Part 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN Chapter 1 General Design Requirements Chapter 2 Loads Chapter 5 Foundation Chapter 4 Masonry Structures Chapter 5 Concrete Material Chapter 6 Ultimate Strength Design of RC Structures Chapter 7 Working Stress Design of KC Structures Chapter 8 Detailing of RC Structures Chapter 9 Prestressed Concrete Structures Chapter 10 Steel Structures Chapter 11 Timber Structures Chapter 12 Ferrocement Structures AppendicesTABLE OF CONTENTS. PART6 __ STRUCTURAL DESIGN Chapter 1 General Design Requirements 14 INTRODUCTION ot 111 Scope 4 4 112 Definitions 61 143 Symbols and Notation 63 1.2 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 63 121 General 63 1.22 Buildings and Structures 63 1.23 Structure Importance Category 63 124 Safety 63 125 Serviceability 63 126 Rationality 63 127 Proportioning of Structural Elements 128 Walls and Framing. 129 Additions to Existing Structures 1.2.19 Phased Construction 12.11 Load Combinations and Stress Increase 13 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 131 General 132 Basic Structural Systems 133 Combination of Structural Systems 134 Structural Configurations 135 Structural System Limitations 1d DESIGN FOR GRAVITY LOADS 141 General 142 Floor Design 143 Roof Design 144 Reduction of Live Loads 145 Posting of Live Loads SLCC LSSSLLLAGTETGTS 146 Restrictions on Loading 147 Special Considerations 148 Deflection and Camber 6.10 15 DESIGN FOR LATERAL LOADS 610 151 General 610 152 Selection of Lateral Force for Design 610 153 Design for Wind Load 610 154 Design for Earthquake Forces 61 155 Overturning Requirements 612 156 Driftand Building Separation 613,16 a7 18 19 157 P-Delta Bfects 158 Uplift Effects DESIGN FOR MISCELLANEOUS LOADS 161 General 162 SelkStraining Forces 163 Stress Reversal and Fatigue 1.64 Flood and Surge Resistant Design DETAILED DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 171 General 1.7.2 Structural Framing Systems FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 181 General 1.82 Soil Capacities 1.83 Superstructure-to-foundation Connection 1.84 — Foundation-soil Interface 1.85 Special Requirements for Footings, Piles and CCaissons in seismic Zones 2 and 3 1.86 Retaining Wall Design DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REVIEW 1.9.1 Design Document 192 Design Review 1.93 Construction Observation Chapter2 Loads 24 22 23 INTRODUCTION 211 Scope 212 Limitations DEADLOADS 221 General 222 Definition 223 Assessmentof Dead Load 2.2.4 Weight of Materials and Constructions 225 Weight of Permanent Partitions 226 Weight of Fixed Service Equipments 227 Additional Loads LIVE LOADS 234 General 232 Definition 233 Minimum Floor Live Loads 234 Minimum Roof Live Loads 235 Loads Not Specified 236 Partial Loading and Other Loading Arrangements 237 Other Live Loads 238 — Impactand Dynamic Loads 239 Reduction of Live Loads 64 ela 614 ead eld 614 614 64 ola ela 66 616 616 616 617 617 17 17 617 618 68 69 69 619 619 619 19 619 620 620 620 620 620 620 620 620 623 624 64 626 628 62524 WINDLOADS 241 General 242 Definitions 243 Symbols and Notation 244 Terrain Exposure 245 Basic Wind Speed 246 Determination of Design Wind Loads 25 EARTHQUAKE LOADS 25.1 General 252 Definitions 253 Symbols and Notation 254 Seismic Zoning 255 Design Earthquake Forces for Primary Framing Systems 256 Equivalent Static Force Method 257 Dynamic Response Method. 258 Seismic Lateral Forces on Components and Equipments Supported by Structures 259 Seismic Lateral Forces on Non-Building Structures 26 MISCELLANEOUS LOADS 261 General 262 Definitions 263 Rain Loads 264 Loads Due to Flood and Surge 265 Temperature Effects 2.65 Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure 267 Loads Due to Explosions 268 Vertical Forces on Air Raid Shelters 269 Loads on Helicopter Landing Areas 2610 Erection and Construction Loads 27. COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 27:1 General 272 Definitions 273 Symbolsand Notation 274 Combinations of Loads and Stress Increase for Allowable Stress Design Method 27 Combinations of Loads for Strength Design Method Chapter3 Foundation 31 SCOPE 32 TERMINOLOGY 33. SITE INVESTIGATION 331 Purpose 332 Methods of Exploration 627 627 629 630 630 649 649 650 651 651 653 657 658 659 662 662 on on 673 673 67334 35 36 37 38 39 340 an 312 313 333 Number and Disposition of Trial Pits and Borings 334 Depth of Exploration CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS MATERIALS 351 Concrete 352 Timber "TYPES OF FOUNDATION 361 Footings 362 RaftFoundation 363 Pier Foundation 364 Pile Foundations (GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. 37.1 Design Load and Load Combinations 372 Bearing Pressure 373 Settlement REQUIREMENTS FOR FOOTINGS 381 Dimension of Footings 382 Thickness of Footing 383 Footings on Filled up Ground [REQUIREMENTS FOR RAFT FOUNDATIONS 391 Typetof Raft Foundations 392 Design Considerations REQUIREMENTS FOR PIER FOUNDATIONS REQUIREMENTS FOR PILE FOUNDATIONS. B11 Design Considerations 3112 Design of Pile Caps 3.113 Installation Procedure 3114 Pile Concreting 315 Load Test Arrangement and Instrumentation, EXCAVATION AND FILLS 321 Support to Adjoining Buildings and Structures 3122 Safety Regulations 3.123 Slope Stability and Protection 3124 Dewatering and Ground Water Control 3125 Quality of Fill WATERPROOFING AND DAMP-PROOFING 3.13.1 Waterproofing where Hydrostatic Pressure Occurs 3132 Damp-proofing with no Hydrostatic Pressure 3133. Other Damp-proofing and Waterproofing, Requirements Chapter 4 Masonry Structures 4 eiv INTRODUCTION 411 Scope 412 Symbols and Notation 673 673 674 6-76 6-76 6-76 676 676 676 676 676 6.8842 43 44 45 46 413 Definitions MATERIALS 421 General 422 Masonry Units 423 Mortar and Grout ALLOWABLE STRESSES 431 General 432 Specified Compressive Strength of Masoney, fx 433. Compliance with fg 434 Quality Control 435 Allowable Stresses in Masonry 436 Allowable Stresses in Reinforcement 437 Combined Compressive Stress 438 Modulus of Elasticity 439° Shear and Tension on Embedded Anchor Bolts 4310 Load Test 4311 Reuse of Masonry Units BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 441 General 442 Design Considerations 443 Supports 444 — Stability 445 Structural Continuity 4.46 Joint Reinforcement and Protection of Ties 447 Pipesand Conduits 448 _ Loadsand Load Combination 449 Minimum Design Dimensions DESIGN OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY 451 General 452 Design of Members Subjected to Axial Compression 453 Design of Members Subjected to Combined Bending and Axial Compression 454 Design of Members Subjected to Flexure 455 Design of Members Subjected to Shear 456 Design of Arches 457 Footings and Corbels DESIGN OF REINFORCED MASONRY 461 General 462 Design of members Subjected to Axial Compression 463 Design of Members Subjected to Combined Bending and Axial Compression 464 Design of Members Subjected to Shear Force 465 Design of Members Subjected to Flexural Stress 466 Reinforcement Requirements and Details 693 694 694 695; 695 695 695 695 695 695 696 67 67 698 699 6100 6100 6100 6100 6-102 6102 6103 6108 6-108 6-105 6105 6105 6105 6105 6105 6-106 6106 6106 6106 6-106 6106 6106 6106 6107 6107 6-108evi 47 48 a9 410 STRENGTH DESIGN OF SLENDER WALLS AND SHEAR WALLS 471 Design of Slender Walls 472 Design of Shear Walls EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN 481 General 482 Loads 483 Materials 484 Provisions for Seismic Zone 2 485 Provision for Seismic Zone 3 486 Additional Requirements PROVISIONS FOR HIGH WIND REGIONS 491 General 492 Materials 493 Construction Requirements 494 Foundation 495 Drainage 496 Wall Construction 497 Floor and Roof Systems 498 Lateral Force Resistance CONSTRUCTION 4.101 General 4.102 Storage and Preparation of Construction Materials 4103 Placing Masoney Units 4.104 Verticality and Alignment 4105 Reinforcement Placing. 4106 — Grouted Masonry 4107 Chases, Recesses and Holes Chapter 5 Concrete Material 54. 52 53 5a (GENERAL. Bld. Scope 512 Notation (CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE 521 Cement 522 Aggregates 523° Water 524 Admixtures ‘STEEL REINFORCEMENT 531 General 532 Deformed Reinforcement 533 Plain Reinforcement 534 Structural Steel, Steel Pipe or Tubing WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE e110 6110 6112 os es 14 ous ons ous 6115 oy oy oy 6120 6120 6120 6120 6120 6120 6121 e121 e121 om 61m 6123 6123 6123 6125 6125 6125 6125 6125 6126 6126 6126 ou ow ow 6127 e127 612855 56 87 58 59 510 sal 512 513 saa 515 516 57 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 55.1 Special Exposures 552 Sulphate Exposures 553 Corrosion of Reinforcement 554 Minimum Concrete Strength CONCRETE MIX PROPORTION 561 General 5.62 _Proportioning Concrete Mix on the Basis of Field Experience and/or Trial Mixtures 563 Proportioning by Water Cement Ratio 564 Average Strength Reduction PREPARATION OF EQUIPMENT AND PLACE OF DEPOSIT MIXING CONVEYING DEPOSITING CURING EVALUATION AND ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE 5.121 General 5422 Frequency of Testing 5.423 Laboratory Cured Specimens 5.124 Field Cured Specimens 5.125 Investigation of Low Strength Test Results PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 5131 Strength 5.132 Modulus of Elasticity 5133 Creep 5.134 Shrinkage 5435 Thermal Strains (CONCRETING IN ADVERSE WEATHER SURFACE FINISH 5.15.1 Type ofFinish 5.152 Quality of Finish 5.153. Type of Surface Finish 5.154 Production 5.155 Inspection and Making Good 5.156 Protection FORMWORK 5.161 Design of Formwork 5.162 Removal of Forms and Shores 5163 Conduits and Pipes Embedded in Concrete 5.164 Construction Joints SHOTCRETE 5.171 General 5.172 Proportions and Materials 5I73 Aggregate 5174 — Reinforcement 6128 6128 6128 6128 6128 e129 6129 e129 ein 6131 612 6132 6:32 6132 6133 6133 6133 6:33 6:33 6134 6:34 6134 e134 6134 6135 6135 6136 e137 6:38 6138 6138 6-138 6138 6139 619 19 6139 6139 6139 6140 6-140 6140 140 6140 oat vii6-vill 5:75 Preconstruction Testa ean 5176 Rebound ean S177 Joint ean 5178 Damage ean 5179. Curing en 517.10 Strength Tet ean 517411 Inspections ean 5172 Equipment ee Chapter 6 Ultimate Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 61 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN -GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS es 614 Convention and Notation 18 612 General 618 613 Loading ou G14 Design Strength ou 62. BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS ous 621 Notation ous 622 Definitions es Ge Saye ous 624 General Principles and Requirements ous 625 Continous Beams our eee tet ous 627 Shexrand Torsion ous 628 Reinforcement e154 629 Crack Control 61 6210 Deflection 6155 63 COLUMNS e156 631 Notation e156 632. Defintions eas 5 ated heretics eas 634. Genbal Principles and Requirements e158, 635 Design e158 636 Reinforcement e19 637 SlendemessEfets e100 od see eee ter ence ie oe 629) Troma of Colas Lads Bacagh 10 oor System 6340 Composite Column 10 64 FLATPLATES,FLATSLABS ANDEDGESUPPORTEDSLABS 6164 am e164 642 Notation and Definitions e164 643 Proportioning 6 G44 DagaProcedars e166 645 Direct Design Method e16765 66 67 68 69 6.10 646 Equivalent Frame Method 647 Shear 648 Reinforcement 649 Openings ALTERNATIVE DESIGN OF TWO-WAY EDGE-SUPPORTED SLABS 65:1 Notation 652 Scopeand Limitations 653 Analysis by the Coefficient Method 654 Shear on Supporting Beam 655 Deflection 656 Reinforcement RIBBED AND HOLLOW SLABS 661 General 662 Analysis and Design 663 Shear 664 Deflection 665 Size and Position of Ribs 666 Reinforcement FRAMED STRUCTURES 67.1 Scope 672 Continuity 673 Placementof Loads 674 dealization 675 Method of Analysis 676 — Design DEEP BEAMS 681 Notation 682 General 683 Flexure 684 Shear REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS 691 Notation 692 General 693 Empirical Design Method 694 Walls Designed as Compression Members 695 Walls as Grade Beams: 696 Shear 697 Minimum Reinforcement FOOTINGS 6101 Notation 6102 General 6103 Moment 6104 Shear 6105 Development of Reinforcement 6.106 Transfer of Force at Base 6170 6171 6174 6175 6.175 6175 617 7 617 617 6181 6-181 6181 6-181 6-181 6181 181 181 6-182 6-182 6182 6182 6182 6182 6-183 6-183 6-183 6183 6183 6-184 6-185 6185 6-185 185 6186 186 6-186 6187 6-187 6-187 6-188 6-188 6-189 6-189 6-189 6x641 612 613 6107 Sloped or Stepped Footings 6108 Combined Footings and Mats 6109 PileCaps STAIRS, Gdl1 Effective Span 6112 Loading 6.13 Distribution of Loading 6.114 Depth of Section 6115 Design ‘SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATES 6121 Notation 6122 Scope 6123 Definitions 6124 Design 6.125 Strength of Material 6126 Shell Reinforcement 6.127 Construction PRECAST AND COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION 6.13.1 Notation 6132 General 6133 Design 6134 — Detailing 6135 Identification and Marking 6136 Transportation, Storage and Erection 6.137 Composite Construction Chapter 7 Working Stress Design of Reinforced 7a 72 Concrete Structures ANALYSIS AND DESIGN - GENERAL CONSIDERATION, 714 Notation 71.2 Design Methods 71.3” Design Assumptions 714 Loading 71S — Stiffness 71.6 — Span Length 71,7 Arrangement of Live Loads 71.8 Floor Finish 719 Allowable Stresses in Concrete 71.10 Allowable Stresses in Reinforcement 71.11 Allowable Stresses for Wind and Earthquake Forces 7.12 Development and Splices of Reinforcement BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS 72.1 Notation 72.2 Span Length 723 Design Assumptions 6190 6190 6190 6190 6190 e191 6191 6191 6191 e192 6192 6193, 6193, 6194 6194 6194 6195, 6195 6195 6195 6.196 6198 6198 6198 6198 6198 6199 6199 6199 6200 6200 6200 6201 6201 6201 6201 6202 6202 6202 6202 6202 620273 74 75 76 77 78 79 710 7a 7a 733 72.4 General Principles and Requirements 725 Continuous Beams 726 Design for Flexure 727 Shear and Torsion 728 Reinforcement 729 Crack Control 7210 Deflection ‘COLUMNS 731 Definitions and Notation 732 Design Assumptions 733 General Principles and Requirements 734 Slenderness Effects 735 Reinforcement FLAT PLATES, FLAT SLABS AND EDGE-SUPPORTED SLABS ALTERNATIVE DESIGN OF TWO-WAY [EDGE-SUPPORTED SLABS RIBBED AND HOLLOW SLABS. FRAMED STRUCTURES DEEP BEAMS 781 Notation 782 General 783 Flexure 784 — Shear REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS. FOOTINGS STAIRS SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATES PRECAST AND COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION Chapter 8 Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Ba Structures DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT 841° Notation 812 Standard Hooks 813 Minimum Bend Diameters B14 Bending B15 Surface Conditions of Reinforcement 81.6 Placing of Reinforcement 817 Spacing of Reinforcement 818 Exposure Condition and Cover to Reinforcement 819 Reinforcement Details for Columns 8110 Lateral Reinforcement for Columns 8.111 Lateral Reinforcement for Beams 8.112 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement 8.113 Requirements for Structural Integrity 6202 6203 6203 6204 6208 6-208, 6-209 6209 6-209 6209 6.210 6.210 6.210 6210 6211 6211 6212 6212 6212 6212 6212 6212 6213 6214 6215 6215 6215 6217 6217 6217 6218 6218 6218 6218 6219 6219 6220 6221 6221 6222 622282 83 DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT 821 Notation 822 Development of Reinforcement - General 823 Development of Deformed Bars in Tension 824 Development of Deformed Bars in Compression 825 Development of Bundled Bars 826 Development of Standard Hooks in Tension. 