Ekistics, the science of human settlements C.A. Doxiadis- 1964. The ekistic elements and the goals of ekistics ‘The subject matter of the science of ekstics is human settlements. These comprise all settlements, from pr- Imitive to most elaborate, trom old to new, from small to big, trom temporary to permanent, trom single 10 ‘composite. Or, in other words, the whole spectrum from the first settlement of man on this earth to the present-day megalopolis and beyond it. Human settlements consist of several elements: ‘Nature, the earth and the natural site on which they are built; Man who creates and inhabits them: Society which is formed mainly in them and whose Networks functions allow them to survive and grow, and Shells (structures), which are built to transform the first and to house the other three elements. Man, Socioty and "Networks are the contents of human settlements: Na- ‘ure and Shell form the container. While our subject matter cannot exclude any of thase elements, it can- ‘ote limited to any one of them. itis the interrelation Ship of the five elements which forms the human set- tlements. This is the content of ekistics proper. Studies of the different elements, a such, is the ‘subject of other disciplines from geography, through biology and anthropology, to social and political dis- Ciplines, technology, architecture and art. All of these. Contribute to the understanding and development of ‘kistics. They form ite contributing disciplines. Ekistis has first to be descriptive in order to allow Us to learn and to digest the human experienco of thousands of years during which man was learning (mainly through trial and error) how to conceive, build ‘maintain and operate human settlements. Ekistics has, also to be prescriptive, as its only justification is to lead to an understanding which can guide the creation of new human settlements and the amelioration of existing ones. ‘When we talk about the prescriptive aspect of ekis- tics, we are obliged to detine the goal of existics. This Cannot be anything else but human happiness, leading to the evolution of better human species by the for, mation of appropriate human settlements achieves through the best combination of the five elements of ekistics. In order to attain the goal of ekistics, we must be ‘aware that we can only actin the following ways, 2. study the whole subject of human settlements; . conceive their futuro; ©. act 0 shape tie physical habitat; that is its nature, its functions ang its shell, in order to implement 8 image we have conceived.Ekistic elements Human setlements consist of several elements: the earth and the natural ste an which thoy aro Dull: man who creates and inhabits tem society Uanich formed mainly in them: functions whieh 1re doveloped in order to allow them fo survive {nd grow: and shells sirytures) which are bult to transform the fet and Yo house the other thes elements. Man, socely and functions are the ‘contents of human settlements: nature and shells {orm the cantainer. While our subject mator cannot ‘exclude any of these elements. it cannot be limites to any one of them or study any indepth. Tt he Interelationshp of the five elomente which forme human settlements. This isthe content of oksties proper (ct. 1984, p. 138) {All tve elements of human settlements must alvays De taken inte consideration. Man fa visual animal ‘ang therefore apt to ge gresterconsigoration to ‘what he can see cleay. This is one ofthe reasons way, although many paople underetand ina “atlomentan fact consstof five sloments, they peak only about those which are clearly seen that "the container and the physical aspects of he setements, oF Nature and the Shell which is but nit. There Ig no quoston that i isoffen necessary to speak more about Nature and tho Shel ana te, present many phenomena ofthe human settlement 'y designing ther prysical laments: However IMs is no reason why wo snoulé concantratoIntorost tnd atlenton ony onthe Shell. We must always keep in ming tnt the Shell must represont a ‘lomonts ofthe eotloment. Once Rodin was asked how he managed to work the surface of his salves So well and ne answared: "The surtacs? | dont know; always work ide the marble.” Thiss how we must look athe frm, the shape an the “ppearance of human setioments (an appearance {expressed by the Sho). We must only soe it as a ‘ery delicate surtace which covers the eal feof ‘he satloment the if ofthe peopl, thr sacaty land thee funetions. It we manage to unerstand ‘hat we are dealing with phenomena consisting of five clomonts even ithoy are mainly seen ae tho srtace of one of them the surface othe Shel), ‘We wil be on te right ace In ordero achieve this goal and understand the five elements and their nterrelationship, we Must workin many ways. We must ook a tnese Droblams in a