trosi.
erixTonis Semdeg gamefda ili, magram uSvilo darCa. Tavis
mxriv trosis kiliroesgan eyola ori vaJi. ufross Zmis saxeli
uwoda-ili. mefe ilim roca naxa, rom uSvilod gadaSeneba ewera,
Zmas tross dauTmo mefoba da Tavad aRmosavleTiT gaemgzavra...
unda vifiqroT, rom igi TanmxleblebTan erTad wavidoda.
aRmosavleTSi wasuli ili egroselebs Soris moxvda, iqauri
mefis asuli, grZneul-mkurnali, perimede SeirTo. perimedesTan,
namkurnaleb ilis eyola vaJi mermero. sxvis samefoSi myofma mefe
ili-m, roca Seityo, rom korinTos mefe sizifi gardaicvala da
umefobis xana dadga, miaSura sapelazgios. ilim SeZlo korinTos
daufleba da dardanidebis samefo dinastiis gagrZeleba.
ilis Semdeg korinToSi mefobda misi vaJi mermero, Semdeg
ki aieti...
qalaq-saxelmwifo sapelazgoSi bevri iyo. pelazgebma
daarses qalaqebi aqte (Semdeg mas aTena ewoda), Tebe, orqiomeni,
tirinfi, mikeni da sxv. korinTo Tavisi mdebareobiT, mniSvn-
elobiT, simdidriT gamorCeuli iyo, aq iyo pelazgebis (bevrad
gvian Zveli berZnebis) religiuri centri... am samefos ekuTvnoda
delfos samisno, romelic yvela mefis mosaloci iyo periodu-
lad. masve ekuTvnoda omfalos qva, romelic msoflio centris
aRmniSvneli iyo. visac korinTo ekuTvnoda, is akontrolebda sa-
pelazgos (pelazgisi-sis) centralur nawils. gasakviri ar unda
iyos, rom aietsac iZulebiT daaTmobines samefo da iZulebuli
gaxades egroselebis mxareSi (kolxeTSi) gadasaxlebuliyo.
isedac bunebrivia, rom Tavad aiets, mis STamomavlobas surdaT
da Seecdebodnen korinToSi mefobis dabrunebas.
aseTi SesaZlebloba argonavtebis laSqroba-stumrobis
dros gaCnda.
52
argonavtebis, egroselTa mxareSi (kolxeTSi, kolxidaSi),

mogzaurobis istoria farTedaa ganxiluli da sayovelTaod
cnobili msoflio sazogadoebisaTvis. amave dros igi aRreulia
da dauleagebeli. aTaswleulebis manZilze igi miCneuli iyo ara-
realur, gamogonil faqtad, ambebis zRaprul ferebSi gadmocema,
amagrebda aseT midgomas. genrix Slimanis miRwevebma ralurobis
gancda daubrunes troas omis da mis winare movlenebs. aravis
uaruyvia, rom argonavtebis Svilebi troas aTwlian omSi monaw-
ileobdnen. Sesabamisad, vinc irwmuna troas omis istoriuloba,
iman aietis egrosuli (kolxur-kolxiduri) samefos istori-
ulobac aRiara. da mainc daudgenelia rodis unda momxdariyo
yovelive? istoriis ZiriTadi sami kiTxvidan: sad, rodis, ra,
swored es kiTxvaa pasuxgaucemi.
msoflioSi aRiarebuli avtoritetebi miiCneven, rom troas
omi Zv.w.a. XIII-XII s. unda momxdariyo... ramdenadac omis monawi-
leTa mamebi argonavtebi iyvnen, savaraudod am or movlenas
Soris dro erTi TaobiT ganisazRvreba, saSualod 30 weli. Se-
sabamisad, miCneulia, rom argonavtTa laSqrobac imave periodSi
iqneboda, magram vinc argonavtTa laSqrobasa da troas oms
Zv.w.a. XIII-XIIs. gansazRvravs, ar iTvaliswinebs or mniSvnelovan
garemoebas: 1. q. troas omi brinjaos iaraRebiT mimdinareobs.
aseve arc argonavtebma da arc egroselebma (kolxebma) rkinis
iaraRi da saerTod rkina ar ician. ara da, rogorc mecnierebi
irwmunebian Zv.w.a. XV saukunidan rkina cnobili metali xdeba.
amasTan rkinis gamomgonebeli xalibebi, homerosis TqmiT hali-
Zonebi, troelebis mxares ibrZvian, magram brinjaos iaraRebiT;
2. homerosi roca CamoTvlis mebrZol mxareTa Semadgenlobas
(maT gemebs) arsad asaxelebs namdvili berZnebis uSualo wina-
prebs, _ doreelebs. ara da Zv.w.a. XIII s. xdeba dorielTa Seseva
balkaneTSi, maTgan pelazgebis amoxocva an gandevna. troas omi
rom imave saukuneSi an ufro gvian momxdariyo, bunebrivia es
movlena aisaxeboda ìliadaSi~.
da kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori. aRiarebulia, rom
53
Zv.w.a. XV s. balkaneTSi da egeosis auzis zog kunZulebze ukve

arian aqavelebi (axeelebi). maTi tomia mirmindonelebi (Wian-
Wvelebis), romelTac legendaruli gmiri aqilevsi mefobs. amave
dros aqavelebi jer ara Canan kunZul kretaze. es kunZuli maT
XVs. daikaves. aqedan gamomdinare, savaraudod troas omi da
argonavtTa laSqrobac Zv.w.a. XVI-XV saukuneebis mijnaze unda
Semdgariyo. SeiZleba adre, magram ara gvian.
Tu aseTi msjeloba misaRebia, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom
artonavtebi egroselebs (kolxebs, gnebavT kolxidlebs) Zv.w.a.
XVIs. ewveodnen. mizezi aseTia:
sapelazgoSi, oqros sawmisi miiCneoda xelisuflebis sim-
bolod. SemorCenilia cnoba, rom agamemnon-menelaes mama da biZa
erTurTs mtrobdnen mefobis gulisTvis. maT erTad daRupes
mama pelopi (vis gamoc sapelazgios samxreT nawils peloponesi
ewoda), dis qmari, mikenis mefe sfenela, dis Svili da bolos
aTreis darCa mikenSi mefoba. fiesti SeuCnda Zmis cols da misi
daxmarebiT aTreis wahgvares Zalauflebis simbolo oqros
sawmisi. aseve oqros sawmisi hqondaT CrdiloeT sapelazgos
mefeebs. isini morigeobiT iRebdnen oqros sawmiss, mas af-
arebdnen Sesawiravad SerCeul verZs da vadis dadgomis dros,
verZs RmerTebs Seswiravdnen, xolo sawmisi morig mefesTan ga-
dadioda. am rituals Zalauflebis simbolos garda religiuri
daniSnulebac hqonda. oqrossawmisiani verZis Sewirva, wasulTa
sulebs saiqioSi adgils umkvidrebda. sanam Sewirvis ceremonia
ar Sedgeboda micvelebulebi itanjebodnen. ra ewera, ra exata
oqros sawmiss, ucnobia, mkvlevarebs aTasi mosazreba aqvT, zogi
Wkvianuri, zogic iseTi briyvuli, TiTqos oqros sawmisi cxvris
tyavi iyo, riTac mdinareSi oqros marcvlebs agrovebdnen. am
azris mimdevrebi arc ufiqrdebian, cxvris tyavis wasaRebad vin
wamovidoda balkaneTidan kavkasiaSi. ra iq sxva cxvari ar iyo? da
a.S. ufro safiqrebelia, rom oqros sawmisis morigeobiT floba,
mefeTa Soris mSvidobisa da erTobis simbolosac warmoadgenda.
argonavtTa mogzaurobas egriselTa mxareSi, win aseTi
54
ambavi uswrebda. laSqrobamde ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre sa-

pelazgioSi cudi saqme moxda. qalaq orqomenSi mefobda elinis
Camomavali aTamanti. colma igi miatova. darCa qal-vaJi. vaJi
friqse, gogo-hele. aTamantma axali coli moiyvana. ucxotomeli
ino. qalma gerebis Tavidan moSoreba moindoma. miaRwia imas, rom
saTesle xorbali pirad msaxurebs Cumad moaxarSina da daaTesina.
mosavali ar movida, daiwyo SimSiloba. qalma Tavisi msaxuri mia-
vlina delfoSi, `mizezis gasarkvevad~. msaxurma pasuxi moitana:
RmerTebis risxvis mosaxsnelad mefis Svilebi unda SewiroTo.
bavSvebis erTgulma msaxurebma friqse da hele samefodan gaapa-
res da Zalauflebis simbolo oqros sawmisiani verZi gaayoles.
gzaSi hele zRvaSi daixrCo (amitom ewoda helesponti), friqsem
ki bolos egroselebis (kolxebi) mxares miaRwia. mefe aieti,
adre iyo ra korinTos mefe, delfos midamoebis mflobeli,
iseTive uflebamosili iyo oqros sawmisze, rogorc aTamanti
an nebismieri pelazgi mefe. aietma verZi RmerTebs Seswira (am
mxareSi pelazgiuri RmerTebi mbrZaneblobdnen. Tavad aieti mzis
RmerTis, heliosis Svilad iTvleboda. heliosis umcrosi da
eosi acnobebda xolme aiets aisis dadgomas. Tu dResac bevri
cdilobs Tavi mefis Tu ara Tavad-aznauris Camomavlad mianc
warmoidginos. aTasobiT wlebis win mefeni RmerTebis Camomav-
lebad Tvlidnen sakuTar warmomavlobas. gasakviria?), oqros
sawmisi ki daitova.
pelazgebisaTvis oqros sawmisis dakargva saerTo ubedurebis
momaswavebeli iyo. maT evalebodaT dakargulis dabruneba, raTa
micvalebulebs im qveynad gza gasxnodaT. evalebodaT, magram
ver SeZles miznis aRsruleba.
dro gadioda, mefe aietis karze friqse davaJkacda, mefis
ufrosi qaliSvili qalkiope colad SeirTo da oTxi vaJic
eyolaT: argo, melasi, frontisi da kitisore. roca biWebi
davaJkacdnen, sapelazgoSi gaemgzavrnen, raTa mamis, (friqses)
kuTvnili samefo taxti daekavebinaT orqomenSi.
sapelazgoSi wamoizarda axali Taoba, romelTac evalebodaT
55
da surdaT dakarguli oqros sawmisis daburneba, magram arc gza

icodnen da verc iseT grZel gems agebdnen, romelic bosforis
srutis dinebas (4-6 km.saaTSi) gadalaxavda.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad im dros, mxolod kretelebs da kolxebs
SeeZloT aseTi swrafmavali grZeli gemebis ageba. bedad kol-
xeTSi aRzrdili friqses Svilebi aRmoCndnen laSqrobis mosurne
vaJkacTa Soris. gemi argom aago da saxelic misi ewoda.
aietTan Camosul pelazgebs Soris ionelebic iyvnen. saerTo
ZaliTac verafers miaRwevdnen argonavtebi, rom ara aietis um-
crosi qaliSvilis, medeas daxmareba. igi im pirobiT miexmara
mosulebs, Tu mas daexmarebodnen korinTos mefobis dabrunebaSi.
marTalia mTeli es istoria zRaprul ferebSia daxatuli, magram
arsi esaa: korinToSi mefobis dabruneba. medeam Tavis gawirviT
mizans miaRwia. Tumca TviTon ver gamefda, magram mefoba Tavis
Svilebs mainc daumkvidra, rogorc korinToSi, aseve orqomenSi.
argonavtebis kolxeTSi (kolxidaSi, egroselebSi) laSqro-
bis am mokle istoriaSi ra aris SeuZlebeli? amitom Zvel miTebsa
da legendebs Tu zRaprul CenCos Camoacileben, bevr istoriul
sinamdviles ixilaven.
am SemTxvevaSi ki arsebiTia imis aRiareba, rom Zv.w.a. III aTas-
wleulSi dafuZnebul egroselTa samefo saukuneebis manZilze
ganagrZobda arsebobas, mefe aietis dros igi did siZlieres
aRwevda, magram Semdegac inarCunebda sasicocxlo sivrces.
egroselTa samefo (kolxeTi, kolxida), savaraudod Tubal-
muSexTa Sereul mosaxleobas aerTianebda. Tu mkvlevarebi Zv.w.a.
III aTaswleulidan varaudoben egrosuli erTiani enis dayofis
process egrulad da svanurad, II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi maT
lazur-Wanuri unda damatebodaT e.w. zRvis xalxebis Semosevebis
da meSex-muSqTa (ukve muSqTa) aRmosavleTiT gadanacvlebis gamo.
Tavis mxriv TubalTa Soris paralelurad ori didi tomTa
gaerTianeba yalibdeba. erTia e.w. diauxi. es tomebi ZiriTadad amier
da imier taos teritorias moicavdnen. amitomac uwodeben xSirad
mas taoxs. diauxi-taoxi. es gaerTianeba, Tavisi mefiT saTaveSi,
56
mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgenda da rols asrulebda TubalTa

sivrceSi, sanam ufro Zlieri urartus msxverpli gaxdeboda.
urartus, iseve, rogorc bevri sxva samefos, istoria mx-
olod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Semdeg gaxda cnobili. aRmoCe-
nilma asiriulma da urartulma warwerebma naTeli mohfines
saukuneebSi dakarguli mZlavri samefos warsuls. rogorc
Cveulebriv xdeba, am samefos mosaxleobis sakuTar winaprebad
gamocxadebas, msurvelebi ar mohklebia. danamdvilebiT ki mx-
olod is dadasturda, rom aq macxovrebeli tomebi Tubalebi
iyvnen. haosiani, magram Tubalebi da ara sxva vinme.
aRmoCnda rom vanis tbis midamoebSi mcxovrebma tomebma
Seqmnes mZlavri gaerTianeba, romelsac `biaini~-s eZaxdnen.
asurelebi ki mas urartus (urartis) uwodebdnen. cnobebi Zv.w.a.
XIV s. ganekuTvneba.
im droidan moyolebuli, rva saukunis manZilze es samefo
wamyvan Zalas warmoadgenda regionSi.
mkvlevarebi fiqroben, rom urartuli ena xuritulis msgav-
sia. amasTan, ar ician rogoria xurituli. imasac amtkiceben, rom
ZvelqarTuli xuritulidan momdinare da urartulis monaTe-
savea. azri bevrnairia gamoTqmuli. sinamdvile daudgenelia.
cnobilia, rom Zv.w.a. IXs-dan urartu Zlierdeba. VIII sau-
kune Zlierebis xanaa. misma mefeebma (sarduri, iSfuini, menua,
argiSTi II) asureTi daasustes... argiSTi I warweraSi laparakia
asureTis damorCilebaze.
urartu brZolebs mxolod samxreTis mimarTulebiT rodi
awarmoebda, gadmocemis Tanaxmad menuam SeZlo diauxis damor-
Cileba. misi teritoria kulxas (kolxas, kolxeTis, egrisis)
tomTa gaerTianebasTan gaiyo. mis mefes xarki daado. argiSTi I
dros urartelebma md. araqsi gadmolaxes. aq iqna daarsebuli
erebunis (dRevandeli erevanis) cixe. imave dros dalaSqres
javaxeTi. misi Svilis, sarduri II dros urartum sevanis tbis
midamoebi daimorCila.
sarduri II Svilis ursa (rusa) I dros moxda Crdilo kavka-
57
siidan kimerielebis Semoseva. urartu sustdeba da male (Zv.w.a.

714w) sargon II qveyanas aoxrebs.
sargon II asureTis mrisxane mbrZanebeli, kargi sardali
da eSmaki diplomati yofila... igi ara mxolod iaraRis ZaliT
moqmedebda mezoblebis winaaRmdeg, urartus dasustebis mizniT
man moindoma orive frigiis mefe miTas waCxubeba urartelebTan.
amave dros, urartus samxreTiT arsebuli Tubali tomebis mcire
qveynis e.w. bit-burutas (dedaqalaqi til-garimi) mefed cno
hvli (hulli). xolo misi vaJi amri (ambarisi) siZed gaixada.
ufro meti, rodesac amri gamefda, sargionma siZes hulaku (ki-
likia) gadasca, rogorc qaliSvilis mziTevi.
sargon II, am mcdelobas gaeTiSa Tubal-meSexebis samokav-
Sireo erToba, Sedegi ar moyva. urartus mefe ursa (rusa), bit-
birutas mefe amri da orive frigiis mefe miTa (midasi) asureTis
sawinaaRmdegod gaerTiandnen. sargonma gaigo maTi SekavSirebis
Sesaxeb, daaswro da isini calk-calke daamarcxa.
gansakuTrebiT savalalo iyo urartus aoxreba. utyuaradaa
miCneuli, rom urartuelebis RmerTTa panTeons xaldi edga
saTaveSi. aqedan urartelebs xaldevelebsac uwodebdnen. xal-
dis sakulto qalaqi mucaciri (musasiri) urmiis tbis samxreT
dasavleTiT, ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi simdidriT. mas haosian Tub-
alTa tomebi pativs ar aklebdnen. moRweuli cnobis Tanaxmad,
sargonma SeZlo am religiuri centris ganadgureba da iqidan
tonobiT oqro-vercxlis gatana.
didi mcdelobis miuxedavad verc erTi mokavSireTagani,
sargonis am damangrevel laSqrobis Semdeg welSi ver gaimarTa.
arc kavkasions CrdiloeTiT ganfenil Tubalebs SexvdaT
ukeTesi bedi. Zv.w.a. XIII saukunemde maT warmatebiT moigeries
istoriulad ucnobi mtrebis Semoseva. mroveli aRniSnavda, rom
lekos, kavkasianebma es samxreTeli Tubalebis saerTo daxmare-
biT moaxerxes. vin iyvnen is mZlavri Tavdamsxmelebi? mxolod
varaudis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas; SeiZleba es is dorielebi iyvnen,
romlebic Semdeg balkaneTSi SeiWrnen? SeiZleba CrdiloeT kavka-
58
siisken isini win ver wavidnen da dasavleTs Seuties, balkaneTi

daikaves, iq mcxovrebeli tomebi gandevnes da amiT mcire aziis
qveynebic daasustes? zRvis xalxebis Semosevam xom ara mxolod
xeTis qveyana dasca, aramed egviptesac uwia.
istoriulad cnobili isaa, rom Zv.w.a. II aTaswleulis meore
naxevarSi, didi cvlilebebi xdeba meSexTa sasicocxlo arealSi.
Zv.w.a. XIIIs. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze doriul tomTa didi
masa SeiWra.. pelazgebi, ionelebi, axeelebi maT daimorCiles,
gawyvites an gandevnes.. maT aseve daikaves egeosis auzis kun-
Zulebi. devnilTa didi masa (karielebi, lelegebi, likielebi,
da sxva.) mcire azias miawyda.. maT dasces xeTis samefo, SeiWrnen
siria, finikia, palestinaSi. zRviT SeZles egviptemde miRweva.
zRvis xalxebma Tubalebis dasavleTiT macxovrebeli meSexebi
TavianT sabrZolo rigebSi Caayenes.. meSexebma (axla ukve asiri-
ulad muskebma, muSqebis saxeliT cnobilma tomebma) Tubalebs
waarTves xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro teritoriebi da asureTis
imperias uSualod gaumezobldnen. Sedegmac ar daagviana. Semor-
Cenilia asureTis mrisxane mefe tiglat pilesar I werilobiTi
cnoba. Zv.w. a. 1100 wlis am werilobiT ZeglSi laparakia 20 aTasi
muskis mier, xuTi mefis sardlobiT, kumuxis mxaris dakavebaze.
cxadia, muSexTa mier (muSq-muskebi) samxreTiT laSqroba er-
Teuli gamonaklisi ar iqneboda. laSqrobebis dros maT finikias
uwies. sxva sikeTesTan erTad finikielebisagan anbanuri damwer-
loba SeiTvises da xeli Seuwyes, rom finikielebTan erTad, es
msoflio miRweva ar daikarga. Zveli berZeni avtorebi aRniSnaven,
rom asoTi damwerloba maT muSqebisagan (meSex-mesxebisagan)
iswavles.
meSexTa mier TubalTa teritoriebis dasavleTi nawilis
dakaveba mxolod ukidures samxreTSi moxda Tu es procesi ka-
vkasiis regionsac Seexo, gamosarkvevia.. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar
ivargebda ganxilvis gareSe im cnobis uaryofa, romlis Tanaxmad,
bevrad gvian, iberebi da albanelebi Tavs balkaneTis central-
uri nawilidan (Tesaliidan) wamosulebad Tvlidnen. aseve araa
59
bolomde axsnili meSexebis nawilis (lazebis) egroselTa Soris

damkvidrebis istoria. arc isaa danamdvilebiT cnobili meSex-
uri (mesxuri) tomi da aqavelebi (axeelebi) Crdilo kavkasiaSi
rodis da rogor moxvdnen.
rac Seexeba dasavleTs, meSexTa gadasaxleba mcire aziidan
afrikis CrdiloeTSi, apeninis naxevarkunZulze (etruskebi) Tes-
aliidan gadasvla, sruliad Seuswavleli sakiTxia. aseve aravin
dainteresebula Zvel legenda _ miTebSi gabneuli informaciis
analiziT Tu ras niSnavda aietis Zmis mefoba tavris mTebis
mxares, aietis erTi dis (kirkea, circea) warmoCena romaelTa
Soreul winaprad, xolo meore dis (pasifae) kretis legendaru-
li mefe monosis meuRled.. gana, roca troelebi mowinaaRmdeges
kreteli ariadnasa da kolxi medeas motacebaze miuTiTeben da
amiT menelaes meuRle elenas motacebas amarTleben, rogorc
sapasuxo qmedebas, es Rrma, dafaruli informaciis Semcveli
faqtebi araa? am mxrivac WeSmaritebis dadgenas bevri aklia.
Tubal-meSexebis istoria iseTi didia, Zvelia da bevris mom-
cveli rom mis, Tundac mokle da arsebiT mimoxilvaze fiqric
ki zedmetia. amitom aq mxolod erT Semadgenelze iyo msjeloba;
im droidan moyolebuli, rac `bibliaSi~ Tubal-meSexis xseneba
moxda, maT arealSi ar dafiqsirebula iseTi procesi, romelic
gnebavT TubalTa da gnebavT meSexTa genetikur-fsiqikur da
enobriv cvlilebas gamoiwvevda.
60
somexTa warmomavlobisaTvis
somxebisaTvis (qarTulad), haies-ebisaTvis (somxurad), ar-

menebisaTvis (danarCeni msofliosaTvis) imden mkvlevars umoR-
vawia, rom kidev erTi patara cnoba bevrs verafers Sematebs.
am sakiTxiT iseTi saxelovani mecnierebi dainteresebulan,
romelTa avtoriteti msoflio sazogadoebriobam kargad icis.
maTi CamoTvlis cdac ki did ZalisxmevasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
aRaraferi iTqmis sakuTriv somex Tu gasomxebul mecnierebze.
tendenciaa.. rac ufro meti moyvaruli Tu msaxuri kliosi,
SesWidebia eris warmomavlobis sakiTxs, miT ufro meti Tval-
sazrisi, meti versia yalibdeboda. ukve iTqva, rom 19s. bolomde
ucilo WeSmaritebad iyo miCneuli movses xorenacis koncefcia
somxebis, Togarmas (Targamosis) saxleulobis warmomadgenlis
haik-isagan (haosisagan) warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.. meoce saukunis
meore naxevridan gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xdeba kvleva da
sakiTxis gagebis variantebic matulobs.
gansakuTrebiT farTed gavrceleda versia, romlis mixedviT
somxebis winaprebi wina aziaSi mividnen Zv.w.a. XII saukuneSi, arian
indoevropelebi, saukneebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen xeTebTan
da am samefos dangrevis Semdeg calke gamoCndnen istoriaSi.
bevri mkvlevari miemxro versias somxebis winaprebis balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTiT Trakiidan gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb..
brigebis tomi dasaxlda wina aziaSi, miiRo frigielebis saxeli
(brigebi-frigebi) da Semdeg aRmosavleTiT wawevis dros gadam-
wyveti roli Seasrula somexi eris CamoyalibebaSi.
erTi periodi Zalze popularuli iyo e.w. haiasaaccis vari-
anti.. amtkicebdnen, rom xeTebis arealSi aRmoCenil warweraSi,
saubaria haiasas qveyanaze. Tanac es qveyana sadRaca trapezuntis
midamoebSi mdebareobda, e.i. Sav zRvasTan axlos da aqedan gamom-
dinare mravalmxirivi SesaZleblobiT.. imasac ki ar uwevdnen
angariSs, rom mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis daangarisebiT Zveli
kolxeTis (kolxidis) samefo, (aietis samefo) md. Woroxis xeo-
baSi moiazreboda da ara md. rionisa.
61
Tvalsazrisi somxebis (haia-sebis, armenielebis) Camoyali-

bebis Sesaxeb mravalnairad dafiqsirda.. Tu XIX s. bolomde
somexi eri afetiSebda xorenacis naTqvams, axla misi koncefcia
saerTod Tu ara ZiriTadad ukugdebulia.
meore ZiriTadi nakadi migraciuli variantebisa, aseve
moZvelebulad da miuRebladaa miCneuli... SeiZleba imitomac,
rom ver Sejerdnen: visi migracia moxda, Trakielebis, brigebis,
luvielebis, arielebis, frigielebis Tu sxva. vis Seerivnen
mosulebi xuritebs, urartelebs, xaTebs Tu sxvas visme. rodis
moxda Sereva, Serwyma, SeduReba. visi ena iyo wamyvani da a.S.
verc koncefciaTa mesame ZiriTadma nakadma hpova erTm-
niSvnelovani aRiareba... Zneli aRmoCnda imis dasabuTeba, rom
armeniis zegania indoevropelTa, arielTa warmoSobis centri.
amas emateboda iseTi `sibrZne~, rogoricaa xeTuri enis rusu-
lis msgavsad aRiareba da am enis ar mcodneTa mier gaSifruli
warwerebis sizuste. ufro meti, roca germaniaSi somxuri (arme-
niuli) ena indogermanulad aRiares, fsevdo mecnieruli kvleva
politikur spekulaciebSi gadaizarda.
ukve iyo naTqvami, rom sabWoTa imperiaSi ararusi erebis
istoriis ZiriTad sakiTxebs moskovi ìkvlevda~ da Sesabamis
rekomendaciebs sxva eTnosebs aZalebda. somexi eTnosi gamonak-
lisi ver iqneboda.
Tqma ar unda, imperiaSi iyvnen Seulaxavi avtoritetebic,
magram mTlianobaSi problematikis damuSaveba ideologiuri
bZolis prizmaSi tydeboda. calkeuli, Tundac damsaxurebuli
mecnieris dasaxeleba da misi Tvalsazrisis ganxilva, dasmuli
amocanis amoxsnas xels ver Seuwyobs da arcaa aucilebeli.
bolos mividnen daskvnamde, eTnosis genezisis dasadgenad
saWiroa: 1. genografiis (genetikur-biologiuri masalis) codna;
2. glotografiis (eTnosis enis warmomavlobis, Semadgeneli
plastebis) codna da 3. materialuri kulturografiis (arqe-
ologiuri masalis saerTo donisa da Taviseburebebis) codna.
somexi (da ara mxoldo somexi) eTnosis samive mimarTule-
62
biT Seswavla grZeli procesia. amdenad, msjeloba bevr rameze

SeiZleba, daskvna ki naadrevia. Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqna re-
aloba, rom Tundac arqeologiurad sakiTxis Seswavla, TurqeTis
teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis gadaxras saWiroebs, gasagebi
gaxdeba sirTule... amas emateba werilobiTi cnobebis simwire.
Tavad somex eTnoss istoria, movses xorenacim, ucxour wyaroe-
bze dayrdnobiT Seuqmna. SeuZlebeli gaxda mwyobri istoriis
gadmocema. mis mier daweril naSromSi movlenebi da faqtebi
zogjer daulagebelia droSi da a.S.
Tqma ar unda, klios msaxurTa Soris kvlav rCebian somxebis
(armenebis) eTnogenezis ukugdebuli variantebis momxreebi.
Znelia erTxel aRiarebulis ise daviwyeba, rom man Tavi ar
Seaxsenos.. miT ufro, Tu koncefcia bevr safuZvlian arguments
Seicavs. daufiqreblad raimes miReba iseTive Secdomaa, rogorc
misi xelaRebiT uaryofa.
movses xorenacis mier dawerili istoria ukritikod iqna
gaziarebuli da locvasaviT gazepirebuli.. ara da iq istori-
uli realoba zRaprul ferebSi iyo gadmocemuli. bolos ki
ararealuris ukugdebas realuric zed mihyva.
uaryofili iqna migraciuli Teoriis bevri varianti. am
uaryofis process bevri realuri faqti Tu movlena Seewira.
dRes, somexTa warmomavlobis misaRebi Teoria: Zv. w. a. II
aTaswleulis bolos, balkaneTidan mcire aziaSi gadasaxldnen
jer qaSqebi, adiRevelebi maT mihyvebian muSqebi, urumelebi.
Semdeg daiZra migrantTa meore talRa Trakielebisa da fri-
gielebis. Zv. w. a. IX saukuneSi maT Seqmnes frigiis mZlavri
samefo. gadmosaxlebulebi Seerivnen adgilobriv macxovrebel
xuritebs, luvielebs da Serwymis Sedegad warmoiSva somexi
(armenTa, haiasTa) eTnosi.
eTnogenezis uaryofil variantebs Sorisaa kimerielTa da
skviTTa SesaZlo monawileoba am procesSi.
kimerielebi, klios msaxurTa (istorikosTa) daskvnis Tanax-
mad, Savi da azovis zRvebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriebs
63
flobdnen da momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen. gadmocemebis

Tanaxmad, mTeli maTi cxovreba cxenze da cxenTan mimdinareobda.
patarebs sami wlis asakidan moyolebuli damoukideblad See-
ZloO cxenis marTva. Taobebi izrdebodnen rogorc Seudarebeli
moisarni da mamaci, mZlavri meomrebi. cxovrebisa da aRzrdis
am sistemam kimeriul modgmas Tavisi daRi daasva. Camoyalibda
kimeriuli tipi, wels zeviT goliaTurad ganviTarebuli da
SedarebiT mokle qveda kidurebiT.
kimerielebis paralelurad, Savi zRvis CrdiloeT miwebs
skviTebi flobdnen. saarsebo sivrcis gafarToebis aucile-
blobam, es ori gaerTianeba momTabare tomebisa, Sejaxebis
gardauvalobamde miiyvana.
kimerielebi ganidevnen da iZulebulni, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
macxovrebel Tubal-kavkasosis tomebs daerivnen. SemorCenili
informaciis Tanaxmad, kimerielebi azovis zRvis mxridan Sei-
Wrnen, Tubal-kavkasiani tomebi gaxliCes nawili aRmosavle-
TiT ganidevna, meore nawili azovis zRvis lerwmian-Waobian
sanapiros miejaWva, tamanis naxevarkunZulze Caiketa.. nawilma
kavkasionis mTebs Seafara Tavi, nawili kimerielebs SeuerTda.
dRemde sakamaToa iq dafiqsirebul tomTa, meotebisa da sindebis
gaerTianebaTa warmomavloba. danadarebi, toretebi, kerketebi,
zigeb-jiqebi, iyvnen isini Tubalebi Tu ara?
faqti ki isaa, rom Zv.w.a. VIII s. kimerielebma gadalaxes
kavkasionis Savi zRvispireTis mTebi, egroseli Tubalebis dam-
arcxebis Semdeg, kolxeTis (kolxidis, egrosis) samefo daamxes
da aqedan wina azias Seuties.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom eTnosis Tanamedrove meTodebiT Ses-
wavlis gareSe, kerZod, genur-biologiuri da glotografiuli
kvlevis gareSe aRniSnul tomTa romelime eTnosisaTvis mikuT-
vneba, sabWoTa kavSiris dros, mxolod politikuri mosazrebebiT
xdeboda... dRes, Secvlil viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, CrdiloeT
kavkasionel tomTa eTnikuri raobis gansazRvra mecnierul miR-
wevaTa niadagze unda moxdes.
64
kimerielebi kavkasionis CrdiloeTidan skviTebs ganeridnen.

