UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

a glossary of
COMMON development terms

Version 2.1
Ha Noi, April 2003

FOREWORD
Development in Viet Nam has grown tremendously in recent years as all major
international bilateral and multilateral donors increased their activities. Donors, at times,
experienced a common frustrating issue the lack of a common or shared vocabulary for
development terms. This difficulty arose in part because many of the concepts were new to
Vietnamese counterparts. Development terms are also subject to evolving meanings in light of
changing development practices throughout the world. In response to the need for common
terminiology and in the interest of promoting donor harmonization, concerned national staff of the
United Nations Development Programme in Viet Nam have compiled this Glossary of Common
Development Terms. This Glossary is designed to serve as a tool for staff of the United Nations
system, bilateral donors, Vietnamese counterparts, international consultants as well as other
development partners that will improve understanding and communication in this complicated arena
of development assistance.
This Glossary has over 1,500 English main entries and nearly 1,000 derivative or associated
words which can be classified into four broad groups: (i) concepts which are often used by
development partners (e.g. capacity building, institutional development, sustainable
development); (ii) concepts for which Vietnamese equivalents are not yet widely recognized (e.g.
downstream, upstream, governance, human development); (iii) concepts which have special
contexts (e.g. Capacity 21, Agenda 21, 20:20 Initiative) or common terms which have however
evolved in meaning over time (e.g. result, outcome, participation); and (iv) names of major
development agencies (e.g. ADB, SIDA, World Bank), and international conventions on current
development issues (e.g. Convention on the Rights of the Child, Convention on Biological
Diversity). The English entries not only have Vietnamese equivalents but, in many cases, are also
supported by definitions, explanations or examples in order to provide exact meanings and/or
clarify contextual meanings. The Glossary is therefore more than a simple list of English concepts
and their Vietnamese equivalents. It is in fact meant to serve as a modest repository of development
knowledge to be shared among users.
The first version of this Glossary was launched for internal use within UNDP in May 2001
and formally posted on the UNDP website in April 2002. This current version has been refined and
upgraded and contains new terms and an easier presentational format. However, given the
extremely rich and evolving nature of development knowledge, the Glossary is far from a
comprehensive or perfect publication, nor is it intended to be one. Instead, it should be seen as a
living reference material which requires regular updating if it is to continue to serve as a useful
working tool for Vietnamese and other development practitioners. Therefore, the inputs and
suggestions of all users are most welcome. Such contributions can be sent either to the United
Nations Development Programme, through registry@undp.org.vn, or directly to Mr. Phan Duc
Thang at ducthang@undp.org.vn.
Ha Noi, 16 April 2003

Jordan Ryan
Resident Representative
UNDP

Viet

Nam

TECHNICAL NOTES
The entries in this glossary begin on Page 1 and continue in an alphabetical order
from A to W. The entries are printed in heavy bold letters. The left-hand words, for
example (Employment, Enrolment) are main entries and determine the alphabetical
order. Those following these words are derivative words which are derived from the main
entries and which denote associated concepts. A derivative entry may be followed by a
tilde ( ~ ) mark, for example (Full ~ : C vic lm y ) or proceeded by the same mark,
for example (~ generation: To vic lm). In some cases, it may be placed between other
words, for example (Net ~ ratio: T l i hc ng tui).
A main entry or a derivative entry can be a noun (n), a verb (v) or an adjective (adj).
It may have one or more than one Vietnamese equivalent term. It may be supported by a
definition, for example (i.e. prices that are set by the State) or an explanation, for example
(i.e. UNICEFs response to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980s...)
in order to give the exact meaning or context of the word. The entry may as well be
illustrated by an example in order to clarify the meaning or usage, for instance (e.g. ~ to
clean water: c s dng nc sch). In some cases the example is accompanied by a
Vietnamese translation, while it is not in other cases. A Vietnamese equivalent term is
always written in italic while a definition, explanation and example is always written in
normal letters. In all cases, however, the tilde ( ~ ) mark used throughout the glossary
represents the main entry or the derivative entry and is intended to avoid a repetition of the
entry itself.

A
Absorb (v) Hp th, tip nhn (e.g. To ~ a large amount of foreign aid: Tip nhn mt
khi lng ln vin tr nc ngoi).
Absorptive capacity (n) Kh nng tip nhn (e.g. The ~ of the Government has
improved recently).
Accede to (v) Tham gia, tr thnh thnh vin (e.g. To ~ an international convention:
tham gia mt cng c quc t).
Accession (n) S tham gia, tr thnh thnh vin (e.g. ~ to AFTA, WTO: Tham gia T
chc thng mi th gii, Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN).
Access (n) Tip cn, c s dng (e.g. ~ to advanced technology: c tip cn vi
cng ngh tin tin; ~ to clean water: c s dng nc sch). Hence, Accessible (adj)
D tip cn, c th tip cn (e.g. The rural village is accessible by car).
Account for (v) Gii trnh, tm kim, hch ton (e.g. To ~ the failure of the visit: Gii
trnh v tht bi ca chuyn ving thm; To ~ the Americans missing in action during the
war in Viet Nam: Tm kim ngi M mt tch trong cuc chin tranh Vit Nam; To ~
something in the State budget: Hch ton .... vo ngn sch Nh nc).
Accountability (n) Trch nhim gii trnh (i.e. the requirement that officials answer to
stakeholders on the disposal of their powers and duties, act on criticisms made of them,
and accept responsibility for failure, incompetence or deceit). A clear ~ mechanism:
Mt c ch r rng v trch nhim gii trnh. Mutual ~ : Trch nhim gii trnh vi
nhau (i.e. recipient governments and donors are accountable to each other respectively
for the proper use of aid and for the provision of effective aid); Public ~ : Trch nhim
gii trnh trc c tri hoc trc dn (i.e. a government agency is accountable to the
electorate or the wider public for the decisions taken).
Accountable (adj) Chu trch nhim gii trnh (e.g. The director is responsible for
managing the project and is ~ to the Government for the effective use of its financial
resources).
Action-oriented (adj) Mang tnh hnh ng, khc vi Theoretical (e.g. The workplan is
very much ~ : K hoch cng tc mang tnh hnh ng r rng).
Ad hoc (adj) c bit, tnh th (e.g. The UN ~ Committee on Disarmament: U ban c
bit ca Lin hp quc v gii tr qun b; An ~ solution: Mt gii php tnh th).
Addict (n) Ngi nghin. Drug ~ : Ngi nghin ma tu; Hard-core ~ : Ngi nghin
nng. Hence, Addiction (n) S nghin ngp (e.g. drug ~, alcohol ~ ).
Addictive (adj) Gy nghin. ~ substances: Cc cht gy nghin.
Address (v) Gii quyt, cp ti (e.g. Environmental issues should be addressed in
detail in the national development strategy: Cc vn v mi trng cn c cp
chi tit trong chin lc pht trin quc gia).
Adjustment assistance (n) Tr gip hay vin tr phc v iu chnh (i.e. public financial
assistance provided to workers and industries hurt by imports of lower-priced foreign goods
in order to allow them to "adjust" to a new occupation).
Adjustment programme (n) Chng trnh iu chnh (i.e. a programme aimed at
restricting short-term demand and improving productive efficiency in the longer terms).

Adjustment with a human face iu chnh mang tnh nhn vn (i.e. UNICEFs
response to adjustment programmes launched by IMF during the 1980s. UNICEF held
that such programmes were not only for economic growth but had to take into account
implications on people, in particular the most vulnerable groups). Xem thm Structural
adjustment.
Administered prices (n) Gi ch o, gi do Nh nc qun l (i.e. prices that are set by
the State).
Adult (n) Ngi ln. ~ illiteracy rate: T l m ch ngi ln; ~ literacy rate: T l
bit ch ngi ln.
Advancement of women (n) S tin b ca ph n (e.g. The National Committee for the
Advancement of Women: U ban quc gia v s tin b ca ph n).
Advantage (n) Li th, im mnh; Absolute ~ : Li th tuyt i; Comparative ~ : Li
th so snh; Equal ~ : Li th ngang bng.
Advantage position (n) V th thun li.
Advocate (v) Tuyn truyn vn ng (e.g. To ~ sustainable development concepts; (n)
Ngi ng h (e.g. UNDP is a strong ~ of sustainable development principles).
Advocacy (n) S tuyn truyn vn ng (e.g. ~ for sustainable development policies).
Afford (v) C th chi tr, c th thanh ton (e.g. Social services must be set at
reasonable prices so that the poor can ~ ).
Affordability (n) Kh nng chi tr, kh nng thanh ton (e.g. the ~ of the poor for lowcost housing).
Affordable (adj) C kh nng chi tr, c kh nng thanh ton (e.g. Social services must
be set at ~ prices to the poor: Gi cc dch v x hi phi mc ngi ngho c th chu
ng c).
Agenda 21 (n) Chng trnh ngh s Th k 21 (i.e. an action plan for sustainable
development for the 21st century, adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and
Development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro).
Aggregate (adj) Tnh gp, tnh tng s. At the ~ level: mc tng hp; ~ demand:
Tng cu; ~ expenditure: Tng chi; ~ revenue: Tng thu; ~ supply: Tng cung.
Agricultural (n) Thuc v nng nghip; ~ exports: Nng sn xut khu; ~ output: Sn
lng nng nghip; ~ productivity: Nng sut nng nghip; ~ reform: Ci cch nng
nghip; ~ sector: Ngnh nng nghip; ~ subsidies: Tr gi nng nghip.
Agricultural earnings (n) Thu nhp t nng nghip.
Agricultural extension (n) Khuyn nng. ~ services: Dch v khuyn nng; ~ worker:
Ngi lm cng tc khuyn nng, cn b khuyn nng.
Agricultural biodiversity (n) a dng sinh hc nng nghip.
Agricultural pollution (n) nhim nng nghip.
Agriculture (n) Nng nghip. Integrated ~ : Nng nghip ton din; Organic ~ : Nng
nghip sch, nng nghip hu c. Traditional ~ : Nng nghip truyn thng.
Agri-silviculture (n) Canh tc cy g xen cy ngn ngy (i.e. a form of agroforestry
consisting of tree and crop components). Hence, Agro-silvicultural system: H thng
canh tc nng lm kt hp.