827 Development of Flexural Reinforcement - General 828 Development of Positive Moment Reinforcement 829 Development of Negative Moment Reinforcement 8210 Development of Shear Reinforcement 8211 Development of Plain Bars 8212 Spices of Reinforcement - General 8213 Splices of Deformed Bars in Tension 82.14 Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression 8215 Special Splice Requirements for Columns 8216 Splices of Plain Bars 82.17 Mechanical Anchorage SPECIAL PROVISION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN 831 Notation 832 Definitions 833 General Requirements 834 Flexural Members of Frames 835 Frame Members Subjected to Bending. and Axial Load 836 Structural Walls and Diaphragms 837 Joints of Frames 838 Shear Strength Requirements 83.9 Frame Members not Proportioned to Resist Forces Induced by Earthquake Motion 83.10 Requirements for Frames in Regions of Moderate Seismic Risk, Zone 2 Chapter 9 Prestressed Concrete Structures oa 92 93 a 95 96 97 98 99 NOTATION, SCOPE DEFINITIONS GENERAL REQUIREMENTS DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS ‘CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS (CLASSIFICATION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESSES IN CONCRETE FOR FLEXURAL MEMBERS ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES IN CONCRETE FOR FLEXURAL MEMBERS 6222 6222 6203 6223 624 624 624 6205 6205 6226. 626 625 626 on on 6228 628 628 628 6228 629 6200 6230 e231 6233 6234 6-234 6-235 6.236 6.239 6-240 6241 6241 6-242 6042 6243 6243 6-2449.10 91 942 9.13 914 9.15 9.16 9a7 9.18 919 9.20 921 922 923 924 9.25 9.26 927 9.28 929 930 931 STEEL ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN PRESTRESSING STEEL. LOSSES OF PRESTRESS. FLEXURAL STRENGTH LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS. MINIMUM BONDED REINFORCEMENT ‘TRANSMISSION LENGTHS IN PRETENSIONED MEMBERS ‘SPACING LIMITS OF PRESTRESSING STEEL AND DUCTS. ‘CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT ‘SHEAR STRENGTH ‘COMPRESSION MEMBERS - COMBINED FLEXURE AND AXIALLOADS. FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS STRUCTURES SLABSYSTEM ‘TENDON ANCHORAGE ZONES ‘CORROSION PROTECTION FOR UNBONDED PRESTRESSING TENDONS POST-TENSIONING DUCTS ‘GROUT FOR BONDED PRESTRESSING TENDONS PROTECTION OF PRESTRESSING TENDONS APPLICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PRESTRESSING FORCE POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGE AND COUPLERS DEMOUNTABLE PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTION ‘COLD DRAWN LOW CARBON WIRE PRESTRESSED CONCRETE (CWPC) Chapter 10 Steel Structures 101 102 103, 104 105 106 SCOPE DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION 102.1 Definitions 1022 Notation MATERIAL 1031 Structural Steel 1032 Rivets, Bolts, Washers and Nuts, 1033 Anchor Bolts and Threaded Rods 1034 Welds 1035 Stud Shear Connectors ‘TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES 105.1 General 1052 FrameStability DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 1061 Gross Area 1062 Net Area 6244 6244 6.245 6247 6248, 6249 6249 6250 6250 6-252 6253, 6-253, 6.254 6254 6-254 6-255 6-255 6-255 6-256 6.256 6.256 6257 6257 6.257 6.258 6-263 6-263 6-264 6-268 6-268 6.264 6-264 6-265 6-265 6265 6.265 6-265 6-2666xiv 107 108 109 1020 1063 Effective Net Area 1064 Rotational Resistance at Points of Support 1065 Limiting Slendemess Ratios. 1066 Simple Spans 1067 End Restraint WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD 1071 General 1072 Basis of Design 1073 Local Buckling 1074 Design of Tension Members 1075 Design of Columns and Other Compression Members 1076 Design of Beams and Other Flexural Members 1077 Design of Plate Girders 1078 — Combined Stresses 1079 Design of Trusses 107.10 Composite Construction 107.11 Special Design Considerations LOAD FACTOR DESIGN METHOD 1081 General 1082 Basis of Design 1083 Local Buckling 1084 Design of Tension Members 1085 Design of Columns and Other Compression Members 1086 Design of Beams and Other Flexural Members 1087 Design of Plate Girders 1088 Members Under Torsion and Combined Forces 1089 Design of Trusses 10810 Design of Composite Members 108.11 Special Design Considerations 10812 Seismic Design Provisions CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS 109.4 Design Provisions 1092 Welds 1093 Bolts, Rivets and Threaded Parts 1094 — Shear Rupture 1095 Connecting Elements 1096 Fillers 1097 — Splices 1098 Bearings 1099 Column Bases and Bearing on Supports 109.10 Anchor Bolts ‘SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS. 1010.1 Camber 10.102 Expansion and Contraction 10.103 Deflection and Vibration 10.104 Corrosion 6-265 6267 6267 6267 6267 6267 6267 6267 6267 6269 6270 rot 6281 6283, 6284 6284 6288 6290 6290 6290 6291 6291 6294 6299 6306 6309 6312 6312 6316 ou 6326 6305 6m8 6331 6339 6339 6340 ou 6m 6341 6341 6341 6341 6341 6341 634210.11 FABRICATION, ERECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL 1041.1 Shop Drawings 10112 Fabrication 10.113 Erection 10414 Quality Control 102 SURFACE TREATMENT 10121 General 10122 Weather Condition 10123 Cleaning of Surfaces 10.124 Application 10425 Protection against Damage 102.6 Painting Galvanized Surfaces 1013 DESIGN DOCUMENTS 1013.1 General 10132 Drawings 10.133 ‘Standard Symbols and Nomenclature 10.134 Notation for Welding Chapter 11 Timber Structures 11 SCOPE 112 NOTATION 113 TERMINOLOGY 113.4 Structural Purpose Definitions 1132 Definitions of Defects in Timber 114 MATERIALS 115 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES 1151 Basic Permissible Stress 1152 Modification Factors for Permissible Stresses 1146 BEAMS 1161 Design Consideration 1162 Loads 1163 Solid Beams 1164 NailLaminated Beams 11.7 COLUMNS 1171 Design Consideration 1172 Solid Columns 1173 Built-up Columns - Box Column 1174 Built-up Columns - Spaced Columns 117.5 Structural Member Subjected to Bending and Axial Stress 118. JOINTS 1181 Common Steel Wire Nail Joints 1182 Bolted Joints 6342 6342 6382 6343 6344 6344 6344 6344 6345 6345 6.345 6.346 6.346 6.346 6.346 6.346 6-355 6355 6.355 6.355 6.356 6.359 6.359 6-360 6.360 6-361 6361 6-362 6-363 oxybxvi Chapter 12 Ferrocement Structures 121 SCOPE: 122 TERMINOLOGY 1221 Reinforcement Parameters 1222 Notation 1223 Definitions 123. MATERIALS 1231 Cement 1232 Aggregates, 1233 Water 1234 Admintures 1235 — Mix Proportioning 1236 — Reinforcement 124 DESIGN 124.1 General Principles and Requirements « 1242 Strength Requirements 1243 Service Load Design 1244 — Serviceability Requirements 1245 Particular Design Parameters 1246 Design Aids 125 FABRICATION 1251 — General Requirements 1252 Construction Methods 126 MAINTENANCE 1261 General 1262 Blemish and Stain Removal 1263 Protective Surface Treatments 127 DAMAGEREPAIR 1271 Common Types of Damage 1272 valuation of Damage 127.3 Surface Preparation for Repair of Damage 1274 Repair Materials 1275 Repair Procedure 128 TESTING 1281 Test Requirement 1282 Test Methods Appendices Appendix A Conversion of Expressions from Sito FPS Units Appendix Methods of Soil Exploration and Sampling ‘Appendix Guidelines for Computing the Column Interaction Diagrams Appendix D Calculation of Volume Fraction of Reinforcement Appendix Common Types and Sizes of Steel Meshes Used in Ferrocement e410 e415 6-416CHAPTER General Design Requirements 1.1 INTRODUCTION 111 Scope ‘The! general requirements for the structural design of buildings, structure, and epmponents thereof gre pected inthis chapter. These requirements shall apply to al buldngs and sructues regulated by this de. All applied loads required for structural design shall be determined in accordance with the prowsions of Chapter 2. Design parameters required for the structural design of foundation elements shall conform to the provisions of Chapter 3. Design of structural members using various construction materials shall comply ‘with the relevant provisions of Chapters 4 through 12. The FPS equivalents of the empirical expressions used throughout Part 6 are listed in Appendix A. 112 Definitions The following definitions shall provide the meaning of certain terms used in this chapter. BASE SHEAR : Total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure, BASIC WIND SPEED : The fastest mile wind speed in km/h, at 10 metres above the mean ground level ‘under terrain Exposure-B defined in See 24.4 and associated with an annual probability of occurrence of 002. BEARING WALL SYSTEM : A structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame. BRACED FRAME: An essentially vertical russ system ofthe concentric or ecentic ype which is provided to resist lateral forces. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM : An essentially complete space frame which provides support for gravity Toads. CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (CBF) : A steel braced frame designed in conformance with Sec 105.178. Part 6 o4 Structural DesignPart 6 Structural Design o COLLECTOR : A member or element used to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting elements. BUILDINGS: Structures that enclose a space and are used for various occupancies. DEAD LOAD : The load due to the woight ofall permanent structural and nonstructural components of a ‘building or a structure, such as walls, floors, roofs and fixed service equipment. DIAPHRAGM : A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems DUAL SYSTEM: A combination of Moment Resisting Frames and Shear Walls or Braced Frames to resist lateral loads designed in accordance with the eriteria of Sec 1.3.2. ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (FBR) : A steel braced frame designed in conformance with ‘sec 105.179. EASTESI-MILE WIND SPEED : The highest sustained mean wind speed in km/h based on the time required for a one-mile (1.61 km) long sample of ar to pass a fixed point. HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM : A horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a floor or ‘oof diaphragm. INTERMEDIATE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) : A concrete moment resisting frame designed in accordance with See 83.10 LIVE LOAD : The load superimposed by the use and occupancy of a building, MOMENT RESISTING FRAME : A frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure. ‘ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) : A moment resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behaviour. PRIMARY FRAMING SYSTEM: That partof the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces. ‘SHEARWALL : A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel tothe plane of the wall (sometimes referred toasa vertical diaphragm ora structural wall) ‘SLENDER BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES : Buildings and structures having a height exceeding five times the least horizontal dimension, or having a fundamental natural frequency less than 1 Hz, For those cases, where the horzontl dimensions vary with height he leas horizontal dimension at mid height shal be ‘SOFT STOREY : Storey in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70_per cent of the stiffness of the storey above. ‘SPACE FRAME : A three-dimensional structural system without bearing walls composed of members Interconnected so as to function as a complete self contained unit with of without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor bracing systems. SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (MRF): A moment resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behaviour complying with the requirements of Chapter 8 or 10 for concrete or steel! frames Fespectively. ‘SPECIAL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM : A structural system not listed in Table 6.1.2 and specially designed to ‘carry the lateral loads. See Sec 1.3.2 (2). STOREY : The space between any two floor levels including the roof of a building. Strey-x isthe stor below level x. sf . a y z ‘STOREY SHEAR, V, : The summation of design lateral forces above the storey under consideration. STRENGTH : The usable capacity of an element or a member to resist the load as prescribed in these provisions. ‘TERRAIN : The ground surface roughness condition when considering the size and arrangement of ‘obstructions tothe wind. " = re TOWER: A tall, slim vertical structure.Lis 12 12a 122. 123 124 125 126 Chapter 1 General Design Requirements VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME : A space frame designed to carry all vertical gravity loads. WEAK STOREY: Storey in which the lateral strength i less than 80 per cent of that of the storey above. Is and Notation lowing symbols and notation shall apply to the provisions of this chapter: umes pind 25 a a ot Tend load on e member including ea welght and weight of components, materials and Besmanent eulpments eacnat Wy tetaee e = mpifed earthquake lod equal to 975R)E F mbt ercrapplc ecve Tot ebataing Fe speatba of Che ere Dawns V, cesar cecal a fi fp of bling th edition othe force Fy ag lt ere ee nee ee Fo ered ereer eae ae gare Sem {level ofa erature Sbove the base; ol designates he ist evel above the base cope cost levdoraseuctes Berar cre eo cape cis es os ag Scone aha inoue pkacmaan ee opecy eee eer fo icegs aca bate ce eae eee thactorey shar tiorey vel operas molten elert osretal ystem given in Table 6225 foc atic design aren eer eee the weight of n element or tmponent lomltbone coer given ir Tuble 622 Soreyinral ae BASIC CONSIDERATIONS General All buildings and structures shall be designed and constructed in conformance with the provisions of this Setion, The buildings and portions thereof shall support all loads including dead load speifed in this chapter and elsewhere in this Code. Impact, fatigue and self straining forces shall be considered where these forces occur. : Buildings and Structures ‘Astructire shall ordinarily be, descriped as an assemblage of framing merbers and components arranged to support both gravity and lateral forces. Structures may be classified as building and non-builaing structures. Structures that enclose a space and are used for various occupancies shall be called buildings of ‘building structures, Structures other than buildings, such as water tanks, bridges, communication towers, chimneys ete, shall be called. non-building structures. When used in conjunction with the word building(s), the word strcture(s) shall mean non-building structures, eg. ‘buildings and structures’ or buildings oF structures’, Otherwise the word structures shail include both buildings and non-building structures. Structure Importance Category For the purpose of these provisions, buildings, structures and related equipments shall be classified into five structure importance categories as listed in Table 6.1.1, based on the level of necessity of remaining safe and functional during any post disaster period eg. after a cyclone, or an earthquake. Each building or structure ‘shall be placed in one of the structure importance categories and provided with a structure importance coefficient for design against wind and earthquake induced forces. a Silt ott aa cae He ee ROT a cle AT to all Lid Ee ae ee ee ese pee ae ee ee ee Serviceabl Structural frtmning systems and components shall be designed with adequate stifness to have deflections, ‘bration or any Sher deformations within the servsceabllly init bukding or structure spected In thie Chapter Ration Structural “ystems aed components thereof shall be designed and constructed based on rational methods ‘hich shal Include, but nat be miedo, the following provisions 1.2.6.1 Analysis: Analysis of the structural systems shall be made for the load effects on the resisting elements and connections, based on well established principles of mechanics taking equilibrium, Bangladesh National Building Code 63Part 6 Structural Design ‘geometric compatibility and both short and long term properties of the constructioii materials into account {nd incorporating the following: ia ea ea pa hg Ra en See aa aa me ripen aaa see he a Sees eee eee eae cee SESE Pies anon el ree if tc el ah OE Se aa re ee Sale Poe behe genera beer i pat chris eared eee epee oe coer eee oe eee Se ee eS 8) Loads and Forces: All prescribed loads and forces to be supported by the structural systems shall be ‘ietermined in accordance with the applicable provisions ofthis chapter and Chapter 3: Loads shall be applied on the mathematical model species in @) above at appetite spatial locations and long febied directions Table 6:1 Structure Importance Categories Structure Occupancy Type or Functions of Structure Importance Category [Gener Panicalar 1 | Bssensiat | 1. Hospital and other medical facilities having surgery and Facilites emergency treatment area. ues 2. Hire and police stations & Tanks of other structures containing, housing or supporting water or other fire-suppression meterials or equipment equird or the protectin of essential or hazardous facie, Gr special occupancy structures. 