systematic way by disclpines. Wo ‘must eu tivough te roll boy of krowleage with tha eyes of an economia, @ socal sont, 2 politcal scientist, an administrator a tochnolegist Sind an expert in vital ana esthetic probiems We must then beable lo look at te problems of {hese phenomena by studying the elements and ‘any naceceary subdivisions of special factors Ike {r¥an land, avatabiy of natural resources, tho bulling industry, planing facies, aval ot us labor, nd soon. It 1s only then, when we have 2 real understanding by eloments,dscipins and ‘special actors, that wo car be sure thatthe basic ‘conception by ekstic unite willbe success (Wan. 1965, p. 90) re and Man usually evolves (© Fist, attack by Nature, (© Second, counterattack by Man which ranges ‘rom burning the forests to giobalpoltion by some chemicals. This seems tobe especially ‘characteristic during Man's explosions. © Thira, peace betwaen the two iter by {Adapiation of Man to Nature or of Nature to Man forby a comprom: Tis is an eternal process Today Man i simply reposting his attacks and ‘mistakes and he has two cholees © Toreversescieniic and technological progress, whiem is impossibie, or (© To.epeat the age-old and wiser process of achieving his goals by creating anew balance between Nate and his actions. (Otay 1972, pp. 413,414) We have to save Nature. We must conserve. Dresorvo, and also davelop, We have to Bring Nature nto tha ey of Man and not keep ou! 1 be Visited only during long weekends. To achive iis ‘we must sequire ae much land 28 soon as poseDle {or the sake ofthe community of Man. We must ‘ete tne uses te whic lane may be put twoughout teach county andthe woe. Land fe the real amo {or human sottements, We can achieve this acquisition by demonstrating now mach more t Goats the ety, the country, and each indi it we allow the present explosion and sprawl 10 ontinve without guidance and direction. Whether we consider economy, ecology oF esthetics he losses are great and Han has to understand i ‘Only in ths way ae Nature ana Man going tobe ‘again in balance, nal scales o fo, as they wore inthe ancient ces. (tay 1972, p. 420) Twelve global zones: We need to estabiish twee zones ranging ftom the most natural one fo that of ‘he ateatest human intervention, Zone One: Real wildlife. Rea vgin areas. Only Scientists should be allowed to entor them for research purposes,Zone Two: Willie visited. Anthvopos enters, but without machines, end he does not say Zone Thyeo: Wildlife embraced. Anthropas enters ad stays tut ino machines (in omporary cams or saiboats. Zone Four: Wi invaded. Anthropos antore and ‘stays without machines (in permanant camps, excursion boats etc) Zone Five: Wildile conquered. Anthropes contols itin order both to protect it and to enjoy (in smal settlements, small ports etc). CCULTIVAREAS Zone Six: Nonindustrialized food production. This ‘sa zone for traditional agriculture and fishing Zone Seven: Industrialized food production This ie fan intensively cultivated area witn regulated climate, water supply. and 30 on, Zone Eight: Man's physica Ha, In thi aga ‘Anthropos lives as close to Nature as possible but {allowed to sot up installations to indulge in all possible outdoor sports and fypes of antetainmont. Zone Nine: Low-density city. Smal sottemonts with ther proper complement of commercial and ‘Service establishments Zone Ten: Middle-denity city. The normal human buiteup are. Zone Eleven: High-density city. Ceatea business atric INDUSTRAREAS Zone Twelve: Heavy industrial and waste disposal areas. These should be separated trom areas ot aly ite. (Dee. 1974 391) ‘A grest danger for food production is being created much higher Speed than tne growth of thelr population and feonomy. As they need fo add alot of industry and ‘many very big buildings the expansion isnot Giretea towards mountainous areas but tothe plans. Tis there that the best sll usually es: thus urban expansion means elimination of agieutural tan, ‘This isnot an immodiate problem for tomorrow, in {terms of days; but itis avery big problem in terms ‘ot years, ae agricultural land covers a very small percentage of the global surface and we gannot ‘afford to lose it. The danger is very great anc we Imuet act quickly o avers This need for action led me to classity 12 zones cf land use with theultimate goal of reaching @ Global Ecological Balance (GEB) and the immediate (0 0 save land for agriculture ana food produton. Wan. 1975,. 