Agro (adj) Thuc v nng nghip (c dng nh mt tip u ng). ~ -biodiversity:

a dng sinh hc nng nghip; ~ - forestry: Nng - lm kt hp; ~ - ecosystem: H
sinh thi nng nghip; ~ - industry: Nng - cng kt hp.
Aid (n) Vin tr. Aid and Assistance is used in this glossary to refer to financial flows
which qualify as Official Aid or Official Development Assistance (Xem thm Official
aid and Official Development Assistance). Long-term ~ : Vin tr di hn (i.e. official
loans with an original or extended maturity of more than one year). Short-term ~ : Vin
tr ngn hn (i.e. official loans with a maturity of one year or less).
Aid coordination (n) iu phi vin tr (i.e. the process by which a recipient
government plans external aid in support of national goals, priorities and strategies).
Aid management (n) Qun l vin tr (i.e. the process by which a recipient government
integrates external aid and internal resources in the implementation of its development
programmes and activities).
Aid mobilization (n) Vn ng vin tr, huy ng vin tr.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): Hi chng suy gim min dch mc
phi ngi. ~ prevention and control: Phng chng v kim sot AIDS.
Air pollution (n) nhim khng kh. ~ index: Ch s nhim khng kh; ~ control
legislation: Lut php kim sot nhim khng kh; ~ control strategy: Chin lc
kim sot nhim khng kh.
Alienated (n) B xa lnh. Socially ~ : B x hi xa lnh.
Allocate (v) Phn b, phn phi. Hence, Allocation (n) S phn b, phn phi (e.g. The
effective ~ of public resources: S phn b c hiu qu ngun lc cng cng).
Alternative (adj) Khc, thay th. ~ farming: Canh tc thay th; ~ crop: Cy trng thay
th; ~ energy: Nng lng thay th; ~ solution: Gii php thay th; ~ technology:
Cng ngh thay th.
Amortization (n) Tr dn, thanh ton dn (e.g. The ~ of a loan). ~ schedule: Lch tr
(thanh ton) n.
Anti-narcotic activities (n) Cc hot ng phng chng ma tu.
Appraise (v) Thm nh. Hence, Appraisal (n) S thm nh (i.e. the process of
checking the quality of a programme or project design prior to approval). Hence Project
or programme appraisal: Thm nh d n hoc chng trnh.
Approach (n) Phng thc, cch tip cn. Economic ~ : Cch tip cn v kinh t;
Environmental ~ : Cch tip cn v mi trng; Programme or Programmatic ~ :
Cch tip cn theo chng trnh; Project ~ : Cch tip cn theo d n; Social ~: Cch
tip cn v x hi; Sectoral ~ : Cch tip cn theo ngnh (Also Sector-wide approach).
Approve (v) Ph duyt. Hence, Approval (n) S ph duyt (i.e. the process of signing a
project or programme document where donor funds are committed). Hence, Project or
programme approval: Ph duyt d n hoc chng trnh.
Aquaculture (n) Nui trng thy sn. Marine ~ : Nui trng thu sn bin; Upland ~ :
Nui trng thu sn min ni.
Area-wide environmental quality management: Qun l cht lng mi trng theo
vng lnh th (i.e. the process of analyzing the impact of industrial activity on
environmental systems in a given geographic area, assessing their assimilative capacity
to handle industrial pollutants and establising environmental action plans).

Arrears (n) N qu hn (i.e. overdue payments of debt).

Articulate (v) Trnh by r rng. Hence, Well-articulated (adj) c trnh by r rng
(e.g. ~ ideas, views).
Articulation (n) S trnh by r rng (e.g. The ~ of national priorities).
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC): Din n Hp tc Kinh t
Chu - Thi Bnh Dng. c thnh lp nm 1989, APEC l din n quc t nhm
khuyn khch hp tc kinh t v thng mi, cng nh trao i cc vn v pht trin
v an ninh khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng.
Asian Development Bank (ADB): Ngn hng Pht trin chu . c thnh lp nm
1966, ADB l mt t chc ti tr pht trin vi tn ch thc y s nghip pht trin kinh
t v x hi chu v Thi Bnh Dng.
Assimilative capacity (n) Kh nng hp th, kh nng ng ha (i.e. the ability of a
water body to purify itself of pollutants).
Assistance (n) S tr gip, vin tr. External ~ : S tr gip, vin tr t bn ngoi.
Technical ~ : Tr gip k thut. Xem thm Technical assistance v Technical
cooperation.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Hip hi cc nc ng Nam .
c thnh lp nm 1967, thnh phn ca ASEAN hin c 10 nc ng Nam , vi
tn ch xc tin an ninh v gii quyt tranh chp trong khu vc, tng cng bun bn,
pht trin kinh t, u t gia cc nc thnh vin.
Assumption (n) Gi nh (i.e. a condition that is important to the success of a project
but which is beyond the control of the project and whose probability of being satisfied
cannot be assured).
Audit (n) Kim ton (i.e. an official examination of financial accounts to see if they are
in order. The scope of audits includes financial ~ kim ton ti chnh, compliance ~
kim ton v tun th quy ch and performance audit or value for money audit kim
ton v hiu qu). External ~ : Kim ton do ngi bn ngoi tin hnh (cn gi l
Independent ~ : Kim ton c lp); Internal audit: Kim ton ni b.
Audit sampling (n) Ly mu kim ton, chn mu kim ton.
Auditor (n) Nhn vin kim ton. ~ General: Tng kim ton.
Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID): C quan Pht trin
Quc t t-xtry-lia.
Awareness (n) Nhn thc. Environmental ~ : Nhn thc v mi trng; Gender ~ :
Nhn thc v gii; HIV/AIDS ~ : Nhn thc v HIV/AIDS; ~ raising: Nng cao nhn
thc.

B
Backstopping (n) Theo di v h tr (i.e. activities to review, support and advise on the
smooth implementation of a project, e.g. Technical ~ by the Executing Agency: Theo di
v h tr k thut ca C quan iu hnh d n).
Backward-looking (adj) Hng v qu kh, i lp vi Forward-looking (e.g. The
analysis should not be ~, but forward-looking).
Balance of payments (n) Cn cn thanh ton (i.e. a tabulation of the credit and debit
transactions of a country with other countries and international institutions).
Balance of payments support: H tr cn cn thanh ton (e.g. a form of programme
aid that is provided by the IMF through the Central Bank to manage the problems of
balance of payments deficits, insufficient foreign reserves and debt unsustainability. It
usually carried conditionality in the form of a programme of policy reforms agreed by
the recipient government with the IMF and World Bank).
Balance of trade (n) Cn cn thng mi.
Bankable (adj) C th c ngn hng ti tr (e.g. A ~ project proposal).
Barrier (n) Hng ro. Non-tariff ~ s: Hng ro phi thu quan; Tariff ~ s: Hng ro
thu quan; Trade ~ s: Hng ro thng mi.
Baseline data (n) D liu gc, d liu c s (i.e. data that describe the situation to be
addressed by a project and that serve as a starting point for measuring changes in its
performance). ~ survey: iu tra d liu gc, iu tra d liu c s.
Basic social services (BSS): Cc dch v x hi c bn (i.e. social services that were
defined by the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhaghen in 1995, to consist
of primary education, primary health care and nutrition, family planning services, clean
water and low-cost sanitation).
Behaviour (n) Hnh vi, cch hnh x; High-risk ~ : Hnh vi c nguy c cao.
Behavioural (adj) Thuc v hnh vi. ~ change: Thay i hnh vi.
Benchmark (n) Mc chun, im chun (i.e. an intermediate target to measure
progress in a given period using a certain indicator).
Beneficiary (n) Ngi th hng. Direct ~ : Ngi th hng trc tip; Indirect ~:
Ngi th hng gin tip; Ultimate ~ : Ngi th hng cui cng.
Benefit (n) Li ch, tr cp. Age ~s : Tr cp nhn th; Direct ~ s : Li ch trc tip;
Medical ~s : Tr cp y t; Fringe ~s : Ph cp ngoi lng; Unemployment ~ s: Tr
cp tht nghip.
Best practice (n) Tp qun tt nht (e.g. Our plan of action has benefited from the ~ s of
other partners).
Better-off (adj ) Kh gi hn, giu c hn. ~ regions: Nhng vng kh gi hn;
~ people: Nhng ngi kh gi hn.
Bid (n) u thu, gi thu. ~ evaluation, selection: nh gi thu, chn thu; ~ price:
Gi b thu; Invitation to ~ : Th mi thu. To bid for (v) Tham gia u thu.
Bidder (n) Ngi tham gia u thu (e.g. Lowest, highest ~ : Ngi b thu thp nht,
cao nht; Successful ~ : Ngi thng thu).

