BINOMIAL THEOREM Factorials Definition: ‘The product of all the positive whole numbers from n down to 1 is called “factorial n’ and is denoted by nt ‘Thus, n! = n(n ~ 14-2)... 3.2.1 For example, 5!=5.4.3.2.1= 120 8!=8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1=40,320 By definition: 0! = 1. Note: 81=8.71=8.7.61 (and so on) nl=n(n~ 1)! = n(e1— 1)(% ~ 2)! (and so on) Also, 7.61=7! (n+ Dal=@4 1D)! ‘When simplifying factorials, itis good practice to start with the larger factorial and work down to the smaller one, Note: Later on we will show that the number of arrangements of all n different object given by n! nt @ 1 GORGE Mind he value of (a-2)0 (i) Solve: Solution: Aint (m-2! 1 w faa @w (2—DBn n= n= 2) 56 24n(n— 1)! eee 3n(n - 1 n(n—1) 56 e n(n=1)=56 Thus, k=8 eee (a-B+7)=0 n=8 of ne-7 n=~T is rejected as n! is defined for natural numbers only. Thus, n= 8,Exercise 16.1 -~w Evaluate each of the following: 201 1. 101 eT 4. 45! 5. If n?-+an- , find the value of a and the value of b. 3) 6 It et n®+ pn-+q, ind the value of p and the value of q. 7 Mf (a+ Dt+n%(n—- 1)! =(an+ Dnt, find the value of a, Aint 5 BIE Goayiray 7 find te valu of Sled) 9 cp mam finde vale of Solve exch of the following: 10, 9(n—4)!=(n=3)! 1, C039 1, Cet 7 B. Combinatorial Numbers n\n ie flee (oct 5 (j-mcmena @n-r+)) eee Both give the same result; however, the second is easier to use in practical questions. For example: 720 Tx’ 1 (9 * \a)" ay6—2t” 21a go down two terms {go down two terms"i (smn nonce Note: Later on we will show the number of ways of choosing r objects from n different objects is . Other results: Use result 2if ris greater than For example, (12) 12 _ 12 orexamples| 9 J=(12-9]~(3 m Gt) ‘The following occur quite frequently when we have to solve equations involving combinatorial numbers. 0 (@ 30 [nCr] 28 =) ni) n(n 1) i) _ n(n 1)(n—2) (aa 6h . !ne Sar arm TT Solve: o (ty 2 neN ww )-("3} nen Solution: Int nye @ { i )-2tnen. wo 4)-( 5 }nen. (bn Aen=1)_(n42¥n+ Hin) 21 2.1 ata nan 42 42041) m4n—42=0 wees (n+ Dn-6)=0 Wn~1D=n?+3n42 n=T ot n=6 9m 14=0 reject n= -7 as -7 EN. (n- Tn -2)=0 Thus, n=6 nel or n=2 Exercise 16.2 «| a ee uw. veivane 0 [A )osf) a (EE) Solve each of the following, m Ny: (n\ in In + 1 [n +2) In+1' fe sa f}in se (ais as (S36 ae (eu 2 in in n+l), Ine) fr 1. ( : }-26 18. (:)-5" ».( : sero »( ok )-(i)-2 Use the following in questions 21 to 24: (ata bottom!(top — bottom)! Prove each of the following: “Te OSHC) (Ses) = tats 2. shor") (2 catenin) oas 2An expression with two terms, e.g. a +b, is called a binom ‘The Binomial Theorem is used to write down the expansion of a binomial to any power, 6. (a +)", The expansion of (a + 6)" is found as follows: prom «(pe [ 1. The expansion contains (n+ 1) terms (one more than the power, 2. The powers of a decrease by 1 in each successive term 3. The powers of b increase by 1 in each successive term. 4. In each term the sum of the indices of a and b is n. 5. The power of b is always the same as the lower number in the combination bracket. [_& Hrthe binomial isa difference, (a~ b, the signs willbe altemately +,-,+,~,+, | Ee Binomial Theorem | | Notes: ‘The Binomial Expansion of (1 + a)" is found as follows: Lethe Gt ) This form of the Binomial Theorem can be used to expand a binomial to any power when the first term ofthe binomial is 1. Example Write out all terms in the expansion of (a + 5)’, Soluti ‘The power is 5, thus there are 6 terms (always one more than the power) Step1: ab+ = ab ah ab — abs a (write down 6 pairs of the variables) Step2: a5b°+ — atb'4 a3b?