amiT maTi devna ar damTavrebula. skviTebi Semohyvnen gaqceu-
lebs, magram kavkasionTan maTi devna Sewyvites, wavidnen aRmosav-
leTiT, mTebis paralelurad da darubandis (albaneTis) kariT
SeiWrnen Tubali movakanisa da bardosis samyaroSi.
gamovida, rom TubalTa sasicocxlo areals, sami mxridan
(CrdiloeTi, dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi) bevrad Zlieri mowi-
naaRmdegeni daemuqrnen. samxreTidan asureTis imperia isedac
gasaqans ar aZlevda. ukve iTqva, rom sargon II Zv.w.a. 714-713
ww. sastikad daamarcxa siZe amri (ambarisi), frigiis mefe miTa
(midasi), urartus mefe ursa (rusa) da praqtikulad Camoacila
isini regionSi pirvelobisaTvis brZolas.
am brZolebis dros, sargonma, Semdeg ki misma memkvidre
sinaqeribma (705-681ww.) daikaves da provinciad aqcies melidisa
da til-garimis midamoebi. is teritoriebi, sadac somexTa (ha-
iasTa, armenTa) Tavdapirveli genezisi ivaraudeba.
asureTis TareSis Sedegi aRmofxvrili ar iyo, roca Zv.w.a.
VIIIs. meore naxevarSi kimerielebi SeiWrnen egroselTa sa-
myofelSi, gadaqeles dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelo, 670-650
ww. uwies dRevandel kapadokias da urartus samefos daemuqrnen
dasavleTis mxridan.
dadasturebulad miiCneva, rom kimerielTa dapirispireba ura-
rtuelebTan dazavebiTa da dasavleTiT maTi saerTo laSqrobiT
damTavrda. kimerielebma mcire azia iavaryves. frigia, melidu,
xaldebi daimorCiles. kimerielebi asureTs Seejaxnen. maT batono-
bas bolos skviTbma dausves wertili. kimerielebi gaifantnen.
sagrZnobi nawili adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seeria da momavali
somexi (armianTa) eTnosis formirebaSi miiRo monawileoba.
iTqva, rom skviTebi kimerielebs gamoedevnen, magram gezi
icvales da kavkasionis samxreTSi darubandis gasasvleliT
SemoiWrnen. miCneulia, rom skviTebma bardos-movaknel TubalTa
miwebi (dRevandeli azerbaijani) daikaves da aqedan Seuties
rogorc urartus, aseve asureTis imperiebs.
65
urartus, erT dros uZleveli, samefo saukunovanma br-

Zolebma daasustes da Zv.w.a. VII s. meore naxevarSi, pirvelo-
bisaTvis Widils Camoaciles, xolo Semdeg (Zv.w.a. 635w. cnobiT),
misi Zliereba sabolood dasamarda. urartus samefo aRzevda
da daeca ise, rom ver SeZlo TubalTa (tabalTa – asiriulad)
samxreTi qveynebis, md. evfratis zemo welze da mimdebare mxares
arsebuli suxmes, bitbirutas, melid-komanas damorCileba.
urartus samefo sabolood 609 w. gaanadgura axlad aRzeveb-
ulma midiis samefom. miCneulia, rom Zv.w.a. 590 w. urartus samefom,
vanis tbis midamoebSi, arseboba Sewyvita. mefeebma da aristokratiam
dasavleTiT gadainacvles da mtkvar-araqsis saTaveebSi gamagrdnen.
Secvlil viTarebaSi, Secvlili formebiT ganagrZes brZola war-
suli didebis aRdgenisaTvis. aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobam
am brZolasac wertili dausva. maTi bolo mefe iaredosis Ze azom
Zlieri mtrebisagan gacla amjobina, CrdiloeTiT daixia da iberiis
(qarTlis) damoukidebel samefos daudo samani.
midiis samefom, urartus damorCilebis Semdeg dasavleTiT
teritiroebis dapyroba ganagrZo. gamovida, rom kimerielebma
Tavisi laSqrobebiT didi teritoria gaaTavisufla momavali
dampyroblebisaTvis. aRar iyo kulxas tomTa gaerTianeba, aRar
iyo diaux-taoxi, aRar arsebobda frigia. Tu adre bit-brutas
mefe amris ekuTvnoda kilikia, axla piriqiT, kilikia ierTebs
til-garimis midamoebs. midia masTan mokavSireobs. swored
kilikiis SuamavlobiT daido zavi midiasa da lidias Soris.
sazRvari md. halisze gadioda.
midielebma ara mxolod dasavleTi dalaSqres. ufro
mniSvnelovani iyo maT mier skviTebis damarcxeba da gandevna.
herodote aRniSnavs, rom midielebma skviTebi kavkasionis
CrdiloeTiT gaaZeves.
amrigad, midielebma daimorCiles yofili urartus samefo,
im nawilis gamoklebiT, romelic qarTs ekuTvnoda. qsenofontes
cnobiT, til-garimi (amris qveyana), romelic urartus mokavSire
iyo, axla ukve midiaze damokidebuli xdeba. Sesabamisad, Tubal
66
tomTa areali, dayofili calkeul nawilebad jer kidev Zv.w.a.

III aTaswleulSi, I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi kidev ufro wvril
erTeulebad dayofili, dasustebuli da momxdurebze damokide-
bulia. kavkasionis CrdiloeTs ukve savromatebi akontroleben,
samxreTs ki midielebi.
Zv.w.a. VI s. midias sparseTi cvlis. kirosma 558-529 ww. SeZlo
mZlavri samefos Seqmna. man daimorCila yofili urartus imperia
da mimdebare mcire samefoebi. misma memkvidreebma dapyrobiTi
omebi ganagrZes da saboloo angariSiT udidesi imperia Seqmnes,
indoeTidan moyolebuli egviptisa da egeosis zRvis kunZulebis
CaTvliT. Semdeg brZola ukve sakuTriv saberZneTis (ukve saberZne-
Tis da ara sapelazgios) dasaufleblad warimarTa. sparseTi didi
xniT batondeba an inarCunebs zegavlenas e.w. zagrosis zeganze.
dasamaxsovrebelia, rom urartus imperiis mTel terito-
rias, sparsulad ewoda ariana-armina, elamurad arminua, ber-
Znulad armenia. swored berZnulidan gavrcelda jer zeganis
saxelwodeba armeniis mTebi da Semdeg am teritoriis erTi mcire
nawilSi macxovreblebsac armianebi uwodes.
raTa sakiTxs naTeli moefinos, gasaxenebelia, rom `biblia~,
uZvelesi tomebis arsebobaze miTiTebis dros, erTad asaxelebs
iafetid Tubalebsa da meSexebs. amasTan, ukve cnobili xorenaci
da mroveli akonkreteben Tubalebis sacxovrisis sazRvrebs.
xorenaci aRwers iafetidi Targamosis (Torgomis) saxleulis
wevris hao-sis (haikis), misTvis cnobil istorias. mroveli
Targamosis saxleulobis rva warmomadgenlis Sesaxeb iZleva
informacias. amave dros, mroveli miuTiTebs TubalTa dasav-
leTiT naTesavi tomebis (meSexebis) arsebobaze.
Tubal-meSexTa aseTi Tanaarseboba irRveva Zv.w.a. XIIIs.
balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, pelazgisTa (pelazgebis) arealSi
berZenTa winaprebis, dorielebis, SeWra iwvevs did migraciul
talRas. kilikiis aRmosavleTiT Tubalebs ukve meSexebi (muS-
qebi) aviwroeben, usaxldebian da aqedan cdiloben samxreTiT
siriis dablobisa da finikiis dalaSqrvas.
67
ismis kiTxva, Tu mTeli aTasi wlis manZilze Tubalebs myarad

epyraT evfratis zemo nawili, maTi dasaxlebebi xmelTaSua zR-
vamde vrceldeboda, axla, roca am mxares muSqebi daeuflnen,
moxda mosaxleobis Zireuli cvlileba Tu ara.
mkvlevarebi, dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben md. evfratis zemo
dinebis dablobSi suxmes (suxma) tomis, an tomTa raRaca erTo-
bis arsebobaze. swored suxmes ukavSireben iq macxovrebelTa
qarTuli saxelwodebis damkvidrebas. gasaocari araferia.
Tubali qarTebi (ufro zustad, momavali qarTuli tomebi), maT
samxreTiT macxovrebel Tubal suxmelebs sabolood somxebs
uwodeben. arc is iqneboda saocreba, Tu dadasturdeboda, rom
suxme-s ukavSirdeba qarTuli samxreTi, samxari an piriqiT, qa-
rTuli samxreTidan warmosdgeba somxeTi (somxreTi). es ufro
maT Soreul kavSirebze miTiTebaa. roca TubalTa erTi nawili
samxreTels uwodebs meores, iseve, rogorc xorenaci haosian
TubalTa CrdiloeTiT macxovreblebs, mxolod Crdiloelebis
saxeliT moixseniebs.
ufro sxva ramea dasafiqrebeli. xorenaci-mroveli erTxmad
adastureben, rom hai-ki (haosi) Tubali iyo. Sesabamisad, hao-sian-
ebi Tubalebia. meore mxriv, mkvlevarebi dabejiTebiT amtkiceben
rom meSexebi (muSqebi) arian somexTa uSualo winaprebi e.i. hao-
sianebi? da rogor unda momxdariyo, rom Torgomis (Targamosis)
Camomaval Tubalebs TviTsaxeli haosiani muSq (meSex) iafet-
idebisaTvis gadaelocaT? Tavis mxriv meSqebi (meSexebi) ratom
dairqmevdnen sxvis TviTsaxels? logika karnaxobs, rom meSexTa
(muSqebis) TubalTa arealSi SeWris dros, mosaxleobis Zireuli
cvlileba ar moxdeboda. iafetid meSexebs, iafetidi Tubalebis
mospoba, gandevna arc dasWirdebodaT. asureTis mZlavri samefosa
da gnebavT Tubal tomTa sxva gaerTianebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
dros, maT erTobiT SeeZlebodaT Tavis dacva.
kidev erTi. masobrivi migraciebis dros meSexebi (muSqebi)
Tubalebs ara mxolod ukidures samxreTSi Seerien, magram
arsad am niadagze indoevropuli ena ar damkvidrebula.. rogor
68
moxda es samxreTSi? Tu muSqebi, rogorc rigi mkvlevarebisa

adasturebs, indoevropelebi arian, maSin gasarkvevia rodis mov-
idnen, rogor da saidan movidnen isini meSex-TubalTa saarsebo
arealSi. isic dasadgenia, rogor SeinarCunes maT indoevropuli
ena, ra enaa es, indoevropulis romel Stos ganekuTvneba da a.S.
mxolod is, rom romelime maRal avtoritetian mkvlevars ase
`hgonia~, sakmarisi mtkicebuleba ar aris.
cnobilia, rom skviTebi da kimerielebi, SeiZleba doriele-
bic da sxva tomebic, bevrad gansxvavdebian gviani migraciebis
dros Semosuli indoevropeli tomebisagan. saWiroa meti
damajerebeli mtkicebulebebis moZieba, vidre romelime toms
miawerdnen im niSnebs, romelic ar arsebobs. magram roca xeTur
damwerlobas gaSifrulad aRiareben da rusulis msgavsad miiC-
neven, iq bevi raimes gamrudebac mosalodnelia.
rac Seexeba muSqebis sakiTxs. is, rac xorenaci-mrovelis
istoriebSia naTqvami, yvelaferi misaRebi ar aris, magram
arc ukusagdebi.. miT ufro, roca arqeologia sxva raimes ar
cxadyofs. Tu Zv.w. a. III-II aTaswleulis manZilze Tubalebis
dasavleTi meSexebs ekuTvnodaT, Tu XIII saukunemde iq raime
radikaluri cvlileba ar momxdara, Tu cnobili ebraeli is-
torikosi miuTiTebs Tubal-muSexTa ara Sinaarsobriv, aramed
saxelis cvlilebaze, maSin logikuria daveTanxmoT daskvnas,
rom Tubali icvleba Tobal-tabalad da bolos iberi xdeba,
xolo muSexi icvleba muSq-musk-mesxoiT da kapadokielTa wi-
naprad saxeldeba.
faqtia, rom zRvis xalxebis Semosevis Sedegad TubalTa
arealSi iWrebian meSexebi, magram amas ar mosdevs Zireuli
cvlilebebi, im gagebiT, rom hao-siani Tubalebi inarCuneben
TviTsaxels.
mdgomareoba icvleba mas Semdeg, rac Tubal-meSexTa (tabal-
muskTa) samosaxlos kimerielebi da skviTebi, indoevropuli
tomebi, ara mxolod esxmian Tavs, aramed usaxldebian kidec..
kavkasionis CrdiloeTSi es procesi savromatebis SemosevasTa-
69
naa dakavSirebuli. kavkasionis samxreTSi skviT-kimerielebTan.

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia, rom midielebma skviTebi ara mxolod
daamarcxes, aramed kvlav CrdiloeTSi gandevnes.
mkvlevarebi igives ver adastureben kimerielTa mimarT.
daskvna aseTia: damarcxebuli kimerielebi, gaifantnen da ad-
gilobriv tomebs Caesaxlnen. Sesabamisad, Tu haosian Tubalebs
adre meSex-muSqebi Causaxldnen da Sereuli mosaxleoba Seqmnes,
axla ukve am mosaxleobas indoevropuli kimerielebi daematnen.
es ar gamoricxavs skviTTa garkveuli raodenobis Serevas.
kidev erTi sakiTxia dasazustebeli. kiros-kambesen-dariosis
imperiaSi ariana armina, armenua, armenia daerqva zegans, teri-
torias, sadac urartus imperia moiazreboda. iseve, rogorc
meSex-muSq-musk-mesxois qveyanas daerqva kapadokia (cxenebis
qveyana) da asureTis hulakus sabolood kilikia ewoda. Tu
aseTi ganmarteba misaRebia, maSin naTeli xdeba, rogor moxvda
armeniis zegani or sparsul satrapoSi da rogor daemata mas
arian-qarTli. ufro zustad, ratom ewoda urartelebis mier di-
auxisaTvis CamoWril miwebs arian-qarTli.. saboloo angariSiT
armeniis zegani ratom danawilda aqememenidebis imperiaSi Sema-
val XIII satrapod, arian-qarTlad (qarTlis arianad) da zeganis
samxreT-dasavleTiT armeniad, sadac moiazreboda suxmes tomi,
moaizreboda bir-birutas yofili samefo dedaqalaqiT tul-
garimi. Tavidanve unda gancalkevdes armeniis zegani sxvaa da
armeni eTnosis Camoyalibebis areali sxva moculoba – monacemi.
cnobilia, rom sparsebis mbrZanebelma darios I (521-486 ww.)
imperia satrapoebad dahyo, sadac dapyrobili qveynebi (xalxebi)
garkveuli niSniT gaaerTiana. vTqvaT, me-19 satrapoSi moxvdnen
dasavleT Tubaluri da muSexuri warmomavlobis tomebi. ase rom
me-13 satrapoSi, armiana (armenua, armenia) moxvda rogorc teri-
toria, sadac yofili urartuelebi mosaxleobdnen. es satrapo
teritoria uSualod Sevida mefis daqvemdebarebaSi. maSin, roca
ukve armianebad wodebuli haosiani-Tubalebi garkveul avtono-
mias inarCunebdnen. maT centri mxolod mmarTvels umtkicebda.
70
armeniis zeganis samive nawili, iseve, rogorc Crdilo da

samxreT kavkasioni, erTi modgmis tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.
iyo naTqvami, rom md. araqsis samxreTi miwebi, vanis, urmis tbe-
bidan moyolebuli xmelTaSua zRvamde da kilikiamde xorenac-
mrovelis gadmocemiT Tubalebs ekavaT, haosian Tubalebs, magram
Tubalebs da ara sxva modgmis tomebs. Zv.w.a. XIII-XII ss. maT
meSexebi aviwroeben, magram arc isini arian sxva modgmis. rogorc
Tubalebi, aseve meSexebi iafetebi arian.
istoria cxadyofs, rom swored iafetebma Seqmnes mtkvar-
araqsis kultura. isini ucvlelad ikavebdnen teritoriebs
vani-urmis tbebidan dasavleTiT egeosis zRvisa da balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulis CaTvliT, kavkasionidan xmelTaSua zRvamde.
Sesabamisad, somxebi, armianebi, hai-osebi arsaidan ar mosulan.
yovel SemTxvevaSi mtkvar-araqsis civlizaciis SemoqmedTa Soris
isinic moiazrebian. ufro meti. istoria ar icnobs am arealSi
ara iafet tomTa gamoCenas Tu ar CavTvliT egviptelTa da
asirielTa ramdenime laSqrobas. magram isini indoevropelebad
ver miiCnevian.
Tavad Tavgamodebuli damcvelebi migraciuli Teoriis
variantebisa, bevri mkiTxaobis miuxedavad, verafer sasikeTos
indoevropelebis sasargeblod ver amtkiceben.
mizani araa somxebis genezisis mkvlevarTa koncefciebis
analizi.. sakmarisad arian istoriis am mimarTulebis aRmwerni.
aq mxolod is iTqmeba, rom yovelgvari mcdeloba `daasabuTon~
somxebis winaprebis gadmosaxleba balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis
CrdiloeTidan safuZvels moklebulia.
verc erTi msaxuri kliosi ver adasturebs Zv.w.a. XIIIs-de,
mcire aziaSi romelime ara Tubali, ara meSexi tomis, eTnosis
yofnas. miT ufro indoevropuli warmoSobisas. sxva ambavia, roca
ar ician ena, ar ician misi damwerloba da raRaca mixvedrebis
doneze, romelime toms, tomTa gaerTianebas, gnebavT eTnoss in-
doevropelad, semitad an iafetad acxadeben.. roca xeTur enas
rusulis msgavsad aRiareben, ra mecnierul daskvnebze SeiZleba
71
msjeloba? roca ar ician xurituli ena, rogor SeiZleba imis

mtkiceba, romeli eTnosia am enis matarebeli? amitomaa azrTa
dapririspireba Tu vin iyvnen frigielebi, paflagonielebi, muS-
qebi da a.S. amitomaa, rom frTxil mosazrebas erT warweraSi xom
ar ikiTxeba qaSqi an abeSla,mosdevs dausrulebeli `mecnieruli~
msjeloba Zv.w.a. III – II aTaswleulebSi, mcire aziaSi, adiRev-
elebis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb saqme iqamdea misuli, rom lamis ka-
vkasionis dasavleTi nawili, samxreTi kavkasioni adiReur tomTa
uZveles samosaxlod gamoacxadon. Tanac ise, rom gverdi auaron
iseT cnobil istorikoss, rogoric v. tatiSCevi iyo. aq gasakviri
araferia. v. tatiSCevi pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom adiRevelebi
TaTruli tomia. isini monRolebTan erTad damkvidrdnen yiri-
misa da azovis zRvis CrdiloeT mxareSi, monRolebis wasvlis
Semdeg ki daikaves maT mier gamoTavisuflebuli teritoriebi
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. amis sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebebze
dayrdnobiT Tubal-muSexTa istoriis gadasxvafereba SeiZleba.
mxolod SeuZlebelia istoria sarwmuno gaxado. sabWoTa impe-
riaSi ki sarwmuno mxolod is iyo, rac rusi eTnosis gandidebasa
da kremlis ideologebs awyobdaT.
droebiT gverdi auaroT iseT mtkicebulebebs, rogoricaa
luvielebis, xeTebis indoevrpuloba. adgilmdebareobis sax-
elwodebis gadatana iq macxovreblebze, macxovrebelTa calke
eTnosad gamocxadeba, am eTnosis indoevropelad gamocxadeba,
SeiZleba romelime mkvlevaris varaudi iyos, magram ara umetes.
vinmem Tu icis vin iyvnen luvielebi, ra teritoria ekavaT, ro-
gor moxvdnen Tubal-muSexTa arialSi, rogor SeinarCunes e.w.
luviuri ena, mas marTlac SeuZlia amtkicos maTi didi roli
somexi eTnosis formirebaSi. mas SeuZlia arad Caagdos eris
mier istoriis mamamTavrad gamocxadebuli xorenacis debuleba
Torgomis saxleulis warmomadgenlis haikis Sesaxeb, somxebis
Tubal-haio-sianobis Sesaxeb da Seqmnas eris genezisis aTasi
versia.
bevri mcdelobis miuxedavad, veravin SeZlo imis damtkiceba,
72
rom Zv.w.a. XIII saukunemde e.w. zRvis xalxebis Semosevamde

Tubal-muSexTa Soris adgili hqonda ucxo tomelebs (ucxo
eTnosebis) gamoCenas.
erTxmad adastureben klios moyvarulebic da msaxurebic,
rom zRvis xalxebis Semosevebma daudes safuZveli mcire aziaSi
axali tomebis gamoCenas.
am debulebis Semdeg azri iyofa. vin iyvnen axlad gamoCenili
tomebi? iyvnen isini indoevropelebi Tu ara?
jer gavixsenoT. antikuri periodis avtorebi, rig SemTxveva-
Si somxebs (armenielebs) frigiuli warmoSobisad miiCneven. rig
SemTxvevaSi Tesaliidan gamosulebad. gasaxsenebelia isic, rom
zog avtors Tesaliidan (sapelazgodan) wamosulebaT somxebTan
erTad albanelebi da iberebi miaCndaT.
vTqvaT. herodote, somxebs frigielebs ukavSirebda. strabo-
ni ki argonavtebs. maTgan sxvaobiT movses xorenaci somxebis
(armenielebis) winaprebad iafetis Camomavlebs (iafetidebs)
miiCnevda. es igivea, somxoba Tubalebidan gamohyavda.
WeSmaritebis dadgenis msurvelma, Znelia ar gaixsenos
strabonis naTqvami, rom CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb tomebs, xSirad
yvelas erTad skviTebs an nomadebs uwodebdnen. es saWiroa,
raTa kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT dafuZnebuli Tubalebi ar airi-
os skviTebSi, sarmatebSi an sxva aRiarebul tomebSi. vTqvaT
mroveli yvelas aerTianebs xazarebis saxelwodebis qveS. aseve
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, rom asirielebi sasomxeTs
(armenias) Torgoms eZaxdnen. (Semdeg Torgomidan gamohyavdaT
til-garimi, bit-biurtas samefos dedaqalaqis saxelwodeba).
ufro meti, cnobili somexi istorikosebi buzandi da agafangeli
aseve axseneben Torgomis qveyanas an saxleulobas da am saxel-
wodebis qveS, Tavis samSoblo armenias (haiestans) gulisxmoben.
aseve sainteresoa imis gaxsenebac, rom Tu aRiarebul av-
torTa nawili, yovel mxriv cdilobda somxebis (haiosinebis,
armenebis) winaprebi balkaneTidan wamosulebad mieCniaT, meore
nawili piriqiT, kategoriulad uaryofda am variants. vTqvaT
73
pirvel variants emxroboda cnobili mkvlevari i. diakonovi,

meores ki b. piotrovski. pirveli TavgamodebiT cdilobda
somxoba Trakiul-frigiul jgufebTan daekavSirebina. Tanac
es jgufi balkaneTidan mosulTa meore talRad warmoedgina.
pirveli talRad ki afxazur-adiRuri tomebisagan Seedgina.
Turme, am talRis monawile qaSqebma (adiRebma) Tavisi ena ise
myarad gaaavrceles, rom roca isini CrdiloeTiT (kavkasiisaken)
wavidnen, maTi ena SenarCunebuli iqna axlad mosuli xalibebis
mier. amave dros, amave mxareSi, mcire aziis Crdilo-dasavleTSi
frigiuladac laparakobdnen, Tumca lidiuris did zemoqmede-
basac ganicdidnen. mokled tomebisa da enebis mTeli buketi,
mosuli balkaneTidan (evropidan). amis sapirispirod, meore
nawilis mkafio da avtoritetuli warmomadgeneli b. piotro-
vski uaryofda somxebis dasavleTidan migrirebis yovelgvar
SesaZleblobas.
WeSmaritebis maZiebelma unda gaixsenos Tavad balkaneTSi
mimdinare istoriuli procesebi. dRes es yovelive saberZne-
Tisa da berZnebis uZveles istorias miewereba. ara da namdvili
berZnebis winaprebi balkaneTSi mxolod Zv.w.a. XIIIs. gamoCndnen
dorielebis saxiT. manamde iq pelazgebi, Semdeg ionelebi da
bolos aqavelebi (axaelebi) saxlobdnen. pelazgiuri kultura,
miTebi, legendebi saerTo iyo yvelasaTvis. qalaq saxelmwifoe-
bad macxovrebeli tomebi Tu tomis nawili, saerTo sulier-
kulturuli da socialur-politikuri cxovrebis nawils war-
moadgenda, sakuTari gamokveTili avtonomiiT, saerTo arsebobiT
da mniSvnelovani daqsaqsulobiT.
aseTi sazogadoebis CrdiloeTiT, davuSvaT gamoCnda erTiani
Zala Trakielebis, brigeb-frigebis an nebismieri sxva tomebis.
cxadia es Zala aziisaken svlas ki ar daiwyebda, romlis arc
gza da arc simdidre ar icoda, aramed iqve gverdiT arsebuls
mieZaleboda. logikuria vifiqroT, rom dorielebis Semosevamde,
Zv.w.a. XIII s-mde, balkaneTs Trakiel-frigielebi turistebiviT
ar gaivlidnen da mcire aziaSi ar gadavidodnen. verc erTi mkv-
74
levari, ver amtkicebs, rom Trakiel-frigielebi XIII s. adre,

dorielebze adre gaivlidnen balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls da
gadavidodnen mcire aziaSi. aRaraa saWiro yuradRebis SeCereba
e.w. pirvel talRaze, roca adiR-afxazebi balkaneTidan gada-
vidodnen imave mcire aziaSi. Tu vinmes surs aseTi legendis
dajereba, misi saqmea.
rac Seexeba Zv.w.a. XIII s. dawyebul zRvis xalxebis amoZ-
ravebas da maT aRmosavleTiT laSqrobas. aravis uaryvia is, rom
zRvis xalxebis, amoZraveba balkaneTSi berZnebis uSualo wina-
prebis, dorielebis mZlavrma agresiam ganapiroba. dorielebma
gadaqeles adgilobrivTa winaaRmdegoba, daimorCiles adgilo-
brivebi, nawilobriv gaaZeves da sxvisi sacxovrisi gaiTavises. aq
araa msjeloba dorielTa Sesevis dadebiT Tu uaryofiT Sedege-
bze. miT ufro, araa msjeloba axal gabatonebulTa im dadebiTze
rac maT istoriulad Seasrules, roca Zveli ki ar mospes, aramed
SeiTvises, kacobriobas Semounaxes da ganaviTares. aq msjelobaa
imaze, rom TiTqos dorielebis Semdeg ucxo tomelebi miadgnen
imave balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls. isini mSvidobianad gaatares
mcire aziisaken ukve gabatonebulma dorielebma. yovel Sem-
TxvevaSi dorielebsa (ukve Zvel berZnebs) da Trakiel-brigebs
(frigebs) Soris brZolebze da ukanasknelTa brZoliT mcire
aziaSi gadasvlaze istoria dums. sainteresoa ratom?
dasamaxsovrebelia is faqtic, rom zRvis xalxebis didi
nawili, karielebis, likielebis, lelegebis saxiT jer kidev
argonavtTa laSqrobamde da troas omamde saxlobdnen mcire
aziaSi. haliZonebi (xalibebi) dasaxelebul tomebTan erTad
troelebis mxares ibrZodnen (homerosis mowmobiT). isic cno-
bilia, rom xalibebi Tavs kunZul evbeas sofel xalibiumidan
wamosulebad Tvlidnen. ramdeni xani unda ecxovraT maT mcire
aziaSi, rogor unda gamravlebuliyvnen, rom istorikoss eTqva:
xalibTa mxare usasruloao.. amas ematebian cnobili makro-
nebi (makriselebi), romelnic kunZul evbeas pirvandel saxels
makriss atarebdnen.
75
yovelives gaxseneba araa saWiro. istoria bevr informacias

inaxavs, romelic cxadyofs, rom araviTari brigebis gadasaxleba
da frigielebad qceva ar momxdara. araviTari indoevropelebi am
teritoriaze ar gadmosaxlebulan da miT ufro somexi eTnosis
formirebaSi monawileoba ar miuRiaT. didi da mcire frigia iyo
meSexTa (muSqTa) Semoqmedeba.
istoriis moyvarulebs Tu msaxurebs kidev mouwevT didi
garja, raTa gaarkvion CaxlarTuli variantebi somxebis (arm-
ianebis) arielobis, luvielobis, brigielobis da msgavsi mt-
kicebulebebis sandoobis Sesaxeb.
rac Seexeba cnobili ivanov-gamyreliZis koncefcias indo-
evropuli enis pirvel samSoblod im arealis aRiarebis Sesaxeb,
sadac somexi eTnosis formireba unda momxdariyo, igi Tavidanve
ar atarebda Teoriuli mtkicebulebis xasiaTs da arc yofila
gaziarebuli.
erTad-erTi, rasac istoriuli warsuli adasturebs, esaa
skviTebisa da kimerielebis Semoseva Zv.w.a. VIII saukuneSi. amasTan,
skviTebi Semovidnen darubandis (albaneTis) karis gavliT, aRmosav-
leTidan. xangrZlivi damangreveli brZolebi awarmoes, bevrsac
miaRwies, magram bolos midielebTan damarcxdnen da ukan Crdilo-
eTSi dabrundnen. maTgan sxvaobiT kimerielebi kolxeTis gavliT
SeiWrnen mcire aziaSi, bevri ubedureba daatriales, bevri mospes
da Tavadac moispnen. moispnen im gagebiT, rom bolos daifantnen da
adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen. kimerielebi moqmedebdnen im
arealSi, sadac iyo amris (ambarisis) samefo bit-biruta, dedaqa-
laqi tilgarimi da sadac mosaxleobdnen haosiani Tubalebi, sadac
unda momxdariyo muSqebis bZolebi asureTis imperiis winaaRmdeg
da savaraudod, muSqebis (meSexebis) Sereva TubalebTan.
indoevropeli kimerielebi gansakuTrebul jgufs warmo-
agendnen. roca somxeTis istoriis somexi avtorebi aRniSnaven,
adgilobriv tomTa da mosulTa Serwymis dros fizikuri gareg-
nobis, cxovrebis wesis, enis, sulieri yofis urTierTgadaRebis
da Sereuli mosaxleobis gaCenis Sesaxeb, mxedvelobaSi bevri
76
ram aqvT. kimeriuli garegnobis adamianebi bevr eTnosSi fiq-

sirdebian, magram ise niSandoblivad, rogorc somxebSi ara.
aTasobiT wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda Serwymis procesi da
mainc SesamCnevia sxvaoba.
arsebuli istoriuli monacemebi sxva raimeze ar miuTiTe-
ben, Tu ara indoevropuli kimerielebis Serwymaze iafetid
hosianebTan. aravin icis momavalSi kvlevis ra axali meTodebi
gamoCndeba, ras aRmoaCens an gaSifravs kacobrioba, dRes ki sxva-
nairi daskvnis safuZveli araa... aseTi daskvna mkvlevarebma jer
kidev XIX s. bolos gaakeTes da misi dasabuTebuli uaryofa ar
momxdara: dRevandeli somexi (armianeli) eTnosi iafetidebisa da
indoevropelebis Serwymis variantia. Serwmya daiwyo Zv.w.a. VIIs.
da Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo VIs. bolos. iafetidma haosianebma
SeinarCunes ara mxolod TviTsaxeli, aramed garegnobac. amave
dros, indoevropuli ena gaavrceles mosulma kimerielebma. maT
aseve SeinarCunes garegnuli niSnebic.
Zv.w.a. V saukunidan aRaraa saubari Tubal-meSexebze arc
kimerielebze. sanacvlod mtkiced damkvidrda saxeli armiani
msofliosaTvis, somexi qarTvelebisaTvis da hai-aseli (oseli)
TavisTvis.
damTavrda am mxareSi Tubal-tabalebis da meSex-muSqebis
kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb dava. adre maT xSirad aigivebdnen muS-
qebTan (mesxebTan), tibarenebTan (iberebTan). armenis terminis
damkvidrebam, yovelive meorexarisxovani gaxada. sanacvlod
warmoiSva sxva problema. sparsul-elamur-berZnuli armeniis
zegani da armianiuli eTnosi erTi dasaxelebis ori fenomenia...
armiani eTnosi Tavdapirvelad mcire teritorias ikavebda, ma-
gram didi pretenziis safuZvels qmnida. iseTi cnobli avtorebi,
rogoricaa herodote, qsenofonte, straboni araorazrovnad
miuTiTebdnen armiani eTnosis sacxovrebeli sivrcis simcireze.
straboni damatebiT imasac aRniSnavda, rom armenebma (ara Tuba-
leb-muSxebma da ara kimerielebma), Tavisi agresiuli xasiaTiT
SeZles mezoblebis Seviwroeba da didi teritoriebis dapyrobao.
77
yoveli didi problema azrTa gaorebas iwvevs. TviT iseTi