Bidding (n) Vic u thu (also Tendering). Competitive ~ : u thu cnh tranh;
International ~ : u thu quc t; Limited ~ : u thu hn ch; Local ~ : u thu
trong nc; Open ~ : u thu cng khai; ~ conditions: iu kin d thu;
~ documents: H s d thu; ~ procedures, rules: Th tc u thu, quy ch i thu.
Bilateral (adj) Song phng. ~ agreement: Hip nh song phng; ~ donor: Nh ti
tr song phng.
Bilateral aid (n) Vin tr song phng (i.e. official development assistance provided on a
country-to-country basis).
Bilateral trade agreement (n) Hip nh thng mi song phng.
Bio (adj) S sng, sinh hc (dng nh mt tip u ng). Bio-chemistry: Mn ho sinh;
Bio-gas: Sinh kh; Bio-energy: Nng lng sinh hc; Bio-engineering: K thut sinh
hc; Bio-fuel: Nhin liu sinh hc; Bio-ethics: o c trong cng ngh sinh hc; Biomass: Sinh khi; Bio-safety: An ton trong cng ngh sinh hc.
Biodiversity (n) S a dng sinh hc (gm genetic diversity, species diversity v
ecosystem diversity). ~ conservation: Bo tn s a dng sinh hc; ~ resources:
Ngun ti nguyn a dng sinh hc. Convention on ~ Conservation: Cng c v bo
tn a dng sinh hc, k kt ti Hi ngh ca LHQ v Mi trng v Pht trin nm
1992 ti Rio de Janeiro.
Biodiversity awareness strategy (n) Chin lc nng cao nhn thc v a dng sinh
hc.
Biotechnology (n) Cng ngh sinh hc.
Birth control (n) Kim sot sinh . ~ measures: Cc bin php kim sot sinh .
Birth rate (n) T sut sinh, t l sinh. Crude ~ : T sut sinh th; Net ~ : T sut sinh
dng.
Birth spacing (n) Khong cch sinh (i.e. time gap between birth deliveries).
Blue sector (n) ................. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to water resources,
coastal zones and the sea).
Bottle-neck (n) S ch tc, khu ch tc (e.g. Bottle-necks in ODA implementation:
Nhng ch tc trong vic thc hin vin tr pht trin chnh thc).
Bottom-up (adj) T di ln, t c s ln. ~ approach: Phng php hay cch tip cn
t c s ln (as opposed to Top-down approach).
Brain drain (n) (Tnh trng) chy mu cht xm.
Brain gain (n) Tng cng cht xm, lm giu cht xm (e.g. The immigration of skilled
labour is a brain drain of one country but a brain gain for another country).
Brainstorming (n) Xi vn , khu gi tng (i.e. a creative form of discussion with
the sole purpose of producing suggestions or ideas). ~ techniques: K thut xi vn ,
k thut khu gi tng ca ngi tham gia.
Break-even point (n) im ho vn.
Breakthrough (n) Bc t ph. Digital ~ : Bc t ph v cng ngh s; Genetic ~ :
Bc t ph v cng ngh gien; Technological ~ : Bc t ph v cng ngh.
Breast-feed (v) Nui con bng sa m. Hence, Breast-fed (adj) c nui bng sa
m; Breast-feeding (n) Vic nui con bng sa m.

Bretton Woods Agreement: Hip nh Bretton Woods. ~ l Hip nh tin t t c

ti mt hi ngh quc t t chc nm 1944 ti Bretton Woods, Hoa K.
Bretton Woods Institutions: Cc t chc Bretton Woods, tc l Qu tin t Quc t v
Nhm Ngn hng Th gii, c thnh lp theo Hip nh BrettonWoods
Brief (v) Thng bo, trc khi bt u mt hot ng (e.g. The delegation was briefed
before it began its project visit). Hence, Briefing (n) Bui thng bo.
Broad-based C c s rng ri, trn din rng. ~ support: S h tr rng ri;
~ growth: S tng trng t c trn din rng.
Brown sector (n) ............... (i.e. environmental issues that relate to urban and industrial
pollution).
Budget (n) Ngn sch. ~ deficit: Thm ht ngn sch; ~ line: Dng ngn sch;
~ revision: iu chnh ngn sch; ~ surplus: Thng d ngn sch.
Budgetary (adj) Thuc v ngn sch. ~ control: Kim sot ngn sch; ~ process: Quy
trnh (xy dng v qun l) ngn sch; ~ support: H tr ngn sch.
Buffer zone (n) Vng m, khu m (i.e. an area of land separating land uses which are
incompatible with each other and which should be of sufficient width to prevent any
conflict between them). ~ management: Qun l vng m.
Build on or upon (v) Da trn c s, pht huy (e.g. The project has built upon the
results of recent research initiatives: D n c xy dng da trn kt qu ca cc cng
trnh nghin cu gn y).
Built-in stabilizer (n) C ch to n nh ni ti.
Business (n) Kinh doanh. ~ activity: Hot ng kinh doanh; ~ cycle: Chu k kinh
doanh; ~ environment: Mi trng kinh doanh; ~ ethics: o c kinh doanh;
~ model: M hnh kinh doanh; ~ strategy: Chin lc kinh doanh.

C
Calorie (n) n v nhit lng ca-lo. Daily ~ intake per capita: Khu phn ca-lo tiu
th hng ngy theo u ngi; Daily ~ supply per capita: Khu phn ca-lo cung cp
hng ngy theo u ngi.
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA): C quan Pht trin Quc t
Ca-na-a.
Capacity (n) Nng lc (i.e. the skills, knowledge and resources needed to perform a
function). Individual ~ : Nng lc c nhn; institutional ~ : Nng lc th ch.
Capacity 21 (n) Nng lc th k 21 (i.e. a programme of technical assistance set up by
the United Nations Development Programme in June 1993 in order to assist developing
countries to realize the objectives of Agenda 21). Xem thm Agenda 21.
Capacity assessment (n) nh gi nng lc.
Capacity building (n) Xy dng nng lc. ~ differs from Capacity development in that
the latter builds on a pre-existing capacity basis. Hence, To build capacity (e.g. ~ of an
institution).
Capacity development (n) Tng cng nng lc (i.e. the process by which individuals,
institutions, communities develop their capacities to perform functions, solve problems
and set and reach objectives). Hence, To develop capacity (e.g. ~ of an organization).
Capital (n) Vn, ngun vn. Directly productive ~ : Ngun vn trc tip tham gia sn
xut (my mc, thit b, cng c sn xut); Financial ~ : Ngun vn v ti chnh ( u
t); Human ~ : Ngun vn v con ngi; Infrastructural ~ : Ngun vn v kt cu h
tng; Institutional ~ : Ngun vn v th ch (nn dn ch, quyn con ngi, h thng
php ch); Natural ~ : Ngun vn v t nhin; Social ~ : Ngun vn x hi (cc
chun mc, h thng, t chc, truyn thng, gi tr, trong c ngun vn v th ch);
A societys total ~ : Tng ngun vn ca mt x hi.
Capital assistance (n) Vin tr v vn.
Capital-intensive (adj) Cn nhiu vn (e.g. A ~ industry).
Capitalize on (v) Pht huy, tn dng, tranh th (e.g. To ~ emerging opportunities).
Carbon tax (n) Thu cc-bon (i.e. a tax on the consumption of fossil carbon-containing
fuels in order to discourage consumption, reduce carbon dioxide emissions and provide
funds to promote other measures for reducing the greenhouse effect).
Carrying capacity (n) Sc ti, kh nng ti (i.e. the maximum number of organisms that
an ecosystem can support without damaging the ecosystem itself). ~ of a tourism site:
Sc ti ca mt im du lch; The Earths ~ : Sc ti ca tri t.
Case study (n) Nghin cu trng hp in hnh (i.e. an example of a research problem,
usually described by a representative case, unit of population , e.g. to conduct a ~ on a
subject matter: Tin hnh nghin cu trng hp in hnh v mt ti no ).
Catalyst (adj) C tnh cht xc tc. ~ role: Vai tr xc tc; ~ money: Ngun vn mang
tnh xc tc.
Causal relationship (n) Mi quan h nhn qu.
Cause and effect relationship (n) Quan h nhn qu.
Central planning (n) K hoch ho tp trung.

Centrally planned economy (n) Kinh t k hoch ho tp trung.

Change (n) S thay i, i mi. ~ process: Tin trnh i mi; ~ management: Qun
l tin trnh i mi (i.e. ways to implement and monitor change within an organization).
Change agent hay change catalyst: Nhn t kch thch i mi (i.e. an individual who
attempts to influence decesion-making in a direction that is conducive to change).
Checklist (n) Danh mc (cc cu hi, vn ) i chiu (e.g. The ~ for project
appraisal: Danh mc cc cu hi i chiu khi thm nh d n; The ~ for briefing a
visiting mission: Danh mc cc vn cn thng bo cho on khch n thm).
Child (n) Tr em. ~ abuse: Lm dng tr em; ~ care: Chm sc tr em; ~ rearing:
Nui dng tr em.
Child-bearing age (n) Tui sinh con, also Reproductive age. Women in ~ : Ph n
ang tui sinh con.
Child-blind (adj) Khng quan tm n tr em (e.g. A ~ social policy, project).
Child care (n) Chm sc tr em. ~ center: Trung tm nui dy tr em.
Child labour (n) Lao ng tr em. Hence, Child labourers (n) Tr em phi lao ng..
Child malnutrition (n) Suy dinh dng tr em.
Child prostitution (n) Mi dm tr em. Hence, Child prostitutes (n) Tr em hnh
ngh mi dm.
Child welfare (n) Phc li cho tr em (e.g. a ~ policy, programme).
Children in specially difficult circumstances: Tr em c hon cnh c bit.
Civil servants (n) Cng chc.
Civil service (n) Ngnh cng v.
Civil society (n) X hi dn s (i.e. the realm of individuals and groups - organized or
unorganized - who interact in the social, political and economic domains and who are
regulated by formal and informal rules and laws).
Civil society organizations (n) Cc t chc x hi dn s.
Clean energy sources (n) Cc ngun nng lng sch (i.e. natural gas, solar, wind,
sustainable biomass and mini-hydro power).
Clean production technology (n) Cng ngh sn xut sch (i.e. use of environmentally
friendly processes in production activities). Hence, cleaner production technology:
Cng ngh sn xut sch hn.
Client-oriented (adj) nh hng phc v khch hng (e.g. a ~ mentality: Thi sn
sng phc v khch hng).
Climate change (n) S bin i kh hu (e.g. Convention on ~ : Cng c v bin i
kh hu, c k kt ti Hi ngh LHQ v Mi trng v Pht trin nm 1992 ti Rio de
Janeiro). Global ~ : S bin i kh hu ton cu.
Cloning (n) Nhn dng v tnh, nhn gien v tnh.
Cluster evaluation (n) nh gi cm d n (c lin quan vi nhau v ni dung).
Coastal mangrove forest (n) Rng ngp mn ven bin.
Coastal zone management (n) Qun l di ven b. Integrated ~ : Qun l tng hp di
ven b.
Coastal wetland (n) (Vng) t ngp mn ven bin.