4, Emergency vehicle shelters and garages Structures and equipment in entergency-preparedness centres, including cyclone and flood sheltes. 6. Standby power-generating equipment for esental facilities. 7 Stractnes and equipment in goverment commmanication centees and other facilities requiced for emergency response | Hazardous Structures housing, supporting or containing sufficient quant Facilites tes of tonic or explosive substances to be dangerous to the Safety ofthe general public if released. tm —|specia__| 1. Covered structures whose primary occupancy is public cupancy deembly with capacity> 00 persone.) Structures - | 2, Buildings for schools through secondary or day-care centres wth capacity > 250 students. ‘3. ulldings for colleges or adult education schools with capacity 3500 stadent 4. Medical facilities with 50 or more resident incapacitated atients not included above. 5. falsand detention facies. & Allstructures with occupancy > 5,000 persons 7. Structures and equipment in powerigenerating stations snd other public wltyTrlities not included above, and required for continued opetation w | Standard All structures having occupancies or functions not listed above Occupancy Structures v | Low Risk Buildings and Structures that exhibit a low risk to human life Structures « | and property in the event of failure, such as agricultural Building nor storage Caciitestemporery facilities, construction faites, and boundary wall ©) Soil-Structure Interaction = Soil-structute interaction effects, where required, shall be included in the analysis by appropriately including the properly substantiated properties of soi into the mathematical ‘model specified in (a) above. oF127 128 129) 12.0 4241 13 134 132 Chapter 1 General Design Requirements 12.62 Distribution of Horizontal Shear : The total lateral force shall be distributed to the various elements of the lateral force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities considering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing systems or diaphragms. as 12.6.3 Horizontal Torsional Moments : Structural systems and components shall be designed to sustain additional forces resulting from torsion due to eccentricity between the centre of application of the lateral forces and the centre of rigidity of the lateral force resisting system. Forces shall not be decreased due to torsional effects. For accidental torsion, requirements for seisnic forces shall conform to Sec 2.5.65. 12.64 Stability Against Overturning and Sliding : Every building or structure shall be designed to resis ie overtuming snd aiding, effets caused by the eral frees specied in his chapler 12.65 Anchorage: Anchorage of the roof to wall and columns, and of walls and columns-to foundations, hall be provided to resist the uplift and sliding forces resulting from the application of the prescribed loads. ‘Additional requirements for masonry or concrete walls shall be those given in Sec 1.727, 1.2.66 General Structural Integrity: Buildings and structural systems shall possess general structural Integrity, that i the abit to sustain focal damage caused! doe to mivuse or accidental ovefoading, wih the Sructuré as a whole remaining stable and not being damaged to an extent disproportionate to the original Tocal damage. Proportioning of Structural Elements ‘Structural elements, components and connections shall be proportioned and detailed based on the design methods provided in the subsequent chapters for various materials of construction, such as reinforced Concrete, Masonzy, steel etc. to resist various load effects obtained from a rational analysis of the structural system. Walls and Framing Wallan srr fuming shall be erected tue and plumb i accordance with he desig, Interior wal Permanent patons and emporary partons excaoding 18 sn of height shall be deine fo rest al feeds fo which they are subject If not herise specified Gewherein this Code, wale shall be designed for ‘a minimum load of 0.25 kN/m? applied perpendicular to the wall surfaces. The deflection of such walls under a load of 025 kN /m?hall not exceed sy ofthe span for walls with brite finishes and =fyof the span for walls with flexible finishes. However, flexible, folding or portable partitions shall not be required to meet the above load and deflection critera, but shall be anchored tothe supporting structure Additions to Existing Structures When an existing building or structure is extended or otherwise altered, all portions thereof affected by such cause shall be strengthened, if necessary, to comply with the safety and serviceability requirements provided in Sec 1.2.¢and 1255 respectively. Phased Construction ‘When a building or structure is planned or anticipated to undergo phased construction, structural members ‘therein shall be investigated and designed for any additional stresses arising due to such effect. Load Combinations and Stress Increase Every building, structure, foundation or components thereof shall be designed to sustain, within the allowable sizes or specie strength (under ured lac, the mos! undavourabl eects esi from ‘Various combinations of loads spesfed in an otherwise ‘orany bther section of this Code, maXimum increase in the allowable stress. ‘shall be 33% when allowable OF Sorking srese method of design is followed. For soil stresses due to foundation loads, load combinations and stress increase specified in Sec 2.7.4 for allowable stress design method shall be used. ‘STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS General Every structure shall have one ofthe basic structural systems specified in Sec 1.32 or a combination thereof. ‘The structural configuration shall be as specified in Sec 1.3.4 with the limitations imposed in Sec 1.35, Basic Structural Systems Structural systems for buildings and other structures shall be designated as one of the types listed in Table 6.12 and are defined as follows: 5) Bearing Wall System: structural system having bearing walls or bracing systems without a complete verted elying fine to vuppont parity acs: Renae fo ater ads provide by she Bangladesh National Building Code 65Part 6 Structural Design Table 6.2 Ba Structural Systems and Height Limits for Seismic Zone 3° [| __ Lateral Force Resisting System=Description ystem (anetres) 3 Been Wal TT Te a ap 4} Piywood walls for structures,3-storeys orless | — aa ji) Allother light framed wall ae 20 2. Shear walls i) Concrete 50 4), Masoney 20 3. Ligh steamed bearing walls with tension only 20 4 lsc mes where bracing carries gravity loads 50 3) Stee = 3 ‘Concrete 20 ii} _ Heavy timber ['5.— Building Frame | 1. —StecT eccentric braced frame (EBFY 7 System 2 phe tamed wal th shee panel i Bi wood wal fr strates Store o ess 20 5. clap fheter ight ned walls 20 ) Concrete B Masonry 50 4. rea apes) a Concrete ~ ii) _Fleay ber io re Hoare T. Speci moment recating Iemas (SHEP a BrameSiotem | i} Conte Nt 2. Intermediate moment resisting Frames (MRF), es 3. Ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF) 50 Seal i) Concrete = I Daal syatem —]T walls ‘Concrete with SMRE Conerete with steel OMRE ‘Concrete with concrete IMRF Masonry with SMRE Masonry with steel OMRE vi) Masonry with concrete IMRF © 2. Steel Eccentric Braced Frame (EBF) With Steel SMRF With Steel OMRE 3. Concentric braced frame (CBF) 1) Steel with steel S {i) Steel with steel OMRE iil) Concrete with concrete SMRF iv) Concrete with concrete IMRF © fructural Structural systems not listed above b) Building Frame support for gra Separately. ‘asic stractaral stems are defined in See 32. FHHeigh limit applicable to structures in Seismic Zone’, except as permitted by Sec 154.8 Prohibited in Seismic Zone 3 ‘Prohibited in Seismic Zane 3, except as permitted in Sec259:3 Prohibited in Seismic Zones 2 and 3, See Sec 17.26 No Limit Notapplicable For Seismic Zones see Sec 2.54, tem : A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing vif lade. Resistance 6 lateral loads ts provided by sr walls or braced frames133 134 135 Chapter1 General Design Requirements Saseme met Pete ete ed nee ie eee ae cena ee aa Q || Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF) ii) Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames (IMRP) il) Ordinary Moment Resisting Prames (OMRF) ‘The framing system, IMRF and SMRF shall have special detailings to provide ductile behaviour conforming to the provisions of Sec 83 and 10.57 for concrete and steel structures respectively. OMRE ‘need not conform fo the ductility requirements of Chapter 8 or 10. 4d) Dual System: A structural system having a combination of the following framing systems 5) Moment resisting frames (SMIRE, IMF or sts! OMI, and 3} Shenaisor brs rms , The two systems specified in d()) and d(i) above shall be designed to resist the total lateral force in Propertion to thei relative rigities considering the ineraction of the dual system at all evel ever, the moment resisting frames shall be capable of resisting at least 25% of the applicable total seismic lateral force, even when wind or any other lateral force governs the design. ©) Special Structural System : A structural system not defined above nor listed in Table 6.1.2 and specially jgned to carry the lateral loads, such as tube-in-tube, bundled tube, etc 1) Non-building Structural System: A structural system used for purposes other than in buildings and conforming Sec 1548, 1549,2464and 259. et = Combination of Stractaral Systema ‘When structural systems of Sec 3? above are combined for incorporation into the same structure, desi of the combined system shall conform to the provisions of Sec 2.5.6.6. e ‘Structural Configurations Based onthe structural configuration, each structure shall be designated as regular, or iregular structure 13.41 Regular Structures: Regular structures have no significant physical discontinuities in plan or ‘vertical configuration or in their lateral force resisting systems such as the irregular features described in Sec 1.342 below. 134.2 Irregular Structures: [rregular structures have significant physical discontinuities in configuration ‘rin their Intoral foree resisting systems. rregular structures have either vertical imregularty or plan Stregulanty or both in their structural configurations, 2) Vertical Irregular: Structures having one ormore ofthe iegular features sted in Table 61.3 shall ) Redesign as having a verde reply Bxception Where no storey drift ratio under design lateral force is greater than 1.3 times the storey drift ratio of the storey above, the stricture may be deemed not to have regularities of Type or lin Table 61:3. For this case the storey rifts may be calculated neglecting torsional offect and tho storey drift ratio for the top two storeys need not be tansidered ») Plan Iregularity:_ Structures having one or more of the irregular features listed in Table 6.4 shall be Gesignated as having a plan iregulaity. e Structural System Limitations ‘The following limitations shall be imposed on the use of some structaral systems and configurations: 8) Structural Ieegulrt: Structures with verti ieregulrty Type Vas deine in Table 613 shall not be over 3.0 mates in hight where the wenk trey fas atated strength of less than 65% of te storey above Howe or arate whevea weak trey capable of renting fal vet force of ‘SPER times the design force prescribed in Sec? 5.6, te above imitation shall not be applied. Structures having irregular features described in Table 6.1.3 or 6.14 shall be designed in compliance with the addtional requirements of thesecions referenced in these Tables, = = ©) Spas em rac en es in) hl i eed ye Se ee ee een ie Hees bo Pe aa lee Nee ee con ae are: Bangladesh National Building Code 67Part 6 Structural Design 4 14a 142 Table 6.3 ‘Vertical regularities of Structures Verte tregatartiy Reference’ Type Definition Section ifiness Tregulantty Sol Storey] ‘Assoft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 per cent of that in | 2.55.1 the storey above or less than 80 per cent of the average stifiness of the three storeys above. 