naTeli problemac, rogoricaa armiani eTnosis Camoyalibeba.
erTni am TariRis Zv.w.a. VII s. gansazRvraven, meoreni VIs. mesa-
meni Vs. aris II s. momxreebic. vTqvaT cnobili b. piotrovski
miiCnevs, rom somexi xalxis formireba Zv.w.a. VII s. daiwyo da
mxolod II s. dasrulda.
kidev erTi sakiTxi, romlis daviwyebac ar SeiZleba esaa
ena. Tqma, rom somexma kimerielebTan Serwymis Sedegad SeiZines
indoevropuli ena, arasakmarisia. saWiroa imis codnac, ra enaze
metyvelebdnen manamde?
mokled sakiTxi ase gamoiyureba. bibliis Tanaxmad Tubali
da meSexi (Tubalebi da meSexebi) erTi warmomavlobisani arian.
orive iafetidebia, magram sxvadasxva.. es niSnavs rom am or
modgmas Soris mWidro kavSirebis garda aris arsebiTi sxvaobac.
sxvaobas da gaucxoebas iwvevs ara mxolod teritoriuli gan-
sxvaveba, aramed umTavresad ena. zedmetia msjeloba imaze, rom
enebi Tavdapirvelad dialeqtis doneze iqnebodnen dacilebulni,
Semdeg ki calke erTeuladac Camoyalibdebodnen.
Zv.w. a. III aTaswleulSi, rodesac iangariSeba Tubal Targa-
mosis (Torgomis) saxleulis gayofa calke erTeulebad, TviT-
euli maTgani Tu calke enad sabolood formirebuli ar iyo,
yovel SemTxvevaSi maT Soris didi sxvaoba iqneboda. ukve iyo
naTqvami, rom mkvlevarTa daskvnis Tanaxmad, gayofis dros, Tavad
egrosuli ena or dialeqtad yalibdeboda (egruli da svanuri).
yovelive imitom iTqva, rom dazustdes. Targamosis
saxleulebis gayofis dros haosiani Tubalebi Tumca Tub-
alurad metyvelebdnen, magram gansxvavebul dialeqtze, vidre
egroselebi, lekoselebi da a.S. ramdenad daSordnen enebi erTi
meores, ramdenad gasagebi iyo sxvadasxva Tubaluri laparaki,
Zneli saTqmelia. rom bevri termini, sityva erTnairi darCeboda,
esac bunebrivia.
droTa viTarebaSi, haosianebis gza meSexebisas SeuerTda.
Zv.w.a. XII saukunidan moyolebuli ra misces meSexebma haosia-
nebs, rogori zemoqmedeba hqondaT, esec ucnobia. am Sereul
78
Tubal-meSexur enas kimeriuli daemata. samxedro ZaliT gamar-

jvebul kimerielebs rom haosianebisaTvis Tavs indoevropuli
ena moexviaT, arc esaa gasakviri. ori enis Sexvedra, yovelTvis
iwvevs orives cvlilebas. Tu moxda maTi Serwyma, araa gamor-
icxuli erTma meores Tavs raRaca elementebi moaxvia. somxebTan
mimarTebaSi ucnobia konkretulad ra cvlilebebi ganicada
Tubal-meSexurma, ra miiRo indoevropulisagan da ra ukuagdo.
viTarebaSi, roca ar arsebobs ena, romlis irgvliv sadao da
dasazustebeli ar rCeboda, Znelia danamdvilebiT mtkiceba.
eTnosi, misi sametyvelo ena mudmivi cvlileba-ganviTarebis
procesSia. Tu Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulSi TargamosianelTa saerTo
ena dialeqtebad dayofili iyo, Semdeg isini calke enebad Camoy-
alibdnen. niko mari Tavis droze aRniSnavda, rom droTa viTare-
baSi somxurmac ganicada cvlileba da qarTulmac. es bunebrivia.
amis miuxedavad, garkveuli siaxlove mainc rCeboda. eTnosebis
genetikaSi aris siaxlovis, Zveli erTobis gamoZaxili, garda
istoriul-geografiuli mezoblobisa.
mkvlevarTa mier aRiarebulia, rom Zv.w.a. V s. ukve Camoyali-
bebulia somxuri (armianuli, haosianuri) eTnosi, Tavisi axali
SemadgenlobiT, axali eniT, axali SemarTebiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT erTia dasazustebeli. herodote,
Zv.w.a. V s. moRvawe, aRwers ra wina aziis ZiriTad tomTa ganla-
gebas, aRniSnavs, rom mewamuli zRvidan Sav zRvamde teritorias
oTxi tomTa gaerTianeba (gnebavT eTnosi) ikavebso: samxreTiT
sparselebi, maT CrdiloeTiT midielebi, Semdeg saspeirebi da
bolos kolxebi...
aqedan ori saxis daskvna gamomdinareobs roca ar asaxelebs
somxebs (armianebis, haosianebs): 1.somexi eTnosi arsebobs, ma-
gram igi moiazreba saspeirebs (Tubalebs tabalebs) Soris; 2.
somxebi imdenad mcire da susti erTeulia, rom misi aRniSvna
ara aucilebeli.
logikuria rom pirvel daskvnaa marTebuli. im dros, sas-
peirebis saxelis qveS igulisxmebodnen, ukve armeniis zeganze
macxovrebeli, yvela tomi, maT Soris somxebi.
79
Tubalebi Zv. w. a. I aTaswleuli

bibliuri Tubali da meSexTa is tomebi, romlebic Tavidanve,
ikaveben vanisa da urmiis tbebidan moyolebuli, teritoriebs
egeosis auzisa da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis CaTvliT.. es iafe-
turi modgmis tomebi iyvnen Semoqmedni im didi civilizaciisa,
romlis uZvelesi naSTi qalaquri dasaxlebis saxiT Zv.w.a. VIII
aTaswleuliT gansazRvres mkvlevarebma.
dronis manZilze Tubalebisa da meSexebis daSorebasac hqonda
adgili, mWidro urTierTobasac, Serevasac, brZolebsac. Sedegad
yalibdeboda sxvadasxva eTosi. sivrciTi daSoreba, xeobebSi Caketva
tomTa gaucxoebasa da rig SemTxvevaSi urTierTbrZolebsac iwvev-
da. ispoboda erTi tomi, wina planze gamodioda meore, iqmneboda
erTi gaerTianeba tomebisa, iSleboda meore da gadioda saukuneebi.
Tubal-muSexTa tomebs axsovdaT mravali Zlieri ucxoelis
Semoseva da mtris winaaRmdeg saerTo Tu calkeuli erTeulis
brZola. miuxedavad mravali gansacdelisa, adgili hqonda er-
Tobis grZnobis SenarCunebas.
Zv.w. a. I aTaswleulSi, didi migraciuli procesebis dros
garTulda sasicocxlo arealis SenarCuneba. gakvriT iTqva,
rom kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT, kimerielebisa da skviTebis Sem-
deg savromatebi gamoCndnen. isini rbeviT ar dakmayofilebulan,
daiwyes Casaxleba.
SemorCenili cnobebis Tanaxmad kavkasionis CrdiloeTi
mxaris vrceli miwebi kavkasianelebis (kavkonebis-berZnulad)
da lekosianelebs ergoT. maTi wyalgamyofi md. Tergi (dergi
lomeki) iyo. Tergidan dasavleTiT kavkasianebs zRvamde da aR-
mosavleTi lekosianebs aseve zRvamde. savromatebma kavkasosis
tomTa gaerTianeba gaxliCes. nawili azovis zRvis sanapiros da
tamanis naxevarkunZuls miejaWva (meotebi da sindebi), nawili
kavkasionis mTebs miejaWva (dvalebi, basianelebi, digorelebi),
nawilma egrosis tomTa axlos hpova TavSesafari (kerketebi,
ziqeb-jiqebi, dandarebi, toretebi?), didi nawili lekosianebs
Seexizna (vainaxebi: CeCen inguSebi).
80
savromatebi or nakadad SeiWrnen kavksaionis CrdiloeTSi.

sirakebisa da aorsebis tomTa gaerTianebani. aorsebs jer ovsebis
tomis saxeliT icnobdnen, Semdeg alanebis tomis dawinaurebis
kvalobaze –alanebad.
kavkasianebis garda lekosianebsac didi dartyma miayenes
savromatebma. samxreTiT movaknelebisa da bardoselebis tomebi
sparseTis imperiam daiqvemdebara. ukeTesi bedi arc herebsa da
qarTebs rgebiaT. SemorCenili informaciis Tanaxmad, mtrebma
darialis xeobiT ilaSqres samxreTSi, aqedan mraval aTeuli
aTasi tyve CrdiloeTSi gadarekes da maTgan iq dasaxlebebi
Seqmnes.
kavkasionis samxreTSi mtrebs gadarCenilTagan albanuri,
qarTl-iberiuli eTnosebis Camoyalibeba moxda. ufro samxreTiT
somxeb-armenielebi, maT Soris vrcel teritorias urartebis
naSTebi, arian – qarTebi, dasavleTiT ki xaldebi ikavebdnen.
lixis mTasa da zRvas Soris egrebi, maT CrdiloeTiT mdinaremde
mcire sazareTisa (md. yubanamde) da anapis koncxis CaTvliT yo-
fili egriselebi, Secvlili gagebiT egrebi da sanigebi, aseTi
iyo zogadi suraTi TubalTa gansaxlebisa. TubalTa dasavleTi
kvlav meSexebs ekavaT. garda im nawilisa, romelic Tubalebs
Causaxlda da Sereuli mosaxleoba Seqmna, danarCenebi, kapad-
okielebis, xalibebis, paflagonielebis saxeliT ganagrZobdnen
arsebobas. Zv.w.a. VIIs. moyolebuli maT teritoriaze mravlad
iqmneboda berZenTa savaWro-saxelosno dasaxlebebi.
kavkasionis samxreTiT Tubal-meSexTa vrcel teritoriebs
sparseTis imperia flobda. iyvnen uSualo morCilebaSi myofi,
sparsul satrapoebSi Semavali da naxevrad damoukidebeli
tomebi.
Semonaxuli werilobiTi cnobebis Tanaxmad sparselebs,
kavkasionis samxreTelTagan arc iberebi eqvemdebarebodnen da
arc egrebi. es ar gamoricxavda maT garkveul damokidebulebas
imperiaze.
Tubal-meSexTa tomebisa da ukve eTnosebis mdgomareoba
81
mkveTrad Seicvala Zv.w.a. IVs. meore naxevarSi aleqsandre make-

donelis laSqrobebis Sedegad.
mizani araa makedonelis cxovreba-moRvaweoba brZolebis aR-
wera. amitom oriode winadadebiT: sparseTis imperia indoeTidan
saberZneTamde uzarmazar teritorias da iq macxovrebel xalxebs
flobda: daJinebiT cdilobda balkaneTis dapyrobas. mkvlevarTa
daskvniT pelazguri ena da damwerloba Zv.w.a. IV saukunemde
arsebobda, magram gabatonebuli msgomareoba ukve berZnuls
ekava da amitom iTqmis: berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebi ver um-
klavdebodnen sparselTa Semotevas. daisva maTi gaerTianebis da
saerTo ZaliT mtris mogeriebis amocana. makedoniis mefe filipe
iyo is lideri, romelmac es amocana itvirTa. mas 30 aTasiani
jari hyavda aziis teritoriaze gamzadebuli da omsac daiwyebda,
rom ar moeklaT. mis memkvidre aleqsandres daekisra saerTo
berZnul-makedonuri laSqrobis xelmZRvaneloba.1 sparselebi-
sagan Cagruli xalxebi imediT xvdebodnen aleqsandres ganmaTa-
visuflebel laSqrobas da aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars.
im dros, yofili uarartus, (arianas-sparsulad) teritoria,
armeniis zegani, sam nawilad iyofoda. samxreT-dasavleTi ukve
armian, (somes, haiasebs) ekavaT. gadmocemiT, maT sparselebis
mefis moxele marTavda. meore, sparsuli nawilis da gogarenes
(somxurad gugarqis) mxares, darios III kodomanis dis qmari,
urartus mefeTa Camomavali miTridate, didi mTavris uflebiT,
ganagebd. gadmocema am miTridates asaxelebs pontos samefos
miTridatebis dinastiis mamamTavrad. arianas (yofili urartus
samefos) mesame nawili arian qarTis saxeliTaa cnobili. iTqva,
rom urartus mefe menuam qarTs CamoaWra samxreTi nawili da
miierTa. rodesac urartus samefo ganadgurda, misi mefeni
mtkvar-araqsis saTaveebisaken gadavidnen da iqidan cdilobdnen
dakarguli poziciebis dabrunebas.
1. aleqsandre makedoneli daibada Zv.w.a. 356 w. gamefda 336 w. ioma da imefa
13 weli. gamefebidan 1 welSi aRadgina daSlil berZen-makedonelTa erToba. 2
wlis manZilze mospo sparseTis imperia, iqidan ilaSqra Sua-azia-indoeTisaken.
Seqmna msoflio impoeria. im qveynad wavida 323 w.
82
makedonelis laSqrobis droisaTvis arian-qarTis mefe iyo

iaredosi. misi memkvidre azon-i ganerida makedonels, gadavida
Sida qarTSi da iq axali (qarTis, iberiis) samefo daarsa. gad-
mocemis Tanaxmad, azonis mier, samefo centri iqna gadatanili
CrdiloeTiT. amasTan, azon-ma Tavis gavlenas daumorCila lixis
mTis dasavleTiT egrebis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili,
kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT ovsebis (aorsebis) mier dapyrobili
teritoriebi da mZlavr samefos daudo samani. amasTan urar-
telma azonma, ara mxolod samefo centri gadaitana CrdiloeTiT
da yofili mamasaxlisis Zalaufleba mospo, aramed urartueli
religiuri gaci-sa da ga-emis kerpebic Tavs moaxvia adgilo-
brivebs. rac mTavaria, mcxeTaSi da mis midamoebSi Casaxlda Zveli
urarteli aristokratia da msaxureuli.
azon mefisa da axali aristokratiis winaaRmdeg amxedrdnen
adgilobrivi Zveli macxovreblebi, yofil mamasaxlisTa Camo-
maval farnavazis meTaurobiT. maT miimxres egrisis mTavari,
CrdiloeTiT ovsTa nawili da azonis xelisufleba daamxes. far-
navazma ilaSqra samxreTiT, daibruna warTmeuli teritoriebi
da samefos samxreTi sazRvari md. araqsis zemo welze ganawesa.
iberiis samefos ekava xunanidan (qalaq-cixe xunani mde-
bareobda ganjis dasavleTiT md. Zegamis mtkvarTan SesarTavTan)
speris anu Sav zRvamde. lixis mTis dasavleTiT qarTuli wyaro
mefes ar asaxelebs. kolxeTSi (egrisSi) Tu qsenofontes mowmo-
miT aietis Camomavali mefobda, farnavazis dros ukve mTavris
xelisuflebaa. amasTan, egrisis samxreTi nawili (md. kelasuris
samxreTi) farnavazis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. farnavazma
samefo saerisTaoebad dayo da egrisis mTavari quji am mxaris
erisTavad daamtkica. CRdiloeTiT farnavazis samefos Semad-
genlobaSi moeqca dvaleTi, basiani, digori, Cemias (Cmis) xeoba.
baris teritoriebi ki ovsebs miekuTvnaT.
azon-farnavazis mier daarsebulma samefom did simZlavres
miaRwia da mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tubal-meSexTa moma-
vali ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
Tubal-muSexTa meore saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba somxeTis
83
(ukve armiani eTnosis) samefo gaxda... iTqva sparseTis imperiis

mier yofili urartus (arminas – sparsulad, armenua – elamu-
rad, armenia – berZnulad) damorCilebaze.. roca darios I imperia
satrapoebad dahyo, calke erTeulebad gamoeyo armenia (somxeTis
teritoria), armeniis (arianas) zegani, romelic uSualod Sevida
sparseTis SemadgenlobaSi da arian qarTi...… armenis (somxeTi)
samefo dariosis imperiis nawili xdeba, ixdis begaras da monaw-
ileobs dapyrobiT omebSi. somexi mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven saberZne-
Tis winaaRmdeg warmoebul brZolebSi somxebis didi razmis monaw-
ileobas. Zv.w.a. 401 w. berZenTa daqiravebuli jaris mesopotamiidan
Savi zRvisken msvlelobis dros, jaris sardalma qsenofontem
aRwera gzad Semxvedri tomebis cxovreba. aqedanaa cnobili armeniis
zeganis ra nawili ekavaT im dros armianebs (somxebs, haosianebs).
mTeli yofili urartu (ariana, armeniis zegani da somxeTis
(armeniis) qveyana aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis nawili gaxda.
msoflio imperia, aleqsandres gardacvalebis Zv.w.a. 323
w. Semdeg daiSala. makedonelis sardali ptolomei, jariT eg-
vipteSi gadavida da iq gamefda. meore sardalma antigonem, sa-
kuTriv makedonia-saberZneTi daikava. mesame sardalma wina aziaSi
selevkidebis dinastias daudo saTave.. selevkidebs wilad xvdaT
kapadokia, ponto (xalibTa qveyana), armenia (somxeTi), armeniis
zegani, atropatena, pergami. mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom armeniam
(somxeTma) garkveuli avtoniomia SeinarCuna. damoukidebeli
samefo gaxda iberia, magram daqvemdebarebuli mokavSiris for-
miT. selevkidebis Zalauflebis qveS myofma somxeTma (armeniam)
Zv. w. a. III s SeZlo md. evfratis mimdebare teritoriebis (sof-
ena da komagena) mierTeba. Semdeg aq mcire ori somxuri samefo
Camoyalibda. am teritoriebis gamo dava iyo iberiis samefosTan,
romelic pretenzias acxadebda sofena-akilisenaze.. saerTodac
calkeuli mcire samefoebis mdgomareoba ara myari iyo. yoveli
msxvili erTeuli cdilobda susti mezoblis dauflebas.
selevkidebis gavlena mTel vrcel teritoriaze da CamoTv-
lil samefoebze vrceldeboda. urTierToba samefoebs Soris ki
84
cvalebadi iyo, imis mixedviT, romeli moipovebda upiratesobas.

ase magaliTad. somxeTis samefo antioqos III (223-187ww.) eqvem-
debareboda. sofena Tavis mxriv sasomxeTs. amis da miuxedavad
antioq III Zv.w.a. 212 w. Tavs daesxa sofenas, daamarcxa misi
mefe qserqse, Semdeg dauzavda, da antioxida miaTxova da zurgi
gaimagra. aqedan antioq-osi Seesia parTias, Sua azias da indoeTs
uwia. aRmosavleTiT laSqrobis Semdeg antioq III dasavleTs mi-
ubrunda. misma da antioxidam qmari da mefe qserqse mowamla Zmis
brZanebiT. sofena antioqma daikava. Semdeg mas sakuTriv armenia
(somxeTi) da komagena miayola. aris cnoba rom am teritoriebis
mmarTvelebad ganawesa sakuTari mxedarTmTavrebi artaqsi da
zariadri. gandidebuli antioq III Zv. w. a. 192 w. balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze gadavida da saberZneTis dakaveba moisurva. aq
igi Seejaxa Zlierebis gzaze mdgar romis jarebs.. romaelebTan
brZolaSi antioq III damarcxda. misi jarebis devnis dros ro-
maelebi pirvelad gadavidnen aziis teritoriaze da Zv.w.a. 190 w.
magnesiasTan brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxes mowinaaRmdege. aris
cnoba, rom sardlebi artaqsi da zariadri winaswar SeuTanxmdnen
romelebs, ikisres mokavSireoba da antioqiis III marcxis Semdeg
Tavi damoukidebel mefeebad gamoacxades. artaqsi sakuTriv
sasomxeTSi (armeniaSi) gamefda, zariadri ki sofenaSi.
axalma samefoebma dro da viTareba swored Seafases da
mezobeli teritoriebis dapyroba daiwyes. erTi momentia
gasaTvaliswinebeli, romelmac maTi warmateba ganapiroba. is-
toriul faqtadaa miCneuli, rom kimerielebi ukan kavkasionis
CrdiloeTSi ar dabrunebulan. marcxis Semdeg isini daifantnen
da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen. ramdenni iyvnen da Tub-
alTa tomebs ra teritoriaze Causaxldnen, zusti cnoba ar
arsebobs. aris mxolod miTiTeba, rom armeniis zeganze artaqss
da zariadris laSqrobebis dros `ZiriTadad~ axali somxuri
(haiasuri, armeniuli) mosaxleoba xvdeboda, rac mezoblebis
teritoriebis miTvisebas aadvilebda. mtkiceba mkiTxaobas daems-
gavseba, magram varaudi SeiZleba, rom mosulebi Tubal-muSexebs
85
mxolod im sivrceSi ar Seereodnen, sadac Tavdapirvelad gaCnda

axali eTnosi Zveli saxeliT da axali eniT. haosiani Tubalebi,
meSexebTan (muSqebTan) Sereuli mosaxleobiT da eniT Sedar-
ebiT iolad Seeguebodnen indoevropul enas. safiqralia, rom
mosaxleobisa da metyvelebis siWrelem noyieri niadagi Seqmna
axali samefoebis teritoriuli zrdisaTvis. ar darCenila mezo-
beli, romelsac somxebma (armenebma) teritoriebi ar waglijes,
amitomac miuTiTebda straboni somxebis agresiul bunebaze.
SeiZleba garegnobasTan, enasTan erTad kimerielebma haosian
Tubal-meSexebs (somxebs) agresiulobac gadasces.
somxebis warmatebebs bevrad Seuwyo xeli meSexebis saarsebo
sivrceSi axali, Zlieri pontos samefos Camoyalibebam. somxebTan
(ukve ara Tubal-meSex-kimerielebTan) samxedro-politikuri
kavSiris niadagze isargebles pontoelebmac. maT saerTo ZaliT
Seuties mezobel qveynebs da bevrsac miaRwies. cnobilia maTi
saerTo moqmedeba CrdiloeTiT iberiisa da kolxeTis, kapad-
okiisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg.
86
meSexebi Zv. w. a. I aTaswleuli
meSexebis areali Zalze did teritorias moicavda. didi

mcdelobis miuxedavad, daudgenelia maTi sazRvrebi. es albaT
SeuZlebelicaa, radgan droSi da sivrceSi cvlilebebi mudmivi
iyo. isac araa dadgenili cnobil tomTagan, gnebavT samefoebisa-
gan, romeli ganekuTvneboda meSexebs, romeli moicavda Sereul
mosaxleobas. mkveTrad gamijnuli arc Tubal-meSexebi iyvnen.
apolonius rodoseli roca aRniSnavs, rom xalibTa mxare
usazRvroa, gulisxmobs dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis macxovre-
blebs. dasavleTis xalibebi md. halisis auzSi, paflagoniaSi,
kapadokiaSi mosaxleobdnen. aRmosavleTis xalibebi xaldebis
tomTa gaerTianebaSi Sediodnen. erTi TvalsazrisiT xalibebi
vanis tbis midamoebs uwevdnen.
movses xorenacis mixedviT, xaldebi pontoeli Wanebia. Ta-
vad pontos qveyanad, kapadokiis CrdiloeTiT, pontos (speris,
Savi) zRvis mxare igulisxmeboda. amitom miuTiTebda straboni,
rom kapadokielebi zRvamde da md. halisamde erT enaze lapara-
koben. miCneuli iyo, rom kapadokielebi da kataonebi ewodaT
tibarenebs... istoriuli xalibebis, tibarenebis, kolxebis,
mosinikebis, makronebis, drilebi, taoxebis tomTa mxare, kapa-
dokiad bevri cxenebis qveynad) sparselebis batonobis dros
gadainaTla. kapadokia Tavis mxriv or nawilad gaiyo: sakuTriv
kapadokia da misi CrdiloeTi nawili-ponto.
miTredate pontoelis omebis aRmwereli memnoni (ax. w. a. I
_ II ss) ambobda, rom pontos Sida teritoria lazebiTa da sani-
gebiTaa dasaxlebulio. erTi SexedviT Zalze didi Seusabamobaa.
mTliani kapadokia Tu erT enaze laparakobda, rogorc straboni
ambobs maSin, CamoTvlli tomebi, rac mTavaria lazebi da sanigebi
Tu erT enaze ar laparakobdnen, maT erTi meoris Tavisuflad
gageba mainc SeeZloT. kidev erTi momenti. lazebi Tavisi warmo-
mavlobiT meSexebia, sanigebi ki Tubalebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom pontos samefo Zalze did teritorias flobda, iyo Sida
raionebi, mierTebuli an dapyrobili mxareebi, maSin gasagebi
87
xdeba, rogor SeiZleba momxdariyo, rom lazebi da sanigebi

erTad Seadgendnen pontos Sida nawils.
igive straboni, romelsac metad daejereba, aRniSnavs, rom
xaldebs da sanebs, adre makronebi erqvaTo. xalib-xaldebs aseve
miiCneven paflagonielebad.
meSexebi Zvel ebraulad da `bibliis~ monambobiT erqva
tomTa im did raodenobas (ara gaerTianebas, aramed raodenobas),
romelnic samxreT evropuli an xmelTaSua zRvis piris rasis
mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenden da mcire aziasa da balkaneT-
egeosis auzis sivrces faravdnen. sxvanairad ver miuTiTebda
homerosi kretelebis (kunZul kretas macxovreblebis),
etruskebis, pelazgebis, troelebis, kolxebis axloblobaze. sx-
vanairad ver gaamarTlebdnen troelebi turfa elenes wayvaniT,
SurisZiebas kreteli ariadnasa da kolxi medeas motacebisaT-
vis. svanairad rogor da ratom gaxdebodnen kreteli da kolxi
kuretebi – koribantebi RmerTebis mefis, zevsis aRmzrdel-
maswavleblebi.
meSexTa mTlian modgmas Tu ara, mis aRmosavleT nawils
asureTis mefeebi muskebs uwodebdnen. muskeb-muSqebi iyvnen didi
da mcire frigiis macxovreblebi. ufro gvian uwodes maT mesxoi
da kapadokielebi.
kapadokia, paflagonia, ponto geografiuli saxelebia da
ara eTnosis aRmniSvneli. aseve, qalaqebia amisosi, amasia, tra-
pizoni, sinopi (sinupe lazurad wylis upe), gaZiura, kotiora,
kerasunti, stamena, cela, qabeira, geneti, Temiskira, farnakia
da sxv. xalibebs, lazebs, muSqebs istoriul siRrmeSi meSexebi
ewodebodaT. meSexebidan dRes mesxebi da lazebia SemorCenili,
magram xom iyo grZeli warsuli?
didi kolxeTis, sxvanairad pontos samefo qalaq amasiaSi
dabadebul-aRzrdili straboni miuTiTebs, rom mesxebis (muSq-
musk-meSexebis didi nawilis) qveyana bolos danawilda mezo-
blebs Soris. nawili darCaT kolxebs, meore nawili miierTes
Tubal-saspeir-iberebma, xolo mesame nawils armenielebi (ukve
88
ara haosiani Tubalebi, ara Tubal-muSqebi, aramed armenielebi)

daeuflnen.
manamde ki, kapadokis Savi (speris, pontos) zRvispira nawils
pontos qveyana da pontos samefo ewodeboda. mosaxleoba erTi
Ziridan wamosuli tomebisagan Sedgeboda. rom ar iyos damkvidre-
buli pontos samefo, mas Tavisuflad Seesatyviseboda – kolxeTis
didi samefo, radgan igi vrceldeboda md. halisidan md. yubanis
zRvasTan marcxena SesarTavamde. rac igivea, anapis koncxamde, im
adgilamde, sadac, mrovelis TqmiT, miedineba `...mdinare mcirisa
xazareTisa~, sadac `warswuTebis wueri kavkasiisa~.
cnobili pontos samefo meSex-muSq-laz tomTa gaerTianebam
Seqmna. maT xSirad erTad xalibebsac uwodeben, kolxebsac da
lazebsac, mTavaria, rom arsi am mxriv ar icvleba. am tomebis
Sesaxeb bevri cnobebicaa SemorCenili, bevric Tqmula da kidevac
iTqmeba. uZvelesi Zv.w.a. III (sxva daangariSebiT V) aTaswleu-
lis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb cnobaa. zRapruli saxiT SemorCenil
TqmulebaSi argonavtebis Sesaxeb, miTiTebaa, rom kolxeTis
mefis aietis Zma tavris mxaris mefe iyo. istoriis mamad wode-
buli herodote ki aRniSnavs, rom yvela tomebis mebrZolebi
xis muzarads atarebdnen, xalibebis garda. xalibebs spilenZis
muzaradebi hqondaT. es mcire cnoba udidesi informaciis Sem-
cvelia.
Zv.w.a. VI-IV ss. es mxare sparseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda. adgilobrivebTan erTad bevrgan berZeni kolonistebic
cxovrobdnen. Tu iyo qiSpi mosulebsa da adgilobrivebs Soris,
iyo erTobac da Sereuli mosaxleoba yalibdeboda. rogorc wesi
berZnebi, araberZnul dasaxlebas barbarosuls uwodebdnen da
mosaxleobasac aseTebad Tvlidnen, sinamdvileSi romeli mxare
iyo ufro CamorCenili?
rodesac makedonel-berZenTa laSqarma (maTSi barbarosuli
razmebic monawileobdnen) daamxo sparseTis batonoba, pontos
mxarem damoukidebloba moipova... mefe miTridatem (Zv.w.a. 337-
302 ww.) aRiara aleqsandre makedonelis hegemonoba.
89
aleqsandres Semdeg Zv.w.a. 323 w. pontos mxare evmens ergo. ev-

meni Zalauflebis niadagze daupirispirda antigones da am brZo-
las Seewira. miTridatem morCileba axla antigones gamoucxada.
miTridates darCa memkvidre miTridate. man SeZlo Tavi daecva
mowinaaRmdegisagan da 296 w. Zv.w.a. mefed aRiares kidec.
warmatebuli iyo misi memkvidreebis moRvaweobac. miTridade
I Semdeg mefobda ariobarzani (Zv.w.a. 266-256 ww.) igi miTridate
II Secvala. (Zv.w.a. 256-210 ww.) ase Caeyara safuZveli miTrid-
atebis dinastias.
mcire cnoba: straboni iuwyeba, rom aleqsandre makedonelis
dros moxda kapadokiis gayofa. did nawils uwodes didi kapad-
okia, mcire nawils pontos zRvis napiris kapadokia anu ponto.
miTridatebis dinastia mcire anu zRvis mxares kapadokias anu
pontos flobdnen, magram mudmivad cdilobdnen tavris mTebis
mxaris kapadokiis mierTebas.
ufro mcire: yoveli aRzevebuli yovelTvis cdilobda Ta-
visi warsuli ufro cnobili aRzevebulebisaTvis daekavSire-
binaT. Zvel droSi miRebuli iyo mefes Tavi RmerTis Svilad
èRiarebina~ Tavadi mefis Svilobas iCemebda, glexi Tavadisas.1
ukve iTqva, rom aieti heliosis (mzis RmerTis) Svilad iTvle-
boda. aleqsandre makelonelma Tavi egvipturi RmerTis amonis
Svilad gamoacxada. miTridatebis dinastia, im dros, im mxareSi
aRiarebuli sinaTlis RmerTis _ miTras Svilebi iyvnen.
meore versia, miTridatebis sparseTis satrap miTridatesTan
dakavSirebisa, nakleb efeqturia.
hontos mefe miTridatebma SeZles damoukideblobis dacva
da didi imperiis Seqmna.
1. es tendencia dResac moqmedebs. bevri cdilobs Tavi digvarovan adamianebs

daukavSiros, gvari daaZvelos, ganadidos da am gziT `gandiddes~. daviwyebulia
rusTvelis Segoneba: aTasad gvari dafasda, aTi aTasad gmiroba...
90
miTridate VI da tigran II
yoveli drois udides somex (armian) mefe tigran II Sesaxeb