Co-financing (n) Cng gp vn, l thut ng dng chung cho cc phng thc ti tr
cost-sharing ng ti tr, trust fund qu u thc v parallel financing ti tr song
song.
Commercial (adj) Thuc v thng mi. ~ interest rate: Li sut thng mi;
~ lending: Cho vay theo iu kin thng mi; ~ loan: Khon vay thng mi.
Commercialize (v) Thng mi ho. Hence, Commercialization (n) S thng mi ho
(e.g. ~ of public services: Thng mi ho cc dch v cng cng).
Commit (v) Cam kt, quyt tm (e.g. ~ oneself to doing something: Cam kt lm mt
vic g ).
Commitment (n) S cam kt (i.e. arrangement for financial assistance or technical
cooperation incorporated into a signed agreement specifycing terms and conditions).
For example: ODA ~s to Viet Nam in 2001 reached US$ 1.6 billion: Cam kt ODA cho
Vit Nam trong nm 2001 ln n 1,6 t USD.
Commodity (n) Hng ha. ~ assistance: Vin tr bng hng ho (i.e. financial
assistance provided by a donor to a recipient country in the form of commodities or
goods). ~ loan: Khon tin vay bng hng ho.
Common but differentiated responsibilities (n) Trch nhim chung nhng c phn bit
mc (i.e. Principle No. 7 of the 1992 Rio Declaration which says States shall
cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and
integrity of the Earths ecosystem. However, in view of the different contributions to
global environmental degradation, States shall have common but different
responsibilities.
Communicable diseases (n) Cc cn bnh ly lan.
Community (n) Cng ng. ~ health care: Y t cng ng;
Community development (n) Pht trin cng ng (i.e. the organization of all aspects
of community living, in particular new settlement projects and the improvement of
existing facilities).
Community education (n) Gio dc thc cng ng (i.e. an enabling process by
which children and adults acquire a sense of identification with their community).
Community forestry (n) Lm nghip cng ng (i.e. a form of social forestry where
tree planting is undertaken by a community on common or communal lands).
Community participation (n) S tham gia ca cng ng (i.e. the participation of a
community in its own development).
Community participation role (n) Vai tr hot ng cng ng (ca ph n ). Xem
thm Gender roles.
Community-based (adj) Da vo cng ng, cp cng ng.
Community-based development approaches (n) Cc phng thc pht trin da vo
cng ng
Community-based drug treatment (n) Cai nghin ti (da vo) cng ng.
Community-based forest management (n) Qun l rng da vo cng ng (i.e. a
strategy for achieving people-centered development where the focus of decision-making
with regard to the sustainable use of forest resources in the area lies with the
communities of that area).
Community-based organizations (n) Cc t chc cng ng.

10

Comparative advantage: Li th so snh. Theory of ~ : Thuyt v li th so snh (i.e.

the specialization in the production and export of those goods/services in which a country
can make or provide most profitably).
Compete (v) Cnh tranh (e.g. to ~ with each other for the increasingly scarce
development resources).
Competing (adj) Cnh tranh nhau, ganh ua nhau (e.g. ~ claims on the limited national
resources: Nhng i hi tranh ginh ngun lc hn hp ca quc gia).
Competition (n) S cnh tranh, ganh ua. Fair ~ : Cnh tranh lnh mnh; Healthy ~ :
Cnh tranh lnh mnh; Imperfect ~ : Cnh tranh khng hon ho; Perfect ~ : Cnh
tranh hon ho; Unfair ~ : Cnh tranh khng lnh mnh.
Competitive (adj) C kh nng cnh tranh, mang tnh cnh tranh. ~ bidding: u
thu cnh tranh; ~ market: Th trng cnh tranh; ~ price: Gi c cnh tranh.
Competitiveness (n) C kh nng cnh tranh, sc cnh tranh (e.g. The ~ of the national
economy: Sc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t quc dn).
Completion (n) S hon thnh, kt thc. Financial ~ : Kt thc v ti chnh (e.g. the
financial ~ of a project); Operational ~ : Kt thc v hot ng (ca mt d n).
Comprehensive (adj) Ton din. A ~ approach: Cch tip cn ton din.
Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy or CPRGS: Chin lc
ton din v xo ngho i v tng trng (i.e. a strategic policy paper that was
requested by the World Bank and prepared by the Government of Viet Nam to replace
the previous Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - or PRSP).
Comprehensive Development Strategy or CDF (n) Chin lc pht trin ton din
(i.e. a mechanism developed by the World Bank for coordinating WB assistance and
government spending in support of a comprehensive strategy covering all aspects of
development in a recipient country).
Concept (n) Khi nim, tng. A project ~: tng d n (i.e. A paper that provides a
preliminary idea of the overall possibility and desirability of a project).
Concept paper (n) Bn phc tho (v mt tng hoc ti).
Conceptual (adj) Thuc v khi nim. A ~ framework: Khung khi qut, phng php
lun.
Conceptual approach (n) Phng php tip cn mang tnh khi qut.
Conceptualization (n) Xy dng khi nim, xy dng tng. Project ~: Xy dng
tng d n. Hence, To conceptualize a project: Xy dng tng d n.
Concessionary (Also Concessional, Soft) (adj) Mang tnh u i. A ~ loan: Khon vay
u i (i.e. credit extended in terms that are more favourable to the borrower than market
rates).
Concessionality level (n) Mc u i (i.e. a measure of the softness of a credit
reflecting the benefit to the borrower compared to a loan at the market rate).
Condition (n) iu kin (e.g. a neccesary and sufficient ~ : iu kin cn v ).
Conditionality (n) C iu kin, iu kin rng buc (i.e. policy measure(s) that a
government agrees to implement as a requirement to receive aid).
Conflict (n) Xung t, mu thun. ~ of interest: Xung t li ch.
Conflict resolution (n) Gii quyt xung t.

11

Conflicting (adj) Xung t vi nhau, mu thun vi nhau (e.g. ~ interests, ideas: Nhng
li ch, nhng tng tri ngc nhau).
Consensus (n) S nht tr, s ng thun. On the consensus ~ : Theo nguyn tc ng
thun. Political ~ : S ng thun v chnh tr.
Consensus building (n) Xy dng s nht tr, ng thun (e.g. A ~ activity, initiative:
Mt hot ng, mt sng kin nhm xy dng s ng thun).
Conservation (n) Bo tn; ~ area, site, zone: Khu bo tn; Cultural ~ : Bo tn vn
ho; Heritage ~ : Bo tn di sn.
Constituency (n) Nhng ngi hu thun (i.e. a group of people with the same interests
that one can turn to for support); C tri (i.e. a body of voters in a district having its own
elected representative).
Constrain (v) Hn ch, rng buc (e.g. The poor policy and legal environments have
constrained the sustainability of the technical approaches used). Hence, Constraint (n)
Hn ch, kh khn.
Consultancy (n) Hot ng t vn (e.g. a consultancy assignment: Chuyn cng tc t
vn). Hence, Consultant: Chuyn gia t vn.
Consultative Group Meeting (n) Hi ngh Nhm T vn (i.e. a periodic meeting
between the Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for
dialoguing on national issuses/priorities and mobilizing additional external assistance.
This is an aid mobilization mechanism which is chaired by the World Bank).
Consulting (adj) Thuc v t vn. ~ business: Ngh t vn; ~ firm: Cng ty t vn;
~ industry: Ngnh (cng nghip) t vn.
Consumer (n) Ngi tiu dng. ~ demand: Nhu cu tiu dng; ~ price: Gi tiu dng;
~ subsidy: Tr gi tiu dng.
Consumer price index (n) Ch s gi tiu dng.
Contaminate (v) Lm nhim bn. Hence, Contamination (n) Lm nhim bn.
Contaminated site (n) Ni b nhim bn.
Contingency (n) Tnh hung bt trc. ~ fund: Qu d phng; ~ plan: K hoch d
phng.
Continuous programming (n) Phng php xy dng d n mang tnh lin tc (i.e. a
concept that involves the programming by objectives through earmarking of limited
resources for selected development objectives of the country programme for which
projects have not yet been identified).
Contraceptive (n) Dng c trnh thai. ~ measures: Cc bin php trnh thai.
Contraceptive prevalence rate (n) T l s dng cc bin php trnh thai (i.e. the
percentage of married women of childbearing age, 15-49 years old, who are using, or
whose husbands are using, any form of contraception).
Contract (n) Bn hp ng hoc (v) Lm hp ng (e.g. to ~ somebody to do something:
Hp ng vi ngi no lm vic g).
Contracting out (n) Khon cho ngi ngoi (i.e. an arrangement whereby a department
or agency enters into a commercial contract with an external supplier that provides
services). Hence, to contract out something: Khon cho ngi ngoi.
Contractual (adj) Thuc v hp ng. ~ obligations: Cc ngha v theo hp ng;
~ provisions: Cc iu khon hp ng; ~ terms: Cc iu kin hp ng.