1) ‘ther rotoronces: s00 EKIETICS nos. 182,218,229, 230, 238. presented with his body surounded by cite. Leonardo de Vine showed him this way (fg. 15) ana many other cultures nave algo done ee. ‘This the vieual expect of Mon and this ype ot presentation i very natural, but atthe same time it {confusing Beeaute it concentatos ou atention fon the Body of Men. Recently Edward T. Hall had ‘he Idea of human bubbie reaching beyona the body (ig 16). Thi waa a stop tomards a beter ‘understanding of Man. But in really Man anscends ‘ie bubble, oF fret ephoro, by many other concentric spheres defined by his senses (ig. 17). No 'onsation ean be overlooked: a woot ora biter Fig. 5: The human bubba rawn by Leonardo da Vic ‘he body datinas he bubble, rie endl be Fig 18: Human bubbles ax conve by 7. lh Fig. 17: Tot man inthe canter of ayte of epheres owntaste, caressing a marble carving ora loved one, walkinglon sand with barefeet smells, sounds, Sights and al prysial sonsations; and then all ‘motaphyeical ones like eeienco faith, religion ard Itmagination which can take Man beyond oven the (Cosmos. The mind of Man carries im nto areas \nhich cannot ba raachad through the ones. So Goes his soul by way of feelings and sentiments, for emotions are also shaping facos. Boey, sentas, mind, and soul are only partial aspects ‘ot Man, but they cannot be separated, they all operate together in heals and sickness Acancor may find his notation tough stimulation of Ms onees, oF mind oe sentimonts. Tho roa ink between musioand architecture les within Man {Ihe mind cen be stimulated through tne *ythmical ‘movement ofthe body walking or swimming, We ‘ust not forget the example a he peripatetic Dhilosoprers. Common Man can only tid perfection Inthe complete Man. Science ls now beginning to merge togeter the saparato images of Man tht tna raated, and ths soo hie again a¢ a whole ‘And history omonsrates ow in great areas Man believed in developing ll is capacities hermoniously ‘Ate lariying that Manis nat ony body, we have {olan that he f also not only an adult male a3 Wo fen fond to tin. inthis respect the scent {Greoks wore right in using the word “anthropec’ to express the human being as distin from speciically malo (arer) ana female (gyn, ‘Aninvopos comprise all oxoo Ihara are not only {wo} al age groups, all situations interme of, health and so1on, Weave to remember hs when ‘wo spoak of Man and his Cy ang, trom the point ‘Ol view of human settlements the mest important “Stteretiatcn is by human development phases. ‘When staying this probiem | came up wth the propose! of working with 12 phases as shown in fable? (04aren 1974, pp. 155-54) Relationship of units of space: Unis of space cane relates in mary ways. I wil take only one ‘example rotated to my observations of human ontaets If we cbserve poopla who Ive in on oF two-story, singe family houses along a common publi treat we soe that they dovslop much greater Folaionshipe with one another than people who live in mutistory euldings. Figure 18 explains why. Peopi ving atte etme love havea hoad to Rest st to feet relationship, while people ving at Superimposed levels neve a haad to fet relationship winich does not nelp them o make contact with wach ‘thor. Thus the relationship of tho units of epace {ondlions o' great extent the relationships Detwoen peop. we want 9 encourage eiose lationships between neighbors, we have to. ‘ink soriously of what kind of relations we should create between tei its oF space. ‘une 1968, p. $00) ‘omer references: ExIsTICS nos. 132,151, 155,182, 195,208, 20,228 oe oie Tete phaos of human dovelopment oy He ame af fut fer tesSociety: territorial organization “The eto organization of human sttements is ‘ased onthe ceily moveront of Poop. Up fo 1625, the speed was constant (3m per hou) and ie and corganietion were baceg on tho principle that people belonged to communities (illages an ete) whoee errs services and adramistalion could easly be Teaches at tis speed ‘When the population became too big, 8 new subdivision was erated which helped everybody {ebelong both to the big ily (ts center, one hour's ‘maximum gistance) and toa local community. This IReppened in ancient Greece, in the Arab wor, Im Ghina and nether eniizations, Now speeds are ‘changing everyday and ther i ne princi. ‘whatsoever fo toro organization. PROPOSAL 1. Recognition of he etnies of abe funciona (histe units 415: Hosegroup to Ecumenepaia) ‘ronan of setiemante onto principle fone four meabmum stance wom apron cones, ‘Sing avalele neon of tonnpertaton, 2. Stent ter bf opon ‘ioee. 1874, p. 302), ‘The kinti fede define the distances people desire to cross inorder to come together. How can Wwe build a setiement that both Brings people {ogothorn community and Keope them apart in ‘personal privacy? The role of the city fst {ie ll people al possible connections in an rganized way, ‘The two goals forthe cit of today shouldbe freedom Gistance botwoon any wo destinations should be (ee, 1967, p42 ‘The city wa the fet orm of complete organization ‘of man's ving space to prove of universal value Stneanythe same time in several pars ofthe world pe conelueln that he needed an