Zalze bevris Tqma SeiZleba. SeuZlebelia misi sididis Sesaxeb
msjeloba miTridate pontoelisagan ganyenebulad.
udidesi iyo, rogorc mefe da pirovneba, miTridate VI.
masze, rogorc mefeze, naklovani iqneba msjeloba, tigran II
mowyvetilad.
erTi Tubali Tavisi fesvebiT, meore meSexi, pirveli ukve
armiani (somexi), meore, mokled pontoeli, istoriam daakavSira.
udidesni iyvnen erTad da ubedurni cal-calke.
miTridate VI, evpatorad (keTilSobilad) wodebuli da
RmerT dionised aRiarebuli, daibada pontos samefos dedaqa-
laq amasiaSi (meore versiiT qalaq sinupeSi), mefe miTridate V,
memkvidred _ Zv.w.a. 132 w.
im dros, romi ukve iwyebs aziis dapyrobas. es mxare ki dayo-
filia wvril samefoebad (armenia, ponto, siria, kilikia, perga-
mosi, kapadokia, paflagonia, galatia, biTinia) da mimdinareobs
brZola pirvelobisaTvis. romaelebs morCileba gamoucxada
yvelam, pontos samefos garda. Sesabamisad, romi qveSevrdomebs
mxars uWers, pontos winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
Zv.w.a. 120 w. miTridates mama SeTqmulebma mokles. Zalau-
flebas daeufla deda laodike. samwuxarod, ojaxis wevrebis
Ralati da mokvla, xelisuflebis mitacebis mizniT, ucnaurobas
ar warmoadgenda. JamTa amwerni gvamcnoben, rom dedofalma lao-
dikem ramdenjerme scada Svilis Tavidan mocileba. erTgulma
qveSevrdomebma ymawvili gadamales da is dedisgan miviwyebuli
izrdeboda mTebSi. amboben, iyo tanmaRali, swrafi, irems gaq-
ceuls iWerda da nadirobiT irCenda Tavs. amave dros bevrs
swavlobda (icoda 22 ena. Tavis imperiaSi TarjimanisaTvis ara-
sodes miumarTavs) da rac mTavaria, yoveldRe svamda sawamlavs,
organizmis gasaumjobeseblad.
oci wlis iyo miTridate, roca sasaxlis karze gadatrialeba
moawyes da gamefda. am dros samefos dakarguli hqonda, risi
dakargvac dedofals moeswro.
91
didi somxeTi tigran II mefobis dros
miTridatem gaatara reformebi, Seqmna Zlieri jari da ara

mxolod dakarguli daibruna.
kavkasiis samxreTiT gandevnili skviTebi Savi da azovis
zRvebis CrdiloeT sivrceebs daubrunebdnen da kvlav saSiS
Zalad iqcnen. Zv.w.a. 110 wlisaTvis skviTebi mezobel olbiis,
xersonesisa da bosforis samefoebs daqcevas uqadagebdnen.
xersonelebi da bosforelebi ajanydnen da daxmareba pontos
samefos sTxoves. pontoelebma skviTebi daamarcxes, aseve daa-
marcxes Zv.w.a. 107 w. e.w. savmakis monaTa ajanyebis monawileni
da bolos es mxare miTridates dauqvemdebares. miTridate bos-
foris mefed iqna aRiarebuli. mogvianebiT ki, gamgeblad misi
vaJi maxare daadgines.
amave dros, miTridates jarebma, azovis zRvis aRmosavleTiT
macxovrebeli tomebi daimorCiles. saboloo angariSiT yirimis
naxevarkunZuli, md. donisa da md. yubans Soris teritoria,
azovis zRvis mimdebare miwebi pontos samefos miuerTes.
kidev erTi ucnauri ambavia axalgazrda miTridatesTan
dakavSirebuli. icoda ra, rom gaZlierebul romTan Sejaxeba
gardauvali iqneboda, moindoma winaswar Seeswavla is qveynebi,
romelTa teritoriazec brZolebi mouwevda. Tavis magivrad da-
tova mcirewlovani pirmSo maxare gamgeblad ki coli laodike.
TviTon saidumlod wavida ucxo qveynebis dasazverad. dedofalma
sasaxlis intrigebs ver gauZlo, miatova Svili maxare da mihyo
xeli drostarebas. miTridates Seatyobines dedoflis moRala-
turi qcevis Sesaxeb. igi moulodnelad dabrunda sinopSi (sin-
upeSi). amboben, dedofalma da misma kuroebma sawamlaviT savse
Tasi miarTves. miTridatem Rvino mosinja da igrZno sawamlavi.
misi sxeuli, miCveuli sawamlavs, gadarCa. imave Tasidan mefem
dedofals da mis axlobelebs Seasva Rvino. yvelani daixocnen.
miTridatem yirimis Semdeg kolxeTi daimorCila. (am Sem-
TxvevaSi, kolxeTi, rogorc egrosis wilxvedri mxare). aseve
daimorCila e.w. mcire somxeTi (armenia). rac Seexeba did somxeTs
midia, parTia, iberiasTan erTad da ukve albaneTis samefosTan
93
erTad, mokavSireebad gaixada. iberiasTan, kolxeTis mxridan,

sazRvari aRmosavleTiT gadaswia. aagebina sasazRvro cixe-
axalcixe.. cnobilia, rom axalcixeSi inaxavda samefo ganZs.
sakuTriv kolxeTSi miTridatem mmarTvelad umcrosi Zma,
isic miTridate daadgina, ramdenime xnis Semdeg Zmam moindoma
kolxeTis Camocileba pontosagan, calke samefos Seqmna. miTrid-
atem Zmas gaugo Ralati, daatyveva da oqros bokilebi daado.
brZola kapadokia, biTinia, galatiisaTvis did Zalisxmevas
moiTxovda. miTridatem qaliSvili kleopatra miaTxova somxeTis
(armeniis) mefe tigran meores da erTguli mokavSire gaiCina. Ta-
vis mxriv somxeTis mefesac awyobda gaZlierebul pontos (didi
kolxeTis) samefosTan mtkice kavSiris arseboba. mokavSireobiT
orivem isargebla.
Zv.w.a. II-I saukuneebSi, gaZlierebuli romis imperia, da-
JinebiT cdilobda aziis kontinentze fexis mokidebas, igi
ZiriTadad diplomatiis gamoyenebiT, bevrjer ZaliT aRwevda
sasurvels. viTarebaSi, roca mcire aziis qveynebi erTi-meores
ar indobdnen, xSirad Suamavlad roms mimarTavdnen. amiT dapiri-
spirebulTa dasusteba da xelSi Cagdeba advildeboda da romi
warmatebiT iyenebda am meTods.
miTridates didi kolxeTis samefo, gaZlierebul somxeTTan
(armeniasTan) erTad da sxva samefoTa mokavSireobis viTarebaSi,
did Zalas warmoadgenda da didi xnis manZilze warmatebiT eq-
iSpeboda romis imperias.
tigran II, udidesi somex (armian) mefeTa Soris, bevr Wir
da lxin gamovlili iyo. Zv. w. a. 140 w. dabadebuli, mxolod
Zv.w.a. 95 w. gamefda. misi mama, tigran I, iZulebuli iyo ymawvili
Svili, parTiis mefe miTridate II karze hyoloda mZevlad. mamis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, imave parTielebis nebarTviT gamefda.
im dros romSi gaurkvevloba sufevda. mosalodneli iyo
samoqalaqo omis dawyeba damsaxurebul mariussa da axalgazrda
sulas momxreTa Soris. amave dros miTridate pontoeli (kolxi)
warmatebiT eomeboda romis jarebs.
94
gamefebisTanave tigran II, sofena daikava da samefo gaaf-

arTova. misi Semdgomi moqmedeba miTridatesTan SeTanxmebas
moiTxovda.
miTridates surda didi kapadokiis mierTeba ise, rom amas
romTan omi ar mohyoloda. tigrans SeuTanxmda qaliSvili
kleopatra miaTxova, mokavSireoba naTesaobiT ganamtkica.
daTqves kapadokias Tavs tigrani daesxmoda, dovlaTs gaitanda,
tyveTa did raodenobas sasomxeTSi (armeniaSi) gadaasaxlebd,a
daclil teritorias ki miTridate daikavebda. Zv. w. a. 94 w.
gamefebidan meore wels, SeTanxmebuli aRasrules.
ori agresoris SeTanxmebis Semdegi nawili, dapyrobTa serias
iTvaliswinebda. tigrans unda emoqmeda samxreTiT. Sua mdina-
reTi, siria, finikia, palestina da vin icis kidev ras SeiZlebda.
miTridate Tavis mxriv mcire azias, egeosis zRvis kunZulebs,
balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls daipyrobda. CrdiloeTi mas ukve
dapyrobili hqonda.
SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT siZe-simamrma bevrs miaRwies. Zv.w.a.
88 w. tigranma dalaSqra parTia, aiRo mefeTa rezidencia ek-
batani, Seutia sirias da warmatebasac. Tavis mxriv miTridatem
daikava mcire azia, kunZulebi da saberZneTis droebiT dakavebac
SeZlo. rom ara romis siZliere da upiratesoba, es ori mtace-
beli kidev bevr saswauls moaxdenda.
romis sardlebma jer lukulma, Semdeg pompeusma moaxerxes
miTridate-tigranis kavSiris moSla. Ralati TviT mama-SvilebSi
daTeses (miTridates uRalata Svilebma maxarem da farnakma, ti-
grans – Svilma tigranma da a.S) da bolos cal-calke daamarcxes.
miTridatem Zv.w.a. 63 w., gandevnilma, daasrula sicocxle.
tigranma, Zv. w. a. 55 w., rogoric didebuli iyo maTi moRvaweoba,
ise tragikuli aRsasruli.
Zveli welTa aRricxvis periodi Tubal-meSexebma waru-
mateblad daasrules. siZlieris zenitSi myofi romis msoflio
imperia sxva samefoTa winsvlas ver egueboda. gamonaklisi verc
somxebi (armianebi) iqnebodnen da verc pontoelebi (xalib-
xaldebi, lazebi, kolxebi, egriselebi).
95
droTa aTvlis mijnaze
Zv. w. a. II saukuneSi romis imperiis gamoCenam mcire aziis

farglebSi, iq arsebuli viTareba daarRvia da bolos ZalTa
Tanafardobis Secvla gamoiwvia.
kolxeTis (pontos) da somxeTis (armeniis) did imperiaTa
rRveva-dacemam, kardinalurad Secvala mcire aziaSi damyare-
buli wesrigi.
miTridates imperia daiSala. saberZneTi, egeosis zRvis kun-
Zulebi, mcire azia romis Zlierebas daeqvemdebara. miTridates
dros yirimis naxevarkunZuli, kavkasionis CrdiloeTi, egrisis
mxare, didi kolxeTis samefoSi Sediodnen. miTridates ufrosi
vaJis maxares mcdeloba, mamis gavlenisagan ganTavisuflebuliyo da
calke samefo Seeqmna, marcxiT damTavrda, mefis moRalate Svilma
sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula. aseve marcxiani gamodga
meore vaJis farnakis brZola mamis imperiis aRsadgenad. dasawyisSi
man erTgvar warmatebasac miaRwia, magram romma moZliereba ar aca-
la. iulius keisarma daamarcxa da gafanta farnakis moumzadebeli,
gauwvrTneli jari. cnobili gamoTqma `mivel, vnaxe, gavimarjve~
swored farnakTan brZolis Sedegze iyo naTqvami.
miTridates imperia daiSala, Semadgenelma tomebma miiRes
damoukidebloba da daiwyes sakuTari samefo-samTavroebis Seqmna.
swored am droidan xdebian cnobilni adre imperiis Semadgen-
lobaSi Semavali tomebi.
arsebiTad aseTive bedi ewia didi somxeTis imperiasac.
tigran II mier dapyrobilma da ganZarculma mezoblebma ver
moaswres damoukideblobis mopoveba da fexze wamodgoma, rom
romis imperiis klanWebSi aRmoCndnen.
tigran II didi mefe iyo da bevric SeiZlo. misma saxelmwi-
fom arabTa samosaxloebs uwia, aRmosavleTiT parTia daasusta,
dasaveTiT xmelTaSua zRvas miebjina, CrdiloeTiT albaneTsa da
iberias gaumezoblda. miTridates mokavSireoba icavda albaneT-
iberias tigranis dapyrobiTi swrafvisagan. ar daicva mxolod
kapadokia.
96
iTqva, rom miTridatesTan SeTanxmebiT, tigranma Zv.w.a. 94 w.

dalaSqra didi kapadokia da iqidan daaxloebiT 200 aTasi tyve,
axali dedaqalaqis tigranokertis midamoebSi daasaxla. axal
viTarebaSi Zv.w.a. 74 w. tigranma meored ilaSqra kapadokiaSi.
cnobili JamTaamwerlis apanes mowmobiT, tigranma 300 aTasi
tyve waiyvana sasomxeTSi ( armeniaSi).
aseve cnobilia, rom tigrani, yvela dapyrobili qveynidan
tyveebs mierekeboda da samefos mosaxleobas zrdida. amave dros
igi xels uwyobda ebraelebis, berZnebis nebayoflobiT dasaxle-
bas armeniis teritoriaze.
mefe tigranis aseTi, gadasaxlebiTi politika arafriT
gansxvavdeboda sxva dampyrobTa qcevisagan. mosaxleobis ayra
da sxva adgilebSi Casaxleba, sakuTari samefos gaZlierebis
miRebuli forma iyo. tigranma mas mxolod religiuroba dauma-
ta. aris Semonaxuli gadmocema, rom tigrani zoroastrizmis
romeliRac mimdinareobas emxroboda da qveSevrdomebSic mis
gavrcelebas lamobda. mosaxleobis religiuri erToba xdeboda
saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis safuZveli, religiuri erToba
enobrivi, eTnikuri sxvaobis daZlevis, gadasaxlebulTa gasom-
xebis (gaarmianebis) utyuar meTods warmoadgenda. es meTodi
saukuneTa manZilze emsaxureboda eTnoss.
arian eTnosebi, romelTac sCveviaT sakuTari elementebis
gaucxoeba raime niSniT (religia, warmomavloba, adaT-wesebi da
a.S) arian eTnosebi, romlebic piriqiT, cdiloben sxva eTnosTa
sasurveli elementebis sakuTari eTnosisaTvis mikuTvnebas. is-
toriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebani ayalibeben eTnosSi ama
Tu im midgomas.
somex mefeTa da gansakuTrebiT tigran II dapyrobiTma
omebma, mosaxleobis masobrivma gadasaxlebam armianis (arianas,
armenuas) zeganze, maTi religiis cvlis, saboloo gaarmianebis
(gasomxebis) praqtikam, aTqmevina strabons eTnosis agresiuli
bunebis Sesaxeb daskvna.
somex (armian, haisian) mefeTa dapyroba, gadasaxleba, Sere-
97
vis procesma tigran II dros eTnosis saboloo formirebas da

teritoriuli sivrcis gansazRvras Seuwyo xeli. SeiZleba es
afiqrebinebda mkvlevarTa nawils, roca amtkicebdnen, rom eT-
nosis Camoaylibebis procesi Zv.w.a. VII – II saukuneebSi moxdao.
vin icis.
anTropologebis mier dadgenilad iTvleba, rom centralur
kavkasiaSi da armeniis mTianeTSi erTnairi monacemebis xalxi
cxovrobs. aris daskvna, rom kavkasiaSi evropuli rasis ori tipi
arsebobda. somxebi (armianebi) maTi xangrZlivi Serevis nayofs
warmoadgendnen. ufro meti, aris mosazreba, rom Semdgomi drois
movlenebs, Turqebis, arabebis am mxareSi periodul batonobas,
arsebiTi cvlileba ar mouxdenia somxebis (armianebis) winaazi-
uri tipis ganviTarebaze.
Tu dRes somxebi (armianebi) e.w. kavkasiur da winaaziur
tipebs ganekuTvnebian anTropologiurad, es im istoriuli pro-
cesebis Sedegia, romelic Zveli welTa aRricxvis damTavrebis
dronisaTvis dasrulebuli iyo.
anTropologebSic araa azrTa sruli erToba mosaxleobis
tipebad dayofisa da daxasiaTebis dros. arsebiTia, rom veravin
uaryo eTnosis mikuTvneba kavkasiur tipTan. es SeuZlebeli-
caa, radgan xorenaci-mrovelis mtkicebiT kavkasia, mcire azia
iyo TargamosianTa (Torgomis saxleulobis) samosaxlo. es
grZeldeboda dasabamidan mimdinare. sxvanairad `bibliaSi~ ar
dasaxeldeboda Tubal-kaenTa (miwaTmoqmedTa) modgma. am mxriv
somexTa (armianTa) warmomavloba sruliad garkveulia da eTnoss
ar sWirdeba fesvebis Zieba.
meore mxriv, bevris mondomebisa da Ziebis miuxedavad, ar
dasturedeba indoevropelTa (e.w. arielebis, luvielebis,
brigebis da a.S) Semosvla TubalTa (haosian-TubalTa), gnebavT
TargamosianTa sasicocxlo arealSi da aq maTi Casaxleba. isto-
ria am mxriv mxolod kimerielTa Casaxlebas adasturebs. sxva
ambavia Tu mkvlevarTa nawils kimeriuli kuTvnileba ar awyobT
da jiutad cdiloben raime sxva, Tundac ucxoplanetelobis
98
dasabuTebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, roca tigran II kapadokiaSi

orjer ilaSqra, iq brigeb-frigebi ver naxa. ratom?
ganmeorebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom kimerielebi daxelovnebu-
li mxedrebi da ubadlo mebrZolebi iyvnen. qarTveli mkvlevarebi
aRniSnaven, rom sityva `gmiri~, kimerielebis asuruli saxelidan
`gimri~-dan momdinareobs. anTropologiuradac, kavkasiurTan
erTad kimeriuli tipi sWarbobs somex (armianul) eTnosSi,
sxvanairad verc moxdeboda. haosian Tubalebs Tavdapirvelad
maTi monaTesave meSexebi (muSqebi) Seerivnen Zv.w.a. XIIs Zv. w. a.
VIIs. iwyeba kimerielTa Casaxleba somxeTis (armianis) zeganze.
am sakiTxze msjeloba jer kidev XIX s. bolos daiwyo da dRemde
grZeldeba. dRes, Tu vinmes surs ukeTesi winaprebis moZebna da
gansakuTrebulobis, gamorCeulobis demonstrireba, asparezi
vrcelia.
upriania aqve iTqvas, rom didi xania droa damTavrdes xmauri
somxebis (armianebis) gansakuTrebulobis, mezoblebze upirate-
sobis da msgavsi variantebis irgvliv. istoria adasturebs,
rom nebismier eTnoss hqonia gaZlierebis, msoflio asparezze,
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamoCenis, mezoblebTan SedarebiT
warmatebis, maTze zeobis da SedarebiT dacemis, sxvaze daqvem-
debarebis, sasowarkveTis periodebi.
obiqturad ganwyobili mkvlevari (moyvaruli Tu msaxuri
kliosi), ver uaryofs faqts, rom Zv.w.a. I saukuneSi, tigran II
mefobis dros somxeTis (armianebis) saxelmwifo msoflio mniSvn-
elobis imperiad gadaiqca. aseve veravin uaryofs im azrsac, rom
tigran II mefobis bolo wlebSi, imperia daiSala da ori didi
mtaceblis parTiisa da romis sabrZolo paeqrobis obieqti gaxda.
WeSmaritad, araferia ucvleli mzisqveSeTSi, cvlilebis
garda. rogor warmoidgenda didi tigran II, rom misi samefo
sxvaTa sajijgni gaxdeboda. ara da, man TiTqos SeZlo romis
imperiasTan da mis sardal pompeusTan urTierTobis mogvareba.
cnobili faqtia, rom saerTaSoriso asparezze Seqmnili viTa-
rebidan gamomdinare, tigran II ara mxolod erTgul mokavSires,
99
mfarvelsa da naTesavs (miTridates) uRalata, aramed pompeussac

eaxla morCilebis niSnad. romaelma tigrani miiRo, `miefera~
da somxeTis mefedac datova. tigranis moRalate Svil tigrans
ki sofenaSi mefoba uwyaloba. roca ukanasknelma mamis Ralatis
safasuri icotva, igi saerTod Sina patimrobaSi aiyvana.
romis imperiasTan dadebuli `didi zaviT~ armenia (somxeTi)
da erT dros uZleveli tigran II kargavda yvela monapovar –
dapyrobil teritorias, ixdida did kontribucias da romis
umcros megobrad cxaddeboda.
somxeTis (armeniis) dasustebiT dauyovnebliv isargebles
adre daCagrulma parTielebma. maT teritoriis garkveuli
nawili waglijes metoqes. somxeT (armenia) parTiis SuRliT,
isargebles romaelebma. maT tigranis mxare daiWires, par-
Tielebisagan waRebuli teritoriebi daubrunes, mefeTa-mefis
tituli aRudgines da TiTqos somxeTis (armeniis) imperiis da-
nakargebis kompensacia moaxdines.
politikaSi ar arseboben megobrebi da mtrebi. arian moka-
vSireni da mowinaaRmdegeni, amitom uamravia magaliTi, roca
icvleba mter-megobrobis urTierToba. ase moiqca parTiis im-
droindeli mefe fraat III. mixvda ra, rom somxeT (armenia) _
romis kavSirs ver ajobebda, gadawyvita maTi kavSiris gawyveta
da tigranTan mWidro urTierTobis damyareba.
bolos, Zv.w.a. 55w. didi tigran II am qveyanas daemSvidoba,
rogorc mefeTa-mefe da romis imperiis erTguli `megobari~ aR-
mosavleTSi. es faqti amagrebs im mkvlevarTa daskvnas, romlebic
miiCneven, rom marcxis miuxedavad sasomxeTi (armenia) rCeboda
msoflio mniSvnelobis imperiad romisa da parTiis Semdeg.
100
saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi Zveli welTaRricxvis I saukuneSi
Tubal – meSexebi
Zveli welTa aRricxvis dasasrulisaTvis ukve aRar iyo

Tubal-meSexTa erToba. aRar SerCaT erToba calke aRebul
Tubalebs da meSexebs. grZeli istoriuli gza ganvles, sakuTari
samyaro Secvales da Tavadac saxe da saxeli icvales.
Zv.w.a. III aTaswleulis CaTvliT iTqmeboda TubalTa modgma.
paralelurad gaCnda saxelwodeba Targamosianelebi, Torgomis
saxleuloba. Semdeg saxleuloba daiyo Semadgenel elementebad.
aTaswleulis bolos ukve calke iyo Tubal, Targamosianel
haosis (haikis) samefo, calke egrosis, qarTlosis, herosis,
lekosis, movakosis, bardosis da kavkasiosis samefoebi.
paralelurad mimdinareobda meSexTa modgmis dayofa
pelazgebad minielebad, troelebad, Rikielebad, karielebad,
lelegebad, haliZinebad, muSqebad da sxv.
amave dros, adgili hqonda Tubal-meSexTa Sereuli mo-
saxleobis gaCenas. iyo mtroba da moyvroba calkeul tomTa
Soris, Cndebodnen da qrebodnen tomTa gaerTianebani, xdeboda
samefoebis Seqmna da rRveva. icvleboda maTi samyaro da icv-
lebodnen Tavad.
Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi TubalTa mTavari mowinaaRmdege
asureTis mZlavri samefo iyo. swored maT uwodes Tubalebs ta-
balebi. mogvianebiT maTve uwodes meSexebs muskebi (muSqebi). babi-
lonis samefos agresiisagan Tubal-meSexebi Tavs erTad icavdnen.
asureTis winaaRmdeg ukve Tubalebi calke moqmedebdnen. saerTo
ZaliT gaumklavdnen Tubalebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gamoCenil
moTareSe mtrebs Zv. w. a. II aTaswleulSi, aseve calke eomebod-
nen meSexebi asureTs, ukve muSqebis saxeliT. calke SeZles maT
gamklaveba ionelebTan, aqavelebTan (axeelebTan), magram dori-
elebs win veRar aRudgnen, damarcxdnen da Tavis Svelis mizniT
Zvel samSoblos, mciere azias miawydnen.
Zv. w. a. I aTaswleulSi imata momxdurTa Zlierebam. Crdil-
oeT kavkasiaSi kimerielebis, skviTebis, sarmatebis moZalebam
daarRvia arsebuli wesrigi. lekosianebma kavkasionis misad-
102
gomebisaken daixies. kavkasianebi daifantnen, nawili tamanis nax-

evarkunZuls mieZala, nawili egroselebs gaumezoblda. SeiZleba
Caesaxla kidec, rogorc es kerketebi, ufro gvian ki jiqebis
misamarTiTaa cnobili. iyvnen Tu ara sindebi, toretebi, ker-
ketebi, jiqebi kavkasianebi? es sakiTxi did dakvirvebas moiTxovs.
yovel SemTxvevaSi maTi adiReuri modgmis tomebad warmodgena
yovlad dausabuTebelia. ar SeiZleba rusuli politikuri
mizanSewoniloba, mecnieul WeSmaritebad aRiaron.
TubalTa erToba dairRva da Zv. w. a. bolos ukve calke eT-
nosebad moiazrebian egroselebi, vainaxebi, lekebi, albanelebad
Camoyalibebuli movaknel-bardoselebi, herebi, iberebi da
somxebi (armenebi).
gadioda dro da icvleboda iafetid TargamosianelTa
saerTo dasaxeleba. Tubalebi, tabalebi, Tobalebi, sasperebi,
da bolos iberebi. cnobili ebraeli meistorie ioseb flaviusi
kidec aRniSnavda, bibliur Tubalebs axla iberebi ewodebaTo.
Zveli welTa aRricxvis dasasrulisaTvis ukve iberebi, Tumca
iberebad igulisxmebodnen qarTebis, somxebis, egriselebis da
ukve Sereuli mosaxleobis nawili. aseve icvleboda bibliur
meSexTa saxelwodeba. meSexi, muski, muSqi, kapadokielTa wi-
napari, igive ioseb flaviusis mtkicebiT. esac meSexTa mxolod
nawilze iTqmeboda, radgan aRarsad Candnen pelazgebi, fri-
gielebi, haliZonebi da a.S.
Zv. w. a. I saukunis meore naxevarSi damarcxda da daiSala
kolxeTis didi imperia. mxedvelobaSia ara legendaruli aietis
samefo, aramed pontos samefod wodebuli miTridates imperia.
ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli cnoba, rom kilikiis CrdiloeTiT
zRvamde da md. halis – Termodontis auzebis CaTvliT erT
enaze laparakobdneno. ponto, kapadokiis mxolod CrdiloeT
nawils uwodes. pontos samefoSi ki Sedioda teritoria md.
halisidan miyolebuli Zveli lazikis CaTvliT. Zveli lazika
ki mdebareobda laias, (laiaSis, dRevandeli krasnodaris mxaris
md. nogofsuxos) zRvasTan SeerTebis maxloblad. swored aqamde
103
sdia cnobilma gneius pompeusma damarcxebul miTridates. aq

qalaqi gaamagra da mas nikofsia (Tu nikefsia) uwoda. aqve iyo
egriselebis gare cixe, galena jixa (dRevandeli gelenjiki).
daiyo miTridates samefo da calke samefoebis warmoSoba – da-
cemis dro dadga.
Zveli erTianobis daSla da calkeuli tomebis gamoCena
istoriul asparezze moxda ukve egriselTa, ukve lekoselTa,
qarTelTa, somexTa Soris. mkvlevarebi erTiani movaknelebisa da
bardoselebis arealSi daaxloebiT 26 toms asaxeleben. mxolod,
es tomebi mTlianobaSi, ukve alban eTnoss qmnian.
axali welTa aRricxvis dasawyisisaTvis Tubal-meSexTa ar-
ealSi mravali manamde ucnobi tomi xdeba cnobadi. es ar niSnavs
am tomebis mosvlas garedan, Tundac mTebidan barSi Camosvlas,
rogorc zogierT mkvlevars warmoudgenia. es tomebi iyvnen da
adre cnobil gaerTianebebSi Sediodnen, Seicvala viTareba,
ZalTa Tanafardoba, amoqmeddnen damoukideblad da damoukide-
blad gaxdnen cnobadni.
sxvanairad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT egrisis `kuTvnil~ sivrce-
Si afSilebis, abazgebis, misimilianebis, sanigebis gamoCenas, isic
unda dasabuTTdes saidan movidnen da ra gziT moipoves upi-
ratesoba. isac unda iqnas axsnili, rogor moxda, rom henioxebi
dRevandeli aWaris, afxazeTis da ruseTis krasnodaris mxareSi
gamoCndnen erTdroulad, vin iyvnen, saidan movidnen da a.S.
garkveuli axsna moeZebneba lazebis masobriv gamoCenas, maT
mier vrceli teritoriis dakavebas, amiT egrosis mxare praq-
tikulad sam nawilad daiyo: samxreTis daikaves lazebma, Sua
nawili egrebma (ufro gvian egrebis nawils ewodaT megrebi,
meore nawils afxazebi), CrdiloeTi svanebma.
didi cvlilebebi moxda somxebis (armenebis) cxovrebaSic.
104
tigran II Semdeg
pompeusTan gancdili marcxis miuxedavad somxeTi kvlav

mniSvnelovan Zalas warmoadgenda. tigranma moaxerxa da terito-
ria SeinarCuna. marTalia maSin dampyrobiT omebs veRar awarmoe-
bda, magram cota ar iyo dasacavi. tigranis Semdeg misi memkvidre
artavaz II (55-39 ww. Zv.w.a.) gamefda. Zneli iyo misi mdgomareoba.
erTi mxriv romaelebi, romlebic ukve flobdnen md. evfratis
marjvna mxaris teritorias da parTiis dapyrobas lamobdnen,
moiTxovdnen somxeTisagan erTgul mokavSireobas. meore mxriv
parTeielebi lamobdnen somxeTis samefos mimxrobas. cxadi iyo,
rom parTia – romis Widils im moigebda, vis mxaresac somxeTi
(armenia) daikavebda isic cxadia, rom somxebs arc erTi surdaT
megobrad da arc meore. magram roca parTielebma maTi qveyana
daikaves, CaTrevas Cayola amjobines. artavazd mefem ara mxolod
`megobroba ikisra~ parTielebTan, aramed qaliSvilic misca
sarZlod. erToblivi moqmdebiT maT siria da finikia daikaves.
gamarjvebis SedegebiT somxeTs ar usargeblia. maleve
(Zv.w.a. 36w) antoniusis sardlobiT romaelebma somxeTis gav-
liT (gadaqelviT) Seuties parTias. am Serkinebisas romaelebi
damarcxdnen. antoniusma marcxis mizezad artavazd mefe gamo-
acxada, daikava sasomxeTi, mefe daatyveva da bolos egvipteSi
kleopatras aCuqa, rogorc Zvirfasi nivTi.
cnobilia, rom antoniusi-oqtavianesTan WidilSic, damar-
cxda da Tavi mioikla. oqtavianem Tavi avgustusad (imperatorad)
gamoacxada. Zv.w.a. 30 wlidan ax. w. a. 14 wmamde oqtivianem bevri
SeiZlo da Secvala.
Seicvala somxeTis mdgomareobac. aq artavazdis nacvlad
misi energiuli memkvidre artaSesi gamefda. parTiis daxmarebiT
artaseSma somxeTis qveyana romaelebisagan gawminda. aRmSene-
bloba didxans ar gagrZelebula. imperatori aRmosavleTSi
umTavresi mokavSiris dakargvas iolad ver Seurigdeboda da
arc Serigebia. gagrZelda parTia-romis brZolebi somxeTis
dasaufleblad.
105
jer kidev Zv. w. a. 36 w. antoniusma iZulebiT ganamtkica