12

Contribution (n) Khon ng gp. In cash ~ : ng gp bng tin mt; In kind ~ :

ng gp bng hin vt (di cc hnh thc nh nhn s, vn phng, vt t , thit b ti
ch, t ai, nh xng, v.v...); Counterpart ~: ng gp ca c quan i tc (bng
tin mt hoc bng hin vt).
Control (n) S kim sot, bin php kim sot. Export ~ s : Cc bin php kim sot
xut khu; Exchange rate ~ s : Cc bin php kim sot t gi hi oi; Import ~ s :
Cc bin php kim sot nhp khu; Price ~ s : Cc bin php kim sot gi c.
Convention (n) Cng c (e.g. ~ on the Rights of the Child: Cng c v Quyn Tr
em; ~ for the Pretection of Ozone Layer: Cng c v bo v tng -dn; ~ for the
Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage: Cng c v bo v di sn
vn ho v thin nhin th gii; ~ on Biological Diversity: Cng c v bo v s a
dng sinh hc; ~ on International Trade in Endangered Species: Cng c v thng
mi quc t i vi cc loi ng vt c nguy c tit chng; ~ on the Law of the Sea:
Cng c v Lut bin).
Coping strategy (n) Chin lc, bin php khc phc kh khn (i.e. plans, means and
actions used by the poor and/or the vulnerable to deal with difficult situations such as
unemployment, sickness, food shortage).
Core resources: Ngun vn thng xuyn (i.e. voluntary contributions by donor
governments to UN development Agencies, as opposed to Non-core resources).
Corporate (adj) Tng qut (e.g. A ~ plan: Mt k hoch tng qut); Thuc v cng ty
(e.g. A ~ law: Lut cng ty).
Corrupt (adj) Tham nhng (e.g. A ~ official: Mt quan chc tham nhng).
Corruption (n) S tham nhng (i.e. defined broadly as the abuse of public office for
private gains). ~ - free (adj) Khng c tham nhng (e.g. A ~ society: Mt x hi khng
c tham nhng).
Cost (n) Chi ph. Fixed ~ : Chi ph c nh; Hidden ~ : Ch ph n; Visible ~ : Chi ph
hin.
Cost-push inflation (n) Lm pht do sc y ca chi ph (i.e. inflation which is created
and sustained by increases in production costs, independently of the state of demand).
Cost recovery (n) Ly thu b chi, thu hi chi ph. On a ~ basis: Trn c s ly thu b
chi.
Cost sharing (n) ng ti tr (i.e. financial contributions which are made by another
donor to a development project of UNDP and which are entrusted to UNDP to manage
in accordance with UNDP's own financial rules/regulations). Xem thm Co-financing.
Cost-benefit analysis (n) Phn tch chi ph-li ch (i.e a method to determine total
benefits and costs of a project through which to detect the alternation with the highest
benefit-cost ratio).
Cost-effective (adj) Hiu qu tnh theo chi ph, hiu qu kinh t.
Cost-effectiveness analysis (n) Phn tch chi ph hiu qu (i.e. an approach adopted
when the benefits from a project cannot be readily measured on monetary terms, yet it
has political or corporate benefits).
Counterpart (n) Bn i tc, bn ng nhim. ~ agency: C quan i tc; ~ capacity:
Nng lc ca c quan i tc; The Vietnamese Foreign Minister and his US ~ : Ngoi
trng Vit Nam v ngi ng nhim Hoa K.

13

Counterpart funding (n) Vn i ng (i.e. the contribution in local currency to project

costs by a country receiving development aid).
Counterpart personnel (n) Nhn vin i tc (i.e. local staff of a country receiving aid
who have the same role as, and complement the work, of technical assistance experts).
Country programme (n) Chng trnh quc gia (e.g. UNDPs ~ for Viet Nam for the
period 1992-1996).
Credit (n) Tn dng. Micro ~ or small ~ : Tn dng quy m nh; Rural ~ : Tn dng
nng thn; Informal ~ association: Hi chi hi.
Creditworthy (adj) C kh nng thanh ton n (e.g. a ~ country, company). Hence,
Creditworthiness (n) Kh nng thanh ton n.
Critical mass (n) Khi lng cn thit, to nn tc ng mong mun. (e.g. There
needs to be a ~ of assistance in order to make a meaningful impact on poverty reduction
efforts in the province).
Crop rotation (n) Lun canh (i.e. an agricultural method in which two or more crops are
rotated from year to year to reduce nutrient depletion of the soil and reliance on
pesticides)
Cropping (n) Trng trt, canh tc. ~ intensity: Cng canh tc; ~ pattern: C cu
cy trng; ~ season: Ma v trng trt; ~ sequence: Trnh t gieo trng; ~ system: H
thng trng trt.
Cross check (n) Kim tra cho.
Cross-cutting (adj) Mang tnh a ngnh, xuyn sut. ~ approach: Phng php tip cn
mang tnh a ngnh; ~ issue: Mt vn xuyn sut.
Cross fertilization (n) Th tinh cho, (ngha bng) s trao i kinh nghim.
Cross-sectoral (adj) Mang tnh a ngnh. ~ approach: Phng php tip cn mang
tnh a ngnh.
Crowd out (v) Ln t, chn ln (e.g. Too much foreign expertise in a project can ~ local
initiative). Hence, Crowding out (n) S ln t, s chn ln.
Cultural (adj) Thuc v vn ho. ~ diversity: S a dng v vn ho; ~ environment:
Mi trng vn ho; ~ exchange: Trao i vn ho; ~ property: Ti sn vn ho;
~ values: Cc gi tr vn ho.
Cultural heritage (n) Di sn vn ho.
Cultural identity (n) Bn sc vn ho (e.g. national ~ : Bn sc vn ho dn tc)
Cultural integration (n) Hi nhp v vn ho.
Culture (n) Vn ho. ~ in development: Vn ho trong (hot ng) pht trin;
Development ~: Vn ho pht trin; Football ~ : Vn ho bng ; Office ~ : Vn
ho vn phng; Traditional ~ : Vn ho truyn thng.
Culture of Peace (n) Nn Vn ho Ho bnh (do UNESCO pht ng trn ton th gii
nm 2000).
Cultural shock (n) C sc v vn ho (do tip xc vi mt nn vn minh rt khc bit).
Cumulative (adj) Tch lu. ~ impact, effect: Tc ng, hiu qu tch lu.
Cut across (v) Lin quan n nhiu ngnh, nhiu t chc (e.g. Issues that ~ Government
agencies: Nhng vn lin quan n nhiu c quan Chnh ph).

14

Cutting edge (n) Mi nhn, tn tin nht (e.g. A ~ technology: Cng ngh mi nhn; To
be on the ~ of the development business: ng hng u hot ng pht trin).

15

D
DAC List of Aid Recipients (n) Danh sch cc nc nhn vin tr ca U ban Vin tr
Pht trin. Danh sch ny bao gm Phn I (Part I) v Phn II (Part II). Phn I gm cc
nc ang pht trin c mc GNP theo u ngi t 9,385 USD tr xung (gi c nh
nm 1995) v c nhn Vin tr Pht trin Chnh thc. Phn II gm cc nc ang
trong thi k chuyn i c nhn Vin tr Chnh thc, Trung u, ng u, cc
Nc Cng ho thuc Lin X c v mt s nc hoc lnh th c trnh pht trin cao
hn. Xem thm Development Assistance Committee.
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA): C quan Pht trin Quc t
an Mch.
Data (n) D liu, s liu. ~ analysis: Phn tch d liu; ~ bank: Ngn hng d liu;
~ collection: Thu thp d liu; ~ processing: X l d liu; ~ retrieval: Truy cp d
liu; ~ storage: Lu tr d liu; ~ transmission: Truyn d liu; ~ base: C s d
liu.
Death rate (n) T l t vong. Crude ~ : T l t vong th; Total ~ : Tng t l t vong.
Debrief (v) Bo co kt qu, khi kt thc mt hot ng (e.g. The delegation debriefed
the minister at the end of its visit). Hence, Debriefing (n) Bui bo co kt qu.
Debt (n) N. Bad ~ : N kh ng, n kh i; Bilateral ~ : N song phng;
Domestic ~ : N trong nc; Foreign ~: N nc ngoi (also external ~ ); Multilateral
~ : N a phng; Public ~ : N cng; Unsustainable ~ : N qu sc chu ng (i.e.
debt which exceeds 2 to 2.5 times a country's annual export earnings).
Debt cancellation (n) Xo n (also Debt forgiveness).
Debt crisis (n) Cuc khng hong n (i.e. widespread inability in the 1980s among
developing countries to service loans, resulting in strains in domestic development due to
rising oil prices, higher real interest rates, reduced lending and declining exports ).
Debt management (n) Qun l n.
Debt refinancing (n) Ti tr bng vay n (i.e. a form of debt relief in which a new loan
is arranged to enable the debtor country to meet service payments on an earlier loan).
Debt relief (n) Gim n (i.e. a form of programme aid that is provided by the IMF to
write off part of the debt owned by a recipient government. Debt relief maybe in the
form of Debt cancellation, Debt refinancing, or Debt rescheduling).
Debt renegotiation (n) Thng lng li v vic tr n (i.e. negotiation in order to
change the terms of existing loans, usually by extending repayment nominal interest
rates).
Debt repayment (n) Tr n (Hence, To repay a debt).
Debt rescheduling (n) Hon tr n, o n (Hence, To reschedule a debt).
Debt restructuring (n) C cu li n (i.e. any action officially agreed between the
creditor and the debtor that alters the terms previously established for the repayment,
including forgiveness or rescheduling). Hence, To restructure a debt).
Debt service (n) Tng n phi tr (i.e. the sum of principal payments and interest
payments on total external debt). Hence, Debt servicing (n) Vic tr n, vic thanh ton
n.

16

Debt service obligations (n) Ngha v tr n.