urban sattloment with certain characteristics inorder to organize his urban Ife ang felitate hs rural ie. Tho main Cheracteristi of auch settlements arose from the fact tnatpeopie do not want to have fo walk for more than fon minutes in odor foreach tho contr oftheir seltlement rom the periphery. Thus, man's Inaividuat walking elo was a circle having a actus (in terms of waking ime) of tn minut ‘The process which led to tho formation ofthe ity by consoldation of mons kinetic este lds — {hati men kinetic ods in thelr eetlements — Started wth consolidation of onorganized Inalviual walking elds nto unfeg, organized Individual walking fel Raving a radius of ton ‘minutes. The common kinetic eld cubed one- {ourth ofthe total area covered by the nada walking told and loo, nal, tothe development Lup center forall he people of he ‘Such systems of kina elds, Based on man's walking fed, led te the growth ofa very spect kind o ty which was, for thousands a years, fllejlization, slat tha only typeof urban ‘etloment. We call this a ity of Alevel organization. ‘Such eos had the follonng characteristics in ‘commen: thy were compact urban setilements; the aroa they occupied was no largar that two by two Klometers; ay had no more than 50.000 Innabitante. Tne knete las et ther maximum physical mit. Capital ities had to grow beyond a population of 501000 because of the great numberof poopie noacea {oun the empire. At the peak oftheir development {hey had populations as high as a milion people, {Asa rocult those capitals grew boyord an area ot {wo by two Kilometre to ae much as 83 by 9 ‘klomater, and this meen thatthe corresponding kine fields xpanded trom eles having a radius of one Kilometer to ctcles having a radius of tree bblometers, equivalent more then 30 minutes oF walking time. This, a8 developments proved, was too much walking, and theralore people used horse- ‘drawn carts: for these ey paved their roads and ‘mode ham straight “Tho city with level organization became a city with Brlevel organization, n which an attempt was made to superimpose onthe kinetic fald which connectes poopie whe traveled at waking seeds a socond Kinetic eld connecting tem when hey traveled sthigher speeds. In golte of sven efforts, the lack of advanced technology mace i dieu for he capital cies forthe empl to hold togther, Those great cies ‘tthe past aro remembered more for thee ‘monuments than forthe transportation, more for {hele conquest than for their organization. They ‘were easily disorganized; tended to deteriorate into sums wore atten contolled by mods and often ‘hvank to normal population size after tne empire tees dissolved (Reme and Constantinople are ‘Sxampies). The available technology was inadequate for maintaining Blvel organization (Feb. 1968, pp. 89,90) ‘A study ofthe maximum ines spent by Man un ‘movement occupied many hours each day as 8 {limon he ecressed his traveling time oto hours. ay, asan urbanized eltizen Yo Rat an Pour ‘This seems tobe Man's opium, bacause he ald {oi for some thousands of years only abandoning "Parada aroune 1800 AD undor te prostore of ‘graning urban population an nauelon means Strap ranspor: Today. indeed, we nd ourselves ‘ook at ne pont of spending as much time on daly trvel ag unr the hunter wasting in a arm? ‘round 8600 6 Wha 18, p36. Its obvious that Msn has not gold the problem of contemporary dally urban movement ina 00satisfactory way. t occupies more than the optimum timo and it does not make fll use ofthe eneray availabe to him, which could bring the time back to the optimum. But ithe could use for his daily ‘movement (ig. 19) an amount equivalent To the percentage of energy spent for foal movement anc lransportation (fig. 18). he could again reduce his ‘daily traveling time to the aptimurn (Ng. 19a), ‘We can now project into the future and state that in the long run we should reckon with Man's desire ot to spend more than 30 minutes a day in travel — (F 10 minutes or nis longest journey — ana that he {can achieve this By devoting more and more ofthe total energy avaiable te him to means of personel transportation. We can theretore expect setioments growing in terms of people, in which @ minimum amount of ‘ime and an increasing amount of energy is spent ‘upon movement; and inthe next phase we will ‘ind a stable population on the earth and ameliorates ‘movements that wil fond to teduce timo oven more, and thus make it possible to achieve more contacts to all points ata minimum expencture of tho total energy available, even though the actual amount Will be very much greater than at present. (May 1870, po. 315, 316) Evolution of human settlements inthe future: In ‘order to avoid utopias (ideal but not feasible citi and aystopias (bad and low-quality cites), shal start by clarifying what isnot going te happen: 1, We are not going to have static, nongrowing cities, because even i he total population stops ‘growing (which is improbable fr the next fow ‘Generations) the rural population will continue {ode attracted to the cites Wo are not going to have cities based on present-day technology because the technology Influencing eities (whioh startog in 1825 when the first train carrying passengers ran in ‘Northern Englana) has ct yat boon fly developed. 