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p air
19.7 lb f
in 2
62.4 lb f
ft 3
12 in
ft 3
1728 in 3
10
20
30
40
60
70
80
90
100
lb f
70
76
84
91
97
102
107
110
112
114
115
ft 3
Mail Code
8348
Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062
dz , where p
= 0 (given).
z0
f ( x)dx
N 1
x
f a kx f b where
f a 2
2
k 1
N = (b a)/x.
In this problem the variable of integration is z and the step size, z = 10 ft. The
values of f(z) are the specific weight taken from the table. Some example
integrations give the following results:
p10
ft
lb f
lb f
lb f
10 ft
70 3 76 3 730 2
2
ft
ft
ft
p 20
ft
lb f
lb f
lb f
lb f
10 ft
70 3 2 76 3 84 3 1540 2
2
ft
ft
ft
ft
p30
ft
lb f
lb f
lb f
lb f
10 ft lb f
70 3 2 76 3 84 3 91 3 2405 2
2
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
The complete results and graph, done in Excel, are shown below.
h(ft)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
(lbf/ft3)
70
76
84
91
97
102
107
110
112
114
115
p (psf)
0
730
1530
2405
3345
4340
5385
6470
7580
8710
9855
Mail Code
8348
Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062
Page 3
pleft p A oil 7 in Hg 12 in
p right p B H 2O 3 in 12 in
Take the data for specific weights from table 1-5 on the inside front cover (assuming
the oil is SAE 30 weight oil and ignoring differences in temperature) are water = 62.4
lbf/ft3, Hg = 847 lbf/ft3, and oil = 57.0 lbf/ft3. Rearranging the equation to solve for pB
pA and substituting the data gives.
p B p A oil 7 in Hg 12 in H 2O 3 in 12 in
57.0 lb f
ft 3
7 in
847 lb f
ft 3
12 in
62.4 lb f
ft 3
psia in 2
3
1 lb f
1728 in
15 in
ft 3
pB pA = 5.57 psi
2.40 The differential mercury manometer
of Fig. P2.40 (copied at the right) is
connected to pipe A containing
gasoline (SG = 0.65), and to pipe B
containing water. Determine the
differential reading, h,
corresponding to a pressure in A of
20 kPa and a vacuum of 150 torr
[use torr instead of mm Hg] in B.
p2
p1
p1 p 2 Hg h
We can relate p1 and p2 to the pressures in A and B as follows.
p1 p A gasol h 0.3 m
p B p 2 water h 0.3 m
Page 4
Combining the two equations above gives the following expression for pA pB:
Hg water gasol
The data for specific weights of water and mercury are taken from table 1-6 on the
inside front cover (ignoring differences in temperature): water = 9.80 kN/m3 and Hg
=133 kN/m3. The gasoline has a specific gravity of 0.65 and, assuming that its
reference specific weight is that of water just found, we find the gasoline specific
weight as (SG)(water) = (0.65)(9.80 kN/m3) = 6.37 kN/m3.
The pressure in A is a gage pressure. The pressure in B is given as a vacuum of 150
mm Hg. A vacuum is the difference between the atmospheric pressure and the
absolute pressure. By definition, pvacuum = patmospheric pabsolute and pgage = pvacuum. Thus
the 150 torr vacuum is a gage pressure of (150 torr)(101.325 kPa)/(760 torr) =
20.00 kPa. Substituting this pressure for pB, the given value of pA = 20 kPa, and the
specific weight data from the previous paragraph into the equation for h gives
20 kPa 20 kPa
9.81 kN
kN
2
0.3 m
kPa m
m
133 kN 9.81 kN 6.37 kN
m3
m3
m3
h = 0.384 m
6.37 kN
m
Page 5
pB p A
62.4 lb f
ft 3
2 ft
215.9 lb f
ft 3
2 ft
62.4 lb f
1 ft
ft 3
494.2 lb f
ft 2
494.2 lb f
ft
0.9 lb f 144 in 2
in
ft
1.3 lb f 144 in 2
in
ft
811.0 lb f
ft 2
With the increased value of pB, the water-gage-fluid interface on the left will become
lower by a value of h so that the new value of hwater,left will become 1 ft + h. This
change will be reflected throughout the manometer system. The water-gage-fluid
interface on the right will rise by the same value h so that hwater,righy becomes 2 ft
h. Both of these differences will change the height of the gage fluid by 2h to a new
value of hgage = 2 ft + 2h. Substituting these new values of the gage heights and
the new value of pB pA into the original equation for pB pA gives
p B p A new
811.0 lb f
ft 2
62.4 lb f
ft 3
ft h
215.9 lb f
ft 3
ft 2h
62.4 lb f
ft 3
1 ft h
Page 6
The products of specific weights and heights on the right-side of the equation are
seen to be simply the original values for pB pA = 494.2 lbf/ft2. This gives the
following steps for obtaining h.
811.0 lb f
ft
494.2 lb f
ft
316.8 lb f
ft
62.4 lb f
62.4 lb f
215.9 lb f
h 2
3
3
ft
ft
ft 3
215.9 lb f
ft 3
Solving this equation gives h = 1.03 ft. Adding two times this value to the original
value of hgage = 2 ft gives the required answer.
hgage,new = 4.06 ft
2.46 Determine the change
in elevation of the
mercury in the left leg
of the manometer of
Fig. P2.46 (copied at
the right) as a result of
an increase in pressure
of 5 psi in pipe A while
the pressure in pipe B
remains constant.
The mercury pressures are
equal at the mercury-water interface and the point in the incline that is at the same level as this
interface. These two equal pressures can be written as follows. (In this equation we use a
variable height for the following distances in the diagram: h water= 18 in, hoil = 12 in, and Hg = 6 in =
the difference between the water-mercury and the oil-mrecury interfaces.)
pleft p A water hwater p right p B oil hoil Hg Hg sin 30 o
When the pressure in A increases to pA,new, the water-mercury interface will drop by a value h
and the mercury-oil interface will rise a distance, along the inclined length. These changes will
cause hwater to increase by h and hoil to decrease by sin30o. The vertical difference in the
mercury column will increase by the sum of h and sin30o. Even with all these changes we will
still have the same relationship between the pressure difference and manometer measurements.
This will give the equation below.
Page 7
We appear to have two unknowns, h and . However these two are related because the
volume of the mercury is constant. When the mercury drops by a height change of h, a volume
of mercury equal to rwater2 is displaced from the vertical tube to the inclined tube. The volume, V,
of fluid in an cylinder inclined at an angle with the horizontal plane is given by the equation V =
r2( + r/tan), where is the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the closest location of the
inclined plane.1 If the value of is changed by , keeping r and constant, the difference in
volume is simply r2, just as it would be for a vertical cylinder. Equating the two displaced
volumes gives the following relationship between h and .
rHg
h
rwater
2
2
rwater
h rHg
0.125 in
0.25 in
Before substituting this result into our equation for the pressure change, we have to get the
necessary data. Table 1-5 in the inside front cover gives the values for water = 62.4 lbf/ft3 and Hg =
847 lbf/ft3. The oil has a specific gravity of 0.9 so we find its specific weight using the value of
water = 62.4 lbf/ft3 just found: oil = 0.9(62.4 lbf/ft3)r = 56.16 lbf/ft3. We can now substitute the
equation h = /4 into the pressure increase equation, set sin30 o to its value of 0.5, and
substitute the specific weights just obtained to get the solution for h.
p A,new p A
2 Hg 2 oil water
5 psi
144 lb f
psi ft 2
0.304 ft
847 lb f
56.16 lb f 62.4 lb f
3
2
ft 3
ft 3
ft 3