megobroba albaneT-iberiasTan. am megobrobiT rommac isarge-
bla da iberiamac. iberia CrdiloeTidan xergavda da safrTxes
uqmnida parTia-somxeTs. amave dros Caketili iyo kavkasionis
gadmosasvlelebi. ara da sarmatul-alanuri samxedro Zala yov-
elTvis mzad iyo rbeva-Zrcva moewyo samxreTis mdidar qveynebSi.
alanebis saerTo saxeliT cnobili tomebi momTabare cxovrebas
misdevdnen da iberiis TanxmobiT, samxreTSi saSovarze laSqro-
basac siamovnebiT asrulebdnen.
axal viTarebaSi romis imperiis momxre iberia Zlierdeboda
da saSiS Zalad yalibdeboda.
imperatorma avgustusma Wkvianurad Caifiqra somxeTis
samefo taxtze somexi da erTguli kandidatis gamefeba. Sesa-
bamisi brZanebis Tanaxmad, niWieri sardali tiberiusi daiZra
aRmosavleTiT. mas Tan romSi mZevlad myofi mefis Zma tigrani
axlda. Zv.w.a. 20 w. mefe artaSes II SeTqmulebma mokles da
nacvlad tigran III gamefda. ramdenime wlis Semdeg tigran III
parTiisken gadaixara. romma Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi gaatara
da taxtze axla tigran IV dasva. roca tigran IV mokles, igi
garedan moweulma kabadokielma zenonma, artaSesis saxeliT
Secvala.
somxeTis samefo taxtisaTvis brZolaSi aqtiurad CaerTo
moZlierebuli iberia. Tu adre iberebi romis damxmare funqcias
asrulebdnen, ax. w. a. I s. dasawyisidanve sakuTari miznebisaT-
vis brZola daiwyes. romis interesebiT Semofargvla warsuls
Cabarda. iberia ukve parTiis CamoSorebasa da somxeTis mierTe-
bas lamobda. Sesabamisi dro 35 w. dadga. imperatori tiberiusi
daTanxmda somxeTis samefo taxtze iberiis mefe miTridates
Svili miTridate daesva, Tu sanacvlod parTiis winaaRmdeg
omSi daxmarebas miiRebda. miTridates meore vaJi farsmani
SeiWra somxeTSi, dedaqalaqi artaqsati aiRo. parTiis mefis
Svili arSaki, romelic somxeTSi mefobda, mokles da miTrid-
106
ate gaamefes.1
iberebis da pirvel rigSi miTridates mefoba xanmokle aR-
moCnda. 37 w. tiberiusi kaligulam Secvala. man somxeTis mefe
daibara romSi da daapatimra. imperators arc mokavSire iberiis
gaZliereba awyobda da Tan arc somxebs endoboda.
kaligulas aRviraxsnili cxovreba dRemde uxamsobis
mwvervalad rCeba. cnobilia rom debic ki colebiviT hyavda da
SeiZleba dedac.
41 w. kaligula, mamis (germanikis) Zma klavdiusma Secvala
(41 – 54 ww). klavdiusma aRadgina simarTle da miTridate kvlav
somxeTis taxts daubruna.
moswrebuli naTqvamia: Zalaufleba ryvnis adamians, abso-
luturi Zalaufleba ki absoluturad ryvniso.
politikam ar icis axloblob-naTesaoba. iberiis mefe fars-
man I, Zma miTridate ar daindo. mzakvrobiT miTridate Camoagdes
da farsmanis urCi vaJi radamisti gaamefes.
male parTiam Zala moica da mefe vologeS (valarS) I (51-80
ww) somxeTis taxtze tiridati (Trdati) dasva romisa da parTiis
Widili 63 w. SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. somxeTSi imefebda parTiis
samefo ojaxis warmomadgeneli, Tumca formalurad igi romis
morCili iqneboda da mefesac imperatori daamtkicebda.
am xelSekrulebiT parTia _ somxeTis urTierToba ganmt-
kicda da orivem moigo. sasomxeTma parTiis xelSewyobiT iberiis
samefos samxreT mxares Seutia.
gasakvirveli araa, rom haosianebs da qarTlosianebs Soris
iyo mudmivi mezobloba, romelic ar gamoricxavda mcdelobas,
gaZlierebuliyo meoris xarjze, iyo msjeloba, ra teritoriaze
moxda somexi (armeni da ara Targamosian – haosian TubalTa) eT-
nosis formireba da meTodurad rogor gafarTovda mezoblebis
1. miTridate – Tubal-meSexebs Soris etyoba gavrcelebuli saxeli iyo. aqedan

unda iyos nawarmoebi somxuri samefo saxeli Trdati. Ziri ki sinaTlis RmerT
miTras ukavSirdeba. pontos samefosa da kapadokiaSi miTra mTavari RmerTi iyo.
kapadokielebi (muSq-mesxebi) ki somxeT-iberiis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili
mas aRiarebda.
107
Seviwroebis gziT.
iberiac ar iyo winaaRmdegi SeZlebis mixedviT gaerfarToe-
bina samflobelo. I-II saukuneSi man bevrs miaRwia. gansakuTrebiT
farsman II mefobis dros. iberia romis imperiis mTavari megobar-
mokavSire gaxda. aRmosavleTSi, mefe farsman II romSi, kapito-
liumis win, qandakeba daudges, rogorc axlo megobars.
parTia-somxeTis gaaqtiurebas mohyva aTwliani (54-64 ww.)
omi romis imperiasTan, 57-60 ww. romaelebi somxeTSi SeiWrnen.
aiRes da daangries artaSati, Semdeg ki tigranokerti. 60 w.
Trdatis nacvlad, samefo taxtze tigran VI dasves. aTwliani
brZola 64 w. zaviT damTavrda. taxti Trdats ergo, oRond igi
imperatorma neronma daamtkica. amasTan neronma misca fuli da
ostatebi artaSatis aRsadgenad. am pativis sanacvlod cota
xniT artaSats neronia uwodes.
parTieli arSakidebis warmomadgenlis, Tradat I, somxeTSi
gamefebiT daiwyo arSakunianTa dinastia. qveyanaSi mdgomareoba
droebiT gamyarda.
cnobilia, rom 114 w. imperatorma adrianem sasomxeTi romis
provinciad gamoacxada. arc es iyo myari gamarjveba. romisa
da parTiis brZolebi cvalebadi warmatebiT mimdinareobda,
orive SemTxvevaSi ki sasomxeTi zaraldeboda. III s. dasustebul
parTias sparseTi cvlis, 226 w. ardaSir papakanma sasan-ianTa
sagvareulodan Tavi mefed gamoacxada, gatarebuli reformebis
wyalobiT sasanianTa sparseTi mZlavr saxelmwifod gardaiqmna.
zoroastrizmis religia Semtev ideologiur iaraRad Camoaya-
libes da roms daupirispirdnen.
ardaSiris memkvidre Saburi I (242-272 ww.) romaelebi daa-
marcxa da 260 w. imperatori valerianec daatyveva. gadmogvce-
men, rom mefe Saburi tyve imperators daaCoqebda, zurgze fexs
daadgamda da cxenze ise amxedrdeboda. romaelebma ki imperato-
ris tyveobidan daxsnac ver SeZles. Sabur I kavkasionis midamoebs
Tavis sakuTrebad miiCnevda. bunebrivia, igi pirvel rigSi somx-
eTs unda dapatroneboda. Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda rom
108
sasomxeTSi, im dros, parTieli arSakidebi mefobdnen, sakiTxi

Znelad gadasawyveti ar Canda. Znelia marCieloba, ramdenad gas-
omxebulebi iyvnen arSakunianebi, magram Zalauflebis bunebidan
gamomdinare, ar iqnebodnen sparseTis Zalmomreobis momTmeni.
aris informacia, rom somxebs mxarSi edgnen albanebi, iberebi
da parTiis Camogdebuli mefis momxre-memkvidreebi.
230 w. ardaSir sparsTa mefem somxeTs (da amdenad romsac)
Seutia. siria da kapadokia man daikava, magram sakuTriv sasomx-
eTSi damarcxda. Tavis mxriv romis imperiam parTia da midia
daikava.
dro rom gavida, axla ukve Sabur I, 252 w. sasomxeTi daikava
da iq Svili gaamefa.
ormxriv WidilSi da rbevaSi saukune miilia. 298 w. taxtze
avida Trdat III, didad wodebuli. pirveli rac moxda, iyo somx-
eTis xelisufalTa sagareo orientaciis Secvla. gezi romis
mfarvelobasa da mWidro urTierTobaze iqna aRebuli.
jer kidev wina periodSi, rodesac romauli gavlena ga-
Zlierda, somxebma cvlileba RmerTebis panTeonSic moaxdines.
amasac Tavisi Rrma safuZveli hqonda. berZnul-romauli Rmer-
Tebis mniSvnelovani nawili `warmoSobiT~ meSexi-pelazgi iyo,
mcire aziidan misuli da dabrZanebuli olimpos mTaze. Tavad
zevsi kunZul kretadan gaxldaT, dionise mcire aziidan da a.S.
isic cnobilia, rom kolxebi da kapadokielebi Tayvans scemdnen
omis RmerTs aress, zevsis mebrZol qaliSvils aTenas da a.S.1
somexi eTnosis mniSvnelovani nawili ki swored kapadokielebi
anu meSexebi anu muSqebi iyvnen. Sesabamisad, Tu somxur RmerTTa
panTeonSi aramazda zevsad aRiares, vagni (vahagni) – herakled,
anaiti artemidad anastxi ki afroditad, amaSi iZulebiT Tavs-
moxveuli araferia. mcire aziaSi miTra isedac iyo sinaTlis
RmerTi. Tu igi helioss gauTanabres esac misaRebi iqneboda.
1. qalRmerTi aTenasTan bevri miTi da legendaa dakavSirebuli. aq ki mxolod
is iTqmis, rom kavkasionis uZveles tomebSi xevsurebsa da qistebSi (CeCnebSi)
Semonaxulia masTan dakavSirebuli dResaswauli. xevsurebi dRemde aRniSnaven
aTena-genobas (aTengenobas), qistebi paralelurad – aTena-gobas.
109
heliosi isedac kavkasiasTan dakavSirebuli titani gaxldaT.

yovelive iTqva imis dasturad, rom somxebs Soris pelaz-
giur RmerTTa panTeoni isedac pativcemuli iyo da samefo karis
mier dasavleTis orientaciis aReba raime iZulebiT cvlilebebs
eTnosis msoflmxedvelobaSi ar gamoiwvevda.
Trdat III mier dasavleTTan kavSiris ganmtkiceba ideur-
kulturulad momwifebuli cvlileba gaxldaT. es ar iyo wminda
politikuri gaangariSebis Sedegi. am cvlilebis gamo ewoda
mefes didi.
bunebrivia imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom mefe Trdat III Semo-
bruneba dasavleTisaken (romisaken) da qristianobis saxelmwifo
religiad aRiareba, politikuri gaangariSebis Semcveli aqtic
gaxldaT.
erTi mcire mosazreba. cnobilia rom iberiaSi samefo kari
qristianobisaken sparsuli safrTxis gaZlierebis gamo gadaix-
ara. igive safrTxe somxeTs ufro adre daemuqra. amdenad Trdat
didis nabiji qristianobisaken ara mxolod rwmenis, aramed
qveynis dacvis aucileblobiTac iyo gamowveuli.
Tavis mxriv romis imperia cdilobda sparseTis gaZliere-
buli safrTxisa da kavkasionis CrdiloeTidan hunebis moax-
loebuli safrTxis viTarebaSi erTguli `mokavSireebi~ gaeCina.
kidev erTi mcire mosazreba, rodis xdeba qristianoba sax-
elmwifo religia? somexTa Soris aRiarebulia, rom es aqti 301 w.
ganxorcielda. patara ariTmetika. somex mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT
298 w. gamefebuli Trdat III dasawyisSi sdevnida qristianobas.
mis dros dasajes wminda mowame rifsime da gaiane. Trdati ro-
mis imperator diokletianes politikas misdevda da sdevnida
qristianebs. diotletiane ki 302 w. gaxda imperatori da Tvlida
ra qristianobas damangrevel Zalad sastikad uswordeboda mis
mimdevrebs. swored misi politikis sapirispirod miiRes cnobili
milanis ediqti da qristianoba sxva religiebs gauTanabres.
sakiTxavia, rogori Tavsebadobisaa Trdatis gamefeba 298 w.
diokletianes imperatoroba 302 w. maT mier qristianobis devna
110
`rifsime-gaianes wameba da qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad

ariareba 301 wels? aRaraa dava imaze, rom somexi istorikosebis
mtkicebiT, sasomxeTSi erTad Semovidnen rifsime, gaiane da nune
(qarTvelebisaTvis wminda nino). roca Trdat mefem rifsime da
gaiane awamebina, nune (nino) gadaurCa dasjas da iberiaSi gaiqca.
eqvsi wlis Semdeg ki mcxeTaSi mirian mefem, ninos swavlebis
gavleniT, qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxada. aqac
uzustobaa. qarTuli wyaro am aqts 337 w. ukavSirebs. ofi-
cialurad ki 331 w. miRebuli. uxerxulobaSi rom ar Cavardnen
morwmuneni, upriani iqneboda somex-qarTvel sasuliero pirebs,
Tu Sesabamisi sakiTxebis mkvlevarebs, poziciebi SeejerebinaT.1
egeb ufro meti sicxadis Setanaa saWiro kidev erT sakiTxSi.
qristianobis damkvidreba uceb ver moxdeboda. sxva ramesTan
erTad igi warmarTuli kerpebis msxvrevasTan, maTTan dakav-
Sirebuli adaT-wesebis daZlevasTan iqneboda dakavSirebuli.
qarTul cnobarebSi es brZola Semonaxulia cnobiT ùwmind-
uri~ wignebis devna-mospobis Sesaxeb. miCneulia, rom qarTuli
damwerloba xelaxla gamarTa (aRadgina da daakanona) farnavaz
mefem Zv.w. a. IV s. somxur saistorio mwerlobaSi sxvanairadaa
miCneuli, rac logikurad did kiTxvebs badebs. mtkiceba imisa,
rom cnobilma mesrop maStvocma Seqmna somxuri anbani, Semdeg
mas moayola albanuri da qarTuli (romeli enac man ar icoda),
bevr eWvs badebs: 1. Zveli berZeni moazrovneni adastureben
faqts, rom asoTi damwerloba Seqmnes finikielebma. muSqebma
im mxareSi laSqrobebis dros (Zv. w. a. XIIs) gadaiRes finiki-
uri damwerloba da maTgan gavrcelda saberZneTSi. muSqebma,
somxebis uSualo winaprebis nawilma, damwerloba berZnebs as-
wavles, Tavad ki dakarges Tu daiviwyes? 2. rogor moxda, rom
muSqebisagan naswavli da gaberZnulebuli asoTi damwerloba
msoflios xalxebma gadaiRes, somxebma da qarTvelebma ki ara?
1. aTeistisagan aseTi azris gamoTqma mkrexelobad ar unda CaiTvalos. davas,

romeli eklesia visi aSenebulia, sjobs msoflmxedvelobiTi sakiTxebi mo-
agvaron.
111
imitom xom ara, rom sanam berZnebs aswavlidnen maT sakuTari

Seqmnes? 3. Tu muSqebma sakuTari Seqmnes, saidanac qarTul-
somxuri ganviTarda, maSin mesrop maStvoci anbanis Semqmneli
ki ara, SeiZleba reformatori iyo. miT ufro, rom SeuZlebelia
V s. Seqniliyo anbani. mokle xanSi eTnoss ise aeTvisebina, rom
imave xanSi istoriuli naSromebi Seqmniliyo. logikuria daskvna,
rom am sakiTxebs mkvlevarTa meti Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba. Tu
nawilobriv mainc uaryves movses xorenacis saxarebad miRebuli
istoriis debulebebi, mkrexeloba ar iqneba im eWvebis gafantva,
rac mesrop maStvocis Sesaxeb cnobas axlavs, an egeb cruoben
V s. istorikosebi koriuni da favstvoci, roca aRweren warm-
arTobis winaaRmdeg brZolis sirTuleze? SeiZleba is somexi
mkvlevarebic cdebian, romlebic aRniSnaven, rom qristianobis
iZulebiT danergvam uaryofiTad imoqmeda kulturuli ganviTa-
rebis procesze? kiTxva mravalia da kanonzomiereba moiTxovs
maTze obieqturi pasuxebis gacemas.
mkvlevarebi, roca Trdat III periods axasiaTeben, erTi mxriv
miuTiTeben qveynis mSvidobiani ganviTarebis xasiaTze, meore
mxriv ki Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis gamwvavebaze. SeiZleba samefo
marTlac inarCunebda mSvidobas mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, ma-
gram es SigniT socialur-klasobriv da religiur winaaRmde-
gobas ar gamoricxavda. sxvanairi axsna, cnobaze, qalaqebisa da
naxararebis (soflis) qiSpis, q. tigranokertis janyis Sesaxeb
ar arsebobs. amas adastureben Trdatis memkvidris, xosrov II
(330-338 ww.) moRvaweobis Sesaxeb somxuri wyaroebi.
qristianobis miRebam somxeTs sagareo safrTxe ver mouspo.
345 w. daiwyo sparseT-romis brZolebis axali etapi. mtaceblebs
Soris dava tradiciulad somxeTis teritoriaze mimdinareobda.
gamovida, rom xosro III memkvidre mefe tirans (338-350 ww).
erTdroulad uwevda gamklaveba Sinagan mowinaaRmdegeebTan
(aristokratia da eklesia) da gareSe mterTan. misi Svilis,
arSak II dros moxda Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis daregulirebis
cda. moiwvies saeklesio kreba, romelsac unda ganesazRvra
112
mqonebelTa da upovarTa (klasobirivi) urTierTobis sakiTxebi.

yoveli maregulirebeli aqti, raRacas rom zRudavs, raRa-
cas asparezs uqmnis. Sesabamisad ar daileva mowinaaRmdege da
momxre. igive moxda arSak II dros. aris cnoba, rom didgvarov-
anTa ojaxebic daiyvnen momxre – mowinaaRmdegeebad.
sparseTma isargebla somxeTSi Sinagani uTanxmoebiT da 395
w. somxeTSi SeiWra. aiRo da daangria qalaqebi tigranokerti da
ani. gareSe da Sinagani mtrebis mier Seviwroebulma mefem Tavi
mezobel iberias Seafara. cnobilia, rom Trdat III da mirian
iberiis mefe ojaxebiT iyvnen damoyvrebuli da naTesauri urT-
ierTobani maTi memkvidreebis dros grZeldeboda. erTi wlis
Semdeg arSak II samefo daibruna.
mSvidoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. sparseTis mefe Sapur
II (309-379ww) cdilobda sabolood gaetexa somexTa winaaRmde-
goba. man daikava da daangrevina somxeTis qalaqebi, mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawili ki sparseTSi gadaasaxla. romis imperia
Tavis mxriv cdilobda sasomxeTis mitacebas, bolos agresorebi
SeTanxmdnen. 387 w. imperatorma Teodosim da Sapma Sapurma sx-
visi qveyana gaiyves. kareniti (karini, karnu qalaqi), akilisena,
xorZena da somxeTis dasavleTi mxare, romis imperias ergo, aR-
mosavleTi ki sparseTs. vin hkiTxavda somxebs an mis mefe arSak
III. WeSmaritad Zala aRmarTsa xnavs. dasturad naTqvamisa, arSak
mefis sikvdilis Semdeg, romis imperatorma, somxeTis `sakuTari~
nawili provinciad gadaaqcia.
ukeTesi bedi arc sparseTis xelSi moxvedril nawils rge-
bia. iq didi `mfarvel-mesakuTre~ sparseTis mefis xelSewyobiT,
Sinagani urTierToba ise gamwvavda, rom somexma aristokratebma
(nawilma) moiTxoves, qveyana spars moxeles emarTa. cxadia
sparseTis mefem erTgul somexTa aseTi Txovna daakmayofila.
428 w. aRmosavleT somxeTSi mefoba moispo. arSakunebis samefo
dinastiam arseboba Sewyvita.
es iyo qveynis katastrofa. somex eTnoss gadagvarebis aSkara
safrTxe daemuqra.
113
umefobis xana
ena arsebobis wesia, saxelmwifo arsebobis forma, ase Camoya-

libda msoflioSi da somexi eTnosi mas gverds ver auvlida.
rogorc Torgomis xelisuflebis wevrebs, somxebis winaprebs,
erTian samefoSi, Tavisi wili saxelmwifoebrioba gaaCndaT.
rogorc haosianebs (haosebs) hqondaT saxelmwifoebrioba sx-
vadasxva formiT. rogorc somexma (armenebma, haiosebma TviT-
saxeliT) Seqmnes mZlavri imperia.
dadga umefobis xana.
kacobriobam, saxelmwifoze adre, religiuri msoflmxed-
veloba SeimuSava. somxebis winaprebsac hqondaT TavianTi re-
ligiuri warmodgenebi da ritualebi. maTac ganvles grZeli
periodi martivi kerpTayvaniscemlobidan erTRmerTamde. ieso
qriste aRiares bolos yovelives SemoqmedaT. am aRiarebam bevri
tanjva da sixaruli gaacdevina eTnoss.
mtrebis ZalisxmeviT somxuri saxelmwifo moiSala. ro-
maelebma da sparselebma mefobis instituti gaauqmes. darCa
religiuri instituti.
nuravin ityvis saxelmwifos politikuri sistema calkea,
religiuri calke. qveynis politikuri organizeba – marTva
calkea da mosaxleobis sulieri organizeba – marTva calke.
adamianis mTeli cxovreba politikaa. politikosi mxolod sax-
elmwifos mmaTveli rodia. politikosia yvela, Tavisi moqmedeb
–moRvaweobis farglebSi, dabadebidan sikvdilamde.
somxuri qristianuli eklesia, msoflio praqtikas ver
ukuagdebda.
adreuli qristianuli moZraobis istoria cxadyofs, rom
igi Tavidan yalibdeboda, rogorc CagrulTa da ganZarculTa
ideuri Sexedulebebisa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis sinTezi.
114
Tavidanve iyo moZraobaSi peregrinoba.1

somxeTSi qristianuli moZraoba imeorebda msoflio praq-
tikas. gansakuTrebuli miRwevebi eklesias materialuri moR-
vaweobis sferoSi gaaCnda.
erTi variantis Tanaxmad, Trdat didma qristianoba saxelm-
wifo religiad 315 w. gamoacxada. aris cnoba, rom qristianuli
Sexedulebebi jer kidev I-II saukuneebSi vrceldeboda mezobeli
siria-kapadokiidan. Tu imasac mieqceva jerovani yuradReba,
rom Zv.w.a. I s. tigran II daaxloebiT naxevari milioni kapa-
dokieli daasaxla tigranokertis (dedaqalaqis) midamoebSi,
gasagebi gaxdeba, rom qristianuli ideologia masebSi mZlavrad
iqneboda warmodgenili. oficialur religiad qristianobis
gadaqcevas, ori urTierTsapirispiro procesi mohyva: 1. Zveli
religiuri (amdenad kulturuli) Zeglebis masobrivi ngreva
da maTi msaxuri qurumebis daxocva, salocavebis materialuri
qonebis dataceba; 2. axali religiuri Zeglebis mSenebloba da
religiuri materialuri sistemis Camoyalibeba. samRvdeloebis
msxvil mflobelebad gadaqceva.
cnobilia, rom jer kidev Trad III, qristianul sasuliero
pirebs miwis nakveTebi dauriga. bolos, saero-samxedro aris-
tokratiis nawili saeklesio aristokratiad Camoyalibda. miwaT-
mflobelobisa da sxva simdidris TvalTaxedviT eklesia mefes ar
Camouvardeboda da ufro mets moiTxovda. mefesa da naxararebs
(feodalebs) Soris winaaRmdegobis dros eklesia Tavisi gavle-
niT sargeblobda da saero cxovrebis organizaciaSi sakuTar
wils mudmivad zrdida. cnobilia, rom eklesia mosaxleobisagan
gadasaxadebis akrefis funqciasac asrulebda.
romisa da sparseTis mcdelobiT somxeTSi sajaro xe-
1. peregrini – erTi qristianuli Temis winamZRoli. Temis wevrebs mouwodebda

Tanasworoba, Zmoba, erTobisaken. iyo erTad Sroma, komunisturi ganawileba,
marxva da a.S. Tavad ki Cumad arc marxvas icavda, oqros agrovebda, mruSobda
da a.S. mas Semdeg, yvelas, vinc sxvebs uqadagebs erTs da Tavad sapirispiros
sCadis peregrinebi ewodebaT. iseve, rogorc iyvnen e.w. komunistebi.
115
lisufleba moispo. darCa saeklesio xelisufleba. mefobis

Zalauflebas miCveuli eTnosisaTvis mZime iyo amis gancda. meore
mxriv, mefobis gauqmebasTan erTad, moispo gauTavebeli brZola
da tanjva-wameba mefesa da msxvil aristokratias Soris. gas-
axsenebelia, rom swored aristokratiis moTxovniT gaauqmes
mefis instituti.
wina planze gamovida da gaZlierda sasuliero-saero-
saeklesio sistema. jer kidev 391 w. roca romma mis kuTvnil
sasomxeTSi mefoba mospo, iq faqtobrivi Zalaufleba eklesiam
SeiZina. 428 w. roca sparseTma gaimeora romauli miRweva, qveya-
naSi ar darCa sxva Zala, sxva organizacia, romelic erTnosis
SekavSirebas SeZlebda, Tvinier eklesiisa.
somxeTSi, movlenebis bunebrivi ganviTarebis ZaliT, ekle-
sia aRmoCnda eris SemakavSirebeli, gzis maCvenebeli da meobis
SemnarCunebeli. msoflio praqtikis mixedviT, religiuri orga-
nizaciebi ara mxolod rwmenaze zrunavdnen, aramed kulturul-
saganmanaTlebo centrebsac warmoadgendnen. verc am tendencias
gadauxvia somxeTma. saeklesio moRvaweebi iyvnen somxebs Soris
wera-kiTxvis gamavrceleblebi, klios moyvarulebi da msaxure-
bi. maT evalebodaT eTnosisaTvis SemoenaxaT warsulis didebis
suraTebi da maTze aRezardaT axali Taobebi. Tavad somexi
mklvevarebi amiT xsnian winapar-istorikosTa gadaWarbebul
patriotizms Tu nacionalizms.1
obieqturma aucileblobam gansazRvra religiuri sistemis
warmmarTveli roli somexi eTnosis cxovrebaSi. am did saqmes,
Tavisi bedis ironia axlda.
aRniSnuli iyo, rom tigran didi zoroastrizmis konkretuli
mimdinareobis erTguli iyo. igi aseve erTgulad cdilobda ir-
gvliv am mimdinareobis mimdevrebi Semoekriba da gaemravlebina.
igi yvelgan mfarvelobda Tanamoazreebs.
1. erTxel ukve iTqva, rom patriotizmi SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa adamianisa.

gadaWarbebuli, zRaprulobis donemde damdablebeli ki xSirad eTnosisaTvis
uxerxulobis Semqnelia da uku procesebis mabiZgebeli.
116
gavida grZeli Jami. saukuneebis Semdeg somexi eTnosi

aseve mtkiced daadga qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis gzas.
sparselTa da romaelTa ganuwyveteli brZolebis dros, ukve
zoroastrizms aZalebdnen somxebs. zoroastrizmi ki, isedac
mWidro urTierTobis pirobebSi. gasparselebas Seuwyobda xels.
eTnoss asimilaciis daCqareba emuqreboda. meore mxriv, arc qris-
tianoba iyo bolomde misaRebi. jer erTi, nawili eTnosisa Zvel
religias, adaT-wesebs erTgulobda. meorec, mRvdelmTavrebis
berZnuli ena farTo fenebisaTvis gaugebari da ucxo rCeboda.
umefod darCenil eTnoss, eniT da qceviT misTvis axlobeli,
gasagebi winamZRoli sWirdeboda. xmliani Tu anaforiani, ukve
meorexarisxovani sakiTxi iyo.
Tavis mxriv, orive mtacebel-moZalade dainteresebuli iyo
somexTa Soris zegavlenis is meTodebi da formebi waexalisebina,
rac meores daasustebda.
obieqturad Seqmnili viTarebis Taviseburebam ganapiroba,
rom somxeTSi pirveli rigis sakiTxi iyo eTnosis damrazmveli
da warmmarTveli centris Camoyalibeba. mefis instituts spar-
seTic ebrZoda da romic. religiur instituts erTic mxars
uWerda da meorec. oRond sakuTar samsaxurSi Caeyenebina. aman,
saboloo angariSiT, gamoiwvia umefoba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
da eklesiis gansakuTrebuloba eTnosis cxovrebaSi.
qristianuli eklesiis radikalurma mterma, zoroastrizmis
mimdevarma, sparseTis xelisuflebam, brZnuli gadawyvetileba
miiRo, roca somxur eklesias devna ki ar dauwyo, aramed mfarv-
elobis kalTa gadaafara. saqme iqamde mivida, rom qveyanaSi
somxuri administraciis Seqmna zedmeti xdeboda. eklesiam ikisra
saero-sajaro xelisuflebis funqciebi. is ganagebda qveynis
Sinagan ganviTarebas da pasuxs agebda sagareo urTierTobebze.
somxeTSi, qristianuli eklesia warmoadgenda sparseTis intere-
sebis damcvel-gamtarebels. miuxedavad imisa, rom romis impe-
riac qristianuli iyo, sparseTis aseTi politika, qristianul
somxeTs meTodurad aSorebda mas.
117
kidev erTi da SeiZleba gadamwyveti faqtori. sparseTi Tavis

imperiaSi yvela sxva religiur mimdinareobas Riad ebrZoda,
garda somxurisa. somxuri eklesiis privilegirebuli mdog-
mareoba, aiZulebda sxva dapyrobil eTnosebs, gadasuliyvnen
somxuri eklesiis mrevlSi da am gziT bolos gasomxebuliyvnen,
somexi samRvdeloeba ucxo mrevls somxurad naTlavda, somexad
aqcevda TandaTanobiT. am saSualebiT mogebuli rCeboda sparseTi
da masTan somxuri eklesia. es kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli
am procesis orive monawiles. amitom iyo, rom qtezifonSi,
614 w. sparsul sasulieroTa did Sekrebaze (yrilobaze), Sahma
yovelgvari qristianoba akrZala samefoSi, garda somxurisa.
vin daiangariSebs ramdeni ucxotomeli gasomxda am gziT
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi?
eklesiis aseTi mdgomareoba, somexi Tu gasomxebuli dabali
fenebis mdgomareobas, SeRavaTs ar aZlevda. qveyana praqtiku-
lad sparsuli imperiis erT provincias warmoadgenda. sanam
poziciebs gaimyarebda, Sapis administracia garkveuli SezRud-
vebiT moqmedebda. cnobilia, rom sawyis etapze somxebs mxolod
gadasaxadebis gadaxda da jariT sparselTa omebSi monawileoba
uwevdaT. somxma didebulebma, sparseTis erTgulebis fasad mam-
ulebi da adaministraciuli Tanamdebobebi SeinarCunes. sparse-
lebs Tavisi moxeleebi ar dauniSnavT. magram es iyo dasawyisSi.
JamTa amwerlebi aRniSnaven, rom sagareo mdgomareobis gamyarebis
kvalobaze, somxebisadmi damokidebuleba Seicvala. marTvis wa-
myvan Tanamdebobebze ukve sparsi moxeleebis daniSvna daiwyes.
sparselebma dampyrobTa Cveul meTods mimarTes. aris cnoba,
rom 447 w. daiwyes xalxis aRwera, gadamxdelTa raodenobis
dadgenisa da gadasaxadebis akrefis mowesrigebis mizniT. dabe-
gres ara mxolod glexebi (Sinakanebi), vaWrebi Tu xelosnebi.
es procesi sasuliero pirebsa da msxvil miwaTmflobelebsac
(naxararebs) SeexoT. mosaxleobis sayovelTao ukmayofileba
mwifdeboda.
aseTive mZime mdgomareoba iyo mezobel albaneTsa da ibe-
118
riaSi. aseTi viTareba, Cagrul eTnosebs, gaerTianebisa da saerTo