2. Our cies are going to be more and more modernized ana of beter and batter quality, because once we begin fo understand the ‘roblems, wo are going i face thom succesetuly {W there are any doubts about this point | must ‘make it lear thal |am not speaking of tomorrow, but ofthe feresoeable future of a tow generations. ‘We will have a new type of human settiement People will have greater equality than at any time before in human Ristory fr the following reasons: 1. Cities are going to cover larger and large territories witin which people will commute dally betwoen their homes and the builtup Centers. Ths process began with tho fret city- States when people from the villages around walked for up to one hour to reach them, Ths Fogulted ina radius ofS km which remained the ‘maximum commuting distance for many thousands of years. When technology changed, this radius also started to change, and now in ‘some American cites, it has reached 200 km, it we do not inciuge a small percentage who ‘commute by airplane. These trends are going to continue ana the radius will growin all ypes of countries. 2, This change wil serve not only the urban ‘owaers but also the farmers, who for he ist time in history are going o become equal with the citizans, as they ae going to have the same access (and therefore equal choices) to all types fom shopping to education, Pealth, and 80.0n. This wil lead toa big chengo inthe farmers ving conditions. 3, This changing system wil ead toa new type of marriage between the elty as a bull-up area and the countryside asa cultivated and nature area, which moans thatthe cities wll also ‘Spread out along corridors. (Apri 1975, pp. 214,215) Other references: EKISTICS nos. 131,145,158, 168, 174,197, 208, 226, 229. Shelis: housing for everybody ‘Some of the confusion about housing programs today Is due to two important misconceptions: 1. That housing nas tobe a certain standard otherwise it should not be built at al 2. That governments should build houses forall, the poor, although this has not yet been ‘achieved even inthe highest income countries land although, everywhere, people have ull their own houses in many cifterent ways. PROPOSAL We must berate and help people sequre proper houses al he prope ime by providing, in the folowing Space tora proper house which is a minimum ot taoeam) 2. Water 5, More rooms 3 Sewage © Ehoctelty One room 4, Otertchen ‘ur timate gost must befor one person/one room. Inits frst stages, a settlement can seldom afford {o establish all types of community services, ranging {rom the simplest corner shop tothe most elaborate cultural contrs and including every possibie service. Further, usually no provisions are made io ‘serve land for ther inausion when the time comes for them to be built. Thus, implementation takes lace ata much lower level than aesireg and at a ‘much higher cost than ie reasonabl PROPOSAL 1. Proper eto ergenizaion. 2 Cateuate the needs of community service or every type and size o community and the coresponding {and required interme of location an san 3: Reserve this anand give ote corresponding ‘comma. 4, Provide war, semage,electcty and other taitios ‘peor housing,‘ranepetation a prcenage of Man In tis way the land can be used even without Dulidings. People can have an open air market or ‘make a schoo! with tents. The religious location can slart by gathering people with a table as an altar ‘and they will ook atthe symbol which wil gradually be covered by a shell and may even one day become (Wee. 1974, p. 392) Although tis often not recognized a housing Program is especially necessary atthe beginning ‘of projects of economic development. The 7easons are the following 1. New development involves movements of people owards new cites and new places, {and new housing in the propor place can facilitate oir permanent settlement near the industrial centers, ete, make them happy and attract them to now iigated areas, inmeuly- sete lands, », Housing is also necessary atthe beginning of {he program in order to mobilize more easy the human resources of he country. Itis much easier to mobilize people to build thee own houses than fo mobilize them Yor big public stprojects. A house being an item of persona! ‘oper, every person can afford the labor to build it without complaints, fhe sees that he fs going io use it cect fr his family. ‘Rig