Debt service ratio (n) T xut n phi tr (i.e. the ratio of debt service payments to
earnings from exports of goods).
Debt structure (n) C cu n.
Debt swap (n) Tro n.
Debtor (n) Con n. A ~ country: Nc vay n.
Debt-for-nature swaps (n) Chuyn hon n phc v bo tn thin nhin (i.e. an
arrangement whereby a debt is resettled well below face value with the debtor country,
on the understanding that the funds received to settle the debt will be invested in the
country concerned on conservation projects).
Decentralization (n) S phi tp trung ho, phn cp qun l (i.e. a general term that
refers to the restructuring of authority so that it is shared between governing institutions
at central, regional and local levels. Decentralization involved two key elements, namely
devolution phn quyn and delegation y quyn).
Decentralize (v) Phi tp trung ho, phn cp qun l (e.g. To ~ the decision-making
process: Phn cp qu trnh ra quyt nh).
Decentralized (adj) c phn cp qun l. ~ decision-making: Phn cp ra quyt
nh; ~ management: Phn cp qun l.
Deficit (n) Thm ht. Budget ~ : Thm ht ngn sch; Food ~ : Thiu lng thc;
Trade ~ : Thm ht cn cn thng mi.
Deficit financing (n) Ly ti chnh b thm ht ngn sch, ti tr thm ht ngn sch
(i.e. a situation where expenditure exceeds revenue such that a deficit is operated
deliberately in order to stiimulate economic activity and employment by injecting more
purchasing power into the economy).
Deflation (n) Gim pht. Hence, Deflator (n) Ch s gim pht.
Deforestration (n) Tnh trng tn ph rng (i.e. Loss of forest cover from 40% of the
trees or more).
Delegate (v) U quyn, giao ph (e.g. To ~ the authority to someone: U quyn cho ai).
Hence, Delegation or ~ of authority (n) S u quyn (i.e. the transfer of government
decision-making and administrative authority to semi-independent local units who may
still be legally accountable to the central government).
Demand (n) Yu cu, lng cu (e.g. ~ for skilled labour has exceeded supply).
Aggregate ~ : Tng cu; In ~ : c nhiu ngi yu cu, c a chung (e.g. Top
quality secretaries are always in great ~). Excess ~ : D cu.
Demand management (n) Qun l lng cu.
Demand pull inflation: Lm pht do cu vt cung.
Demand-driven (adj) Trng cu, do cu quyt nh (as opposed to Suppply-driven).
~ development aid: Vin tr pht trin theo nhu cu (ca bn tip nhn).
Demand-side economics: Kinh t hc trng cu (as opposed to Supply-side
economics).
Demographic (adj) Thuc v dn s hc. ~ analysis: Phn tch dn s hc; ~ change:
Thay i dn s hc; ~ indicators: Cc ch s dn s hc; ~ momentum: ng lc dn
s hc; ~ transition: Chuyn tip dn s hc. Hence, Demography (n) Dn s hc.

17

Demographic model (n) M hnh dn s hc (i.e. a model concerned with the structure,
growth and change of populations).
Demonstration (n) Trnh din (e.g. ~ activities: Nhng hot ng mang tnh trnh din;
A ~ project: Mt d n mang tnh trnh din).
Department for International Development (DfID): C quan Pht trin Quc t Anh
quc.
Dependency ratio (n) T l ph thuc (i.e. the ratio of the population defined as
dependent, aged under 15 and above 65, on the working age population, aged 15- 64).
Deplete (v) Lm suy gim, lm cn kit (e.g. To ~ natural resources: Lm cn kit cc
ngun ti nguyn; To ~ the ozone layer: Lm suy gim tng -dn). Montreal
Convention on Substances that ~ the Ozone Layer: Cng c Montreal v cc cht
lm suy gim tng -dn.
Depleting (adj) Lm suy gim, lm cn kit. Ozone ~ substances: Cc cht lm suy
gim tng -dn.
Design (v) Thit k (e.g. To ~ a project: Thit k mt d n); (n) Bn thit k (e.g. A
project ~ : Thit k ca mt d n).
Developing country (n) Nc ang pht trin (i.e. a low- or middle-income country in
which most people have a lower standard of living than do most people in a high-income
country).
Development (n) (S nghip) pht trin (i.e. the process of improving the quality of all
human lives which consists of three equally important aspects: raising people's living
standards in terms of their incomes and consumption levels; creating conditions conducive
to the growth of people's self-esteem through the establishment of social, political, and
economic systems/institutions; increasing people's freedom to make their choices in terms
of consumer goods and services). ~ agency: C quan, t chc pht trin; ~ partner: i
tc pht trin; ~ right: Quyn tham gia pht trin; ~ target: Ch tin pht trin.
Development administration (n) Qun tr pht trin.
Development assistance (n) Vin tr pht trin, tr gip pht trin.
Development Assistance Committee (DAC): U ban vin tr pht trin, thuc T chc
Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t (OECD). DAC l c quan ch yu qua OECD gii quyt
cc vn hp tc vi cc nc ang pht trin v l mt trong nhng din n chnh ca
OECD phi hp cc hot ng h tr s nghip pht trin bn vng.
Development cooperation (n) Hp tc pht trin (i.e. a term often used synonymously
with overseas development assistance to indicate the inter-dependent nature of the development process and emphasize the cooperative effort of both poorer and richer countries).
Development economics (n) Kinh t hc pht trin.
Development objective (n) Mc tiu pht trin (i.e. a long-term objective of national
development or of a national programme).
Development planning (n) Quy hoch pht trin.
Development strategy (n) Chin lc pht trin.
Digital divide (n) Khong cch cng ngh s (i.e. the richest 20% of the world
population have access to 93.3% of the internet facilities and 74% of the telephone lines
while the poorest 20% have access to only respectively 0.2% and 1.5%).

18

Devolution (v) S phn quyn (i.e. a concept which is commonly understood to be

genuine decentralization. Under devolution, local units of government have full authority
to take decisions over which central authorities exercise little or no direct control).
Digital revolution (n) Cch mng cng ngh s.
Diminishing returns to scale (n) Li tc gim dn theo quy m (i.e. a generalization
that while an increase in some inputs relative to other fixed inputs may raise total output,
there will come a point when the extra output is likely to diminish). Law of ~ : Quy lut
li tc gin dn.
Direct support (n) H tr trc tip. A ~ project: D n h tr trc tip (i.e. a project
that is designed to respond to a one-time need and to reach its beneficiaries directly by
preparing, for example, feasibility studies, development plans, technical designs...).
Disadvantaged (adj) B thit thi. Economically ~ provinces: Cc tnh b thit thi v
kinh t; ~ groups: Cc nhm dn c b thit thi.
Disaster (n) Thin tai (thng hay i vi natural ~ s ). Environmental ~ : Tai bin mi
trng; Technological ~ : Tai ho do cng ngh gy ra; Man-made ~ : Tai ho do con
ngi gy ra; Water ~ : Thin tai do nc gy ra, thu tai.
Disaster forecasting (n) D bo thin tai.
Disaster management (n) Qun l thin tai.
Disaster mitigation (n) Gim nh (hu qu) thin tai.
Disaster preparedness (n) Phng chng thin tai.
Disaster-prone (adj) Hay gp thin tai (e.g. Viet Nam is one of the most ~ countries in
the world).
Disaster relief (n) Cu tr thin tai.
Disaster response (n) Bin php i ph vi thin tai.
Disaster warning (n) Cnh bo v thin tai.
Disburse (v) Chi tiu, gii ngn (e.g. Viet Nam disbursed over US$ 1.4 billion of ODA
in 2001).
Disbursement (n) S tin c gii ngn, mc gii ngn, vn thc hin (e.g. Viet Nam's
total ODA ~ during 2001 was over US$ 1.4 million).
Disease (n) Bnh. Chronic ~s : Bnh mn tnh; Endemic ~ s: Bnh dch; Guinea
worm ~ s: Bnh giun Ghi-n; Infectious ~s: Bnh truyn nhim; Mental ~s: Bnh tm
thn; Occupational ~s: Bnh ngh nghip; Respiratory ~s: Bnh ng h hp;
Vector-borne ~ s: Bnh truyn qua vt ch trung gian; Water-borne ~ s: Bnh truyn
qua nc.
Displaced people (n) Ngi lnh nn; Internally ~ : Ngi lnh nn trong nc.
Dissolution (n) Gii th (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned enterprises: Gii th cc
doanh nghip Nh nc lm n thua l).
Distribution (n) S phn phi, s phn b. ~ of profits: Phn phi li nhun;
Geographical ~ of aid: Phn b vin tr theo vng lnh th; Geographical ~ of
poverty: Tnh trng ngho theo vng lnh th. Hence, Distribute (v) Phn phi, phn
b

19

Distribution of income (n) Phn phi thu nhp. Functional ~ : Phn phi thu nhp
theo chc nng (i.e. dividing income according to sources such as wages, profits, rent,
ect...); Size ~ : Phn phi thu nhp theo quy m (i.e. showing how many persons or
families receive how much income).
Diversification (n) S a dng ho. Crop ~ : a dng ho cy trng; Export ~: a
dng ho xut khu; Risk ~ : a dng ho ri ro.
Diversity (n) Tnh a dng (e.g. The ~ of ecosystems: Tnh a dng ca cc h sinh
thi).
Diversity in unity (n) Tnh a dng trong thng nht (e.g. To maintain the ~ in unity of
the United Nations Organization).
Divest (v) Thanh l. Thus, Divestiture (n) S thanh l. (e.g. ~ of a loss making business:
Thanh l doanh nghip lm n thu l).
Divide (n) ng phn cch, khong cch. North-South ~ : Khong cch gia cc nc
phng Bc (cc nc giu) v phng Nam (cc nc ngho); Urban - rural ~ :
Khong cch gia thnh th v nng thn; Digital ~ : Khong cch cng ngh s.
Dividend (n) Tin li c phn, c tc. To pay dividends: Tr li c phn; (ngha bng)
mang li li ch (e.g. The strong reform measure that the Government took has paid fast
dividends: Bin php ci cch mnh m Chnh ph thc hin mang li li ch nhanh
chng).
Document (n) Ti liu, (v) Vn bn ho, ghi chp thnh vn bn (e.g. Lessons from
poverty reduction projects must be well-documented and widely shared amongst target
groups).
Dollarization (n) (S, tnh trng) la ho (i.e. the ~ of a national currency).
Donor (n) Nh ti tr. ~ country: Nc ti tr; ~ organiztion: T chc ti tr;
Bilateral ~: Nh ti tr song phng; Multilateral ~: Nh ti tr a phng;
~ community: Cng ng cc nh ti tr.
Donor-driven or donor-led (adj) (B, do) nh ti tr chi phi (e.g. A ~ aid coordination
event: Hot ng iu phi vin tr do cc nh ti tr chi phi).
Downstream (adj) cp vi m, cui ngun, i lp vi Upstream (e.g. The
effectiveness of ~ assistance activities is heavily affected by the upstream economic
policy and institutional environments).
Drop-out (n) B hc. ~ rate: T l b hc (Xem thm School drop-out). Hence, to
drop out of school (v) : B hc.
Drug (n) Ma tu, cht gy nghin. ~ control and prevention: Kim sot v phng
chng ma tu; ~ interdiction and seizure: Ngn chn bun lu v bt gi ma tu.
Dry farming (n) Canh tc trn t kh hn.

