Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Referencing: Referencing ensures that whatever you have cited can be identified precisely.
The references will normally appear at the end of your essay or assignment. These should
be listed in alphabetical order of authors surname, under the heading References. This
allows your reader to trace your sources for interest or for further examination and also
credits the original author(s).
If the author's surname doesnt occur naturally in the text, then insert the name along with
the year and page number in round brackets at the end of the quote.
To study popular music is to study popular culture (Shuker, 2008, p.1).
Short quotations (up to three lines) can be included in the body of the text. Longer
quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph. Be consistent in your use of
quotation marks, whether you choose to use single or double quotation marks.
If you take specific information from your source and put it into your own words, this is a
paraphrase. You do not need quotation marks but you should still indicate which page you
got the information from:
Shuker (2008, p.1) explains that the study of popular music is inextricably linked with the
wider issues of culture in contemporary society
If you have summarised the whole argument of your source then there is no need to include
the page number as the information you are using comes from across the whole source:
The author can be a person or an organisation. If it is an organisation, use their name as the
author. If you use a source that has two or three authors, include all of their surnames in
your citation. For a source with four or more authors, you can cite the first author listed in
the work followed by et al., which means and others. There are examples of this later in
this guide.
4. Government documents
Government department publication:
Name of Government department (year of publication in round brackets) Title in italics.
Place of publication: publisher. (series - if applicable).
In-text citation:
The report Criminal justice: the way ahead (Great Britain. Home Office, 2001)
Reference list:
Home Office (2001) Criminal justice: the way ahead. London: The Stationery Office.
(Cm 5074).
If the publication is taken from the internet you should replace the publication details with
the following: Available at: URL in full (Accessed: date).
Act of Parliament:
A major change in the citation of UK legal sources took place in 1963. For pre-1963
examples, please refer to Cite them right. For post-1963 statutes, use the following format:
Name of act in italics including year and chapter number. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
In-text citation:
In chapter 21 of recent offender legislation (Offender Management Act 2007)
enables
Reference list:
Offender Management Act 2007, c. 21. Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/21/contents (Accessed: 13 September
2013).
6. Websites
Organisational internet site or Personal internet site:
Organisational name OR Authors surname, intial (year that the site was published / last
updated in round brackets) Title of Internet site in italics. Available at: URL in full (Accessed:
date).
In-text citation:
The BBC (2013) defines their purpose as
Reference list:
British Broadcasting Corporation (2013) BBC About the BBC. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/purpose/ (Accessed: 13 September 2013).
Film:
Title of film in italics (year of distribution in round brackets) Directed by name of director
[Film]. Place of distribution: Distribution company.
In-text citation:
Moores critique of the United States post 9/11 (Fahrenheit 9/11, 2004)
Reference list:
Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) Directed by Michael Moore [Film]. Santa Monica,
California: Lions Gate Films.
Television/radio programme recorded off-air:
Title of programme in italics (year of broadcast in round brackets) Series number, episode
number if appropriate, name of channel, recorded off-air on day and month. [Video
cassette/DVD].
In-text citation:
In the documentary Looking for the revolution (2007) it is suggested that
Reference list:
Looking for the revolution (2007) BBC4, recorded off-air on 9 October. [Video
cassette].
NB: If an episode of a series has its own title you should replace the programme title and
year of broadcast with the following:
Title of episode in single quotation marks (year of broadcast in round brackets) Title of
series in italics
Television/radio programme viewed online (e.g. via BBC iPlayer, BOB etc.):
Title of programme in italics (year of broadcast in round brackets) Series number, episode
number if appropriate, name of channel, day and month of broadcast. Available at: URL
(Accessed: date).
In-text citation:
In discussing the life of Holst (Holst: In the Bleak Midwinter, 2011)
Reference list:
Holst: In the Bleak Midwinter (2011), BBC4, 24 April. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/ (Accessed: 27 April 2011).
Audio CD:
Composer or artist. (year of distribution in round brackets) Title in italics [CD] Place of
distribution: distribution company.
In-text citation:
As can be found in Mozarts Don Giovanni (1986)
Reference list:
Mozart, W. A. (1986) Don Giovanni [CD] Berlin: Deutsche Grammophon.
Song lyrics:
When you are particularly quoting the lyrics of a song rather than the sound, you should
acknowledge the lyricist, which may not be the same person(s) as the composer of the music.
Lyricist. (year of distribution in round brackets) Title of the song in italics. Place of
distribution: distribution company
Reference list:
Lennon, J & McCartney, P. (1967) A day in the Life. London: Parlophone.
Musical performance:
Name of piece / performance in italics by composer (year of performance in round brackets)
Names of performers and conductor. [Venue, place of performance. Date seen]
Reference list:
Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg (2007) Jane Manning (soprano), Janes Minstrels,
Roger Montgomery (conductor). [Queen Elizabeth Hall, London. 20 October].
Theatrical performance:
Title of Play in italics by author (year of performance in round brackets) Directed by director.
[Venue, place of performance. Date seen].
Reference list:
A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare (2010) Directed by Peter Hall. [Rose
Theatre, Kingston-upon-Thames. 20 March].
Dance performance:
Composer or choreographer. (year of premiere in round brackets) Title in italics. [Venue,
place of performance. Date seen].
Reference list:
Marston, C. (2002) The Go Between. [Clore Studio, Royal Opera House, London. 14 May
2002].
September 2013