project dows rot appeal to hi in the same way at al €. Housing is also indispensable at the beginning ‘fa program in ace to train people for higher ‘kil. Actually the simpler skills required in an ‘overall evelopment effort are the skils ‘oquired in housing. Housing is avery good ‘worrshop fo start taining a farmer to become 2 skilled laborer. We an start training marons to become fitters, by teaching tnem how fo make electric installations within houses, and then ‘select the more highly-skilled for complicated Installations, In the preparation of economic programs we have to doctse haw much money Yor Rousing wil come from private people. in @ combination of capital and labor, and how much from the gavernment. tis Mare that we can regulate the market of avaliable labor ‘resoureos o serve those schemes. Some excellent ‘ural echomos may have no value it not combined with improvement of existing houses and the creation ‘of now ones, ‘An urban land policy should be worked out within tha frame of the ovaral national development plan. {Land prices inthe urban areas should not be permitted to rise and doteat every efor of using [Bs has happened in many counties. Ekisic requirements impoee cortain social policies; for instance, the acquisition of urban land at reasonable prices. Ekstc policies shoul be the ‘main initatgr of urban land reform. There ie much talkin all developing countries about rural land reform but tis urban land reform which isthe key to many of their national problems. Let us no forget thatthe goal is always human Interests, and not meraly the construction of houses, ‘Sometimes it may be better to build only parts of houses for ton families than one complete house for one family we shouté not start by conceiving ‘2 house and then finding how we can Build, We should start by conceiving tne economics ofa society, th social goats of the sociaty ata given moment, land then see how goals can be achieved by mobilizing and uliizing all rosaurees forthe largest possible number of people, ‘Once we considor the dynamics of housing developments and begin to look al everything {trough the ti factor, it becomes possible to understand the chenges which take place inthe ‘geographical cistribution of eettlomants. Ie Impossible te have development in any area without having continuous dynamic changes in the settioments, ther siz, ther intrrelationship, their Conionts and their structure. tis eesential 10 Lndoratond those changes in advance in order to ‘serve any area with Rousing programs. (Nov. 1959, pp. 324-26) 352 houses can be but by the people, they should be but bythe people. Architecture should not be the private art of acotero of architect: it shouls be the art ofthe people, their own expression of "het own way of ile But there sone thing Which only the government can do: this sto make a plan land a general program of covelopment for alt the people. If this is not done the results are only fine words whien make a mcekery of the doctrine cf damocraey. for houses are only going fo be built for te few, ane the mary are going to remain without ‘thom. We cannot proach liberalism and forget that we have entered an era of planning and coordinated tfort, tis not always easy to resolve these seeming Contliets, but I ean be done by referring lo Lincoln's statomont that in all that the people ean individually {o as well fr thomselves, government ought not to intérfore. Inthe context of our own tasks, tis requires a synthesis of the eraativeforee of an architect, the patience and perspective ofa planner, the special knowledge of the economist and sociologist and the wisdom in facing hum affairs ihe statesman. Once we have found a way to, ombine al these foroes we reach the moment of Creation and are open to receive the Bilians of wavos ‘manated by the people regarding thee future. I ‘net Torus to decide the form the fulure shall ake, ¥y the 20819 ean do this. Any architect, any planner, ry expert in ekistics Bound fo be ‘wrong —he ean maraly became a dictalar and ‘sl be overridden by events We have to open our ayes and dream: we have to ‘pen the eyes of our Body and the eyes of our {pint We have ta 9ee and undoretana wha is happening around us but whichis as yet invisible. Wie have to translate this into form ana reaiy From thai moment our technical work begins. As sclatists we have fo give the unborn tomorrow a formin which it ean come toile. We have to ombark Upon & new road, evbr patient for results, ever alert for action, taking from everyone what he has to otter. Wo must always keep our eyes wide open to perceive and understans the direction humanity Is going and simply ty to serve humanity by paving the path its totsteps wil raza (Apri 1959, 294) The rural house must be fs farger than is urban ‘counterpart because it has