3 Tregularity MES foul al be considered to exit where the fective mae of any] 285 storey is more than 150 per cent of the effective mass of an adjacent storey. ‘oof which is lighter than the floor below need not be considered. fertcal Geometric Inegularity = Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where horizontal | 255.1 dimension of the lateral force-resisting system in any storey is more than 130 per ‘ent ofthat in an adjacent storey, one-siorey perthouses need not be considered in Verical Lateral Foree Resisting Flement ‘An ineplane offset of Re ater lond-resistng elements greater than the length of | 155 thovedements iscontinulty ia Capaciiy WEAK Storey) ‘A weak storey is one in which the storey strength is less than 80 percent ofthat | 15. in'the storey above. The storey strength Is the total strength of all seismic-| 13. Tesiting elements sharing the storey shea forthe direction under consideration. Beebe 135 (0) Table 6.1.4 Plan Irregularities of Structures Tan Inegularity Pe Definition : FTorstonal Tregularity (io be considered when diaphragms are not Teaibley= | Torsional iregslarty shall be considered to exist when the maximum storey | 2 dit, computed including accidental torsion, at one end. of the structure | 1 lransverse to an axis is more than 12 times the average of the storey drifts of | 1 the two ends ofthe structure T[ Reentrant Corners Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral force-resisting system contain} 17.294) reentrant corners, where both projections of the structure beyond a reentrant Comer are greater than 15 per cent ofthe plan dimension ofthe structure in the ven direction. THT] Diaphragm Discontinal Dindhragne with abrupt discontinuities or variations in siffness, including | 1.729(8) those having cutout or open areas greater than 50 per cent ofthe gross enclos area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than Soper cent from one storey tothe nex TV] Out-ot plane Offsets = TSS Discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-ofplane offsets ofthe vertical |” 17.2.9 (d) elements ‘V—[Nonparallel Systeme = ‘The vertical lateral load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric | 15.4.2 about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral force-resisting system. See Sec 135 DESIGN FOR GRAVITY LOADS General Design of buildings ane components thercof fr gravity loads shall conform to the requirements of this section. Gravity loads, such a8 dead load and live Toads applied atthe floors or roof of ¢ building shall be dltermined in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 2 labs and decks shall be designed for the full dead and live loads as specified in Sec 2.2 and 2.3, respectively. Floor supporting elements such as beams, joists, columns ete. shall be designed for the full dead load and the appropriately reduced live loads set forth by the provisions of Sec 2.3. Design of floor ‘elements shall also conform to te following provisions :143 144 145 146 147 Chapter 1 General Design Requirements 8) Uniformly Distributed Loads Where uniform floor loads are involved, consideration may be limited to Full end load onal spans in combination with ful ive load on adjacent spans and on alternate spans to determine the most anfavonnoble effect of stresses inthe memine concerned ) Concentrated Loads: Provision shall be made in designing floors for a concentrated load as set forth in See 2532 applied at a location wherever this load acting upon an othervise unloaded Noor would produce strestes greater than those caused by the uniform fond required therefor. ©) Partition Loads : Loads due to permanent partitions shall be treated as a dead load applied over the floor a8 a uniform line load having an intensity equal to the weight per metre run of the partitions. Loads for light movable partitions shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Sec 2.33.3, d) Design of Members : Floor members, such as slabs or decks, beams, joists etc. shall be designed to sustain the worst effect of the dead plus live loads or any other load combinations as specified in Sec 2.7. Where floors are used as dlaphragms to transmit lateral loads between various resisting tlements, those loads shall be determined following the provisions of Sec 17.29. Detailed design of the Boor elements shall be performed using the procedures provided in Chapters through 12 for various construction materials. Roof Desi ‘Roofs and their supporting elements shall be designed to sustain, within their allowable stresses or specified strength limits, all dead loads and live loads as set out by the provisions of Sec 22 and 2.3 respectively Design of roof members shal also conform to the following requirements = 2) Apple of Land: When sly ded onde ve ener oh ig of ote Slee etree ee eee en eee ee rane Se eee a es A Sa ae ree ae ee See ee era Peis eae ane a na case Eos b) Unbalanced Loading : Effects due to unbalanced loads shall be considered in the design of roof members and connections where such loading will result in more critical stresses, Trusses and arches shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by uniform live loads on one half of the span if such loading results in reverse stresses, or stresses greater in any portion than the stresses produced by this unit live load when applied upon the entire span. ©) Rain Loads: Roofs, where ponding of rain water is anticipated due to blockage of roof drains, excessive detection or insufficient slopes, shal be designed to support such loads: Loads on roots due to Fan ‘shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Sec 2.53. In addition to the dead load of the oof, ether the roof live load or the rain load, whichever is of higher intensity, shall be considered in design Reduction of Live Loads ‘The design live loads specified in Sec 2.3, may be reduced to appropriate values as permitted by the provisions of Sec2.3.9. Posting of Live Loads In every building, of which the floors or parts thereof have a design live load of 35 N/m or more, and sthich ace used brary sack rom fle roomy parking garage, machin or, plan room, or wae ee industrial oF storage purposes, the owner of the building shall ensure thatthe lve loads for which such Space has been sesighed are poset on durable metal fates as shown in Tig 6:1, securely affeed ina Conspicuous place in each space to which they relate If such plates are lost, emoved, or defaced, the owner Shall be responsible to have ther replaced, Restrictions on Loadin ‘The building owner shafl ensure that the live load for which a floor or roofis or has been designed, will not be exceeded during its use. Special Considerations Inte absence of actual ead and tive lod data, the minimum values of thee loads shall be those specified in ee 22 and 29 Tn addition spec consideration sal be given tothe ollowing apps offoding and lssifwancs shal fe made indesign foccurence of such onding 1 antpate aer constrain of nuding 8) Increase in Dead Load: Actual thickness ofthe conerete slabs or other members may become larger than the designed thickness due to movements or deflections ofthe formwork during construction, ') Future Installations: Changes in the numbers, types and positions of partitions and other installations ‘may increase actual load O& the oor ofa buildaage . Bangladesh National Building Code 6Part 6 Structural Design 148 15 45a 152 133 ‘Metal pate ‘Top of floor Notes: (1) Minimum dimension of metal sign plate shall be 0.25 m (2) Minimum siz of leering shall be 25 mm {G) Minimum distance ofthe botiom of plate from the top of floor shall be 1.5 m (8) Loterings shall be of metal embossed or cast on a metal plate (3) Plate shall be securely affixed in a conspicuous place in each space to which it relates. Fig 6.1.1 Sample Live Load Sign ©) Occupancy Changes: Increase in live loads due to changes of occupancy involving loads heavier than > ar Bang designed tor amen nc aeaes Deflection and Camber ‘The deflection and camber requirements shall be those specified in the relevant sections of Chapters 4 through 12 for structural design using various materials. DESIGN FOR LATERAL LOADS General Every building, structure or portions thereof shal be designed to resist the lateral load effects, such as those due to wind of earthquake fares, in compliance with the fequitements prescribed inthis section. Anupama tel Sosa a ee creer ae eae ena ania fat Nera ae eat ae eee a ener ee a eee Seine areca zs Design for Wind Load Design of buildings and their components to resist wind induced forces shall comply with the following. requirements: 153.1 Direction of Wind : Structural design for wind forces shall be based on the assumption that wind may blow from any horizontal direction. 1532 Design Considerations : Design wind load on the primary framing systems and components of a building or structure shall be determined on the basis of the procedures provided in Sec 24 considering the basic wind speed, shape and size of the building, and the terrain exposure condition of the site. For slender buildings and structures, dynamic response characteristics, such as fundamental natural frequency, shall be determined for cleulatng the gust regponse coefficient, Loa ete, such a forces, moments, deflections etc. on various components of the building due to wind shall be determined from a static analysis of the Structure as specified in Sec 12.6.1 1.533 Shielding Effect: Reductions in wind pressure on buildings and structures due to apparent direct shielding effects of the up wind obstructions, such as man made constructions or natural terrain features, Shall not be permitted 1.53.4 Dynamic Effects : Dynamic wind forces such as that from along-wind vibrations caused by the dynamic wind-structure interaction effects, as set forth by the provisions of Sec 2.4.6.6, shall be considered ei0154 Chapter 1 General Design Requirements ass Use are sae Sa Se ete a hd ee ea es et ee ance eee eet ea temrree eet Se aa La es cg a an een a et ae ee ee eee Se eee ee 1538, _Wind Tunnel Test: Properly cndcted wine tats shal beg those uiling of Structures having unusual ic thapes, response characteristic, or site locations for which cross operas suck as vertex seaing, glloping te, warrant apace coeideration and for which no reliable literature for the determination of such elects is available. This test als recommended for those buildings or structures for which more accurate wind/-Loading information is desired than those given in fis section and in See 24 Tests for the determination of mean and fluctuating components of forces and pressures shal be considered tobe properly conducted only the flowing requirements aresatsned: a) Thenatural wind has been modelled to account forthe variation of wind speed with height, 1b) The intensity of the longitudinal components of turbulence has been taken into consideration in the ‘model, oi e e ©) The geometric sae ofthe structural model isnot more than thee times the geometric scale ofthe Dein eos ef eee S 4) The response characteristics of the wind tunnel instrumentation are consistent with the measurements tobe made, an ©) The Reynolds number is taken into consideration when determining forces and pressures on the situctufal elements su Ep raed ene a See ese cae a a op ie ee oe et oer ame annie eae eed eee eee 1.53.6 Wind Loads During Construction : Buildings, structures and portions thereof under construction, and construction structures such as formwork, taping ete. shall be provided with adequate temporary ‘bracing or other lateral supports to resist the wind load on them during the erection and construction phase. 1.5.3.7 Masonry Construction in High-Wind Regions : Design and construction of masonry structures infigh-wind regions shall conform to the requirements of Sec 49. ee 15.3.8 Height Limits : Unless otherwise specified elsewhere in this Code, no height limits shall be {nposed, in general, on the design and construction of buildings or structures to resist wind induced forces, Design for Earthquake Forces Design of structures and components thereof to resist the effects of earthquake forces shall comply with the requirements of this section. One- and two-family dwellings in Seismic Zone 1 need not conform to the provisions ofthis section. 141 Basic Design Consideration: For the purpose of exrthquake resistant desig, ech strctry sal te placed in one of the seamc zones as given in fig’o28 and assigned with a struciue importance catogory ts detforth in Sec 123. The ssiomlc force on strctutes shall be determined considering sisi coring, st fol characlrig sructral apts and configrations ight and dynamic proper of he since as Provided in Sec 25, The structural system and contiguraton types fora building ors structare shal be Sctermined in acordance withthe provisions of Sc £3. Other seismic design requirements shal be those speaied in his section 1542 Requirements for Directional Effects : For the purpose of these provisions, the seismic forces on any building or structure shall be assumed to act non-coneurrently in the direction of each principal axis of the building or structure. The structural design shall also conform to the following requirements: 8) In Seismic Zones 2 and 3, provision shall be made for the effects of seismic forces acting in directions ‘other than the principal axes under each ofthe following circumstances: i) Thestructure has plan irregularity Type V as given in Table 6.1.4. i) Thestructure has plan irregularity Type Ias given in Table 6.14 for both major axes. iii) A column of a structure forms part of two or more intersecting lateral force resisting systems ‘except ifthe axial load in the cofurnn due to seismic forces acting in either direction is less than 20 per cent ofthe allowable column axial load. : Bangladesh National Building Code ouPart 6 Structural Design. 155 b) The requirement that orthogonal effects be considered may be satisfied by designing such elements for 400 pet cent ofthe prescribed seismic forces in one direction plus 0 per cent ofthe Brescrived forces in the perpendicular dieston. The combination requiring the greater component strength shall be sed for design. Alternatively, the effects of the two orthogonal directions may be combined on a square- root-of-the-sum-oF the-squares (SRSS) basis. When the SRSS method of combining directional effects is ‘Used, each term computed shall be assigned with the sign that will result in the most conservative result. ‘Also when amplified earthquake load, F’ ig used in the load combinations stipulated in Sec 2.752 for design of steel Structures using LED method, orthogonal effects need not be considered. 1543 Structural Configuration Requirements : Structures shall be designated as being regular or irregular based on thelr structural configurations defined in Sec 1.34. For structures in Seismic Zone 1 and for those in Seismic Zone 2 with Structure Importance Categories 1V and_V, only cases with vertical irregularity Type V (Table 6.1.3) and plan irregularity Type 1 (Table 6.1.4) need to be evaluated for seismic resistant design. All other structures having irregularities listed ip fables 62:3 and 6.1.4 shal be designed to meet the addtional requirements of the Code sections referred to in those tables. 15.44 Methods of Analysis ; Earthquake forces and their effects on various structural elements shall be determined by either static analysis metiod ofa dynamic analysis method whichever applicable ‘based on the imitations set forth in Sec 25.5.1 and conforming to Sec 1545 _ Minimum Design Seiemic Force: The minimum design seismic fores shall be those determined in accordance with the Sec 2.56 except as modified by Sec 257.2(c) when dynamic response method of analysis is used. 154.6 Distribution of Seismic Forces : The total lateral seismic forces and moments shall be distributed. among various resting eleztents at any level and along the vertical direction of « building or structure in lance with the provisions of Sec 25.6 unless otherwise determined by dynamic analysis or modified oe Pr ‘by dyn alysi by 1547, Vertical Components of Seismic Fores: The effects ofthe vertical eompanent of the seismic {ground motion on structural components shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions: 8) Requirements for Seismic Zone 3: In Seismic Zone 3, effects of vertical ground motion on horizontal cantilevers and prestressed concrete elements shall be considered as follows: ) Horizontal cantilevers shall be designed for an upward seismic force of 0.200". ii) In addition to all other 1oad_ combinations, horizontal prestressed concrete elements shall be designed using a mascmium of 30% of dead load as gravity load. slone or in combination th oer lateral load effets. zal b) Dynamic Analysis : The vertical seismic response of structures or structural elements may also be determined using the dynamic response methods provided in Sec 2.5.7 based on the vertical components of ground motion as speeified in 2.57.1(d}. However, the response used in design shall ‘not be less than that obtained by the static procedure specified in (a) above. 415.48 Height Limits: Limits shall be placed on the heights of Various structural systems in Seismic Zone 3.as set forth in Table 6.1.2 with the exceptions given below. Other requirements on height limits shall be those provided in Sec 2.5.6.6. Exception Regular structures may exceed the height limits specified in Table 6.1.2 by not more than 80 percent nde the following ceomaitions 43) Uncecupied structures which are not accesible to the general public 1) Other structures when technical data is submited in aecordance with Sec 13.5). 