+ = a?B5+ —albt+ = @®bF (put in powers, starting with the highest power of a; sum of powers ~ 5 in each term) | Step 3: (oper }ere(} (fo (Sa (put in combinatorial numbers) Step 4: a+ Sa*b + 104°? + 10a*b? + Sab*+b* In practice the first three steps can be combined in one step. Note: (any real number)? = 1, thus a= 1, b= 1, ete. ®Expand, using the Binomial Theorem, (1 + 2x)*. Hence, expand (1 -2x)°. Solution: (1 +21) (the power is 5, thus there are 6 terms) is) (5 Ss 5 5 -{)-(eo-Gler-Glor flo = (1) + (5)C2x) + (LOA?) + (10)(84) + (SAGX) + G2) = 14 10x + 40x? + 80x94 B04 + 3245 ‘The only difference between the expansions of (1 +21)° and (1 ~ 2x)° is that in the expansion of (1-24) the signs altemate +, - ‘Thus (1 -20)' = 1 - 10x + 40x? - 80x? + 80x 32x Expand, using the Binomial Theorem, (x ~ 3y)* postin Solution: (x 39)! (the power is 4, thus there are 5 terms) = (htc (po + (}ecam + (Jecar + ({}rcox = (ONL) + EAVES) + OLA + HLN2) + DEL axt~ 12ry + 54x7y?— 10819? + Bly* Expand, using the Binomial Theorem, 3) Show that one of the terms is independent of p. Solution: (3 (the power is 4, thus there are 5 terms) -Glortl -GlorG) Chol Clot) “Cher =e) + ove(5) + coxr(5) 8 wl) + cocofes) 16 api sfpts2de Bot ‘The third term, 24, is independent of p (in other words, the term does not contain p or the powet of pis 0, ie. p") ®Use the Binomial Theorem to expand each of the following: 1. (a+b) 2 Gey) 3 @+o° 4. &-y" 5. (1+ 2x)4 6. (1-3x)* 7. (1-26 8 (1-Sx* 9. 3+y)* 10. (2-26 1, (2+3y)4 12. (2r-3y)> 13, (3) “a bi 15. (3 16. (3) 2, P| x, b 17. f(2) = (1 +3)*+ (1 ~2)4, Express f(x) as a series in ascending powers of x. 18. (a+ 26)* + (a—2b)* = pa® + gab? + rab‘. Find the values of p,q and r. yh yay r . fre} +[x-<) = pete g 4%. Find the p,q and r. i. fo} feat) antoge Rn te atest. ¢ed ‘Write down and simplify the first three terms in the expansion of each of the following: we ° 20, (1424) 2. (+3) 2, fee) 24 23. Write out the binomial expansion of | G3) ‘i ‘Show that one of the terms is independent of x. Evaluating Expansions of Sums and Differences ‘We can be asked to evaluate expansions such as (1 + V5)‘ and write the answer in the form a+ bV3. Example w Expand (3 + V2)° by the Binomial Theorem, and write your answer in the form a+bV2. Solution: (3-+N2)° (the power is 5, thus there are 6 terms) = (jor (Joa + Glows (Jorar. (Javea. (oro = CN243Y(1) + €59€81)002) + (10)(27)2) + OVCOV(2N2) + (51.3944) + CDA 243 + 4052 + 540 + 1802+ 60 +4V2 843 + 589V2 (Vay%=2, 2)7=22, 13)*=4, 5)5=4¥3)Exercise 16.4 ~w) Use the Binomial ‘Theorem to evaluate cach of the following, a+" 2. 0-13) 3. (+¥5)¢ 4. (2+N6)" 6. (1=213)6 1. (2413/8 8. 3-¥3)5 writing your answer in the form a+ be : L 8. (14 3N2)* 9, (14-V3)*4 (1-3)! =k. Use the Binomial Theorem to find the value of k. 10, (+13) + 3-12)! =k. Use the Binomial Theorem to find the value of k. 11. Use the Binomial Theorem to show that (1 +3)6+ (1 =2)6=2(1 + 1527 +1544 +29. Hence, evaluate (1+ ¥2)* + (1-2)*. 