to allow or stables, store~ oom and so on. Thore is an aninesis between the low income groups and the need for many rooms. But in traveling around the world we se0 many ‘examples of lowsincome farming with large houses, far too large in relation to thar economic standing, What's the explanation? itis the fourth factor of time! Those large farm nouses aro no! built by one gene ation; they are built over several generations. It takes {ime — maybe even 109 years — to create ine big farmhouses we 200 in lowrincome agricultural areas. In city life house has tobe tnished within a ‘eneration: the next generation, the sons anddaughters, may move ino aiterent ety, a citront profession, actforant social class. The urben house has the length a human ifetime as ts {Seonomie ang social erterion, The rural novse Nee {or generation, sometimes for contures, (uly 1989,» ‘other references: EX'STICS nos: 6, 27,28, 48,64, 85,94 10,179,191, 196,209, 223,238. Networks: LANWAIR, ‘We deal wih tve elements in our cities. The test lament is Nature, we ton fo overiok it and thie is why wo have pollute air. The second element Is Man hime, as an mdwiaual with al i values The third olomont Ia Society, formed by Man: wile the fourth isthe Shells, buldings, houses and other ‘man-made structures. The fith element is the Networks, which we also tend o overlook and we flten spe of Networks interme of ranaportaion bnly Weave gradually loaned through experience ‘hat we should pay much greater attention tothe whole system of Networks, physical and managerial Dy which our society operates. There are many adiferent reasons fr this; one philosophical and practical reaton in particular is that, ol ho vo, laments, the youngest is th Networks. is very Upsetting to fina people whe are very concerned with changing Nature or Man or Soctty. but fal Yo consider that Nature, asa system on nis earth, has operated or aleasi 4 bilion yours, that an has spent at east 1 milion years experimenting Cn how to behave. perhaps we do nol realize but Man stil experimante through Wal and eror Sociely has operated fora east 100,000 years; and ur Shas have been organized for about 8.000 to 10,000 yoars. Its ony the Notworks which are so young fr we cannot start seriously speaking of ‘Networks unt the ist aoads began connecting Cities about 180 years ago. Yet, this youngest element, about which we know 5 it, at to roo of al the evis we are suffering from, For example, our cities are at an impasse, because of a complete lack of understanding ofthe Importance of tho eystoms of networks we ul (Apr 196, 9,274) We start withthe same transportation times that ‘etormined the size ofthe ancient city-state thal is, a average often minutes’ walang time forthe ‘aalus of he bulltup area and of eight nouts for the radius f the elty-stato as a whole, With ocay's Technology we sil ave sey within whose Bultp 4area man can move from point fo point by foot or ‘ohica, in fon minutes and om which he can reach the most aistant point inthe c's area of infuses in ‘ight hours, but now this area of influence mill have become the whole world, ‘What would be the distance trom the heart the outskirts of such a city — thats the racius ofthe Central area Al what speed would sn inhabitant have to move in order to reach the outskirts trom the heart ofthe contal area in fn minutos? Hers ‘ne can learn from nature's most developed {rganisme and ryan assumption based on thie ‘hyetology In mammals, the ratio ofthe spoed at ‘nhich Blood moves Inthe capillaries and he speed tirich moves inthe aorta ie about 400. ‘ne Borrow th ratio we ind tha, f man moves on foot inthe “capitis of he cly a5 klomotors Dor hou, tho maximum vencular speed within the Dental or urbav area of is modern “eiy-state ‘Should be 2,000 kilometers per hour. At such a spo0d ‘man can cover inten minutes about S30 kilometer, ‘ren allowance is made for lower starting and ‘lopping spends, about 150 klomotos. ‘Such considerations lead tothe conclusion th turban aroas shoula nave a radi ot 150 silometer. This, iterestinaly enauah, Is very cose to the average racus for major urban areas of many of today’s ties. This correspondence, Powover Should not be taken fr anything mere than itis: ‘coindence which could perhaps be exploited. (On the bas ofthe foregoing assumption we couls be satisfied with speeds of 2000 kilometers er our mithinutban areas, 2, by such speeds, we Gould cover any dletanea in less than fen minuto, land of about 3,000 kilometers per hour between ‘hom, which moans that wo could make connections ven betweon cities separated by acstance of 3,000 Klometors ten minutos. Ite want our ctie to be more atistactry from {he point of view of man's movement, we must Slvo for & proper tramework in torme of ly size land time required to get from piece to