154.9 Non-building Structures : Seismic lateral force on non-building structures shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Sec 25.9. Other design requirements shall be those provided in this chapter. Bray, sroture fall bet devigood the fects caused by wind oF carthg very structure lesigned to resist the overturning elfects caused by wind or earthquake forces specified in Se 2 and 25 respectively. The oveuming ‘omen’ My at any storey levelx ofa building hall be determined as ein156 Chapter 1 General Design Requirements Met (beotee dr] he) asap where, iy Iehy = Height in metres at level-i,-x or -m respectively. FE Lateral force applied at level =1 lon FR Concentrated lateral force applied at level-n in addition to Fy applicable for earthquake only as defined in Sec 2.5.6. For all other lateral load cases, F, = 0. At any level, the increment of overtuming moment shall be dstibuted tothe various resisting elements in the Sve inanner ao the dtrbution of forisonal shear prescibed in See 256.4 Overturns elects on fey leer sal be cased dwn to the foundation fee A, the following reqiemers shall Be failed 8) Redistribution of overturning effects may be made to other vertical members if framing members of sufficient strength and stiffness are provided to transmit the required loads, 3) InSismic Zanes 2a whee ater fore eating element is icotingus uch a fo vert! arty Type IV in Table 61.3 or for plan seregulaly Type IVin Table 6-4, columns seperti Suck clement when designed using strength design method hall have the strength to reat the aia ice sulin om he lowing ke combination, (and (i) n aaton al her apple fod combinations specified in Sec? 10+ 081 + 0375R)E 085 D# (0375 R)E ‘When working stress design method is used, strength of such columns may be determined by using an Mlowable stress increase of 70% 2 cs ey ae In addition, the design shall conform to the following provisions: 4) Theaxial forces in such columns need not exceed the designed capacity of other elements of the structure transferring these loads to the column. i) For construction in Seismic Zones ? and 3, such columns shall meet the detailing requirements ‘gr member limitations given in Sec 83 and 105.17 for reinforced concrete and stuel respectively. Such columns shall also meet the requirements of Sec 1.8.4 for overturning moments to be resisted at the foundation soil interface. ©) At foundation level, the base overtuming moment for the entire structure or for any one of its lateral load-resisting elements, shall not exceed two-thirds of the dead load resisting moment. The weight of the earth superimposed over footings may be used to calculate the dead load resisting moment. Drift and Building Separation 15.61 Storey Drift Limitation : Storey drifts the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below due to the design lateral forces, Except otherwise permitted in Sec 1.3.4.2(a) caleulated storey drift shall include both translational and torsional Geflections and conform to the following requirements: 8) Storey drift, A, shall be limited as follows: ) A < 00th/R < 0.005% for T < 07 second. i) 45 OO3K/R < O004K for T 2 07 second. ai) 4S 0.0025» {or unteinforced masonry structures, ‘where, h = height of the building or structure. ‘The period T used in this calculation shall be the same as that used for determining the base shear in Se: 25.6, The limits involving in i) and (i) above shal be applicable only when earthquake forces are present b) The drift limits set out in (a) above may be exceeded where it can be demonstrated that greater drift can be tolerated by both structural and nonstructural elements without affecting life safety 1.5462 Building Separation: All components of a structure shall be designed and constructed to act as an integral unit unis ftey are separated ructuraly by sdstanee suffer wo avold contac under the most Lav ourable coneitnn oF deflections due to lateral loads For seam loads, the separation shall be at lest 1375 times the maximum drift due to design seemic forces Bangladesh National Building Code 613Part 6 Structural Design 187 158 16 161 162 163 164 uw wa 172 P-Delta Effects ‘The resulting member forces and moments and the storey drifts induced by P-Delta effects need not be ‘considered when the ratio of secondary moment fo primary moment remains within 0.10. The ratio may be ‘evaluated for any storey as the product of the total'dead and live loads above the storey and the lateral ‘drift in that storey divided by the product ofthe storey shear in that storey and the height of that storey. In Seismie Zone 3, P-Delta effects need not be considered where the storey drift ratio does not exceed 0.02/R Uplitt Effects iplift effects caused due to lateral loads shall be considered in design. When allowable (working) stress method is used for design, dead loads used to reduce uplift shall be multiplied by a factor of 0.85. DESIGN FOR MISCELLANEOUS LOADS General Buildings, structures and components thereof, when subject to loads other than dead, live, wind and earthquake loads, shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of this section. Miscellaneous loads, Such as those due to temperature, rain, flood and surge etc. on buildings or structures, shall be determined in accordance with Sec 2.6, Structural, members subject to miscellaneous loads, not specified in Sec 26 shall be designed using well established methods given in any reliable references, and complying with the other requirements of this Code. Self-Straining Forces Self straining forces such as those arising due to assumed differential settlements of foundations and from restrained dimensional changes due to temperature, moisture, shrinkage, creep, and similar effects, shall be taken into consideration inthe design of structural members. ‘Stress Reversal and Fatigue Structural members and joints shall be investigated and designed against possible stress reversals caused due to various construction loads. Where required, allowance shall be made in the design to account for the tiles of fatigue. The allowable stress may be appropriately reduced to account for such effects i the Structtral members. Flood and Surge Resistant Design Burling stratues an components here shale esgned contacted and anchored to resist tation, Gellape any permanent movernenl de to loud ineuing sd o surge sacar members sll be ‘signed to reset both hydrostatic and significant hydrodynamic loads an effects of buoyancy resull {fort Hood’ or surge Flot ard surge loads on buildings ah structures shal be determined in accordance with See'2.64, Léad combination including flood and surge loads shall conform to Sec 2.7. Design of undations to sustain these load effects shal conform tothe provisions of Sec 18. stabil and sliding caused due to wind and flood or surge loads simultaneously shall Ee uwesated ard toch ellcc all rested witha’ manvinum factor of seely of 1.5, considering dead Toad only DETAILED DESIGN REQUIREMENTS General All structural framing systems shall comply with the requirements of this section. Only the elements of the designated lateral force resisting systems can be used to resist design lateral forces specified in Chapter 2 ‘The individual components shall be designed to resist the prescribed forces acting on them. Design of components shall abo comply with the specific requirements fr the materials "contained in Chapters 4 through 12. In addition, such framing systems and components shall comply with the design requirements provided in this section, Structural Framing Systems ‘The basic structural systems are defined in Sec 132 and shown in Table 6.12, and each type is subdivided by the types of framing elements used to resist the lateral forces. Special framing requirements are given in the following sections in addition fo those provided in Chapters 4 through 12. sa msl slices Ua colic ecard oy Saco cnn Ere Viren epee ee eer aioe ct pen 1.72.2 Connections to Resist Seismic Forces : Connections which resist prescribed seismic forces shall be designed in accordance with the seismic design requirements provided in Chapters 4 through 12. Detailed sketches for these connections shall be given in the structural drawings. 1.7.23 Deformation Compatibility : All framing clements not required by design to be part of the lateral force resisting system, shall be investigated and shown to be adequate for vertical load carrying capacity when displaced 0.375 tines the displacements resulting from the sisi Iateral forts For designs wing working stress methods, this capacity may be determined using an allowable stress increase of 70 per cent. P-Delta effects on such elements shall be accounted for. oaChapter 1 General Design Requirements Ee ee eee ee ee see ey ae ee pe Pee ee mee ene Se Pe eae rae or eee eee Sat erat caren b) Exterior Elements : Exterior nonbearing, non-shearwall panels or elements which ate attached to or enclose the exterior ofa structure, shall be designed to resist the forces according to Eq (25.10) of ‘Chapter 2 if seismic forces are present, and shall accommodate movements of the structure resulting from lateral forces or temperature changes, Such elements shall be supported by structural members oF bby mechanical connections and fasteners joining them to structural members in accordance with the following provisions: 4) Connections and panel oints shall allow for a relative movement between storeys of not less than two times the storey drift caused by wind forces, 0.375R times the storey drift caused by design seismic forces, or 12 mm, whichever is greater. i) Connections to permit movement in the plane of the panel for storey drift shall be either slidin ‘connections using slotted or oversized holes, connections which permit movement by bending 0} ‘steel, or other connections providing equivalent sliding and ductility capacity. iit) Bodies of connections shall have sufficient ductility and rotation capability to preclude any fracture of the anchoring elements or britle failures at or neat weldings |v) Bodies of the connection shall be designed for 1.33 times the seismic force determined by q (25.10) of Chapter 2, or equivalent. ¥) All fasteners in the connection system, such as bolts inserts, welds, dowels etc. shall be designed for 4 times the forees determined by Eq (25.10) of Chapter 2, or equivalent vi) Fasteners embedded in concrete shall be attached to, or hooked around reinforcing steel, or “otherwise terminated so as to transfer forces tothe reinforcing steel effectively. 17.24 Ties and Continuity a)” All parts ofa structure shall be interconnected. These connections shall be capable of transmitting the rescribed lateral force fo the lateral force resisting system. As a minimum, any smaller portions of = uilding or structure shall be lied to the remainder of the building. or the structure with elements having the strength fo transfer at least Z/3 times the weight of the smaller portion. ©) A postiveconnection for reiting a horizontal force acting parallel tothe member shal be provided for each beam, girder, o¢ truss. This force shall be not less than 2/5 times the sum of the dead and live load tributary to the member. 5 Collector Elements; Coleco elements shall be provided which are capable of transfering the al forces originating in other portions of the structure to the element providing the resistance to those forces. 6 Concrete Frames : When concrete frames are provided by design to be part of the lateral force ting system, they shall conform to the following provisions: a) In Seismic Zone 3 these frames shall be designed as special moment resisting. frames (SMRF). b) In Seismic Zone 2 they shall, as a minimum, be intermediate moment resisting frames (IMRF). 172.7 Anchorage of Concrete and Masonry Walls: Concrete and masonry walls shal be anchored t all floors and roofs which provide lateral support forthe wall, The anchorage shall provide a positive direct Connection between the wall and floor of roof and shall be ‘capable of resisting the horizontal forces Specified in Sec 25.8, ora minimum force of 30 KN per linear mete of wal, whichever is greater. Walls shal be designed to resist bending between anchors where the anchor spacing, exceeds 12 me In masonry walls of hollow units or cavity walls, anchors shall be embedded ina reinforced prouted structural element of the wal, Deformations of Ie or ad rot alaphragie shal be conidered n the denn of the supports Walls and the anchorage forces inthe aiaphragns shall be determined in accordance with Sec 17.29 below. 1728 Boundary Members: Specially detailed boundary members shall be considered for shearwells and Shearwall elements whenever their design is govemed by Hecate 1.729 Floor and Roof Diaphragms = Deflection in the plane of the diaphragm shall not exceed the permissible deflection of the attached elements. Permissible deflection shall be that deflection which wil permit the attached element to maintain is structural integeity under the individual loading and continue to EGpport the prescribed loads. Design of diaphragms shall also comply with the following requirements 2) Diaphragm Forces: Diaphragms shall be designed to resist the seismic forces given in Sec25.83 or for ar tee acbanis meal hea wanever peter z Bangladesh National Building Code 615Part 6 Structural Design. 18 11 132 b) Diaphragm Ties : Diaphragms supporting concrete or masonry walls shall have continuous ties, or struts between the diaphragm chords to distribute the anchorage forces specified in Sec 1.7.27 above. ‘Added chords may be provided to form sub-diaphragms to transmit the anchorage forces to the main cross ties. ©) Wood Diaphragins : Where wood diaphragms are used to laterally support concrete or masonry walls, {he anchorage shall conform to Sec 1727 above: In seismic Zones and 3 the following requirements shall also apply: 4) Anchorage shall not be accomplished by use of toe nails or nails subject to withdrawal, nor shall ‘wood ledgers or framing be used in croas-grain bending or cross-grain tension. 83) The continuous ties required by paragraph (b) above, shall be in addition to the eating. ) Structures in Seismic Zone 3 4) For structures in Selsmic Zone 3 having a plan irregularity of Types 1, Il, I or IV_in Table 6.1.4 connections of diaphragms to the vertical elements and to collector elements and ‘connections of collector elements to the vertical elements shall be designed without any increase inallowable stresses for elements resisting the lateral. Forces. iaphragm, i) For structures having a plan irregularity of Type Il in Table 6.1.4, diaphragm chords and Collectors ahs be designed consicering independent mavement of any projecting wings of the fracture, Each of these dlsphragm elements shall be deaigned forth ore severe ofthe lowing case 1) Motion of the projecting wings inthe same direction. )) Men ce abr a eet loge reine eect 1.72.10 Framing Below the Base : When structural framings continue below the base, the following requirements shall be satisfied. 