ZaliT brZolisaken ubiZgebda.
somxeTis istoria farTed aSuqebs eTnosis brZolas Tavi-
suflebisaTvis. sxva kavkasiel eTnosebTan erTad Tu calke,
somxobas damoukideblobisaTvis permanentuli brZola hqonda.
450 wlidan moyolebuli maTi istoria saxalxo ajanyebis momza-
debisa Tu mimdinareobis istoriaa. iyo gamarjvebebi da damar-
cxeba, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi bedTan Serigeba. brZolam
Sedegi gamoiRo. sparseTis mmarTvelebi iZulebulni gaxdnen
somexTa religiuri devna mfarvelobiT SeecvalaT da aris-
tokratiisaTvis privilegiebi SeenarCunebinaT.
somxebis nawilobriv warmatebas, sparseTsa da aRmosavleT
romis imperias (bizantias) Soris ZalTa Tanafardobis swori
gageba da Sesabamisi orientireba uwyobda xels. 591 w. mtace-
blebs Soris moxda qveynis xelaxali gadanawileba. pirveli
gayofis dros somxeTis teritoriis udidesi nawili sparseTs
ergo. meore gayofis dros bizantiam imZlavra.
jer romis imperiis, Semdeg ki misi memkvidre bizantiis
imperiis `kuTvnili~ somxeTi droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda,
rogorc teritoriuli sididis, aseve politikuri statusis
mixedviTac. imis mixedviT, Tu rogori iyo ZalTa Tanafardoba
sparseTTan. bizantia aZlierebda Tavis batonobas somxeTis
`sakuTar~ nawilSi an mxolod sazRvrebis dacvis funqcias akis-
rebda. meore gayofis Semdeg ki, Seecada somxeTis yovelgvari
damoukideblobis atributi gaeuqmebina.
gardamavali iyo somxeTis mdgomareoba, roca asparezze
axali mtacebeli gamoCnda arabTa xalifatis saxiT.
nebismieri religiuri ideologia, kriSanaizmis gamokle-
biT, Tavisi bunebiT humanuria. asevea mupamed mociqulis mier
Camoyalibebuli (misTvis alahis mier gadmocemuli) moZRvreba.
xSirad forma Sinaarss srulad ver asaxavs. humanuri moZRvreba,
agresiuli politikis matarebelTa xelSi aRmoCnda. daiwyo
brZola msoflios gardasaqmenlad. VII s. pirvel naxevarSi
119
arabebma didi teritoriebi daipyres. maT sparseTi daikaves da

bizantia daamarcxes.
istoria gvamcnobs, rom 640 w. arabebi ukve somxeTs miadgnen.
pirveli gamoCena ufro marbeveli xasiaTisa iyo. ase gagrZelda
652 wlamde. am wels moxda SeTanxmeba romlis ZaliT somxeTi
SedarebiT iolad gadaurCa momxdurebs. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad.
1. somxeTi kisrulobda gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, sami wlis gan-
vadebis Semdeg. 2. qveynis cixeebSi arabTa garnizonebi ar Cadge-
bodnen. ase gagrZelda saukunis bolomde.
698 w. arabebma sasomxeTi da iberia daarbies. SeRavaTiani
zavis pirobebi dairRva, somxebma ajanyeba moawyves.
703 w. ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg arabebma saokupacio reJimi
gaamkacres. amieridan mtkiced daikaves qveyana, mas miuerTes al-
baneTi da iberiis dapyrobili nawili. axlad Seqmnili saemiros
centri qalaq dvinSi mdebareobda. momdevno RonisZieba strate-
giul qalaqebSi garnizonis Cayeneba da rac arsebiTia, vanis tbis
midamoebSi momTabare tomebis Casaxleba iyo. amave dros, gaTval-
iswinebuli iqna sxva dampyroblebis gamocdileba, rac niSnavda
msxvili feodalebisaTvis da samRvdeloebisaTvis SeRavaTebis
dawesebas. eTnosi praqtikulad gaxleCili iqna privilegirebul
(amdenad dampyrobTa erTgul) da Cagrul nawilebad.
gansxvavebul, Tumca ara nakleb, mZime mdgomareobaSi aR-
moCnda sasomxeTis is nawili, romelic kvlav bizantiis imperiis
morCilebaSi rCeboda.
VIII s. meore naxevarSi Zlierdeba dapyrobili qveynebis
brZola arabTa msoflio batonobis winaaRmdeg. iSviaTi gamon-
aklisis garda brZolis procesebs adgilobrivi didebulebi
udganan saTaveSi. am brZolebSi erTimeores erwymis erovnuli
da socialuri motivi.
qarTebma (iberebma) da egrebma (kolxebma) saerTo ZaliT
moaxerxes arabTa damarcxeba da yofili egrosis samefodan
gandevna. 735 w. qarTlis erismTavar stefanozis vaJebma, mirim
da arCilma egrisis patrikios leon I SeTanxmebiT, SeZles ara-
120
bebisaTvis mniSvnelovani zarali mieyenebinaT da Semdeg qveyana

(Tbilisis saamiros gamoklebiT) mTlianad gaeTavisuflebinaT.
sasomxeTSi didi saxalxo ajanyeba arabTa winaaRmdeg 747 w.
daiwyo. arabebma SeZles ajanyebulebSi ganxeTqilebis Setana da
bagratunebis Zlieri sagvareulos mimxroba. moZraobas grigol
mamikoniani meTaurobda. ajanyebulTa centri iyo q. erzerumis
(yofili karnu qalaqi, karinis) midamoebi. istoria gvauwyebs,
rom erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba xSirad socialur
brZolas erwymoda. 750 w. ajanyeba sastikad iqna CaxSobili. 762
w. ajanyebam axali ZaliT ifeTqa. am SemTxvevaSi qveynis meTauri
ukve saak bagratunia. masobriv ajanyebebSi aSkara Tu faruli
monawileobis gziT bagratunTa gvari axerxebs, moqiSpe gvarebis
dasustebas da qveynis marTvis sadaveebis aRebas. gadmogvce-
men, rom bagratunebma SeZles qveynis didi nawilis uSualo
damorCileba. umefobis xanaSi, es momaval mefobaze pretenziis
gancxadebis tolfasia da qveynis damoukideblobisaken gadadg-
muli nabiji.
IX s. meore naxevarSi iwyeba arabTa xalifatis daSlis pro-
cesi. calkeuli saemiroebi, centrs mowyvetilebi formalurad
xalifs emorCilebian, faqtiurad ki damoukidebel politikas
awarmoeben. saemiroebis avtonomiis zrda, centris gavlenis
Sesustebis tolfasia. amas dapyrobili eTnosebi grZnoben da
cdiloben calkeuli ajanyebebi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobaSi gadazardon. es Tavis mxriv adre gandgomili Tu
neitralitetis mqone elementebis CarTvas iwvevs.
somxeTi am saerTo kanonzomierebas ver acda. naxararebi
(feodalebi) sul ufro intensiurad monawileoben mzard
ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi. brZola ukve bagratunebis
xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobs. somxeTis istoriaSi aRiarebul
faqtadaa miCneuli, rom rodesac, 875 w. kaTolikosma zaqariam
Sekriba naxararebi da damoukideblobis brZolisaken miuwoda,
udavo xelmRZRvanelad aSot bagratuni hyavda mxedvelobaSi.
moZraoba imdenad organizebuli iyo, rom xalifatma droe-
121
biT daTmoba amjobina da 885 w. aSot bagratuni somxeTis mefed

aRiara.
ucnauri `damTxveva~ moxda. rodesac dampyroblebma igrZnes
somxeTis dasusteba, romisa da sparseTis imperiebma miyolebiT
gaauqmes mefoba. axla, arabTa imperiis mxriv somxeTSi mefis
xelisuflebis cnobas, mohyva bizantiis imperiis mxriv cnoba.
imperator basil I, aSot bagratuns samefo gvirgvini gamougzavna
da aRiara sruliad sasomxeTis mefed. marTalia mTeli qveyana
jer kidev saWiroebda gaerTianebasa da Zireul gardaqmnebs,
magram mTavari, politikuri aRiareba, ukve miRweuli iyo.
mefoba cudi aucileblobaa
ucnauria bedis triali. gaugebaria adamianis ucnauroba.

erTi aseTia, ltolva ucnaurobisaken.
sxva ra unda ewodos mokvdavis mier Tavis warmodgenas
RmerTis Svilad an RmerTad? Zveli periodis istoria ara cnobs
mefes an gmirs, romelic RmerTi Tu ara RmerTis Svili mainc ar
iqneboda. da es grZeldeboda mudmivad.
bagratun, bagratid, bagrationebi ratom ar gaxdebdodnen
am tradiciis mimdevrebi? Sesabamisad gaCnda versiebi maTi wamo-
mavlobis Sesaxeb. mTavari iyo xazi gasmoda maT gamorCeulobas.
sinamdvile rogor SeiZleba Sejerdes?
aRiarebulia, rom maTi sagvareulo speris midamoebs ukav-
Sirdeba. es teritoria odiTgan Tubalebis sacxovrebeli iyo.
Zv. w. a. XII s. iwyeba Tubalebis Seviworeba meSexebis mier. iyo
naTqvami, rom meSexebi (muSqebi) warmatebiT aviwroeben Tubalebs
da es xdeba ara mxolod mcire aziis samxreT aRmosavleTiT, ar-
amed Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTac. mesxebis (muSqebis) nawili ikavebs
sper-olTis-TorTomis midamoebs, nawili gadadis egrisis mxa-
reSi. aWaris mxares lazebi iTaviseben da bolos damoukidebel
samefosac hqmnian.
mZlavrobis periodSi somxebma SeZles mesxebis teritoriis
nawilis daufleba. Sesabamisad, iq gabatonebul bagratidebis
122
sagvareulosTan dakavSireba. saboloo angariSiT saxleuloba

gaiyo somxur da iberiul nawilebad. arsebobis manZilze, gas-
omxebuli da gaqristianebuli nawilebi, inarCunebdnen naTesao-
bis grZnobas. amave dros, cdilobdnen ra upiratesobis mopove-
bas, gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, meore mxares ki ar ipyrobdnen da
aymevebdnen, aramed ierTebdnen. ar arsebobs gamoTqma somxeTis
dapyroba an piriqiT iberiis an saqarTvelos dapyroba.
somxeTSi mefobis institutis aRorZineba, saxleulobis
gasomxebul nawilTan, bagratunebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
iTqva, rom aSot bagratunma mefis tiguli 885 w. miiRo da
xuTi weli imefa. am xnis manZilze samefoSi iyo mSvidoba da da-
moukideblobis ganmtkiceba. arc arabebi da arc bizantielebi
samefos saSinao saqmeebSi ar ereodnen. mefis mTavari mizani
naxararebis (feodalebis) Sinagani winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva
da erTianobis SenarCuneba iyo.
miznis miRweva garTulda misi vaJis smbat I (890-914 ww.)
dros. smbat mefes cnobili arcrunebis gvareuloba daupirisp-
irda da amira iusufis daxmarebiT sasurvelsac miaRwia. 908 w.
arabebma mefed gagik arcruni gamoacxades, xolo smbati male
sikvdiliT dasajes. droebiTi gamodga gagikis zeoba. uke 914 w.
smbatis vaJi aSot II xdeba mefe. mis saxelTanaa dakavisrebuli
arabebis qveynidan gaZeveba. aSot II arabebisagan samefo gaaTavi-
sufla da bizantiasTan kavSirebi ganamtkica. istoria gvamcnobs,
rom aSot II, 928w. Zmam abasma Secvala. misi da momdevno, aSot
III (953-974ww) mefobis dros somxeTi warmatebiT viTardeba,
izrdeba misi samxedro-ekonomikuri potenciali. am periodSi q.
ani dedaqalaqad iqna damkvidrebuli. bagratunTa xelisufleba
sasomxeTis yvela kuTxem aRiara. aSot III yovelTa somexTa mefe
xdeba.
naTqvami ar niSnavs qveyanaSi yvela erTeulis saboloo Seka-
vSirebas. feodalurma wyobilebam, piriqiT, decentralizaciis
tendencia icis. feodaluri somxeTi am saerTo kanonzomiereba-
sac ver acda. Seiqmna wvrili feodaluri samefoebi, romlebic
123
sinamdvileSi msxvil feodalTa samflobeloebs warmoadgendnen.

am gziT mravali somxuri samefo daarsda: ani-Siraqis, vanindis,
vaspurakanis, loris, siuniqis. maT ar Camouvardeboda xaCenisa
da taronis sanaxaroebi.
erTi eTnosis wvril samefoebs Sorisac ar iyo Tanxmoba.
droebiTi SekavSireba, pirvelobisaTvis Widili. Cveulebrivi
movlena gaxda. ani-Siraqis samefo mainc gamoirCeoda Tavisi si-
ZlieriT. igi mezobel mxareebs imorCilebda da qarTul (ukve
qarTul) samTavroTa saqmeebSi Carevasac lamobda. cnobilia mefe
gagik I (989-1020 ww.) aqtiuri daintereseba qarTlis da afxazeTis
samefoebis urTierTobis sakiTxebiT. misi aqtiuri cda, qarTlis
mefeebi `daecva agresori~ afxazebisagan garkveul wilad marTl-
deboda bagratunebisa da bagrationebis biZaSvilobiT. ufro meti,
axlobloba imdenad xelSesaxebi iyo, rom gaerTianebuli afxazeTis
(saqarTvelos) samefom somxeTi ki ar daipyro, aramed SeierTa,
rogorc sakuTari mamulis nawili. aseve, SemorCenilia dokumenti,
romelsac Tamar mefe xels bagratunianis gvariT awers.
kidev erTi momenti. cdebian is somexi mkvlevarebi, romlebic
kritikulad uyureben movses xorenacis naTqvams imis Sesaxeb,
rom bagratunebi haikis (haosis – qarTulad) STamomavlebia.
iyo msjeloba, rom Targamosis (Torgomis _ somxurad) vaJebs
Soris TubalTa miwa-wyalis gayofis Semdeg, md. araqsis samxreTi
mxare haoss Sexvda. Sesabamisad, speris midamoebSi Zv.w.a. III aTas-
wleulSi Tubalebi saxlobdnen. maTgan warmomdgari gvareuloba
ki SeiZleba haoss daukavSiron.
am sagvareulos meore nawili bagrationebad iwodebian. ibe-
riaSi (qarTlSi) isini VI s. winaurdebian erismTavris wodebiT.
speris midamoebi iberiis samefoSi Zv. w. a. IVs. Cans, magram Is.
SeiZleba ukve tigran II imperiis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda.
safiqralia rom sagvareolos gayofac im periodSi moxdeboda.1
1. bagratunionebis da bagratunebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi sabolood

dazustebuli araa. am SemTxvevaSi mas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs. mezobel
eTnosebs Soris gvarebis damTxveva, gayofa, gadakeTeba ar gamoiricxeba.
124
guaram (575-590 ww.) kurapalatia pirveli erismTavari qa-

rTlSi (iberiaSi). mis vaJs stefanozs (591-619ww.) bizantielebma
speri waarTves. misi Zea guaram II (619-678ww.) Semdeg varazba-
kuri (679-705ww). mas mosdevs nerse (705-742ww.). nerses cvlis
adarnase (742-779ww.). bolos, erismTavrebSi gamorCeuli aSot
kurapalati (787-826ww.)
aSot kurapalatis Semdeg bagrationebis saxleuloba iyofa.
taos mflobeli bagrationebi da artanujs damkvidrebuli
bagrationebi.
aSot kurapalatis Camomavlebma daimkvidres mefoba qarT-
velTa Soris. adarnase II 888 w. mefis tituliT iwodeba. ibe-
riaSi (qarTlSi) mefoba VIs. ocdaaTian wlebSi gauqmebuli iyo
sparselebis mier.
umefobis periodSi qveynis politikur cxovrebas erismTa-
vari uZRveboda. maTTanaa dakavSirebuli brZola arabebis wi-
naaRmdeg da paralelurad sazarTa (dasavleTis TurqTa) xakanTan
(kaganatTan) urTierToba.
amave periodSi xdeba didi cvlilebebi egrosis wil miwa-
wyalze. ukve iTqva, rom 735 w. qarTlis erismTavris stefanoz
II vaJebis miris da arCilis erTi mxriv da afxazeTis patrikios
leonis erToblivi moqmedebiT arabebi egrosis mxaredan gan-
devnes da iq 788 w. afxazeTis samefo Seiqmna. patriokosma leon
II Tavi afxazTa mefed gamoacxada 788 w. (SeiZleba 786w).1
erTi mcire mosazreba. egrosis mxareSi uZveles droSi
meSexebi saxlobdnen. Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulSi aq ukve Tubalebia.
es ar gamoricavda meSexTa raRaca nawilis darCenasa da Sereuli
mosaxleobis gaCenas.
Tubal egroselTa Soris pirveli rRveva-gamoyofa ukav-
Sirdeba svanebis (sanigebis) calke enobiriv jgufis Seqmnas.
egrosuli ena iyofa svanurad da egrisulad (ukve egrisulad).
Zv. w. a. VIII s. maT mxares kimerielebma gadauares, magram eno-
1. afxazeTis samefos Sesaxeb farTedaa naTqvami avtoris naSromSi `kavkasionTa

eTnogenezi~ da ganmeoreba sakiTxs bevrs verafers Sematebs.
125
briv-eTnikuri cvlileba maT ar gamouwveviaT. aseTi cvlileba

arc kerketebis1 kavkonuri (kavkasosis) modgmis Casaxlebas mo-
hyolia, ukve arc svanTa da arc egriselTa Soris. cvlileba
dakavSirebulia meSexTa lazuri tomis SesvlasTan egriselTa
arealSi. mZlavrobis dros lazebma Tavisi gavlena gaavrceles
da dasaxlebebi Seqmnes. VIs. samocian wlebSi, mefobis gauqmebis
kvalobaze, ucxoelTa gavlenam imata. jer kidev vaxtang gor-
gasalis dros egrisi gaiyo iberiis kuTvnil da bizantiis kuT-
vnil nawilebad. sazRvari gadioda md. kelasurze, e.w. koraxis
cnobili kedlis gaswvriv. egroselebi gayofilni aRmoCndnen or
samefos Soris. droTa viTarebaSi garkveuli gaucxoba nawilebs
Soris gardauvali iyo. roca arabebma es mxare daikaves, zRude
moiSala. amas mohyva samxreT egrisis patrikiosis (erismTavris)
gadasvla CrdiloeT egrisSi, iq damkvidreba da amdenad egrisis
erTianobis aRdgena. ramdenadac egrisis CrdiloeTs, bizantiis
gavleniT, afxazeTi ewodeboda, gaerTianebul egrissac afxazeTi
ewoda mefesac afxazeTis mefe. 2 droTa manZilze damkvidrda
egriselTa axali saxeli afxazi da afxazeTi. aseTad ki moiaz-
reboda lixis mTis dasavleTi mxare zRvamde da CrdiloeTiT
mdinaremde mcire xazareTisa (md. yubani). rodesac afxazeTis
mefe konstantinem da gansakuTrebiT giorgi II qarTli (Tbilisis
saamiros gamoklebiT) daikava da hereTs uwia, samefos saxelma am
mxarezec iwyo gavrceelba. es ar vrceldeboda tao-klarjeTze,
samcxe-javaxeTze, sadac bagrationebi mefobdnen. afxazeTis
samefom daikava mtkvris marcxena mxaris qarTli, centriT
ufliscixeSi da iq qarTlis erisTavi dasva.
ena? kiTxva logikuria. Tu egroselebi Tubalebi iyvnen,
Tundac meSexuri (lazuri) Sereoda, ena mainc gasagebi iyo
1. kerketi – gautexels, Seupovars, udreks niSnavs. dRes es sityva xSirad

icvleba kirkitiT. kirkiti – CaZiebas, Rrmad gagebas, Caciebas Seesityveba.
2. am gaerTianebamde afxazeTi berZnebma (bizantielebma) uwodes CrdiloeT
nawils egrisisa. amitom aRniSnavda vaxuSti batoniSvili: anakofiis (axali
aTonis) zeviT afxazeTiao.
126
egroselebisaTvis. rodesac viTareba Seicvala da svanuri, jer

dialeqtis, Semdeg calke enis saxiT Camoyalibda, egrosuli
gaiyo svanurad da egrisulad. am enaze metyvelebda yvela
egroseli svanebis garda. rodesac egriselebis jer CrdiloeT
nawils ewodaT afxazebi (bizantiis gavleniT), Semdeg ki samxreT-
sac, niSnavs, rom afxazTa ena egrisuli iyo. afxazeTis gavlenis
gavrcelebis kvalobaze, afxazuri (egrisuli) enac vrcelde-
boda. amdenad, afxazTa samefoSi sametyvelo ena egrisuli gaxda
afxazuris saxeliT.1
ase grZeldeboda Xs. dasasrulamde. saukunis meore naxevari
Tubal-qarTebisaTvis da Tubal afxazebisaTvis ise warimarTa,
rom maTi samefoebis gaerTianeba gardauval aucileblobad iqca.
mefe giorgi II mtkiced flobda mTel afxazeTs, lixis mTi-
dan zRvamde da md. yubanamde (md. kafa, md. mcire xazaxeTisa).
mas agreTve ekuTvnoda md. mtkvirs marcxena mxaris qarTli, dva-
leTis CaTvliT. aq mTavari iyo misi qaliSvili guranduxti da
siZe gurgeni. gurgeni amave dros iyo qarTvelTa mefe bagratis
(reguenis) Ze da calke meore qarTuli mxaris mefe. amas garda
iyo kidev orive taos mefe daviT didi.
moxda ise, rom afxazeTis mefis qaliSvili flobda qarTlis
erT nawils, meores flobda misi meuRle gurgen bagrationi,
mesames mamamTili bagrat bagrationi da meoTxes daviT III didi,
isic bagrationi.
daviT didi iTvleboda bizantiis imperiis aRmosavleTi
nawili kurapalatad (gamgeblad) da mas xeli miuwvdeboda ara
mxolod sakuTar mamulze, amier da imier taoze. daviT III didi
mefe iyo da bevric SeiZlo. man upatrona somxebis qveyanas.
daikava vanis tbis midamoebi da moRweuli cnobis Tanaxmad tbis
samxreT aRmosavleTiT miwebze daaxloebiT 250 aTasi qarTleli
Caasaxla. aris cnoba rom somxebi mas sakuTar mfarvelad da
imedad miiCnevdnen. yvelaferi kargad iyo, garda memkvidreobisa.
1. egrisuli anu afxazuri iyo ra sxva Tubaluri enebis monaTesave, ar iwvevda

winaaRmdegobasa da gaucxoebas mezobel qarTis tomebTan urTierTobis dros.
127
daviT kurapalati darCa uSvilo da memkvidris saxiT iS-

vila da aRzarda gurgen mefisa da guranduxt dedoflis Svili
bagrati.
ucnauria bedis triali. 975 w. afxazeTis mefe gaxda usinaT-
lo Teodosi, guranduxtis Zma. bagrats, daviT dids, gurgens,
guranduxts da mis Zmas sxva memkvidre garda bagratisa ara hyav-
daT. bedisweram ineba afxazeTis samefo taxti 978 w. daekavebina
bagrats. memkvidreobis wesiT, mas aseve ergo sxva qarT-uli
samefoebi. ramdenadac bagrati jer afxazeTis mefe gaxda da
Semdeg SeierTa qarTTa samefoebi, mas Tanabrad ewoda mefe af-
xazTa da Semdeg sxvaTa. istoriaSic Tanabari ZaliT damkvidrda
saxelwodeba: afxazTa qveyana da samefo da qarTvelTa qveyana
da samefo (anu saqarTvelo).
haikis (haosis) Camomaval bagratunebs, qarTlosis Camo-
mavali bagrationebisagan gansxvavebiT, bedma ar gauRima. iyo
naTqvami mefe gagik I (989-1020 ww.) Sesaxeb. somxur samefoebs
Soris misi ani-Siraqis qveyana udidesi da uZlieresi iyo. aravin
icis ras SeiZlebdnen somxebi, rom ara bedis ukuRmarToba.
jer kidev X s. meore naxevarSi bizantiis imperia iwyebs br-
Zolas dakarguli poziciebis dabrunebis mizniT. 966 w. daikaves
taronis mxare, mas mogvianebiT mihyva vaspurakanis samefo. XI
s, Sua periodSi, bizantiam uSualod bagratunebis samflobe-
los dakaveba scada. mefe gagik II (1042-1045 ww.), molaparakebis
aucileblobis sababiT miiwvies imperatorTan. iq somxebis mefe
gagiki daapatimres. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1045 w. bizantiam
sasomxeTSi mefoba mospo, qveyana ki mtkiced daimona.
128
religiis droSiT
aravin uwyis eTnosi arsebobis manZilze rodis, romel

RmerTs aRiarebda. ramdeni iyo sagvareulo, satomo, saerTo Tu
sakuTari kulti.
somexi eTnosi gamonaklisi ver iqneboda. manac gaiara saku-
Tari Tu dampyrobTa mier Tavsmoxveuli RmerTebis wyeba. isto-
riulad dadasturebulia, rom qristianobas mouwia vahagnis,
anaitis, aramazdis, tiras, miTras sakulto salocavebis, maTi
mogvebis, qurumebis winaaRmdeg xangrZlivi brZola. verc imas
ityvis vinme, sabolood daZleulia eTnosSi araqristianuli
rwmena, adaT-wesebi Tu ara.
qristianobac ki, romelic tanjviT iqna mopovebuli, sx-
vadasxva eTnoss, sxvadasxvanairad esmis. amasTan, TviTeuli
maTgani darwmunebulia, rom man SeiTvisa WeSmariti qristianoba.
sakiTxi mxolod rwmenasTan, sulierebasTan araa kavSirSi.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ar eqnebodaT dava, vin adre aRiara
qristianoba, vin gvian, vis swams WeSmariti, vin gadauxvia WeS-
maritebas da a.S. es yvelaferi politikaa, brZolaa Sinagani
meobisaTvis da ukeTesi arsebobisaTvis mzis qveSeTSi.
uyvarT Tanamedrove qurumebs (RvTismsaxurebs) imis mt-
kiceba, rom mxolod mrevlis sulierebisTvis iRwvian. dasa-
jerebelia?
afxaz-qarTvelebma (kolx-sasperebma, rogorc herodote
ityoda) 1103 w. moiwvies specialuri saeklesio kreba, raTa mo-
exdinaT Sinagani reorganizeba, radgan ar iyo sibilwe-boroteba,
rasac saeklesio pirebi ara sCadiodnen. ra, sxva eTnosebi daz-
Rveuli iyvnen amgvari `wmindanebisagan~?
religiuri msaxurebi Tavidanve yalibdebian, rogorc kargad
organizebuli Zala da moqnili politikis wyalobiT aRweven
gabatonebul mdgomareobas. dRevandeli terminologiiT, qmnian
partias, romlsac aqvs yovlismomcveli ideologia da Sesabamisi
damTrgunveli sistema. didi xania warsuls Cabarda adrindeli
qristianuli moZraoba, romelic samarTlianobis, Tanasworobis,
moyvasisadmi TanagrZnobis principebs misdevda.
129
yovel eTnoss Tavisi religiuri warmodgenebi aqvs, yoveli

eTnosis religiur organizacias Tavisi istoriuli damsaxureba.
am mxriv somxuri samociqulo eklesia gamorCeulia. umefobis
xanaSi igi asrulebda eTnosis maorganizebel da warmmarTvel
funqcias.
iTqva, rom bizantiam sasomxeTSi 1045 w. gaauqma mefoba.
ukve meored darCa eTnosi umefod. meored daekisra eklesias
erovnuli medroSis funqcia. meored, udrtvinvelad ikisra
samRvdeloebam eTnosis winamZRoloba. saeklesio sistema am pe-
riodisaTvis gamocdili da gawmendili iyo. ukan darCa brZola
ZalauflebisaTvis, ekonomikuri privilegiisaTvis, ideuri siw-
mindisaTvis. ara da e.w. pavlikianTa moZraoba mTeli VII-IX ss.
manZilze aryevda eklesiur wes-wyobilebas. esac kanonzomieri
movlena iyo.
qveynis feodalizaciam socialur fenaTa (klasebis), disba-
lansi gamoiwvia da daarRvia. garda imisa rom msxvil naxararTa
(fodalTa) sakuTrebaSi savarguli miwebis didi odenoba dagrov-
da, ufro msxvil miwaTmflobelad gadaiqca eklesia. glexobis
mdgomareoba kritikulad arastabiluri gaxda. mosaxleobaSi
socialuri ukmayofileba saeklesio miwaTmflobelobasac exe-
boda. xSir SemTxvevaSi socialuri sakiTxebi religiur formas
Rebulobda, rac Tavis mxriv, saeklesio mamebis azriT eretikul
moZraobaSi gadadioda. VII s. iwyeba pavlikianTa moZRvrebis
gavrceleba, rac religiur winaaRmdegobas amwvavebs. pavliki-
anebi ar scnobdnen arsebuli saeklesio wesebis samarTliano-
bas, uaryofdnen saiqios arsebobas da religiuri msaxurebis
winaaRmdeg brZolas awarmoebdnen. saqme iqamde mivida rom 719
w. dvinSi mowveuli iqna saeklesio kreba pavlikianTa moZraobis
dagmobis mizniT.
amrigad mefobis meored gauqmebis dronisaTvis somxeTis
eklesias gadatanili hqonda brZola Sinagani uTanxmoebis da-
Zlevisa da eTnosis liderobis mopovebisaTvis.
amboben qurdis qurdi cxonebuliao. ar daijeroT, orive
130
qurdia. 1045 w. bizantia sasomxeTs daeufla rogorc yaCaRi da

miitac-moipara rac ki SeZlo. ver moaswro msxverplma iarebis
moSuSeba da mZarcvelebma mitacebulis Sergeba, rom 1048 w. am
midamoebSi Turqebi gamoCndnen. iTareSes, Zarcves, gaZarculiT
da nadavliT gabrundnen. vai, rom droebiT. meore wels, meored
daecnen gaCanagebul qveyanas. saqme iqamde mivida, rom mZarcve-
lebs dava mouvidaT. vis darCeboda qveyana, vin daimonebda xalxs,
visi ymebi gaxdebodnen cocxlad darCenilebi. Turqebma bizantia
daamarcxes, magram qveyanas ar Tu ver daepatronen.
igrZnes bizantielebma, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mx-
ardaWeris gareSe Turqebs ver gaumklavdebodnen da moindomes
batonoba mokavSireobiT SeecvalaT. mosaxeleobas gadasaxadebi
Seumcires, naxararebs (feodalebs) CamorTmeuli mamulebi
daubrunes, qveyana naxevrad avtonomiur mdgomareobaSi gadai-
yvanes, Sedegic miiRes.
1054 w. Turqebi kvlav daesxnen Tavs somxebs. amjerad xalxma
winaaRmdegoba ufro organizebulad gauwia da q. yarsis midamoe-
bSi sagrZnobi marcxi awvnia momxdruebs. mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven,
rom somxebis brZolas vanandis mefe gagiki xelmZRvanelobda.
xdeba, roca sulier winamZRols, saero winamZRoli sjobs.
somxebma gaimarjves, magram droebiT.
1046 w. Turqebma ufro masStaburi Tavdasxma ganaxorcieles.
maT moaxerxes TiTqmis mTeli somxeTis dapyroba. ukve ara da-
laSqvra, aramed dapyroba. mosaxleoba gawyda an mTebSi, Seixizna.
winaaRmdegoba momxdurebs veravin gauwia.
sulTanma alf-arslanma sasomxeTs albaneTi da qarTli miay-
ola da momTabare tomebisaTvis dasamkvidrebel-dasasaxlebeli
pirobebi Seqmna. gaZlierebul sulTans winaaRmdegobas mxolod
bizantiis imperia uwevda. Turqebma 1071 w. bizantielebic daamar-
cxes da mtkiced gabatondnen. ar iyo Zala, romelic dapyrobil
xalxebs Turqobisagan ixsnida. gansakuTrebiT gauWirdaT yofa
Cagrulebs meliq-Sahis (1072-1092 ww.) zeobisas.
aris raRaca kanonzomiereba. rodesac esa Tu is Zala mi-
131
aRwevs sasurvels, daipyrobs ramdenic SeuZlia da dapyrobiT