placa for preservation ofall tha is of valve in our present Settlements; ana, even mare, for the aestablshment Cf human values. We can proceed towerd these goals In two important phases. The fiet phase can start immadiatly. We must ‘uid all networks for movement of goods (gas, igus, and sods) underground, to tree the surface cf the oarth of this unrocossary burden. Thus we ‘nll learn more about the technology a high-speed ‘ansporation tough tates. In this phase we must ‘separate th Kinetic elds based on man's natural ‘motions from those based on machine ransportation Sand thus set man feo again to dovelop and onjoy his own microspace, In the second phase, when we have learned more ‘and when we can ford financially, wo should bring man's syatoms of mechanical Underground, to fee mich more ot the earth for man's use ans enjoyment ‘Feb. 1969, pp. 88, 8) We are wrong in many respects when we deal with ‘movement andthe ely, wil concentrate here on twee very basic errors. ‘The fist problem is hal we speak of “transportation. ‘Thetetore, we assign the tases to ansportation| ‘experts forgetting that Anthropos does not ive by ransportation, but by movement. Aer lheaa Fig. 20: The present uncoordinated system walks in order todo the most important things In Fis life; ne walks to develop his muscular system, he walks around inside his home, he walk to his ‘ea, ho walks to moet hs follow human beings, he ‘ven walks to his oa ‘Transportation is only a par of Anthropos’ movement ‘and by overlooking this truth we Bonet the machines ‘and cause losses to Antvopos, ‘The second problem is thatthe existing transportation networks lack overall coordination, ‘Thay have nol boon conceived ae integrated systame coordinating the airways with fery-boats, etc. as ‘hoy should have been, | ave no! found ary ease Imany country whore the transportation network has been conceived, realited and operated as an I systom for the most economic uses of time, 1 and cost, which would benoit the country as ‘well as the individ IW anyone doubts this statement, | nood only ask where one can fing an airport where people can Sescena Wom an aiplane toa connecting car and boat service or find a regular bus service which seus lckots for tha boas of tha harbor ta whieh ittakos its passengers. Our networks are not untied. ‘They ae simply connected by auxliay lines (1g. 20) ‘The tira problem is that the word “transportation” Implios only persons anc goods. Thus we forge the ‘existence of water (eloan or otherwise), moving in pee of gas, oi and electricity of the movement sysiem; and so forth ‘Rea result we waste a lotof space and networks, ‘The solution: | am sure that we must adopt a completly new and rvolutonary approach to deal with these problems. This ean be presented in three parts: ‘Tho st partis the need to eliminate the words street, square, ete. from our Vocabulary and 354 Fig. 21; The LANWAIR system lg. 22: The new LANWAIR proposaltor ihe Athensseptace them with HUSTREET and HUSQUARE as well ‘ap with MECSTREET and MECSQUARE: the former ‘weaning human and the latter mechanical. We cannot suurevve as humans unless we separate the HUSPACE ‘Yom the MECSPACE. ‘Tae second partis a new concept of LANWAIR (Land- ‘wexeer-Air) systems. This is TERMERAIR in French FFerre-Mer-Air), LANWALUFT in Gorman (Land ‘Seasser-Luft), TERMARIA in Italian (Terra-Maro-Aria), ‘RERMARAIRE in Spanish (Tierra-Mar-Aire) of THNEPA .f Greek (pronounce GHENERA, Ff-Nepo-"Aépac) ‘The reason fr this is that we must realize that in the ‘arure inere will be an even more pressing need for 2 much closer coordination between all networks smoeng people and goods. This means they must ‘be concewed as unified systems. Fer example, ports and airports should be brought ‘agemer as LANWAIR knots (fig 21). Such a proposal Imai been submitted to the Greek government and ss 208 under examination. This proposal isto cr te ‘a new airport for Athens on an island near Sounion. Its connection with the mainland by a 2.5 km causeway can create two new ports for Greece and save Athens and Piraeus from many present problems (fig. 22). People will be able to fly from any place into the LANWAIR knot, and simply walk to a car or train (with their baggage following them automatically) or walk to a boat to travel to an island or to go on a cruise. twill be a big change. The third partis the creation of coordinated transportation and utility corridors. We may call them transutilidors. | have found that this can result in saving higher than 80 percent of the total area of land ‘occupied today. Undoubtedly the savings in the {quality of the environment and of life in the countryside will be even greater. (June 1974, pp. 377-80) Other references: EKISTICS nos. 45, 72, 75, 96, 131, 182, 142, 146, 156, 159, 174, 179, 203, 223, 229.