8) Framing between the Base and the Foundation: The strength and stiffness of the framing between the base and the foundation shall not be less than that of the superstructure . The special detailing requirements of Se: 83 of 104, as appropriate for reinforced concrete or steel, shall apply 19 columuis supporting discontinuous lateral force resisting elements and to SMRF, IMRF, and EBF system elements below the base which are required to transmit the forces resulting from lateral loads to the foundation. | ei soe arco ec se ae Pa ves ee een cnn ee ee ea renee ene Peer aes Se cor ee apace 2 eee see FOUNDATION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ign and construction of foundation, foundation components and connection between the foundation and superstructure shall conform to the requirements offs secon and applicable provisions of Chapter 3 8nd other portions of this Code Soll Capacities ‘The bearing capacity ofthe sil, or the capacity ofthe oil-foundation system including footing, pile, pier or Caisson and hes shall be cent 1 suport the arate with ‘li proscbod Mis, caer the Settlement of the atracture- For piles, this reers to pile capacity as determined by pilesoll friction and bearing which may be determined in cordance with the provisions of Chapter 3. For the load combination including cathquak, the so capacity shal emul to rei loads af acceptable sain considering both the Short time loading and the dynamic properties ofthe sol, Te stress and settlement of soll unde {applied loads shal be determined based on estabahed methods of Sal Mechanics. Saperstructure-o-Foundation Connection ‘The connection of superstructure elements to the foundation shall be adequate to transmit tothe foundation the forces for which te elements are requied tobe designed. oe184 185 186 19 191 Chapter 1 General Design Requirements Foundation-Soil Interface For regular buildings, the lateral force F, considered for earthquake, may be omitted when determining the overturning moment developed at the foundation-soil interface. The base overturning moments for the entire structure or for any one ofits lateral force-resisting elements, shall not exceed two-thirds of the dead Toad resisting moment. The weight of the earth superimposed over footings may be used to calculate the dead load resisting moment. Special Requirements for Footings, Piles and Caissons in Seismic Zones? and 3 A831" ‘Piles and Caisson “Piles and caisons shall be designed for flexure whenever the top of such members is aatcpated to be laterally displaced by earthqiake motions The ctrl and detaling requitements of See 8.3 for concrete and Sec 10517 for see shall apply fora length of such members eal {o Lat pr cent ofthe flexral length Sout nt soa eee een ‘ara her teal Bovernents vary rtogonal diesen.” = )Thestrut tes or other equivalent means as specified in (a) above, shall be capable of resisting in tension or compression a Yores mot less than 10% of the larger footing or column load unless it can be demonstrated that equivalent restraint can be provided by fictional and passive soll resistance or By other established means Retaining Wall Design Retaining walls shall be designed to resist the lateral pressure of the retained matertal, under drained or ‘undrained conditions and including surcharge, in accordance with established engineering practice. For Such wal the minimam factor of salty against base overturning and siding due to applied earth pressure shall be 1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REVIEW Every building of structure designed shall have its design documents prepared in accordance with the provisions of Sec 1.9.1, The minimum requirements for design review and construction observation shall be Those set forth under Sec 19.2 and 19.3 respectively. Design Document The design documents shal be prepared and signed by the engineer responsible for the structural design of any building or stracture intended for construction. the design documents shall include a design report, and a set of structural drawings, which shall be prepared in compliance with Sec 19.11 and 19.12 below for Submittal to the concemed authority. For the purpose of this provision, the concerned authority shall be either persons from the government approval agency forthe construction, or the owner of the Bulling or the structure, oroneof his representatives 4.9.4.1 Design Report: The design report shall contain the description of the structural design with basic design inforttation as provided below, s0 that any other structural design engineer will be able to ‘dependently very ti design parameters a the mernber sizes using these Basic information. The design report shall include, but not Be limited to, the following 8) Name and governing edition of this Code and other referenced standards, and the specific portions, stating chapter, section, clause etc. of these Code and standards including any specialist report used for the structural design, b) Methods used for the calculation of all applied loads slong with basic load coefficients and other basic information including any assumption of judgement made under special circumstances. 9) A drawing of the complete mathematical model prepared in accordance with Sec 1.26.1(a) to represent the structure and showing on it the values, locations and directions ofall applied loads, and location of the lateral load resisting systems such as shearwalls, braced frames et. dd) Methods of structural analysis, and results ofthe analysis such as shear, moment, axial force ete, used for proportioning various structural members and joints including fosindation members. ©) Methods of structural design including types and strength ofthe materials of construction used for proportioning the structural members. ©” e 8) Reference of the soil report or any other documents used in the design of the structure, foundation or ‘components thereof. 8). Statement supporting the validity of the above design documents with date and signature of the engineer responsible for the structural design. Bangladesh National Building Code oarPart 6 Structural Design 1h) When computer programs are used, to any extent, to aid in the analysis or design of the structure, the following items, in addition to items (a) through (g) above, shall be required to be included in the design report: §) A sketch of the mathematical model used to represent the structure inthe computer generated analysis. Sg gta eta Peg er cali ese ee ee ee eae )) A program description containing the information necessary to verify the input data and Sabie the veal to determina tasstare snd exit the soya orl bo ence Whether te computations comply with the provisions ofthis Code Jv) The fist sheet of ech computer run shall be signed by the engineer esponsiblefor the structural lesign. 191.2 Structural Drawings The strctural ravengs shall include, but not be limite to, the following a) The frst drawing shedt shall contain: (i) identfication of the project to which the building or the structure, of portion threo! belongs (8) reference tothe design sepor specified sn Sec 1.911 above, @) date of completion of design, and (identification and signature with date of the engineer responsible forthestrudur b) Drawing sheets, other than the frst, shall include structural details of the elements of the structure clearly showing all sizes, cross-sections and relative locations, connections, reinforcements, laps, stiffeners, welding types, lengths and locations ete. whichever is applicable for a particular construction. Floor levels, column centres and offset ete, shall be dimensioned. Camber of trusses and beams, if required, shall be shown on drawings. For bolt conniected members, connection types such as slip, «ritical, tension or bearing type, shall be indicated on the drawing. «) Drawings shall be prepared toa scale large enough to show the information clearly and the scales shall bemarked on the drawing shects Each drawing sheet shall be provided withthe design specifications Including material types snd strength, clear cover and development lengths of reinforcement, o any other design parameter relevant tothe member or connection detalls provided in that craving sheet Each drawing sheet shal also contain the signature with date of the engineer responsible for the structural design. 1.92 Design Review ‘The design documents specified in Sec 19.1 shall be available for review when required by the concerned uthorty: Review shall Be accomplished by an independent structural engineer qualified for this task and appointed by the concerned authority. Design review shall be performed through independent calculations, ibafed on the information provided inthe design documents prepared and signed by the original structural des eer, 10 verify the design parameters including applied loads, methods of analysis and design, Sind final design dimenaiona ond other details ofthe structural elements, The reviewing engineer shall feo heck the suffcency and appropriateness ofthe suppited structural drawings for conatttction. 199 Genstraction observation shall be performed by a responsibil ho wil be fessional Construction observation # a responsible person who willbe a competent professional Sepeined bythe owner ofthe bung or he structure Conructon observation shal cade but nol Be ited othe following : a) Specification of an appropriate testing and inspection schedule prepared and signed with date by the responsible person; 1) Review of testing and inspection reports; and ) Regula site vist to verify the general compliance ofthe construction work withthe structural drawings 9 and specications provided Sec 191.20) above. esCHAPTER Loads 24 2aa 22 22a 222 223 INTRODUCTION a tae ee, ase ce cee ore ae cere ean an pest Rp eee a ee eee eS imitations Provisions ofthis chapter shall generally be applied to majority of buildings and other structures subject to Formally copected ede caslitons’ For Mae beildites fat stroctutes having wrsual geomerical Shapes, tesponce charactertics or ste locations, or for those subject to special loading including’ tomadoes, Special dynamic or hydrodynamic loads et, site-specific or case Specific data or analyts may be required 10 ftermine the design loads on them. In such exses, nd al ether cases for which loads are not speed in this chapter, loading information may be obiained from reliable references or specialist advice may be sought: However, such loads shall be applied in compliance with the provisions of other sections of this Code. DEAD LOADS General ‘he minimam design dead loa for buildings and portion thereof shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this section. In addition, design of the overall structure and its primary load-resisting, systems shall conform to the general design provisions given in Chapter 1 Definition Dead Load isthe vertical load due to the weight of permanent structural and non-structural nts of building sucras wal oor, caings pecetieent parisons tad fixed sevice eqeipmentcte Assessment of Dead Load Dead load for a structural member shall be assessed based on the forces due to i) weight of the member itself, Parté oo Structural DesignPart 6 Structural Design. 224 225 226 227 23 231 232 233 3) wight ofall materia ofcostracion incorporated it the uiling tobe supported permanently by sii) weight of permanent partitions, JB). Welght of ced service equlpenent, nd ")_ het effect of prestressing” Weight of Materials and Constructions In estimating dead loads, the actual weights of materials and constructions shall be used, provided that in the absence of definite information, the weights given in Tables 62.1 and 622 shall be Assumed for the purposes of design. Table 62.1 Unit Weight of Basic Materials |) Soe ee | Seay ee Concrete" stone aggregate (uneeinforcea) | 228° |} Sandstone 26 * brick aggregate (unreinforced) | 204* |) Slate 283 Coppee fea |) Sto m0 Cork, normal 17 | Timber 59110 Song eo 37 | Zine 700 ‘Sis, window deine) as [= ter reinforced concrete, add 0.63 N/m? for each 1% by volume of main reinforcement Weight of Permanent Partitions When partition walls are indicated on the plans, their weight shall be considered as dead load acting as concentrated Tine loads in their actual positions on the floot. The loads due to anticipated partition walls, which are not indicated on the plans, shall be treated as live loads and determined in accordance with Bec 2.3.33. Waldhts of Brad service uibment and othe fala fal aalcs ec os lt Pa el re er ctpeene ey fone at ose es ae ee ee es Segoe (ne Seether Layee eee ‘Additional Loads Inevaluating the final dead loads on a structural member for design purposes, allowances shall be made for additional loads resulting from the () difference between the prescribed and the actual weights of the ‘members and construction materials; (i) inclusion of future installations; (il) changes in occupancy oF use (of buildings; and (iv) inclusion of structural and non-structural members not covered in Sec 2.2. and 2.2.3. LIVELOADS: General ‘The ive loads used forthe structural design of floor, roof and the supporting members shal be the greatest alia loads arng fom the intended te or oceupancy of he bling or om Be sacking of terials 2h the ue of equipment and propping during construction, but shall no be less than the minimum design live loads set out by the provisions ot this section. For the design of structural members for forces including, live loads, requirements ofthe elevant sections of Chapter I shall lao be fulfilled Definition {ive load isthe load superimposed by the use or occupancy ofthe building not including the environmental Toads such as wind load, rain Toad, earthquake load or dead load. Minimum Floor Live Loads ‘The minim floor lve loads shall be the greatest actual imposed loads rewlling from the intended wse or gccupancy of the Hor, and shal not be fee than the unvormly distibated oad patere epcied in Se02557 or the concentrated londs spectied n Se 232 whichever prodvices the mest crbealeiect The Iie loads shall be assume fo act vertkally upon the area projected on & horizoatal plane 60Chapter 2 ‘Loads Table 6.2.2 Weight of Construction Materials Weight per ‘Weight per Material Unit Area ‘Material Unit Area (Nim?) him?) Floor Roof (contd) ‘Asphalt, 25 mm thick 0526 | Tiles Cay tiling, 13 mm thick 0.268 terracotta (French pattern) 0575 Concrete slab (stone aggregate)" —- concrete, 25 mm thick 0327 solid, 100 ram 2360 clay tes 06-09 solid, 150 mm 3.540 Galvanized ste! floor deck (excl topping) | 0.147-0.383 ] Walls and Partitions “Magnesium oxyehioride- Acrylic resin sheet, fat, per mm thickness | 0.012 ‘ormal (Sawdust filler), 25 mm thick 0345} Asbestos cement sheeting heavy duty (mineral filler), 25 mm thick 0527 45 mm thick oon “Terrazzo paving 16 mum thick 04st 6.0mm thick 0.106 Brick masonry work, excl. plaster -~ Roof burt clay, per 100 mm thickness 1910 ‘Acrylic resin shee, comugated ~ ssand-lime, per 100 mm thickness 1.980 ‘3mm thick, standard corrugation 0.083} Concrete (stone agaregate)* — 3mm thick, deep corrgations 0.062 100 mm thick 2.360 ‘Asbestos cement, corrugated sheeting ~~ 150 mm thick 3340 (Goel lap and fastenings) 250 mm thiek 5.900 ‘6 mum thick (standard corrugations) 0.134} Fibreinsulation board, per 10:mm thickness } 0.034 ‘6 mm thick(deep corrugations) 0.158} Fibrous plasterboard, per 10 mm thickness } 0.092 Aluminium, corugated sheeting —- Glass, per 10 mm thickness 0.269 (nel. lap and fastenings) Hardboard, per 10 mm thickness 0561 1.2 men thik 0.088} Panicle ornake board, per 10 mm thickness } 0.075 (58 mm thick 0.028} Plasterboard, per 10 mm thickness 0.082 0.6 mm thick 0.024} Plywood, per 10 mm thickness 0.061 ‘Aluminium sheot(plain) — 12min thick 0.033 | Ceting 0mm thick 0.024 Fibrous plaster, 10 mm thick 0.081 (8 mm thick 0.019} Cement plaster, 13 mm shiek 0287 Bituminous felt(5 ply) and gravel (0431 } Suspended metal ith and plaster 0.480 Slates — (evo faced inet. studing) 47 mm tick 033 915 mm thick 0671 |] Miscellaneous Stoel sheet, lt galvanized — Felt (insulating), pee 10 mm thickness 0.019 1.00 mum thick 0.082} Plaster 80 mm thick 0.067 ‘cement, per 10 mm thickness 0230 0.60 mim thick 0.053 lime, per 10 mm thickness O91 Steel, galvanize std corrugated sheeting ~ PVC shee, per 10 mim thickness 0.133) ‘nel. lap and fastenings) Rubber paving, per 10 mam thickness 0151 1.0 min thick 0.120 |} Terra-cota Hollow Block Masonry ~~ (13 mn thick 0.096 "75 man thick ont (06 mn thick 0077 100 mm thick 0.595 150 mm thik 1388 To EE HOOT eT Va De AT 233: Uniformly Distributed Loads : The uniformly distributed load shall not be less than the values listed in Table 6.2.3, reduced as may be specified in Sec 23.9, applied uniformly over the entire area of the floor, oF any portion thereof to produce the most adverse eects in the member concerned. 