20

Drug abuse (n) Lm dng ma tu. Hence, Drug abuser (n) Ngi lm dng ma tu.
Drug addiction (n) Nghin ma tu. Hence, Drug addict (n) Ngi nghin ma tu.
Drug dealer (n) Ngi bun bn ma tu.
Drug demand reduction (n) Gim lng cu ma tu.
Drug detoxification (n) Cai nghin ma tu. Community-based ~ : Cai nghin ti cng
ng; Family-based ~ : Cai nghin ti nh; Obligatory ~ : Cai nghin bt buc;
Voluntary ~ : Cai nghin t nguyn.
Drug inhaling (n) Ht, ngi ma tu. Hence, Drug inhaler (n) Ngi ht, ngi ma tu.
Drug relapse (n) Ti nghin. ~ rate: T l ti nghin.
Drug-related harms (n) Tc hi do may tu gy ra.
Drug supply reduction (n) Gim lng cung ma tu.
Drug trafficking (n) Vn chuyn, bun lu ma tu. Hence, Drug trafficker (n) Ngi
vn chuyn, bun lu ma tu.
Drug treatment (n) iu tr. ~ and rehabilitation: iu tr v phc hi chc nng
ngi nghin ma tu.
Duration (n) Thi gian din ra (mt s kin, mt hot ng). Project ~ : Thi gian thc
hin d n.

21

E
Ear-mark (v) Phn b s b. Hence, Ear-marking (n) S phn b s b (e.g. the ~ of
available aid resources: S phn b s b cc ngun vin tr hin c).
Earth Summit (n) Hi ngh Thng nh v Tri t (i.e. the other name of the UN
Conference on Environment and Development held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
Easy money (n) Tin d vay.
Ecological (adj) Thuc v sinh thi. ~ balance: Cn bng sinh thi; ~ indicators: Cc
ch s v sinh thi.
Ecological agriculture (n) Nng nghip sinh thi.
Ecological capacity (n) Sc ti ca h sinh thi (Xem thm Carrying capacity).
Ecological diversity (n) S a dng v sinh thi.
Ecological niche (n) Ni c tr, sinh thi (i.e. a place in the system that provides all
the living needs of a species, that species being better adapted to occupy that niche than
any other species).
Ecological resilience (n) Sc bn ca h sinh thi.
Ecologically sustainable (adj) Bn vng v mt sinh thi.
Ecology (n) Sinh thi hc (i.e. scientific study of the interactions between organisms and
their environment). Human ~ : Sinh thi hc nhn vn; Marine ~: Sinh thi bin.
Ecomuseum (n) Bo tng sinh thi. Ha Long Bay ~ feasibility study: Nghin cu kh
thi v bo tng sinh thi Vnh H Long.
Economic (adj) Thuc v kinh t. ~ aid: Vin tr kinh t; ~ analysis: Phn tch kinh t;
~ cost: Chi ph kinh t; ~ disparity: S chnh lch v kinh t; ~ forecasts: D bo kinh
t; ~ incentive: Bin php khuyn khch v kinh t; ~ indicators: Cc ch s kinh t;
~ instruments: Cc cng c kinh t; ~ resources: Cc ngun lc kinh t; ~ systems:
Cc h thng kinh t.
Economic cooperation (n) Hp tc kinh t.
Economic development (n) Pht trin kinh t (i.e. economic growth plus structural and
institutional change which involves the progress towards goals and objectives).
Economic growth (n) Tng trng kinh t (i.e. an increase in productive capacity of an
economy over time, giving rise to an increase in real National Income).
Economic integration (n) Hi nhp kinh t.
Economic interdependence (n) S tu thuc ln nhau v kinh t.
Economic liberalization (n) T do ho kinh t.
Economic performance (n) Hiu qu hot ng kinh t.
Economic planning (n) Quy hoch kinh t.
Economically active population (n) Dn s hot ng kinh t (i.e. all men or women
who supply labour for the production of goods/services during a specified period of
time). ~ in working age: Dn s hot ng kinh t trong tui lao ng.
Economies of scale (n) Hiu qu kinh t theo quy m, tit kim nh quy m (i.e. the
gains by way of reduced average and marginal costs of production per unit of output
arising from increasing the scale of a plant, business or industry).

22

Economistic (adj) Mang tnh kinh t thun tu (e.g. An ~ approach: Cch tip cn kinh
t hc thun tu).
Economy (n) Nn kinh t. Barter ~ : Nn kinh t hng i hng; Centrally planned ~ :
Kinh t k hoch ho tp trung; Closed ~ : Nn kinh t ng (also Inward-looking ~ );
Command ~ : Nn kinh t theo mnh lnh; Market ~ : Nn kinh t th trng; Mixed ~
: Nn kinh t hn hp (c cc thnh phn kinh t t nhn v Nh nc); Open ~ : Nn
kinh t m (also Outward-looking ~).
Ecosystem (n) H sinh thi (i.e. a self-sustaining and self-regulating community of
organisms interacting with each other and with the environment). Natural ~ : H sinh
thi t nhin; Representative ~ : H sinh thi i din c trng; Supporting ~ : H
sinh thi h tr; Sensitive ~ : H sinh thi nhy cm.
Ecosystem diversity (n) a dng h sinh thi.
Ecosystem management (n) Qun l h sinh thi.
Ecosystem rehabilitation (n) Khi phc h sinh thi.
Ecosystem restoration (n) Phc hi h sinh thi.
Ecotourism (n) Du lch sinh thi.
Education (n) Gio dc. Primary ~ : Gio dc tiu hc; Lower secondary ~ : Gio
dc trung hc c s; Upper secondary ~ : Gio dc trung hc ph thng; Higher ~ :
Gio dc cao hc.
Education for all (n) Gio dc cho tt c mi ngi. Plan of Action for ~ : K hoch
hnh ng v Gio dc cho tt c mi ngi, c thng qua ti Hi ngh Th gii v
Gio dc cho Tt c mi ngi t chc ti Jomtien, Thi Lan, vo nm 1990.
Educational attainment (n) Hc vn. Level of ~ : Trnh hc vn.
Effective (adj) C hiu lc, hiu qu (e.g. An ~ public administration system).
Efficient (adj) C hiu sut, hiu qu (e.g. An ~ management mechanism).
Electronic (adj) Bng phng tin in t, thng c vit tt l E-, v d:
E-business: Kinh doanh in t; E-commerce: Thng mi in t; E-government:
Chnh ph in t; E-learning: Hc tp qua mng in t; E-mail: Th in t;
E-payment: Thanh ton (qua mng) in t; E-training: o to qua mng in t.
Emergency relief (n) Cu tr khn cp (e.g. To send ~ to flood victims).
Emperical (n) Thuc v thc t. ~ evidence: Bng chng thc t; ~ ground: Cn c,
c s thc t.
Employment (n) Vic lm. Casual ~ : Vic lm tm thi; Full ~: C vic lm y
(i.e. the state of an economy in which all persons seeking employment are able to obtain
paid positions); Seasonal ~ : Vic lm thi v.
Employment generating (adj) To ra vic lm (e.g. ~ policy measures: Nhng bin
php to vic lm).
Employment generation (n) To vic lm.
Employment security (n) n nh v vic lm, m bo vic lm.
Employment-intensive (adj) To ra nhiu vic lm (e.g. an ~ business, industry,
project).
Empower (v) Nng cao v th, to iu kin tham gia (e.g. To ~ the poor: Nng cao v
th ca ngi ngho, to iu kin ngi ngho tham gia).