omebs wyvets, iwyeba Sida dapirispireba ukeTesi wilisaTvis. ase
daemarTaT arabebs, ase mouvidaT Turqebsac. saukunis bolosa-
Tivs TuqrqTa samefo daiyo emiratebad. maSinve iwyeba urTierT
SuRli da brZola pirvelobsaTvis. anis, yarsis, xlaTis, dvinis
emiratebs Soris.
Turqebi jer kidev momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen. Sesabamis-
ad sWirdebodaT didi, rac mTavaria mosaxleobisagan Tavisufali
teritoriebi cxvris farebisa da saqonlis jogebis gamosakvebad
zamTar-zafxuls. aman moiTxova miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis gan-
devna. isedac, yoveli Semosevis dros mosaxleoba mcirdeboda.
axla ukve maT mizanmimarTul ayras da gandevnas mihyves xeli.
da ar Canda saSveli. Tubal-meSexuri warmomavlobis eTnosebi-
saTvis krizisuli momenti dadga. mravalricxovani Turquli
tomebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas sruli mospobiT an gadagva-
rebiT emuqrebodnen.
gareSe mtrebs, sparselebs, arabebs, Turqebs warmatebaSi
xels adgilobrivTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobac uwyobda.
iyo naTqvami somxebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. Zv.w.a. II saukunidan
moyolebuli maT mTlianad daikaves yofili urartus (bianilis),
armiana, ariana, armenua-s samefos teritoriebi. Sesabamisad
droTa viTarebaSi moaxdines iq mcxovrebTa asimilacia. somexTa
am warmatebas xels uwyobda sparseTic da arabTa xalifatic.
Tqma ar unda, es somexTa siyvaruliT ar mosdiodaT. mTavari
iyo jer romis imperiad, Semdeg aRmosavleT romis imperiad,
bolos ki bizantiis imperiad wodebuli mZlavri mowinaaRmdegis
dasusteba. amitom iyo, rom yoveli moZalade cdilobda somx-
uri qristianuli eklesia, danarCeni da privel rigSi berZnuli
qristianuli eklesiisaTvis daepirispirebinaT.
iyo Tqmuli, rom 614 w. sparseTis Sahma, samefoSi qristiano-
bis yovelgvari saxeoba akrZala, garda somxurisa. somxuri mono-
fizituri qristianoba prvilegirebuli xdeboda diofizitur
qristianobasTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad, sparsebis, arabebis ba-
132
tonobis dros diofizituri mrwamsis mosaxleobas SeeZlo Tavi

gadaerCina da qristianad darCeniliyo, Tu somxuri eklesiis
mrevli gaxdeboda. es bevrisaTvis saukeTeso gamosavali xdeboda.
somxuri eklesia am SeRavaTiT sargeblobda, asomxebda irgvliv
mosaxleobas, amravlebda mrevls da Zlierdeboda. umefobis xa-
naSi, es iyo qveynis SenarCunebis, gaZlierebis, sivrciTi zrdis
saSualeba, somxuri religiuri zrda-gaZliereba SesaZlebeli
iyo albaneT-iberiis mimarTulebiT. samxreTiT, siria-egviptis
mimarTulebiT isedac monofizituri qristianoba iyo. somxuri
religiuri gavlenis zrda albaneT-iberiis mosaxleobaSi, praq-
tikulad niSnavda sparsuli gavlenis zrdas. amrigad mogebuli
rCeboda sparseTisc da somxeTic.
somxuri religiuri gavlenis zrda, winaaRmdegobas xvde-
boda iberiul-afxazuri diofizituri eklesiis mxriv. bolos
somxur-iberiuli saeklesio dava ukve eTnikur winaaRmdegobaSi
gadaizarda, rac dampyroblebs saqmes uadvilebda.
Turqebis mier somxeTis, albaneTis, iberiis dakaveba am eTnosTa
gaTiSulobamac ganapiroba. magram, roca yvelas erTad daadges
monobis uReli, daiwyo uku procesi. es eTnosebi ukve zogjer
SeTanxmebulad ebrZvian momxdurs, zogjer SeerTebuli ZaliTac.
istoriulad moxda ise, rom didi Turqobis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi afxazeT-qarTlis (yofili iberiis) gaerTianebuli
samefo mTavar Zalad iqca. mas saTaveSi Caudga axalgazrda, en-
ergiuli daviT giorgis Ze tituliT: mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa,
ranTa da kaxTa.
erTi periodi yvela am nawils samefosi erqva afxazeTi. cxadia
afxazTa samefoSi yvela afxazi tomisa ar iyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
afxazebi ver iqnebodnen qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, herebi (ranebi). af-
xazebi ver iqnebodnen verc svanebi. magram egrosis kuTvnil mxareSi,
iq Casaxlebuli qarTebis, lazebis, Wanebis garda mxolod afxazebi
iyvnen. am SemTxvevaSi erTad ganixileba adre kelasuris (koraxis)
60 kilometriani kedeliT gayofili CrdiloeTi da samxreTi afxa-
zeTi. iq, svanebis gamoyofis Semdeg darCnen egriselebi. egriselebi
133
mravali tomisagan Sedgebodnen, romelTa ena egruli iyo. isic

cxadia, rom leon patrikiosis da Semdeg leon mefis mcdelobiT
egriselTa Soris afxazebi dawinaurdnen. maTi saxeli ewodaT da-
narCen egroselebsac. cxadia afxazur-egrosuli mosaxleoba da
ena gavrcelda samefos ZiriTad mosaxleobaze.1
Turqebs, gaerTianebuli afxaz-qarTlis (iberiis) samefos
qarTuli nawili, epyraT somxeT-albaneTTan erTad. rCeboda ra
afxazuri nawili Tavisufali, rCeboda winaaRmdegobis baza.
ramdenadac gaerTianebuli samefos afxazuri nawili
daulaSqravi iyo TurqTagan, swored iq gamefda 16 wlis daviT
bagrationi, rogorc mefe afxazTa, romelsac samefos qarTuli
(qarTvelTa) nawili gasanTavisuflebeli hqonda.
droSi daemTxva jvarosanTa laSqroba aRmosavleTSi, br-
Zola TurqeTis imperiasTan da brZolebi xelisuflebisaTvis
imperiis SigniT. aman saSualeba misca axalgazrda mefes, gaetare-
bina samxedro, administraciuli, saeklesio reformebi, aRedgina
samefos erTianoba da Zliereba.
saerTaSoriso da axalma saSinao mdgomareobam SeaZlebina
daviT mefes daekavebina ukve gaTurqebuli albaneTi da gaenTa-
visuflebina somxeTi.
misi gaeTianebuli afxazeT-iberiis samefoSi, romelsac saqa-
rTvelo uwodes, Sevida mTlianad egrosis, qarTlosis, herosis,
bardos-movakanis kuTvnili mxareebi. masve miemata kavkasisa da
lekosis mxareTa samxreTi nawili.
somxeTis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, TargamosianelTa (Targomis
saxleulis) gayofis dros haoss (haiks) ergo md. araqsis mar-
jvena mxaris miwebi. haosianebi Zalze did teritorias flobdnen.
rodesac haosianTa nawils jer muSqebi (meSexebi) Seerwynen da
Semdeg kimerielebi (gimrebi), axali eTnosi armenebisa (somxebi-
sa), haosianTa mcire mxareSi saxlobdnen. TandaTanobiT maT
1. afxazuri (egrosuli) mosaxleoba didxans inarCunebda erTobas. monRolebis

batonobis dros lixis mTis dasavleT mxares sakuTriv afxazeTad miiCnevdnen,
xolo gaerTianebuli afxazeT-iberiis mefeebs afxazebad.
134
moaxerxes haosian TubalTa miwebis daufleba da bolos md. araq-

sis marcxena mxaris gaTavseba. istoria mowmobs, rom armenebma
(somxebma) es mcocavi aneqiis gziT gaakeTes. istorias ar axsovs
didi brZolebi armenebsa da iberebs Soris. iberiis brZola I-II
saukuneebSi iyo brZola somxeTis (armeniis) dauflebisaTvis
sparsel-romaelebTan da ara somxebTan.
samxreTidan did saxelmwifoTa agresia somxebs aiZulebda
xsna CrdiloeT mezoblebSi epovaT. xiznebis, ltolvilebis
saxiT Casaxlebulebi, axal tertitoriebs iTvisebdnen da iTa-
visebdnen. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, xiznebi, ltolvilebi ukve
adre gasomxebuli sasper-iberebi iyvnen. maT SeiZleba axsovdaT
sakuTari warmomavloba, SeiZleba enac ar hqondaT dakarguli
da es aadvilebda, somxeTis ganvrcobas CrdiloeTiT.
iTqva, rom ukanasknelad, bizantiis imperiis mTeli aRmosav-
leTis kurapalatma daviT didma, vanis tbis midamoebSi maso-
brivad Caasaxla iberiel-qarTvelebi. cxadia isinic gasomxeb-
ulebi aRmoCndnen. ase nel-nela somxebma ukve qarTlos, heros,
bardosis mxareTa mniSvnelovani nawili gaiTavises.
SeiZleba amitomacaa azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. somxeTis didi nawilis
dakavebas daviT aRmaSeneblis meir, zogi mkvlevari dapyrobas uwo-
debs, zogi mierTebas, zogic ganTavisuflebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
qarTveli mkvlevarebi arasodes ambobdnen somxeTis dapyobaze.
daviT aRmaSeneblis Semdeg somxeTi ganixileba erTiani
afxazeT-iberiis (saqarTvelod wodebuli) samefos Semadgenlo-
baSi, rogorc ara dapyrobili, aramed dampyrobTagan ganTavi-
suflebuli nawili. Targamosis saxleulobis gayris dros Tu
qarTloss araqsis marcxena mxare ergo, Semdeg es mxare somxebma
gaiTavises, ra gasakviria, rom afxaz-iberiis samefos is Tavisad
CaeTvala. isic xom cnobilia, rom bolos vaxtang gorgasalma
ganamwesa qarTvelTa da somexTa sazRvari md. araqsze.1
1. istorikosTa es monacemebi Tu sinamdviles ar emyareba, somex mkvlevarebs

unda aReniSnaT da gaekritikebinaT. ama Tu im poziciis dasabuTeba gancxadebis
doneze, aramarTebulia.
135
aRmaSeneblis droidan somxeTi mtkiced daukavSirda afxa-

zeT-iberiis samefos da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, mas SeiZleba
afxazeT-iberia-somxeTis samefoc vuwodoT. miT ufro, rom
mefeebi iyvnen bagrationebi, romelTac afxazebi afxazebad Tv-
lidnen, iberebi qarTvelebad da somxebi somxebad. gasaxsenebe-
lia, rom somexi bagratunebi iseve iyvnen speris midamoebidan,
rogorc afxazi da iberi bagrationebi, rom somxebi bagratuni
mefeebi Tavs afxazTa da qarTvelTa samefoebis mmarTveli bagra-
tionebis biZaSvilebad miiCnevdnen. cxadia, yovelives gaiTval-
iswinebiT misaRebi xdeba ganTavisufleba, gaerTianeba da ara
dapyroba. aseTi erToba monRolebis Semosevamde gagrZelda.
qveynebis gaerTianeba sulac ar gamoricxavda religiur
gaerTianebas. somxuri samRvdeloeba TavgamodebiT icavda re-
ligiur damoukideblobas da arc sxvaTa gasomxebas aklebda
xels. vin daTvlis ramdeni afxaz-qarTveli, omebis, garni-
zonebis saxiT somxeTis teritoriaze yofnis dros, gasomxda
da monofizituri eklesiis mrevls Seemata. piruku procesic
(gaqarTvelebis, gaafxazebis) ar gamoiricxeba, magram es Sedar-
ebiT iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. rogorc wesi, iSviaTad xdeboda
somxebis da gasomxebulebis mowyveta da gaqarTveleba. miT
ufro, rom saukuneTa manZilze sparseTi da TurqeTi araiSviaTad
arbevdnen da aymevebdnen saqarTvelod wodebul qveyanas.
sulac araa gasakviri, rom sxvaTa morCilebaSi myofi somexi
mkvlevarebi mainc cdilobdnen ara mxolod yvelaferi somxuri
warmoedginaT gandidebis saxiT, aramed ara somxebic somxebad
eRiarebinaT. Tu am dros sasurveli pirovneba, gvari, sofeli,
mxare monofizitobas aRiarebda, iq ukve saeWvo araferi rCeboda.
yovelive somxobas miewereboda.
somexi mkvlevarebis didi nawili TavgamodebiT amtkicebs,
rom somxeTi arasodes Sedioda mezobeli afxazur-iberiuli
(qarTuli) samefos SemadgenlobaSi. maTi azriT unda virwmunoT,
rom warmoSobiT qurTi didebulebi, qarTul-afxazur kulturas
naziarebi da gaqarTvelebuli zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi,
136
sinamdvileSi somexi zaqaridebi, somexi didebulebi da faq-

tiurad somxeTis mefeebi Tu ara, damoukidebeli mmarTvelebi
mainc iyvnen. aRaraa saubari naxevar istorikos literatorebze,
romelTac zaqaridebi erTiani samefos faqtobriv mmarTvelebad
gamoyavT, romlebsac afxaz-iberieli didebulebi ki ara, Tamar
mefec eqvemdebareboda (uaresi rom ar iTqvas). Tu rames miaRwia
afxazur-iberiulma samefom (saqarTvelom), es somexi `zaxa-
ridebis~ damsaxurebaa. `zaxaridebis~ (da ara mxargrZelebis)
garda Tu vinmes raime istoriuli damsaxureba miuZRvis, pirvel
rigSi somexi orbelianebi arian da a.S.
aseTi logikiT, Tu sadme somexma daabija, an somxur ekl-
esiaSi Seabija, yvela somexia. samwuxaroa, rom aseTi logikiT
Sedgenili istoriuli ruqebi, ruseTis imperiis xelSewyobiT
mravlad gamoicemoda yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi. ruseTi xe-
lisuflebas kidevac awyobda am gziT somxebis dapirispireba
mezoblebTan. Sedegebi cnobilia.
somxuri religiuri sistema Tavidanve iZulebuli iyo
efiqra eTnosis fizikur gadarCenaze, misi meobis SenarCunebaze.
umefobis pirobebSi, (ara da umefobis periodi bevrad sWarbobs
mefobisas), eklesiam saero cxovrebis gaZRola itvirTa da praq-
tikulad, eTnosis dacva, ganviTarebis erTaderT xelmZRvanel
organod Camoyalibda. Tu sxva qveynebSi eklesiis miswrafe-
bebs mefis instituti zRudavda, somxeTSi aseTi barieri ar
arsebobda. amasTan, dampyrobi qveynis mefeebi masSi mokavSires
xedavdnen da privilegiebsac uwesebdnen. Tavis mxriv, eklesia,
ar warmoadgenda ra sajaro xelisuflebas, Cveuli gagebiT, cdi-
lobda Tavisi meTodebiT gaZRoloda saqmes. aman ganapiroba, rom
somxeTis sivrcobrivi zrda didi brZolebis gareSe warimarTa.
somxuri religiis amgvar politikas SesamCnevi warmatebebi
hqodna albaneT-iberiis mimarTulebiT. bevrad gvian, rodesac
Turqebma istoriuli somxeTi daikaves, mosaxleobam Cveul
meTods mimarTa da mezobel qveynebs miawyda. am gziT kilikiaSi
somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebac Seqmnes. monRolebis
137
xangrZlivi batonobis dros somexma ltolvilebma sakuTari

samTavro Camoayalibes. rubenis xelmZRvanelobiT, jer kidev 1080
w., somxebma gandevnes iq macxovrebeli bizantielebi da samTavro
Seqmnes. misma memkvidre konstantinem warmatebiT ganagrZo mamis
dawyebuli saqme da samTavros axali teritoriebi miumata. male
teritoriebze macxovrebelTa gasomxebac moaxerxes da 1198 w.
damoukidebloba gamoacxades. amas mohyva 1219 w., mTavar (naxarar)
levonis mefed gamocxadeba. amiT Seiqmna didi SesaZlebloba so-
mexi ltolvilebis mizidvisa da samefos gaZlierebisa.
somex mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT axal samefos saTaveSi bagra-
tidebi Caudgnen.
ucnauria bedis triali, somxoba ganerideboda erT dampy-
robs, Causaxldeboda mezobels, eklesiis siZlieris wyalobiT
gadanaTlavda adgilobrivebs, gaasomxebda, moZlierdeboda da
gamoCndeboda axali moZalade.
kilikiaSi somxebma ara mxolod eTnikuri upiratesoba
moipoves, Seqmnes samTavroebi da bolos samefoc. dadgnen ra
fexze warmatebiT viTardebodnen da amtkicebdnen urTierTobas
genua-veneciis sazRvao qalaq respublikebTan. metis miRweva
somxebs ar dascaldaT. maT axali moZalade, mamluqebis egvip-
turi sasulTno, daemuqra. mamluqebma moaxerxes da Zalze didi
teritoriebi daikaves, siriis CaTvliT. kilikiis somexi mefeebi
iZulebulni gaxdnen monRolebis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyvnen da
daxmareba eTxovaT. verc aman uSvela. XIV s. manZilze mamluqebma
ramdenjerme dalaSqres da gaZarcves kilikia.
savaraudod gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebis gamo aRniSnaven
mkvlevarebi kilikieli sardlis liparitis 1370 w. brZolaSi
sikvdils. 1375 w. mamluqebma mainc miaRwies mizans da kilikiis
somexTa samefos damoukideblobas wertili dausves.
Tubal-meSexTa istoriul teritoriebze, erTi dampyrobi
meores cvlida. zogjer isini erTi meores eqiSpebodnen. cxa-
dia, maTi Widilis dros, adgilobrivi mSvidobiani mosaxleoba
zaraldeboda.
138
somxebma ver daixsnes Tavi monRolebisagan da mamluqebisa-

gan, rom axali mtacebeli gamoCnda koWli Temuris saxiT. emir
Temur lengma (koWlma) Semoikriba Turqul-monRoluri Zalebi,
daafuZna Zlieri samefo da daiwyo dapyrobiTi omebi. ambobdnen,
mis leqsikonSi sityvebi Sendoba, dandoba, Sebraleba, ar arse-
bobda. cecxliTa da maxviliT mospo da daimorCila yvela, vinc
gzaSi Sexvda. 1386 w. daudga somxeTis da Semdeg mTeli kavkasiis
jeri. ramdenjerme dalaSqra iq macxovrebeli eTnosebi, xoca,
Jlita, gadaajiSa. saWiro xalxs samaryandSi asaxlebda. istori-
uli cnobebis mowmobiT, mxolod erT jerze sami aTasi adamiani
cocxlad daamarxina. qveynis sagvareulo nawilebi mosaxleo-
bisagan icleboda, magram xdeboda saZovrebad.
Temur lengma arc kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT myofi eTnosebi
daindo. cecxliTa da maxviliT gadaiara, sikvdili da musul-
manoba Tesa. mTis Tavisuflebis moyvare lekos-kavkasianebi Za-
liT moaqcia axal rjulze. mxolod Rrma xoebebs Sefarebulebi
gadarCnen. vin uwyis kidev ramden ubedurebas daatrialebda, rom
ara gardauvali sikvdili. Tqmac araa saWiro, rom maxviliT
nagebi imperia maleve daiSala. somxebma, iseve, rogorc bevrma
sxvam marwmuxebisagan gaTavisufleba ver moaswres, rom axalma
Zalam wamoyo Tavi.
XV s. Turqebis mZlavrobis periodia. maT irgvliv yvelaferi
daipyres da brZolebiT avstriis dedaqalaq venas uwies. xan-
grZlivi da sisxlismRvreli gamodga evropaSi damkvidrebis
swrafva. warmodgenac ver Sewvdeba im ubedurebis aRweras, rac
mcire aziaSi daatriales. cxadia am procesebs verc sasomxeTi
gadaurCeboda.
XVI saukunem axali satanjveli gaaCina. filosofosebi
ityvian: yovelive axali, daviwyebuli Zveliao. somex eTnoss
SeiZleba daviwyebulic ara hqonda is mZime warsuli, rac parTia-
romis, Widils axlda somxeTis dauflebisaTvis, rom daiwyo
gauTavebeli omebi sefianTa sparseTsa (iransa) da TurqeTs
Soris. mtaceblebi axalni iyvnen, msxverpli Zveli. meordeboda
139
Zveli istoria, orive agresori Zarcvavda qveyanas, xocda da

gadajiSebiT emuqreobda eTnoss. araferi axali, garda sisas-
tikisa.
warsulis kidev erTi saSineleba ganmeorda. 1555 w. TurqeT-
sparseTs Soris daido zavi. misi pirobebis mixedviT sasomxeTi
mtrebma gainawiles, dasavleTi mxare TurqeTs ergo, aRmosav-
leTi – sparseTs. arc es ganawileba akmayofilebda momxdurebs.
TurqeTi ufro mZlavrad grZnobda Tavs da mets moiTxovda.
mis saSinao wyalsacavebs warmoadgenda Savi da azovis zRvebi,
flobda kavkasionis CrdiloeTs, yofil albaneTs, romelic ukve
gaTurqebuli iyo, afaxazeTs, romelic ukve dasavleT saqarT-
velod (imereTis samefod) iwodeboda. bunebivia, saWirod miaCnda
mTliani somxeTisa da saqarTvelos daufleba. naTqvamia: mizani
amarTlebs saSualebas, saSualeba-Zala TurqeTs gaaCnda da 1587
w. sparseTma aRiara mTeli kavkasiisa da somxeTis gadasvla mis
mflobelobaSi. mtacebelma mtacebels msxverpli waglija.
gadanawileba ar iyo mudmivi. sparseTSi Sah-abasma, alaverdi-
xan undilaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, gaatara samxedro reforma,
kavkasielTa da pirvel rigSi somex meomarTa mobilizaciis gziT
Seqmna mZlavri jari da moindoma adre dakargulis dabruneba.
1616 w. wamowyo axali omebis seria. adre omebis dros sparselebma
kavkasieli mosaxleobis imxela nawili gairekes sparseTSi, rom
adamianuri resursi axali jaris Sesaqmnelad Warbad hqondaT.
1616 w. dawyebulma brZolebma is Sedegi gamoiRes, rom aRd-
genili iqna adre arsebuli ZalTa Tanafardobis balansi. 1639
w. zavis pirobebiT, aRmosavleT sasomxeTi kvlav sparseTis mpy-
robelobaSi gadavida. aq daarsebuli iqna e.w. erevnis saxano.
saxanoebi aRsdga dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriazec. baqos,
TaliSis, ganjis, SuSis, naxiWevanis da a.S. sul 15 saxano.
axalma realobam axali viTareba Seqmna. sparseTis winaaR-
mdeg gamanTavisufelbel moZraobas daerTo gauTavebeli br-
Zolebi saxanoebs Soris, erTgvari damoukideblobas mxolod
kaxeTisa da qarTlis (ukve ara afxazeTis, ara saqarTvelos,
aramed kaxeTisa da qarTlis) samefoebi inarCunebdnen.
140
aseTi viTarebaSi gamoCnda kidev erTi mtacebeli ruseTis

imperiis saxiT.
amasTan kavSirSi, kidev erTi Tavisebureba. istoriaSi
araerTxel momxdara, roca dampyrobi, ganmaTavisuflebel rols
moigebda xolme. Tavis droze aleqsandre makelonelis zRapruli
warmateba iman ganapiroba, rom igi sparseTis klanWebidan gamoxs-
nas pirdeboda mcire aziis mraval eTnoss. ruseTi ratom iqneboda
nakleb diplomatiuri. marTalia 17 s. mas jer kidev ar Seswevda
Zala kavkasiisaTvis ebrZola, magram politikuri gancxadebebi
ukve keTdeboda da mcire diplomatiuri nabijebic idgmeboda.
XVII s. ruseTi ar iyo mzad kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebis
sawarmoeblad. marTalia ivane mrisxanes dros moaxerxa da
yazan-astraxanis saxanoebi miierTa, magram mainc sust saxelm-
wifod rCeboda. ara imitom, rom baltiis zRvaze gasasvleli
ver moipova. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis: saukunis dasawyisSive did
areulobas hqonda adgili. polonelebma zedized Tavs moaxvies
cru dimitri mefeebi. daviwyebuli ar iyo yirimis xanis mier
moskovis aRebisa da gadawvis istoria. yirimeli TaTrebis mxriv
saSiSroeba moxsnili ar iyo. im zomamde, rom 1686 w. rusebis
laSqrobam yirimis winaaRmdeg, mmarTvel wreSi ukmayofileba
gamoiwvia. mosalodneli iyo TaTrebis sapasuxo Tavdasxma.
ruseTi iZulebuli iyo belgorodis sasazRvro xazi gaemagre-
bina. mxolod am wels cno poloneTma ruseTis SemadgenobaSi.
iseTi qalaqebi, rogoricaa novgorodi, brianski, smolenski.
azovis zRva miuwvdomeli iyo ruseTisaTvis aRaraferi iTqmis
Sav zRvaze. kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT yirimeli TaTrebi da maTi
ganayari, TaTruli warmomavlobis, Cerqez-yabardoelebi (saerTo
saxelwodeba _ adiRebi) akontrolebdnen. TurqebTan kavSirSi,
TaTrebi gadaulaxav zRudes qmnidnen ruseTisaTvis.
XVII s. bolos, petre didis gamefebamde, naxevrad monRol-
uri wesebiT mcxovrebi qveyana, mxolod diplomatiur dazver-
vas awarmoebda qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris. somexma vaWrebma
swrafad auRes alRo axali Zalis gamoCeniT Seqmnil viTarebas.
astraxanSi gaCnda somxuri axalSeni.
141
paralelurad somxeTis kaTolikosma akop jugaecma 1677 w.

gadadga nabiji qarTvelebTan SekavSirebisa da saerTo ZaliT
evropuli qveynebis mimxrobisaTvis. sabolood es mcdelobac
ruseTze SeCerda. petre didma, SvedeTTan omis damTavrebis Semdeg
samxreTs mixeda. mizani indoeTis Tbil okeanisken gzis gakafva
iyo. dasawyisi, kaspiis zRvaze gabatoneba. 1722 w. ruseTis jarma
daikava derbenti, baqo da zRvispireTi.
brZola sam mtacebels Soris cvalebadi warmatebiT mim-
dinareobda. brZolebma daasustes sparseTi. aman xeli Seuwyo
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebis gaerTianeba-gaZlierebas. mefe er-
eklem SeZlo da daiqvemdebara ramdenime saxano da rac mTavaria
erevnis saxano. am erTobam warmoSva axali perspeqtiva. somxeTi
da qarTl-kaxeTi, sxvaobis miuxedavad mainc qristianuli qvey-
nebi iyvnen. amas garda iyo eTnikuri siaxlove. (veravin daian-
gariSebs ramdeni somexi iyo gaqarTvelebuli da ufro meti,
ramdeni qarTveli gasomxebuli). am siaxlovem da daCagrulobis
grZnobis erTianobam warmoSva SesaniSnavi idea, erTiani jaris
Seqmnisa da ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis warmoebis Sesaxeb.
1760 w. indoeTSi mcxovrebi somxebi, ioseb eminis winamZRolo-
biT daukavSirdnen qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II da aqtiuri
moqmedebis gegma SesTavazes.
dapyrobili eTnosi maSin iRupeba da arsebobas wyvets, roca
wyvets winaaRmdegobas. miuxedavad umefobisa, teritoriuli
dayofisa sparseT-TurqeTs Soris, somxobas winaaRmdegoba ar
Seuwyvetia. iseT energiuli bunebis matarebel eTnoss, rogoric
somxobaa, saboloo danebeba ar SeeZlo. ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraoba swarmoebda yvela saSualebis gamoyenebiT da didi
somxeTis aRdgenis idea ar fermkrTaldeboda. ara hqonda mniS-
vneloba sad da ra raodenobiT cxovrobdnen somxebi, eklesia
maT enobiv-sulier erTobas yovelTvis uzrunvelyofda. eklesia
iyo WeSmariti medroSe meobis SenarCunebisa da ukeTesi momav-
lisaTvis brZolisa.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Zlierebis periodSi, erekle mefe
142
cdilobda SeTxelebuli qveSevrdomebis gamravlebas. religi-

urobasTan erovnebas misTvis mniSvneloba ara hqonda. istori-
ulad cnobilia, rom aznauroba uwyaloba os glexs, romelmac
osebi ojaxebiT Camoasaxla qarTlSi. aseve cnobilia, rom qa-
rTlSi Camosaxlebuli borCalus tomi, orjer aiyara da ukan
sparseTSi apirebda gadasaxlebas. mefe erekle cxeniT daewia,
dauCoqa borCaloelebs da Txova darCeniliyvnen samefoSi.
rodesac gadawyda zarbaznebis warmoebis dawyeba, mefem miiwvia
somexi da berZeni specialistebi ojaxebiT da alaverdSi Seqmna
dasaxleba. yvelaferi keTdeboda samefos mosaxleobis gamrav-
lebisaTvis, romelic ganuwyveteli omebis gamo katastrofulad
iyo Semcirebuli.
erekle II grZnobda gareSe safrTxes da bunebrivia, somxebis
winadadebas erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb uars ar etyoda. sab-
oloo angariSiT saqme kavkasiaSi ruseTis imperiis gabatonebiT
dasrulda.
yovel process aqvs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare. ruseTis
mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebis, erevnis saxanos, dRevandeli
azerbaijanis teritoriaze arsebuli Turquli Tu sparsuli
saxanoebis dapyrobasac axlda Tavisi pozitiuri da negatiuri
momentebi.
umTavresi somxebisaTvis iyo qveynis SenarCuneba. Tavad
somxebis umravlesoba qevynis farglebs gareT cxovrobda. sad
ar iyo somxuri kontigengi. XIX s. dasawyisisaTvis ruseTSi
maTi raodenoba sagrZnobi gaxldaT. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis
samefoebSi, daaxloebiT 47 aTasi (iangariSeba lore-alaverdis
midamoebis CaTvliT, sadac, `metalurgiuli warmoeba~ iyo
ganviTarebuli) maTi zusti raodenoba sparseTisa da TurqeTis
saxelmwifoTa farglebSi Znelad dasaangariSebelia. iyvnen so-
mexi kolonistebi (vaWrebi da xelosnebi) mimobneuli evraziis
vrcel kontinetze.
1812 w. md. araqsTan moxda ruseT-sparseTis brZola, romelSi
damarcxebis Semdeg sparseTma zavi iTxova. zavis ZaliT ruseTma
143
dapyrobili miwebi Tavisi macxovreblebiT imperias SeuerTa.