3352. Concentrated Loads: Ths concentrated load to be applied non-concurrently with the uniformly distributed load given in Sec 2.33.1, shall not be less than that listed in Table 6.23. Unless otherwise specited in Table 623 or in the folowing paragraph, the concentrated lod shall be appliod over an are of 380 yn x 300 mand shall be located 60 asf price the manimum stress conditions in the Structural In areas where vehicles are used or stored, such as car parking garages, ramps, repair shops ete, provision shall be made for concentrated loads consisting of two or more loads spaced. ly 1.5 m on eentres in Absence of the uniform live loads. Each load shall be 40 per cent of the gross weight of the maximum size Bangladesh National Building Code oz.Part 6 Structural Design ‘ante 62.3 Lire Lene for Varlows Ocopances ToLDRE a.) TaLDNG Saye coop Ueto itn | Oca est ab Bp nemsimentemtiee nee | a0] 8 B [1 ceneratotce oom, banking tat! | 30 | 95” Ha 2 | 2 | atatemeyticten 30] 45, E28 |2 eremisacanconios | soar] E | 3 | 3 comme: nsumarmatinrce | 33] od" Fi wetmom tvigcom.tamrwom | an] ial] SE] 2. | 4 Fierom tingrndsongespee | Go 4s ala |‘ cxaanene S| g_ | s vans alas al ga [tome as] 29] 8 ELE | ree me sols |; catcea, umm tte 30] 43 | Elgg Pt Bato cafse AYE cian TOE ds wate ‘olin LF fl soveshpecemeieg| a | gS) soon sole Web seine so] sf = cape a res [inicnmsia eon Salt HOSE fl) |ceaec amecrtenes Ihe] «s RE is aad) (teeter | al i eke cols 2 bE | ates 33 | ner w20 oc, BEE Jceemmtmm falas 381 | soma: sso" ie|tby)sxenrememneed &| « ele. [Pee 70| ne 39/924] men iatar mo soo Bp[E | Cewammsinnseman | 50] 00 BELL a|«Secetcee mm mn] 0 i alesse es EL]EGs| stemmmrstcnmmmey [ao fas PE] # | Seveeeormting OY 7] BALE G Al ncn, ome me, | 1 atmos | solos” UH eter Cal | Gaesesenpeea abe 2 [PE | eines et | po me, | 69)30 Go |" mentee cies xo|i20 5 Ee | setmneeron 2 al a == i Ea|E] |: Setuomenotnesy so] iis eth aed scat solar aa| ge | oehemane= zone aaa witmatnesscn — | 50 [as | BB] BS | 9 cx muting and rip tor | 25] 16 fGbsesw== [5/5 [29 | eee Hae] Pecan [as fas] |e [omeemniaesrenon | ao]ia lett tine [20/48] | | 2 oeenm arom as|27 walkl toe cea ol ees og | 2 rice, ny lone, sme | 043 iE | EP | mnie iment au 1 With aad cas ao] 2] Be] gg | «mo coi, meme os | 40 Jas 2 Without fined seats so) asp 5 by area, store room, fire | 59 | s, i >Grsarasrsaeey | sol 23] 66) 4 E|* ceetezanencom m [20 | <8 iP EF) | bore cama so] s0 g zg 7 Armories, boiler room and | 75 | 45 4 3 | seit esas Fs hipoetogn rol a8 ‘Note (@) w : Union teen Tod nt be pl tno win ence i, (®) P Asie cone ot nN, at ne 0m 30 rm nlc pein Note low. Except {ned ty how (3) ove mee acd a te eee fer Nos ep of hry tbe ad 0 ©) Uneasunbaeston 22a? for ah mete su Rai bt nots dan 63? (@—SeSe-2332 errata, nome nd opengl se eee (6) dsl ppd oer of 750 750 mn onl pe of ous coc oR234 Chapter 2 ‘Loads vehicle to be accommodated and applied over an area of 750 mm x 750 mm. For the storage of private or jeasure-type vehicles without repair or fuelling, floors shall be investigated in the absence of the niform, ve load, for a minimum concentrated wheel load of 9 kN spaced 1.5 mon centres, applied over an area of 750 mm x 750 mm. The uniform live loads for these cases are provided in Table 6.23. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load producing the greater stresses shall govern. 23.33 Provision for Partition Walls : When partitions, not indicated on the plans, are anticipated to be placed on the oor, thee weight shall be inchded as an additional ive lod acting as concentrated line foads in an arrangement producing the most severe effect on the floor, unless it can be shown that amore favourable arrangement ofthe partitions shall prevail during the future use ofthe floor. In the case of light partitions, wherein the total weight per metre run is not greater than 5 5 KN, a uniform distributed liveload may be applied on the loor in few ofthe concentrated fine loads specified above. Such tiniform live Toad per square metre. shall be atleast 33% of the weight per metre run of the pavilions, vabpectlc)m srestuount Ge LZEN fea 233. different times, the value to be'u ‘concerned. More than One Occupancy ; Where an ars of floor is intend fortwo or more occupancies at from Table 6.2.3 shall be the greatest value for any of the occupancies Minimum Roof Live Loads Roof lve ond shall be assumed to act vertically over the area projected by the roof or any portion oft wy horizontal plane, and shall be determined as specified in te following sections: oa 23.41 Regular Purpose - Flat, Pitched and Curved Roofs: Live loads on regular purpose roofs shall be the greatest applied loads produced during use by movable objects such as planters and people, and those induced during maintenance by workers, equipment and materials but shall not be less than those given in Table 624. Table 624 imum Roof Live Loads Type and Slope of Root Distributed —] Concentrated Load, kNin? Load, KN 1 Flatroof (slope =0) 18 18 I 1, Pitched orsloped roof (0 1.0) 06 09 E ched root dome (ae 3/8 span) V Greenhouse, and agriculture buildings 0s 09 VI Canopies and awnings, except those with cloth | same as given in through IV above oven ee os ‘based on the type and slope ‘Note: (i) Greater af his load and ran Toa a speed in Soc 263 hal bo akon a he desig ive load for ooh “The distributed load shall be applied over the area ofthe root projected upon a horizontal plane and shall not be applied simultaneously with the concentested foad. The concentrated load shall be ‘sstmied to act upon a 300 mim x 300 mm area snd need not be considered for roofs capable of laterally ‘ictibutng the load, es. ceinforcad concrete la. 2342 Special Purpose Roofs : For special purpose roofs, live loads shall be estimated based on the actual weight depending onthe type of use but shal not be ess than tie folowing values a) roofs used for promenade purposes = 30kN/m? ») roofs used for assembly purposes = 50kN/m? ©) roofs used for gardens > 50kN/m? 4) Foofs used for ether special purposes = tobedetermined as per See 23.5 2343. Accessible Roof Supporting Members : Roof trusses or any other primary roof supporting ‘rember Beneath which a full ceing tf not provided, shall be capable of supporting sally, in adcition to ther roof londs, a concentrated loa atthe locations as specified below Bangladesh Nat jonal Building Code 623Part 6 Structural Design 235 236 237 8) Industrial, Storage and Garage Buildings - Any single panel point ofthe lower ‘chord of a roof truss, or any pointof ether primary roof supporting member - 9.0 KN b) Building with Other Occupancies Any single panel point ofthe lower Naor ere ts ere peat eee eeiey ee cionceing eaten SEN Loads Not Specified Ee fonds, nat specified for uses or occupancies in Sec 2.33.1 and 23:32, shall be determined from loads resulting from 2) weight of the probable assembly of persons: 8} weight of he probable accumulation of equipment and furniture, and © Weightof the probable storage of sateriais Partial Loading and Other Loading Arrangements The full intently ofthe appropriately reduced lve lod applied only toa portion of the length or area ofa structure or member shall be considered, if it produces a more unfavourable effect than the same intensity applied over the full length or area of the structure or member. ‘Where uniformly distributed live loads are used! in the design of continuous members and their supports, consideration shall be given to full dead load on all spans in combination with full live loads on adjacent Spans and on alternate Spans whichever produces a more unfavourable effec. Other Live Loads Live loads on miscellaneous structures and components, such as handrails and supporting members, parapets and balustrades, ceilings, skylights and supports, and the like, shall be determined from the analysis ofthe actual losds on therm, but shall not be less than those given in Table 62.5. Table 625 Miscellaneous Live Loads Siractural Meniber or Component Tive Load? Nin) TRS pape ane RPE a) Light access stairs, gangways et My widths0emm 025 a) width> 08m 038 b) Staircases other than in (a) above, ramps balconies ")’ Single dwelling ana private 035 Salfeases in reidental buildings 038 Balconies or portion thereof, stands ee. having 13 fixed seats within 035 m ofthe barier =a Public assembly buildings including theatres, nemas, assembly halle stadiums, mosques, churches, schools et 238 vvi) Buildings and occupancies other than (i) through (iv) above 075 [Vehicle barriers for car parks and rampe 'a) For vehicles having gross mass $2500 kg 1002 b) For vehicles having gross mass > 2500 kg 1652 ©) Forramps of car parks ete mera ‘Note: (1) These loads call be applied non-Concurrenily along horizontal and vertical direction, except as specie in note @) below. @) These loads shall be applied only in the horizontal direction, uniformly distributed over any length of 1.5 m ofa barBer and shal be considered to act at bumper height. For case 2(a) bumper | height may be taken as 375 mm above flor level @)__ Barriers to acess ramps of eat parks shall be designed for horizontal forces equal to 50% of those ‘given in 2() and 20) applied ata level of 610 ma above the ramp. Barriers to straight ext amps Exceeding, 20m in length shall be designed for horizontal forces equal to twice the values given| in 24a) and Impact and Dynamic Loads The ive loads specied in Sec 22.3 shall be assumed to ncude allowances for Smpacts sing from normal uses only. However forces imposed by unusual vibrations and-impocis resulting from the operation o ed ie “ aaitional I Installed machinery and equipment shall be determined separately and treated as iveloads. Live loads due to vibration oF impact shall be determined by dynamic analysis of the supporting member or structure including foundations, or from the recommended values supplied by the manufacture of the oa239 Chapter 2 ‘Loads particular equipment or machinery. In absence of a definite information, values listed in Table 6.26 for some Eommon equipment, shall be used for design purposes. Table 62.6 Minimum Live Loads on Supports and Connections of Equipment due to Impact Fguipmentor Machinery] Addlifonal fond! due fo impact as percentage] ae of static oad including set weight [“Vertear Tortzontal 1. | Lifts, hoists and related operating machinery | 100% z 2. | Light machinery (shaft or motor driven) 20% Fs 3. | Reciprocating machinery, or power driven | 50% uuuts 4. | Hangers supporting floors and balconies 33% . 5. | Cranes 'a)_ Electric overhead cranes 25%of | i) Transverse tothe rail maximum | "20% of the weight of trolley Wheel load | and lifted load only, applied ‘one-half atthe top of each rail Ai) Along the ral: 10% ot maximum wheel load applied atthe top ofeach Fall b) Manually operated cranes SMLofthe | S0tHof the waluesin | values in (a) Gjabove | above <)_Caboperated travelling cranes 25% 6 =—Norapplicable JNote:(2) All these loads shal be increased if so recommended by the manufacturer. For machinery and equipment ‘ot listed, impact loads shall be those recommended by the manufacturers, or determined by dynamic analysis. Reduction of Live Loads Reduction of live load s permitted for primary structural members supporting for ox rot, cluding Beam, girder truss, lt slab, at plate column, per, footing and the ike. Where applicable, he reduced live toad ma primary structural ember shall be obtained by multpving the corresponding urzeduced ‘uniformly distributed live load with an appropriate live load reduction factor, Ras listed in Table 62.7 and set forth in Sec 23.9.1. 23.01 Load Groups : All possible ive lous applied on floors and ran of building due to warigus Cccupancies and uses, shall be divided into three load groups as described below for determining the appropriate live load reduction factors, a) Load Group 1: Uniformly distributed live loads arising from the occupancies and uses of i) assembly occupancies or areas with uniformly distributed live load of 5.0 KN/m? or less, fi) machinery and equipment for which specific live load allowances have been made, (il) special roof live load. as described in Sec 234.2, and (Iv) printing plants, vaults, strong ‘rooms and farmouries, shall be classified under Load Group 1. Reduction of live load shail not be allowed for members or portions thereol under this oad group and a reduction factor, =L.0 shall be applied for ¥) Load Group 2 : Uniformly distributed tive loads resulting from occupancies or uses of (@ assembly areas with uniformly distributed live load greater than 5.0 kKN/m?, and us storage, brcanty data and ral re abl be csfied der Load Group dive fon meio factor, L0‘ 20 030 "Note > ()_Ap = sum ofall uibutary areas with lds from any one load group (se. Load Group 1,2 0r 3) (2)_Linear interpolation may be made to obtain values of R lying between the listed vals (@) Live load reduction factor, R is based on the eations: R=0.6+ 8/4 for Load Group 2 and 25+JTaAy_forload Group 3 2393 Determination of Reduced Live Load : The value of the live load reduction factor, R shall depend ‘on the load group specified in See 2.39.1 and on the tributary area ofthe floor or the roof and combination thereof suppor By a primary sricturel member. The reduced ve lad ona structural member shall be determined using the following steps: 62624 241 242 Chapter 2 Loads 2) Portions ofthe tributary area pertaining to each ofthe three load groups specified in Sec 23.9.1 shall be tdestiied en euthmed up, and'h value of the reduction factor M'shall be obtained from Table 62.7 corresponding to each portion ofthe tbutary area, b) The reduced live loads or load intensities shall then be obtained for each load group by multiplying the unreduced live loads or load intensities by the corresponding reduction factors, and finaly, ©) The total reduced live load on a structural member shall be determined by summing up the reduced live loads from each load group. WIND LOADS General The minimum design wind load on buildings and components thereof, shall be determined based on the velocity of the wind, the shape and size ofthe building and the terrain exposure condition of the site as set forth by the provisions ofthis section. For the overall design of structures, the general design requirements as specified in Chapter 1 shall also be fulfilled. 