412. Use the Binomial Theorem to expand (a + b)*. Hence, expand (1 +22)° = (1-2)*, Hence, write (1 +2V3)° (1-23) in the form #V3, KEN. 13, Use the Binomial Expansion to expand (p + 9)* + (p-4)*- Hence, ot otherwise, write (r++ 1)* + Qc- x7 + 1)* as a polynomial in x. Hence, evaluate (4+ VIT)*+(4-I7)*. Unknown Coefficients or an Unknown Index In some questions we have to find unknown coefficients or an unknown index (power). ‘When the index (power) is unknown we make use of the following: the Be 2) 21 ‘Then equate the coefficients and solve the resultant equations. (n- 1) “The first three terms in the binomial expansion of (1 + ax)" are 1 +2x + §x7 Find the value of n and the value of a. Solution: ‘The first three terms are:a+bNe: yt ie na) Lena ES atatet+oeeget ‘What we do next is equate the coefficients and solve the resultant equations. na=2D nn-1) 2 et @ ah] me) put this into ® | 6(n=1)=5n 6n-6 950 n=6 From @, a= 2 a Thus, n=6 anda = $. J Exerc x 1. The first four terms in the expansion of (1 - x)" are 1 ~ 6x + ax?-+ bx?, Find the value of 1, the value of a and the value of b. 2. The first three terms in the expansion of (1 + ax)" are 1 + 20x + 150x°. Find the value of n and the value of a. 3, The first three terms in the expansion of (I + ax)" are 1 + 28x + 3367 FFind the value of m and the value of a 4, The first three terms in the expansion of (1 + kx)" are 1 18x + 135x%, Find the value of n and the value of &. 5. The first four terms in the expansion of (1 + kx)" are 1 + 20x-+ 180x? + ax, Find the value of n, the value of k and the value of a. 6. ‘The first three terms in the expansion of (1 + ax)" are 1~Sx-+ ‘8x2. Find the value of n and the value of a. 7. ‘The first three terms in the expansion of (1 + ax)" are 1 + 8x + 30x, Find the value of n and the value of a. 2 Tefiortemein tecnica oats Find the value of 1, the value of a and the value of b,‘The first three terms in the expansion of (I + Ax)" are 1+ 2x-+ 8x7, Find the value of n and the value of k, 10. The first four terms in the expansion of (1 + kx)® are 1+ ax-+ 135x? + bx’, Find the values of &, the values of a and the values of b. 1. The first three terms of the expansion of (3): @>0, in ascending powers of x, an 644 16bx+}bcx*, a, b,c ER. Find the value of a, of b and of c. 12. In the expansion of (1 +2)"*! the coefficient of x* is 6k and in the expansion of (1 +x)" the coei ficient of x? is k. Find the value of n, n> 2. Selecting a Particular Term In many problems we require only a particular term. For example, the middle term, the fifth term or th term independent of x (no x term or the power of x is zero, i.e. x' In these cases we make use of the “general term’. General Term: ‘The general term in the binomial expansion of (a +)" is: tre Note: The number at the bottom of the combination bracket, r, is always one less than the terr number, r+ 1.Solution: » 3 10) é General term: 3 -( 3 }eor-(5) ‘There are 11 terms in the expansion. ‘Thus, the middle term is ug Merle PHS Fer pet) 2 + ~) = (252)(777642 | 2a) @ [ox 3 of x, are "1 the coef thterm or the = 8064x5y5 Gi ) General term: u,., -(leo (a) Yr, x aL = (28)(64r' (3) = 1792x4 Solution: q @ a z 2) General term: ott 7 (lemon yD" (pre , wi) Find ( the general term (ii) the term independent of x, in the binomial expansion or(s For the term independent of x, the power of x= 0 9-3) r=3 (4th term) ‘Thus, the required term nef pre? =C184)29@% =-5376 (x°=1)eS aa (Write down the general term in the binomial expansion of (2x+5y°)". (ii) If is a constant and kx*y* is a term in the binomial expansion of (2x + 5y*)", find the value of and the value of k. Solution: (@ (2c+5y?" (ii) If kx*y* is a particular term, then Gener ert apa maul aes + ae(Jeorer aaa plas rs2 and is Slee 5 “Cp antsy eps T= Exercise 16.6 -w| pres ry = (103(8)(25) = 2000 Find thes 1. 4th term of (1+2x)6 2, Sth term of (a + 2b)? 3, 3rd term of (x - 2y)? 4, 7th term of (1 +x7)* 8, 4th term of (2x~))* 6. sm umor(eet) ry xe 7. 6tresmot (:-35) 8. sirrem ott 4) 9. Write down the first three terms in the expansion of (I + 3x)’, and find their sum when x = 3. 10. When ( - S ) is expanded in ascending powers of x, find: @ the coefficient of x4, when y= 1 (ii) the sum of the first three terms when x= 0.1, y = 0.02. Find the middle term in each of the following: 11. +29” 12. (a +25)" 13. (p-24)" 14, (a@— 38) 18. ol 16. bes) 17. fey 18. (e- Find the term independent of x in the binomial expansion of each of the following: w. (2) w.(.- apes? 2| a (ee a fod 27, If kis.a constant and kxy* is a term in the expansion of (2x + 3y?)", find the value of n and the value of k. he value 28. If his a constant and hx‘y? is a term in the expansion of (3x —4y")*, find the value of n and the value of A. 29. Write down the binomial expansion of (1 + 2x)" in ascending powers of x as far as the term con- taining x°, Given that the coefficient of x’ is twice the coefficient of x? and that both are positive, find the value of n 30. Write down the first three terms in the binomial expansion, in ascending powers of x, of (1+ az)", where a0 and n € N. Given that the coefficient of x in this expansion is twice the coefficient of x, a+ that n = “7 @ show = (ii) find the value of the coefficient of x when a = 4, Sums of Binomial Coefficients ‘The binomial expansion Lf mentite can be used to find the sums of binomial coefficients by letting x = 1 or x = -1 on both sides. Other binomial series can also be used. 0 moveamee(fEfonef vc neti crate) ()o(o-+( (1. ii) Evaluate the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (x + 3)*,Solution: i) Consider the expansion of (1 +)". worth Geb th = 42") [by result above] eat ww (2)e(2)e(S--+()-2t-ses Gi) e+ ar-((}-(Jpo Go Pee «(an Let x= 1 on both sides. 8) (8). (8 8 a -at-((}+(ijo»Gjore os -(er-« ‘Thus, the sum of the coefficients is 4° ~ 65,536. Exercise 16.7-w Use the binomial expansion (1 +x)" to verify: «GCG 6) 6) 16) (16) , (16) 16) (16) 16 (eles) oe)HEHE) HSE} Et -GEOFED Bt 6. Evaluate the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (x + 2)7. 7. Bvaluate the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (x +y)"2, 8. Evaluate the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (3x + 1)?,