Semdegi brZola sparseTTan mimdinareobda 1826-1828 ww. misi
damTavrebisTanave daiwyo omi TurqeTTan, romelic 1829 w. zaviT
damTavrda.
es omebi somxebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi iyo. Tavsii Sedege-
biT. jer erTi somxebma aRidgines arsebobis ufleba Tavissave
teritoriaze. maTi gasparselebisa Tu gaTurqebis sakiTxi moix-
sna. meore, jer olqis, Semdeg guberniis saxiT maT politikur-
organizaciuli ufleba moipoves. mesame, moixsna iZulebiTi
gadasaxlebis Tu tyved wayvanis safrTxe. meoTxe, gaCnda somxuri
teritoriebis (araqsis marjvena mxaris), dabrunebis realuri
perspeqtiva. mexuTe, `sparseTisa da TurqeTis teritoriebze~
darCenil somxebs ufleba miecaT gadmosaxlebuliyvnen `ruseTis
teritoriaze~. meeqvse, damTavrda mudmivi SiSi moxvedriliyvnen
tradiciuli moZaladeebis monobaSi da a.S.
zavis pirobebis Tanaxmad, imperiaSi gadmosaxldnen: spar-
seTidan daaxloebiT 40 aTasi da TurqeTidan 90 aTasi. maTi
umravlesoba somxeTis teritoriaze ar darCenila. Casaxldnen
imperiis SedarebiT usafrTxo adgilebSi, mezobel guberniebSi.
amiT imperiam ori saqme gaakeTa. jer erTi, daimkvidra somex-
Ta mxsnelis saxeli. gamovida Cagrul eTnosTa ganmaTavisufle-
blad. meore, mezoblebs kompaqturad Causaxla ltolvilebi da
amiT dasayrdeni Seiqmna.
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirobebSi akrZaluli iyo
imis gafiqrebac ki, rom ruseTma ZaliT daipyro kavkasiis mx-
are. kavkasionis samxreTiT maSin erovnuli saxelmwifoebioba
hqondaT qarTvel-afxazebs (imereTis samefos adre afxazeTi
ewodeboda) da imperia ZiriTad winaaRmdegobasac aqedan moe-
loda. dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze TxuTmeti saxano
iyo. daqsaqsulebi, xSirad urTierT dapirispirebulebi, isini
imperiisaTvis nakleb saxifaToni iyvnen. Sesabamisad sparseT-
TurqeTidan wamosuli ltolvilebi iq unda CaesaxlebinaT,
saidanac winaaRmdegobas moelodnen. miT ufro, rom qarTveloba
144
somxobas arasodes miiCnevda ucxo Zalad. saukuneTa manZilze

saerTo bedma da saerTo brZolam eTnosebi isedac daakavSira,
rom araferi iTqvas Tubal-meSexur fesvebze. rom ara kimerielTa
mier danergili indoevropuli ena, aravin uwyis ra saerTo enaze
ilaparakebdnen isini.
naTqvami ar niSnavs, rom moxsnili iyo yvela winaaRmde-
goba. mZime socialur da erovnul mdgomareobaSi myofTaTvis,
advili ar iqneboda, sxva eTnosis warmomadgenelTa kompaqtur
CasaxlebebTan Segueba. miT ufro, rom moqmedebda erTi saerTo
kanonzomiereba. istoriuli praqtika adasturebs, rom sxvis
teritoriebze moxvedrili ltolvilebi Tu xiznebi, cdiloben
iseT saqmainobas misdion, rac ar iqneba didi zaralis momtani,
Tu iqidan ayra da gadasaxleba mouwevT. esaa vaWrobis, xelos-
nobis, xelovnebis, mecnierebis sferoebi. somxebma ZiriTadi
saqmianobac aqeTken warmarTes. Tavis mxriv, es badebda socialur
winaaRmdegobas, romelic erovnul urTierTobebze aisaxeboda.
didi dro dasWida somxebis axal miwaze damagrebas. SedarebiT
iolad warimarTa procesi im mxareSi, romelic somxeTs uSua-
lod esazRvreboda.
yovelives emateboda, somxuri eklesiis cnobili meTodebiT
moqmedeba. vTqvaT, qarTl-kaxeTSi ruseTis xelisufleba sdevn-
ida da aviwroebda adgilobiv eklesias. amave dros, moqmedebda
ra imperiuli meTodebiT, farTe gasaqans aZlevda somxuri ekle-
siis warmomadgenlebs. meordeboda sparseTis Sahis naanderZevi.
saeklesio momsaxurebas moklebuli qarTveloba iZulebuli
iyo somxuri mRvdelTmsaxurebisaTvis miemarTa. am gziT aTasebi
somxdebodnen da Tavis meobas kargavdnen. saukunis manZilze
mosaxleobis nawili eziara axal religias, gaxda axali (maT-
Tvis) eTnosis wevri.
somxobam SeiZina imperiis dasayrdeni Zalis funqcia. es
aisaxa eTnosis privilegirebuli fenis mdgomareobaze, rac
danarCenebisaTvis ar iyo socialuri SeRavaTebis garanti.
somexi glexoba iseve iCagreboda, rogorc imperiis danarCeni
145
dabali fenebi. es Tavis mxriv iwvevda socialur-ekonomikuri

winaaRmdegobis gamwvavebas. rac Seexeba somxeTSi muSaTa klasis
(e.w. proletariats) mZime mdgomareobas, unda iTqvas simarTle.
mrewvelobis ar arsebobis pirobebSi aseTi klasi ar arsebobda.
e.w. lumpenproletariati da wvrilburJuaziuli elementebi,
samrewvelo muSaTa klasad ar CaiTvleba.
somxebs Soris ZiriTadi iyo erovnuli Cagvra da erovnuli
moZraoba. am xasiaTis winaaRmdegobas gansakuTrebiT TurqeTSi
darCenil, ufro swored istoriul somxeTSi darCenil somxebs
Soris hqonda adgili.
TurqeTSi 1908 w. sulTanis xelisufleba gaauqmes, xelmZR-
vaneloba axalgazrda Turqebis xelSi gadavida. xelisuflebis
cvlas ar mohyva erovnuli sakiTxis daregulireba da Cagruli
erTnosebi (berZnebi, bulgarelebi, Cernigovelebi, serbebi)
ajanydnen 1912w. erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta moiTxoves
somxebmac.
brZolam erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis axali Zala
SeiZina msoflio omis pirobebSi. amas Turqebis mxriv maso-
brivi damsjeli RonisZiebebi mohyva. mklevarebi aRniSnaven, rom
Turqebis sisastikes im wlebSi daaxloebiT 350 aTasi somexi
gamoeqca. maTi ZiriTadi masa saqarTveloSi da CrdiloeT kavka-
siaSi Casaxlda. somxebma Tavi daaRwies samxedro omis viTarebas,
magram SimSilTan omis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen.
omma da SimSilma ruseTis imperia daasusta da radikaluri
gardaqmnebis winaSe daayenes. 1917 w. TebervalSi imperatori
gadadga. daiwyo politikur ZalTa gadajgufebisa da Zalau-
flebisaTvis brZola. bolSevikebma myvirala lozungebiT moax-
erxes gavlenis mopoveba, xolo cru dapirebebiT xelisuflebis
saTaveSi mosvla.
mizani araa bolSevikebis programis ganxilva. mxolod
erTi momenti. isini gamodiodnen erTa TviTgamorkvevisa da
damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis ideiT. sinamdvileSi
gegmavdnen da akeTebdnen sawinaaRmdegos. maTi programa gu-
146
lisxmobda didi erebis mier msoflio federaciuli respub-

likis Seqmnas. TviTeuli didi eri mcire eTnosebs `dafqvavda,
SeiduRebda, maT srul asimilacias~ moaxdenda.1 maTi beladi v.
lenini ara rus erebs `tuzemcebs~ uwodebda. s. Saumians, roca
man mcire somxur sakiTxze azri gamoTqva, usayvedura: Sen rusi
bolSeviki, ar unda zrunavde `somxuri saqaTmis~ gulisTviso.
sasomxeTi misTvis saqaTme iyo, ra iqnebodnen somxebi, mkiTxvelma
gansazRvros.
bolSevikebisaTvis somxeTi ruseTis nawili iyo, romlis
damoukidebloba sruliad gamoiricxeboda. amitom mohqonda
Tavi leninis erTgul moswavle s. orjonikiZes, roca swerda:
situaciam moiTxova da Cven XI wiTeli armiis daxmarebiT, erT
dReSi movamwifeT da gavamarjvebineT, 29. XI. 1920 w., somxeTSi
socialistur revoluciaso. ramenadac Teoriis Tanaxmad, so-
cialisturi revolucia muSaTa klass (samrewvelo prole-
tariats) unda ganexorcielebina, istorikosebad wodebuli
mekalmeebi (da ara mxolod isini), meTodurad zrdidnen klasis
raodenobas da bolos gamovida, rom igi raodenobrivad sWar-
bobda danarCen mosaxleobas. ase sWirdeboda e.w. komunistur
partias da izrdeboda klasi yoveli maxasiaTebliT.
erTi uxerxuli sakiTxi somxur-qarTul urTierTobaSi.
klios somex moyvarulebs, iseve rogorc msaxurebsac, ro-
gorc wesi, aviwydebaT ra fargelbSi da sad moxda Tubalebis
arealSi somexi eTnosis formireba, ra istoriuli gza ganvlo
da rogor daefuZna dRevandel teritoriaze. gamodis, rom Tu
odesme somexs Sexeba hqonia romelime mxaresTan, is saukunod
misi arealia. am principiT, saqarTvelos miwa-wylis naxevari
mainc somxeTis sakuTreba unda iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, md.
mtkvris marjvena mxaris miwebi `somxuria~ da gamarTlebulia
maTi aseTad dafiqsireba ìstoriul~ ruqebze.
am logikiT, osebs aseve ekuTvniT md. mtkvris marcxena mxare.
qarTvelebs rCebaT sakuTriv md. mtkvari. wyalze jdoma eTnoss
1. am sakiTxebze ix. avtoris `revoluciuri aneqsia~
147
ramdenad SeuZlia, wamkiTxvelma gansazRvros. wyalwaRebuls,

rom xavsi ver daakavebs, esac cxadia.
Tavi davaneboT Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulidan moyolebul peri-
ods. aseve Zv. w. a. IV s. mefe farnavazis mier md. araqsze sazRvris
dadebas somxeTTan, vaxtang gorgasalis mier Vs. igive sazRvris
dafiqsirebas, rodis Sedioda lore-alaverdis midamoebi somx-
eTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi? mxolod bagratunebis mefobis
xanaSi. ra periodia es? IX saukunidan XI s. Sua xanebamde. gana
sakmarisia, rom 4 aTasidan maqsimum 300 w. flobde mxares da is
saukunod Senad gamoacxado?
iTqva, rom XVIII s. erekle II daiwyo zarbaznebis Camosxma,
spilenZiT mdidar lore-alaverdis midamoebSi da iq berZen-so-
mexi ostatebi Casaxlda. somexma mosaxleobam es miwebi gaiTavisa
da sabWoTa qveynis xelmZRvanelobas misi somxeTisaTvis gadacema
mosTxova. qarTulma mxarem moiTxova adgilobiv mosaxleo-
baSi referendumis Catareba, radgn icoda adgilobrivi somexi,
qarTveli da berZeni mosaxleobis ganwyobileba. vin daujera
saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobas, aiRes da es mxare somxeTs ga-
dasces. dRes im mxareSi, iseve, rogorc mTel somxeTSi aRar aris
qarTuli mosaxle. yvela gasomxebulia an gaqceuli.
imave 1921-1922 wlebSi mravali iyo gadaxra samarTlianobi-
dan, qarTvelebis xarjze somxebis sasargeblod. aseTi faqti.
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi daaxloebiT 200 aTasi somexi SimSilobda
da daxmarebas iTxovda. sabWoTa mTavrobam moindoma maTi Tavi-
dan moSoreba. es iyo rusuli internacionalizmis gamovlena.
SesTavazes maTi miReba azerbaijanis respublikas da uari miiRes.
esac internacionalizmi iyo. somxeTis respublikis xelmZR-
vanelobam civi uari ganacxada. Cveni xalxi SimSilobs da dam-
atebiT veravis miviRebTo. es somxur patriotizms Crdils ver
miayenebda. aseTi iyo somxuri nacionalizmi. bolos miadgnen
saqarTvelos, romelic swored am dros daayenes socialisturi
ganviTarebis gzaze. roca saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobam aseTi
gadawyvetileba gaaprotesta, maTi liderebi internacionalma s.
148
orjonikiZem `nacional-uklonistebad~ gamoacxada. vin hkiTx-

avda qarTvelebs. yvela sakiTxi moskovSi wydeboda.
ufro meti. 1921-1922 ww. SimSilobda ruseTis, axlad Seqm-
nili azerbaijanis respublikis da somxeTis `socialisturi~
respublikis mosaxleoba. maTTan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi uke-
Tesi mdgomareoba iyo. amitom gadawyda moSimSile somxebis aq
Camosaxleba, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis e.w. amierkavkasiis
federaciuli respublikis bankad gadakeTeba da rac mTavaria,
XI wiTeli armiis aq gamosakvebad da qarTvelebis internacio-
naluri suliskveTebis SesanarCuneblad datoveba.
asTi internacionaluri RonisZiebebis wyalobiT sabWoTa
saqarTveloSi somxebis raodenobam naxevar milions miaRwia.
es maSin, roca saqarTveloSi qarTvelebi iCagrebodnen, meore
xarisxovan moqalaqeebad iTvlebodnen da gaWirvebulebi sxvagan
garbodnen.
straboni
sibrZnis moyvaruli cxovrebis manZilze uamrav rames

waikiTxavs da gaigebs. zogs daimaxsovrebs, zogs daiviwyebs.
ucnauria adamianis goneba. zogjer iseT rames gaixsenebs, rac
samudamod daviwyebulad miaCnda.
aris sibrZnis moyvarulTa sxva Taviseburebac. wakiTxuli
Tu ganagoni, gonebis ZaliT awon-dawonos, Seafasos da ukuagdos
an saTuTad Seinaxos.
didi xnis ukugdebul cnobas ganekuTvneba strabonis
miTiTeba somexi eTnosis agresiuli bunebis Sesaxeb. saukuneebis
manZilze Cagruli, sxvisi batonobis pirobebSi myofi eTnosi,
rogor SeiZleba agresiuli xasiaTis matarebeli gamxdariyo.
uaRresad mSromeli, sibrZnis moyvaruli da matarebeli eTnosi
ar unda iyos sxvisi sikeTis mimtacebeli. ar unda iyos agresi-
uli xasiaTis.
straboni, romelic kapadokiis CrdiloeTSi daibada da aRiz-
arda, romelic SeiZleba eTnikuradac adgilobrivi iyo, SeuZle-
149
belia ver erkveoda adgilobriv eTnosTa istoriul-geografiul

sakiTxebSi. mogzaurobda ra egviptidan moyolebuli wina azia,
mcire azia, Savi zRvis pireTSi, igi SeiZleba namyofic iyo da
icoda somxuri. sxvanairad eTnosis bunebas ver Caxvdeboda. ara
da bevri mxare aRwera, bevr eTnoss Seexo, magram agresiuli
bunebisad mxolod somxoba miiCnia, ratom?
erTi SexedviT, rogor SeiZleba agresiuli buneba gamo-
emuSavebina eTnoss, romelic samxedro Zlierebas sul saukune
naxevari flobda. Zv.w.a. 190 wlidan 60 wlamde. sanacvlod ki
sxvis morCilebaSi 1500 weli gaatara.
yovelive, rac iyo naTqvami, eTnosis mier ganvlili gzis
mokle daxasiaTebas, emsaxureboda. ra iyo warsulSi iseTi, rac
strabonis sityvebs gaamarTlebda?
uZvelesi periodis daxasiaTebas `biblia~, movses xorenaci
da leonti mroveli iZlevian, maTi mtkicebiT, somexi eTnosis
uSualo wianprebi Tubal-meSexebi mudam flobdnen im terito-
rias, romelzec Tavad uwevdaT moRvaweoba. erTad erTi gamon-
aklisi iyo tigran II mier siriis dapyroba. marTalia straboni
swored im epoqaSi moRvaweobda, magram erTi, naxevarsaukunovani
gamocdilebiT, daskvnis gakeTeba mainc SeuZlebelia. sxva ra?
istoriis mamad wodebuli herodotes mixedviT, somxoba Zv.
w. a. V saukuneSi sadRaca samxreTSi, md. tigrosis zemo, mTiani
welis marjvena mxares arsebobda. qsenofonte, romelmac ja-
riT gamoiara iqauri midamoebi, aseve mcire eTnosad miiCnevs
somxobas.
sakiTxis aseTi gageba, ewinaaRmdegeba Tanamedrove somexi
mkvlevarebis Tvalsazriss. Tnamedroveni ucilod miiCnevdnen,
rom somexi eTnosi Cndeba, sadRaca CrdiloeTSi, trapezuntis
midamoebSi da mas haiasi ewodeboda.
ismis kiTxva: herodote da qsenofonte ratom ver amCnevdnen
haiasebs (somxebs) speri-trapezuntis midamoebSi da ratom aT-
avsebdnen maT bevrad samxreTiT, kilikiasTan axlos, iq, sadac
istoriulad dadasturebulia bit-burutas samefo, dedaqalaqiT
150
tulgarimi? Zv. w. a. VIII s. xom iq mefobda hvli, Semdeg ki amri

(ambarisi), romelmac asureTis mZlavri mefis, sargon II, siZobis
ZaliT kilikiac SeierTa.
wamkiTxavma Tavad gaarkvios uZvelesi periodis movlenebi
vis ufro kargad ecodineboda, im dronis moRvaweebs Tu 2500
wlis Semdeg dabadebulebs? da raSi sWirdebaT Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebs Zveli ambebis Selamazeba-gadakeTeba?
Zv. w. a. 520 w. rodesac spareseTis samefo Seiqmna da garSemo
qveynebis dapyroba daiwyo, mis dasavleTiT vrcel tertitoriebs
urartu ewodeboda. sparsulad mas ariana, armiana (elamurad)
daerqva. aqedan wamovida berZnuli armenia. armeniis qveyana, ze-
gani, ewoda mxares da ara konkreul eTnoss. rodesac sparseTma
daikava armeniis zegani, igi sam nawilad daiyo. erTi iyo qarTis
ariana, meore sparseTis da mesame sparseTis morCili eTnosis,
romelsac teritoriis saxelwodebis mixedviT armianebi ewodaT.
Tu Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi am faqts ucilod aRiareben, maSin
gamodis, rom araviTar haiasze pretenzia araa marTebuli. is ki
ara, dRevandeli somxeTic mTlianad qarTosis, iberebis teri-
toriaze aRmoCndeba. mrovelis mowmobiT qarTosis Tubalebsa da
haosis Tubalebs Soris sazRvari md. araqsze gadioda. amave dros
imasac axsna dasWirdeba, rogor aRmoCnda somxeTi samxreTidan
CrdiloeTSi. CrdiloeTiT gadanacvleba agresiaa Tu ara?
dRevandel somxur samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebulia
eTnosis eTnogenezis (warmoSoba-ganviTarebis), migraciuli
Serevis koncefcia. am koncefciis mixedviT eTnogenezis pro-
cesi daiwyo Zv. w. a. II aTaswleulis bolos da dasrulda VII
saukuneSi. istoriuli warsuli, Zv. w. a. IV-III aTaswleulebSi
mtkvar-araqsis kultura yuradRebis miRmaa darCenili. SeiZleba
imitom, rom arqeologia im dronis monacemebSi verafer somxurs
ver poulobs, am koncefciis mixedviT, es civilizacia somxurs
ki ari mowyvetili, magram Tubalur-meSexurs ara. da Tu Tubal-
muSexebi ar iyvnen somxebis winaprebi, maSin cxadia ukanasknelni
pretenzias am civilizaciis Seqmna-ganviTarebaze ver gaakeTeben.
151
rogoria mdgomareoba, roca somexTa eTnogenezs Zv.w.a. XIIs.

varaudoben? ra eTnikur-politikuri cvlilebebi moxda im dros?
istoria cxadyofs, rom TubalTa arealSi Zv. w. a. XII s.
gamoCndnen muSqebi. mkvlevarebis nawili muSqebs meSexebs ki ar
ukavSirebs, ris Sesaxeb danamdvilebiT imeoreben antikuri xanis
mkvlevarebi, aramed dausabuTebel, brigebis indoevropuli to-
mis, gadmosvlas da Serevas. didi mcdelobis miuxedavad somexTa
eTnogenezSi balkaneli indoevropelebis monawileobis istori-
uli faqti ar dasturdeba. wyaroebi muSqebs mesxebTan aigiveben.
mesxebi, kapadokielebi, muSqebi, meSexebi (saxeli mravalia, arsi
erTi) arasodes yofilan indoevropelebi.
erTaderTi, Tubal-meSexTa arealSi indoevropeli skviTebi
da kimerielebi laSqrobdnen VIII s. aqedan skviTebi ukan ga-
brundnen, adgilobivebs ki kimerielebi (gimrebi) Seerivnen.
mkvlevarTa garkveul nawils ar awyobs somexTa winaprebis
kimeriuli nawilis aRiareba. imitom xom ara, rom kimerielebi
marTalc mebrZoli, agresiuli bunebis matareblebi iyvnen da
es Tviseba SeeZloT SeenarCunebinaT, rogorc somxebs? vin icis.
iafetid Tubal-meSexebTan indoevropelebis Serevis versiis
uaryofac ar gamodis. maSin axsna unda, saidan aris somxuri ena
indoevropuli. da Tu indoevropulia, maSin mas saerTo ra unda
hqondes urartulTan, xuritul-xaTurTan da a.S.
am niadagze mkvlevarebma, iseTi avtoritetuli wyaroc ki
daiwunes, rogoricaa xorenacis mier danatovari somxeTis is-
toria. marTalia xorenacs qronologiurad ara aqvs Txroba
dalagebuli, magram ZiriTadi xom istoriuli faqtebis gadmo-
cemaa. sabuTad ar ivargebs imis motana, rom xorenaci somxeTis
teritoriaze ar asaxelebs urartus samefos. araa gaTval-
iswinebuli ori faqtori: 1. haikis istoria, xorenacis mixedviT,
Zv. w. a. III aTaswleulis dasawyiss ganekuTvneba, xolo urartu I
aTaswleulia; 2. mefe aras dros somxeTi ar iyo ganfenili mTel
zeganze, ar exeboda sakuTriv urartus (biails, ariana, arminas)
da misi xseneba arc iyo saWiro.
152
mTavaria, rom xorenaci dabejiTebiT miuTiTebs Targamosis

saxleulobis warmomadgenel haosze (haik-ze), rogorc somxebis
mamamTavarze.
kritikas ver uZlebs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, urar-
tus samefoSi urartuli ena iyo gabatonebuli, magram imave dros
urartelebi xels uwyobdnen somxuris gavrcelebas. urartus
samefo aRar arsebobda, roca somxuri eTnosi Camoyalibda. da
Tu somxuri ena da mosaxleoba TandaTan gavrcelda da gabatonda
im arealSi, es axali batonebis, midielebisa da sparselebis
xelSewyobiT. Zlieri samefoebis erTgulebiT, maTi samsaxuriT
moipoves somxebma gavrcobis ufleba. istoriulad cnobilia,
rom batonebis mfarvelobis pirobebSi axerxebdnen somxebi
mezobelTa teritoriebis dapyrobas. es mezoblebi ki, uaxlesi
naTesavebi, haosian TubalTa tomebi iyvnen da es dapyrobiTi
procesic ukve somxebis mier xorcieldeboda da ara manamde.
iTqva, rom somxebi agresiul omebs tigran II dros awar-
moebdnen. amasTan, axdendnen dalaSqruli qveynis mosaxleobis
gadasaxlebas sakuTar teritoriaze. mxolod kapadokiidan muS-
qebis (mesxebis) qveynidan 500 aTasi mosaxle tigranokertTan
daasaxles. Tu mxedvelobaSi iqneba miRebuli, rom, is areali,
sadac somexi eTnosis formireba moxda, isedac Tubal-meSexTa
(muSq-mesxTa) samosaxlo iyo, Tu isic iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli
daaxloebiT ra raodenobisani iqnebodnen kimerielebi, roca
daiwyo Sereva, SeiZleba Tqma, rom somexTa winaprebi umTavresad
iafetebi iyvnen da ara indoevropelebi. indoevropelebis agresi-
ulma bunebam, Sedegad Tubal-meSexuri nawilis gaZliereba
gamoiwvia.
esac bedis ironiaa. somxebs tigran II Semdeg didi masStaburi
omebi ar uwarmoebiT, magram ara naklebi teritoriebi daikaves
da iq macxovrebelTa asimilacia moaxdines. mezoblebs usaxl-
debodnen, da Semdeg somexi mosaxleobis, somxeTis qveyanasTan
SeerTebis motiviT amarTlebdnen agresias. ase CamoaWres mezo-
blebs imdeni, rom dRevandeli somxeTi md. araqsis CrdiloeTiT
153
mdebareobs, istoriuli ki ukve TurqeTs ekuTvnis.

amiT saqme ar damTavrebula, somxeTi mudmivad ayenebs pre-
tenziebs mezoblebis winaaRmdeg. amitom scodaven WeSmaritebas
is avtorebi, romlebic agresiis gamamarTlebel wignebs sweren
da ruqebs gamoscemen. da ar Cans maTi damawynarebeli saSualeba.
romis, sparseTis, dRes ruseTis imperiebis daxmarebiT imarjvebs
somxuri buneba. rodemde?
somxebSi jerac araa minelebuli idea samcxe-javaxeTis,
goderZis uReltexiliT baTumis dakavebis SesaZleblobis
Sesaxeb. amas emateba afxazeTSi somxebis raodenobrivi da eko-
nomikuri siZliere, adgilobrivebTan SedarebiT. cnobilia, rom
bagramianis brigadam sasaxelod ibrZola qarTvelebis eTnogeno-
cidis gansaxorcieleblad. mowinaaRmdege moiSores. axla rigSi
afxazebia. SeZleben?
uSualo mezoblebis garda, somxuri agresiuli buneba
Soreul qveynebsac wvdeba. marTalia iq teritoriebis dapy-
robas azri ara aqvs. ocnebiTac ki ver SeZleben im teritoriebis
somxeTisaTvis mierTebas da didi somxeTis ideis xorcSesxmas,
magram koloniebis daarseba xom SeiZleba? somxebi ucxo qvey-
nebSi gafantulad ki ar arian, rac maT ueWvel asimilacias
gamoiwvevs, aramed Temebad saxldebian, rac xels uwyobs enis,
religiuri siwmindis, tradiciebis SenarCunebas. somxebis dias-
pora xelSesaxeb Zalas warmoadgens siriaSi, livanSi, egvipteSi,
saberZneTSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, safrangeTSi, amerikis
kontinentze: kanadaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, laTinur amerikaSi.
somxebs Seqmnili aqvT ara mxolod eklesiur-religiuri, aramed
kulturul-saganmanaTlebo da politikuri organizaciebi. erTi
sityviT mini saxelmwifo ucxo saxelmwifoebSi.
rac yvelaze arsebiTia TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, xdeba Tavad
sasomxeTSi. eTnosis agresiuli buneba pirvel rigSi daka-
vebul teritoriebze vlindeba. sasomxeTSi mxolod somxebi
cxovroben. somxeTis siunikis raioni adre qarTvel orbeli-
anebs ekuTvnodaT. isini gaasomxes. nawilma ki musulmanobac
154
miiRo da a.S. sxva eTnosebis warmomadgenlebi didxans ver

Zleben, an somxdebian an stoveben qveyanas. saukuneebis manZilze
Sedioda somxeTi afxazeT-qarTlis (iberiis) samefoSi. qarTuli
garnizonebi idgnen iq damcvelebad. dRes yvela gasomxebulia.
mTel respublikaSi qarTul-afxazur ojaxs veravin aRmoaCens.
esac xom eTnosis bunebaze miTiTebaa?
brZeni iyo straboni da aseTad rCeba. ori aTasi wlis win
dainaxa axalgazrda eTnosSi is, rasac ori aTasi welia ver
xedaven sxvebi.
155
sarCevi
redaqtorisagan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
klio - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6
herodote - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12
straboni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15
Slimani- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17
Sampolioni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21
biblia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27
xorenaci - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29
mroveli - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31
Tubal-muSexi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
Crdiloelebi – samxreTelebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35
SuamdinareTi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43
Tubal-muSexi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47
somexTa warmomavlobisaTvis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61
meSexebi Zv. w. a. I aTaswleuli - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87
miTridate VI da tigran II - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91
droTa aTvlis mijnaze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96
Tubal – meSexebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 102
tigran II Semdeg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105
umefobis xana - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 114
mefoba cudi aucileblobaa - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 122
religiis droSiT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 129
straboni - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -149

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aleqsandre axatneli

msoflio sazogadoebrioba informirebulia somexi eris gmiru-

pelazgiur2 _ ZvelberZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad mecniere-

1. klio – sityva Sinaarsobrivad qarTulad aixsneba. ra viklio, ra iklio,

Zalze xangrZlivi dro, romlis manZilze adamianebma istoria

ben. adamianebs ki ara, xis or foTols ver naxav absoluturad

Rvrelia partiis saprogramo gadawyvetilebani.1

1. sailustraciod mivmarToT sabWoTa imperias, romelsac sabWoTa kavSirs

istoria awymoSi mopovebulis dacvisa da momavalSi gandidebis

saukuneTa manZilze da am gziT asrulebdnen cnobili `gaTiSe

amasTan, rac ufro mZime iyo eTnosis da SigniT wevrTa uimedoba,

adamianTa interesi istoriuli movlenebisadmi yovelTvis

1. herodote – Zveli welTa aRricxvis 484-425 w. (miaxloebiT) daibada mcire

herodote, istoriisaTvis pirveli cnobili porovnebaa,

1. cnobili somexi istorikosi movses xorenaci aRiarebulia somex herodoteT.

egviptis faraonma sesostrisma laSqaris nawili fazisTan

istoria sam ZiriTad kiTxvas pasuxobs: sad, ra, rodis?

geografiuli Tu eTnografiuli aRweriloba am mxaris Sesaxeb.

henrix Slimanma gadatrialeba moaxdina antikuri xanis

1. Slimani _ 1822-1890ww. daibada germaniaSi. klasikuri ganaTleba ar miuRia.

kavkasielebs zogadad, kolxebs konkretulad, SeuZliaT

WeSmaritad akademiurad Seajama miRwevebi. magram yovelive mx-

didi mcdelobis miuxedavad kacobriobis istoriis bevri

1. Jan francua Sampolioni _ 1790-1832 ww. frangi istorikos-lingvisti,

unda momxdariyo, rom aso-bgeriTi damwerlobis paralelurad

damwerlobis wakiTxva da iqve daadastura rom xeTuri ena in-

es miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel berZen avtorTa cnobiT kolxebs

ara nakleb uxerxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen obieqturad

kacobriobas bevri koncefcia aqvs Seqmnili adamianTa da

1. bibliis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi gamoTqmulia avtoris naSromebSi `qarTvelTa

meore Tubali iafeTis Zea. amasTan masTan erTad ixsenieba

ras gvaZlevs sakiTxis aseTi dakonkreteba? umniSvneles

movses xorenacis damsaxureba, somexi sazogadoebis da

1. movses xorenaci _ somexTa herodoted wodebuli, `somxeTis istoriis~

Cila. aqedan daiwyo man sxvisi teritoriebis dakaveba.

is, rasac gverds uvlis somexi herodote, qarTveli leonti

leonti mroveli mokled, mSralad, magram arsebiTad axa-

moispo. eris winamZRolobis funqcia religiurma institutma

yovel msaxurs da moyvaruls kliosi, movlenebisadmi Tavisi

idebs, erTbaSad arc Seiqmneboda da arc daiSleb-moispoboda.

endaruli Targamos. misi cxovrebis me-600 wels daiyvnen Tar-

ebis eTnikuri naTesaoba, kavSirebi, razec uamrav cnobebs Zveli

ukve iTqva, rom somxebis didi istorikosi movses xorenaci

grZnoba gansxvavebas faravda. sxvanairad ver ityoda mroveli,

1. arZangebisaebr – ras niSnavs da rogor unda iqnes gagebuli? sulxan-saba

ris klarjeTsa da taos vidre zRuaisa; da CrdiloT sazRvari

1. mTa mcire araa Rado. Rado lixia. mTa mcire –xadoa?

nebs erToblivi ZaliT Zv. w. a. XIII s-mde unda ewarmoebinaT. es

eTnosTa raobas. istoria ki mxolod im faqts aRniSnavs, rom

xaTurTanac arian kavSirSi.. roca ena ucnobia, Tu arsebobs

qveynis moxsenieba unda iyos. yuradRebas ar aqceven faqts, rom

arsebulis arsebulad warmodgena ara.

istoria adasturebs, rom im periodSi Tubalebis mezo-

mkvlevarebi TubalTa samosaxlos md. idigna (tigri) da md.

XIX s. bolos intensiurma arqeologiurma saqmianobam

imave periodSi unda dafuZnebuliyo qalaqi babiloni. mrov-

Sefaseba. saWiro iyo imis dadastureba, rom orive avtori aRniS-

am gardaqmnaTa process verc TubalTa tomobrivi gaer-

winaswar iTqmeba, rom ar arsebobs Zveli welTa aRricxvis

TubalTa modgma SeZlebisdagvarad daxasiaTda Zv.w.a. III

uwodebdnen ucxoeli avtorebi, mogvianebiT, ara mxolod egro-

adgili ekavaT. maTi naTesaoba ikveTeba ara mxolod TubalebTan,

iTqva, rom aziaSi iafetisa da iafetidebis istoria evro-

istoriis mixedviT, dardani aziaSi Tevkrebis tomis mefes