24.1.1 Scope : Provisions of this section shall apply to the calculation of design wind loads for the primary systems and for the individual structural components and cladding of buildings. The Glesign wind load! shall include the effects of the sustained Wind velocity component and. the fluctuating component cust puss For slender bulidings the design wind lod shal lo include editional loading effects due to wind induced vibrations of the building. 24.1.2 Limitations : Provisions of this section shall include forces due to along. wind response of regular- shaped buildings, caused by the common wind-storms including cyclones, thunder-storms and norwesters. However, the following cases shall remain beyond the scope of these provisions, 2) forces due to cross-wind response of buildings and structures, 1) forees, such as torsion etc. generated due to snsual or unsymmetrical geometry ofthe building, and 2) BBS Soest cee ts opel pea of winds euch es ervedoes . e For calculation of wind loads arising due to the above special cases and for buildings requiring more accurate loading information, reference shall be made to eliable Itrature pertaining to these loads, or Specialist advice shall be sought. Definitions ‘The following definitions shall apply only to the provisions of Sec 2.4 AWNINGS (eg, PORCH COVER): roof like structure, usualy oflimited extent, projecting froma wall of a building. BASIC WIND SPEED, Vp : Fastest-mile wind speed in km/h corresponding to the level of 10 metres above the ground of terrain Exposure-B defined in Sec 2.44 and associated with an annual probability of occurrence of 0.02. HBR R ae onnern ny re sre pert ie Cin pe eset seikeims Sutenace ara aca yp etek AS ane eet ae a nec ea A a re a ae ed system. Examples include curtain walls, exterior glass. windows and panels, roof sheeting, purlins, grits, studs, and roof trusses. CYCLONE: An intense low presure centre accompanied by heavy ran and gale-force winds. It forms over anal pee ee DESIGN WIND PRESSURES, p_: Equivalent static pressure due to wind including gusts to be used in the determination of wind loads for buildings. The pressure shall be assumed to act in a direction normal to the Surface considered and is denoted as: , = pressure that varies with height in accordance withthe sustained wind pressure q, evaluated at height z, or Py, = pressure that is uniform with respect to height s determined by the sustained wind pressure q, evaluated at mean roof height h ENCLOSED BUILDING : Buildings which have full perimeter wall (nominally sealed) from floor to roof level ‘Bangladesh National Building Code 627Part 6 Structural Design, ESSENTIAL FACILITIES : Buildings and structures which are necessary to remain functional during an emergency or a post disaster period. . FASTEST-MILE WIND SPEED : The highest sustained average wind speed in km/h based on the time required for a mile-long sample of air to pass a fixed point. FREE STANDING ROOF : A roof (of any type) with no enclosing walls undemeath, eg. freestanding. carport. FREESTANDING WALLS : Walls which are exposed to the wind on both sides, with no roof attached, eg, fences. GABLED FRAME: A rigid frame having vertical side members and a sloped top with a ridge. GRADIENT HEIGHT: Height from the mean ground level above which the variation of wind speed with height need not be considered, Sonics eee ea oeree ela ete ee scenery eres Racancane snes ere peat at eatery Pent ee aR ener meet eae rns meee NS faeces aah er Ue cir ae ere eee ee oe PITCHED ROOF : A bifold, biplanar roof with a ridge at its highest point. PRESSURE : Air pressure in excess of ambient. Negative values are less than ambient and positive values ‘exceed ambient: Net pressures act normal toa surfacein the specifies diection, os PRIMARY FRAMING SYSTEM An assemblage of major structural elemen signed to provide support for secondary members and cladding The system primarily receives wind loading irgm relatively remote locations: Examples include rigid and braced frames, space trusses, root and floor diaphragms, shear walls, and rod-braced frames. SLENDER BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES : Buildings and structures having a height exceeding five ‘times the least horizontal dimension, or a fundamental natural frequency less than 1.0 Hz. For those cages in ‘which the horizontal dimensions vary with height, the least horizontal dimension at midheight shall be teed. STRUCTURES: See Sec 1.22. STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE COEFHICIENT, C,: A factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property SUSTAINED WIND PRESSURE, q : The theoretically computed incident pressure of a uniform air stream {astestmile speed) of known density, evaluated ata piven height above ground level, fora specific terrain Sposa condition and fora known Sonipancy ofa balding eu ‘TERRAIN : The surface roughness condition when considering the size and arrangement of obstructions to wind. ‘TOPOGRAPHY : Major land surface features comprising hills, valleys and plains which strongly influence ‘wind flow patterns. ee TORNADO : A violently rotating column of air, pendant from the base of a connective cloud, and often observable as a funnel cloud attached to the cloud base. TRIBUTARY AREA : That portion ofthe surface area receiving wind loads assigned to be supported by the structural element considerea e ee re TROUGH ROOF: A bi-fold, bi-planar roof with a valley at its lowest point. UNENCLOSED BUILDING OR STOREY : A building or storey which has 85% or more openings on all sides. osChapter 2 Loads 243 Symbols and Notation following symbols and notation shall apply to the provisions of Sec2.4 only A a ppe PP BRT ZENL F ees RD RN KS ‘nibutary area, square metres atea of other structures of components and clad ‘wind direction, square metres, {with of pressure coefficient gone used in Fig 627 and 628, metres orzo dimension of buldings and structures measured normal to wind direction, mts average horizontal dimension ofthe building or structure in a direction normal tothe wind, metres. ‘yelocity-to pressure conversion coefficient = 47 2x10°6 gust coefficient ‘Structure importance coefficient pressure coefficient to be used for determination of wind loads on buildings and structures. Cpe. external pressure coefficients for surfaces of buildings and structures tobe used for wind loads on primary framing systems using Method 1 in Sec2.464 (a). Z, overall pressure coeticient for buildings and structures tobe used for wind londs on primary framing systems using, Method 2 in Sec 24.5.4 (). ‘external peak pressure coefficients to be used for wind loads on building components and cladding. intemal pak pressure coefficient tobe used for wind loads on buildings and components. local topographic coeficient given in Sec2468. combined height and exposure coefficient for a building at height z above ground ‘Siameter ofa circular structure or member, metres ‘Siameter of crear stracture or member, metres depth of protruding elements (ibs or spoilers), metres Sulface dag coeffident given in Table 6212. fundamental frequency of buildings or structure in a direction parallel to the wind, Ha design wind forces on primary framing system, KN design wind forces on components and cladding, KN 1 response factor for primary framing systems of flexible buildings and structures [ist response factor for primary framing systems evaluated at height z= {gust response factor fr eomponents and cladding evaluated at height z above ground ean root height or height fo top of parapet whichever is greater ofa building or structure, ‘except that eaves height may be used for oof slope of less than 10 degrees, mets, presture profile factor asa function of ratio 7 horizontal dimension ofa building or structure measured parale! to wind direction, metzes larger dimension of sign, metres smaller dimension of sign, metres ‘design pressure to be used in determination of wind loads for buildings, kN/m? ‘design pressure evaluated at height 2 =f, kN/m? {intemal pressure, kN /m? ‘design wind pressure evaluated at height z above ground, kN/m? sustained wind pressure, kN/m? sustained wind pressure evaluated at height 2=h, KN/m? sustained wind pressure evaluated at height 2 above ground, in KN/m? rise-to-span ratio for arched roofs Surface Picton factor given in Table 62.12 Structure size factor given in Fig 6.24 {turbulence intenity factor evaluated at two-thirds ofthe mean roof height or parapet height ofthe structure (see Eq2.4.11) Basie wind speed, kmy Gistanceto centre of pressure from windward edge, metres ‘esponse factor as function of te ratio 7 and the ratio h given in Fig 623 height above ground level, metres gradient height given in Table 62.12, metres Power-aw coeficient given in Table 62.12 structural damping coeticient (fraction of critical damping) ratio obtained from Table 62:12 thereof projected on a plane normal to Bangladesh National Building Code 6-29Part 6 Structural Design 244 245 246 e ratio of solid area to gross area for open sign face ofa trussed tower, or lattice structure 0 angle ofthe plane of roof from horizontal, degrees » heightto-width ratio for sign or hoarding ° angle between wind direction and chord of tower guy, degrees. Exposure A terrain exposure category that adequately reflects the surface roughness characteristics of the ground shall be determined or the uléing ste Taking info account the variations n ground roughness sng rom existing natural topography, vegetation andl manmade constructions. 2.441 Exposure Category : The terrain exposure in which a building or structure isto be sited shal be ‘Sstessed as being one of the following categories = 4) Exposure A: Urban and sub-urban areas, industrial areas, wooded areas, hilly or other terrain covering. at least 20 per cent of the area with obstructions of 6 metres or more in height and extending from the site at least 500 metres or 10 times the height of the structure, whichever is greater. b) Exposure B: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 10m extending 800 mor more fom the site in any full quadrant. This category includes air fields, open. park lands, sparsely built-up outskirts of towns, flat open country and grasslands. ©) Exposure C Flat and unobstructed open terrain, coastal areas and riversides facing large bodies of ‘water, over 15 km or more in width. Exposure C extends inland from the shoreline 400 mor 10 times the height of structure, whichever is greater. Betas Cheyne seinen ay ede oo opr ret er pte reo een piaepeon ated ng eee ae 2443 Selection of Exposure Category for Components and Cladding > Design wind load on the ‘components and cladding of all b ‘and structures shall be determined on the basis of the exposure atepory defined in Soc 2.4.1, except tat Exposure B shal be assumed for buildings o structres having Saf mand sited ina terrain with Exposure renee Hees spnt a: The tac Wind Set es homing 62a mp sng aga eee ines Moni sree eee ewe ec Se terres ae ee en ee See ee ee en ee oie eens a 2452 _Sclection of Basic Wind Speed : Value of the basic wind speed required for any specific location ‘phere a building or structure is sted: shall be obtained as follows, ee |) When the location is listed in Table 62.8, value ofthe basic wind speed shall be taken from that table. ii) Ifthe location lies within any wind region (shown shaded in the map of Fig 6.2.1) the value marked ee tinted epetisrentaeeate meee iit) Ror location lying on any isotach in the map, the value ofthat isotach shall be taken, Ih) _ Hera Boston Dying etic pontine (a) oye ner teepelnton sll be mca De Tavientectpcel mate an tanarwecepen f= For areas where local records or terain conditions indicate, higher values of basic wind speeds (ubstantiated by site-specific analysis) than those reflected in Fig 621 and Table 6.28, the site-specific ‘values shall be adopted as the mininm basic wind speeds, Determination of Design Wind Loads 24.6.1. Basis of Wind Load Calculation : The minimum design wind load on buildings, structures and ‘components thereof shall be calculated, within the scope and limitations given in See 24.1 taking into [account the following effects which shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this section Ep) seinen teers oats kis Rass ay gOS dusted pea ia Suet se nest ae gar 3 ) variation of the mean wind velocity, and hence the pressure, along the height above the ground, ©) terrain exposure of the building site,Chapter 2 Loads = w © = T T T T FIG. 6.2.1: BASIC WIND SPEED MAP (od Speeds are in km /2) NOTE : =) ates al rayon bart hn be same tae on tat of Be rep 1) Belew seed fr pert ston shat be obaed aftor 1 Men eon a hed Tab 28 ote Bnew aan al thn ae sey sation Se nin ony ron (nom eawed te ma rote 9 eg. tin yw oy in tae 1) Foro cto og or any tach i map, th we ofthat ach sa be ce, ” BS athe pean Race ir se ease L 1 L 1 e or oF © Bangladesh National Building Code 631Part 6 Slouctural Design Table 628 ‘Basic Wind Speeds for Selected Locations in Bangladesh Basic Wind Location Location Speed (mn) Angarpota Lalmonichat 204 Bagertat Madaripur 20 Bandorean agua 208 Bargana Mangan 185 Baral Meherpur 183 Bhola Moheshkhali 260 ra Moulvibaaae 163 Bethmancaria Murcia) ist + ens 7 Chapat Nawabgany Naogson 15 Chit 22 Chuadange 188 Goma 199 Cov’ Bazar 198 Dahaggam 20 Dhaka 140 Dinajpur 184 Pandpur 202 Fen Panchagarh 130 Galbandha Patuakhall 260 Gazipur Pirojpor 260 Gopalgan) Raper 188 Nibigany Tepahi 155 Hanya Rangamati 180 Ishurdt Rangpur 209 chat Sethi 183 }ozipur Sharatpur 198 Jesore Sherpur 200 Talat Saigon) 160 Srenaidah Samangal 160 Khagrachhar St Matin’ Island 260 Khulna Sunamganj 195 Kutubdia syne 183 Kishoregan} ndwip 260 Kurgan Tangail 160 4) configuration and dynamic response characteristics of the building or structure, ©) occupancy importance ofthe building, 4) magnification ofthe mean wind pressure du tothe effect of the fluctuating component of wind. * speed. Le gust, and e pep ) additional load amplification resulting from the dynamic wind-structure interaction effects due to gusts on slender buildings and structures. 24.62 Sustained Wind Pressure: The sustained wind pressure, ¢, on a building surface at any height 2 above ground shall be calculated from the following relation. cjcwve an where, 9, = sustained wind pressure at height, N/m? C= structure importance coefficient as given in Table 62.9C, = velocity-to-pressure conversion coefficient = 47.210 CE = combined height and exposure coefficient as given in Jable 6.2.10 Vi. = basic wind speed in km/h oblajned from See2.4.5 Chapter 2 Loads Ifa structure is located within a local topographic zone, g, shall be modified in accordance with Sec2.4.68, Table 62.9 ‘Structure Importance Coefficients, C, for Wind Loads Sractare Importance Ga [“Siacireimporance fosuunucetieetnameees) Coefficient C,. 1. Essential faites 125 Il Harardows facies 135 IIL Special occupancy structures 10 TV. Shandara ootupaiy structures 100 Y Loweiskstrucures. 030 Table 62.10 Combined Height and Exposure Coefficient, Cz [“Heightabove [Cor ground level, = ae a metres) mre Searing cg THE TF 60 oai5 1263 50 8497 130 120 0565 tat 150 oon 1317 180 oer 13 20 ons tee 20 O76 1867 zo oso 1330 1706 300 08% 137 1783 30 0909 13 ar oo 0965 1488 1846 450 1017 1539 1.890 So 106 15a 1330 0 1355 ton 202 0 1297 1746 2065 0 1313 1814 2120 S00 138 ibe zi 1000 1450 1934 2217 iio 139 ter 220 1290 1s 207 2299 1300 1629 2084 2337 100 168 2109 23 1300 1786 2A 2404 1600 1787 222 2436 100 1a 3350 Bae 1800 1883 2287 2494 1900 198 3303 2aaL 2000 1973 2357 2547 200 2088 242 2396 2400 2139 2489 Zen 200 iar 35a Zest 2200 2910 2595 274 500 2542 267 Dre Toe) Unarnerplaton is accepts her naive ot Bangladesh National Building Code 633