23

Empowerment (n) Nng cao v th, to iu kin thun li (i.e. the expansion of ability
and/or opportunity to someone which enables him/her to participate in or endorse
decision-making that affects his/her life).
Enabling environment (n) Mi trng thun li (i.e. conditions surrounding an activity
or system that facilitate the fulfillment of the potential of that activity or system, such as
supportive laws and policies, e.g. An ~ for foreign direct investment).
Endangered species (n) Cc loi vt c nguy c tit chng (i.e. Organisms that are at
risk of becoming extinct).
Endogenous (adj) Ni sinh.
End-user (n) Ngi s dng cui cng (e.g. The end-users of project results).
Energy-intensive (adj) Tiu th nhiu nng lng (e.g. an ~ industry).
Engine of growth (n) ng lc tng trng (e.g. The private sector is often seen as the ~
of a market economy).
Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF): Th thc iu chnh c cu tng
cng, do Qu Tin t Quc t lp ra nhm gip cc nc ang pht trin thc hin cc
chng trnh trung hn v kinh t v m v iu chnh c cu.
Enrolment (n) S ngi i hc, s ngi nhp hc (nu c bo co vo u nm hc).
Age-specific ~ ratio: T l i hc c trng theo la tui; Gross ~ ratio: T l i hc
chung (i.e. the number of students enrolled in a level of education, regardless of age, as a
percentage of the population of official school age for that level). Net ~ ratio: T l i
hc ng tui (i.e. the number of children of official school age enrolled in school as a
percentage of the number of children of official school age in the population).
Entitlement (n) Tiu chun, ch . Entitlement-based (adj) Theo tiu chun, ch
(e.g. To replace a ~ system by a merit-based system: Thay th h thng da vo tiu
chun bng h thng da vo kt qu lm vic).
Entrepreneur (n) Nh doanh nghip, doanh nhn. Entrepreneurial (adj) C thc
doanh nghip. Entrepreneurship (n) thc doanh nghip.
Environment (n) Mi trng. Built ~ : Mi trng do con ngi to ra, mi trng
nhn to; Business ~ : Mi trng kinh doanh; Cultural ~ : Mi trng vn ho;
Human ~ : Mi trng nhn vn; Institutional ~ : Mi trng th ch; Investment ~ :
Mi trng u t; Natural ~ : Mi trng t nhin; Physical ~ : Mi trng vt cht;
Policy ~ : Mi trng chnh sch; Political ~ : Mi trng chnh tr. Built and natural
~ of the Ha Long World Heritage Area: Mi trng nhn to v mi trng t nhin ca
Khu Di sn Th gii Vnh H Long.
Environmental (adj) Thuc v mi trng. ~ concerns, considerations: Cc vn
(cn quan tm) v mi trng; ~ forecasting: D bo v mi trng; ~ impact: Tc
ng n mi trng; ~ indicators: Cc ch s v mi trng; ~ legislation: Lut php
v mi trng; ~ science: Khoa hc mi trng; ~ tax: Thu mi trng.
Environmental accounting (n) Kim k mi trng.
Environmental assessment (n) nh gi v mi trng. Strategic ~ : nh gi mi
trng chin lc (i.e. a systematic method for identifying, predicting and evaluating the
potential effects on the environment of a development policy, plan or programme).

24

Environmental audit (n) Kim ton mi trng.

Environmental awareness (n) Nhn thc v mi trng. ~ strategy: Chin lc nng
cao nhn thc v mi trng.
Environmental care system (n) H thng bo m mi trng (gm cc bin php nh
gim st, kim ton, bo co v kim k mi trng).
Environmental conservation (n) Bo tn mi trng.
Environmental degradation (n) Suy thoi, xung cp v mi trng.
Environmental economics (n) Kinh t hc mi trng.
Environmental education (n) Gio dc v mi trng.
Environmental evaluation (n) nh gi v mi trng.
Environmental heritage (n) Di sn mi trng.
Environmental impact assessment (n) nh gi tc ng mi trng (i.e. a systematic
method for identifying, predicting and evaluating the potential effects on the
environment of a development project or activity).
Environmental impact statement (n) Bo co v nh gi tc ng mi trng.
Environmental management (n) Qun l mi trng.
Environmental monitoring (n) Quan trc (hoc gim st) mi trng;
Environmental policy and planning (n) Chnh sch v quy hoch mi trng.
Environmental protection (n) Bo v mi trng.
Environmental quality: Cht lng mi trng. ~ standards: Cc tiu chun cht
lng mi trng, bao gm Ambient standards Tiu chun mi trng xung quanh v
Emission/discharge standards Tiu chun pht thi).
Environmental regeneration (n) Ti to mi trng.
Environmental reporting (n) Lp bo co v mi trng.
Environmental sustainability (n) Tnh bn vng v mi trng.
Environmentally sensitive (adj) Nhy cm v mi trng (e.g. An ~ area: Khu vc nhy
cm v mi trng; An ~ export: Mt hng xut khu nhy cm v mi trng).
Environmentally-friendly (adj) Quan tm bo v mi trng, thn thin vi mi trng
(e.g. An ~ production technology, development project).
Equitable distribution (n) Phn phi cng bng (e.g. An ~ of the benefits of economic
growth: Phn phi cng bng nhng li ch ca tng trng kinh t).
Equitize (v) C phn ho. Hence, Equitization (e.g. The ~ of loss-making State-owned
enterprises: C phn ho cc doanh nghip Nh nc lm n thua l).
Ergonomics (n) Nhn trc hc (i.e. the study of the relationship between people and the
equipment, machinery, tools and furnature they use at workplace, with the aim of
improving their work performance).
Ethics (n) o c. Professional ~ : o c ngh nghip.
Evaluation (n) nh gi (i.e. a time-bound exercise that attempts to assess
systematically and objectively the relevance, performance and success of on-going or
completed projects, programmes). Project ~ : nh gi d n.
Evaluation by agent (n) nh gi theo ngi thc hin, gm c: External or
independent ~ : nh gi bn ngoi, nh gi c lp v Internal ~ : nh gi ni b.

25

Evaluation by scope (n) nh gi theo quy m, gm c: Project ~ : nh gi d n,

Cluster ~ : nh gi cm d n, Programme ~ : nh gi chng trnh, Sectoral ~ :
nh gi theo ngnh, v Thematic ~ : nh gi theo chuyn .
Evaluation by timing (n) nh gi theo thi im, gm c: Mid-term ~ : nh gi
gia k, Terminal ~ : nh gi kt thc, v Ex-post ~ : nh gi sau khi kt thc hay
Impact ~ : nh gi tc ng.
Excellence (n) S xut sc. Center of ~ : Trung tm tri thc hay cng ngh tin tin.
Exchange (n) Trao i, hi oi. Cultural ~ : Trao i vn ho; ~ market: Th trng
ngoi hi; ~ rate: T gi hi oi.
Exchange control regulations (n) Quy ch qun l ngoi hi.
Exclusion (n) S loi b, rung b. Social ~ : (Tnh trng) b x hi rung b, b gt ra
ngoi l x hi (Also social marginalization).
Executing agency: C quan iu hnh, ch u t (ca mt d n hay chng trnh) .
Executing arrangements: Cch t chc iu hnh (ca mt d n hay chng trnh).
Execution (n) S iu hnh (i.e. the management of a UNDP-funded project which
includes accountability for the effective use of UNDP resources). National execution:
Phng thc quc gia iu hnh d n.
Exit strategy (n) Chin lc, k hoch rt lui (i.e. a plan for phasing out external
assistance).
Exogenous (adj) Ngoi sinh.
Expendable equipment (n) Thit b tiu hao.
Expenditure (n) Chi tiu. Public ~ : Chi tiu cng cng; Public ~ management:
Qun l chi tiu cng cng; Public ~ review: Kim im chi tiu cng cng.
Expert (n) Chuyn gia (Hence, Expertise kin thc chuyn su).
Export (n) Xut khu; ~ earnings: Thu nhp t xut khu; ~ promotion: Xc tin xut
khu; ~ quota: Hn ngch xut khu; ~ value: Kim ngch xut khu.
Export processing zone (n) Khu ch xut.
Export-oriented (adj) Theo nh hng xut khu (e.g. An ~ economy, industry).
Exposure (n) Tip xc, tip cn vi (e.g. ~ to international experiences: Tip xc, tip
cn vi kinh nghim quc t).
Extended family (n) Gia nh m rng, gia nh nhiu th h.
Extension (n) Ko di, gia hn. Contract ~ : Gian hn hp ng, trin hn hp ng;
Project ~ : Gia hn d n, ko di d n.
Extensive (adj) Rng v din tch, ln v s lng. ~ farming: Qung canh; ~ growth:
S tng trng da vo khai thc ti nguyn (i.e. economic growth based on extensive
exploitation of resources).
Externality (n) Ngoi ng, yu t ngoi lai (i.e. a benefit or cost falling on a third party
who normally cannot pay or be compensated for it through the martket mechanism).
Extrabudgetary (adj) Ngoi ngn sch. ~ expenditure: Khon chi tiu ngoi ngn
sch; ~ income: Thu nhp ngoi ngn sch.

26

F
Face value (n) Gi tr danh ngha (e.g. to take something for its ~ : Chp nhn, nhn
nhn mt ci g theo gi tr danh ngha ca n).
Facilitate (v) To d dng, dn dt (e.g. to ~ a workshop, seminar, policy dialogue).
Facilitating (adj) To d dng (e.g. To play a ~ role in the training course: ng vai
tr l ngi dn dt trong kho o to).
Facilitation (n) To thun li (e.g. Business, investment ~ : To iu kin thun li cho
thng mi v u t). Trade ~ : Thun li ho thng mi.
Facilitator (n) Ngi dn dt, ngi ng vai tr trung gian, ngi h tr (e.g. The
consultant served as a ~ for the training workshop).
Factor (n) Yu t. ~ market : Th trng cc yu t sn sut.
Factors of production (n) Cc yu t sn sut (i.e. land, labour, capital, natural
resources... that combine to produce goods and services).
Familiar with (adj) Quen bit, am hiu, thu hiu (e.g. To be ~ Vietnamese economic
and political conditions: Am hiu iu kin kinh t v chnh tr Vit Nam). Hence,
Familiarity with (n) S am hiu, s thu hiu.
Family (n) Gia nh. ~ environment: Mi trng trong gia nh; extended ~ : Gia nh
m rng (gm nhiu th h sng chung); ~ farm: Trang tri gia nh; nuclear ~ : Gia
nh ht nhn (gm cha m v cc con).
Family planning (n) K hoch ho gia nh. ~ services: Dch v k hoch ho gia nh.
Family-based (adj) Da theo h, gia nh (e.g. A ~ farming system: H thng canh tc
da vo h gia nh).
Farm (n) Nng tri. On-farm (adj) Trn ng rung, lin quan n nng nghip (e.g.
~ employment); Off-farm (adj) Phi nng nghip (e.g. ~ income generating activities).
Farmer (n) Ngi nng dn. ~ network analysis: Phn tch mng li nng dn.
Farming (n) Canh tc. Dry ~ : (Phng php) canh tc trn t kh hn; Extensive ~ :
Qung canh; Intensive ~ : Thm canh; Mixed ~ : Xen canh; Organic ~ : Phng php
canh tc sch, canh tc hu c (khng s dng ho cht m ch s dng cc cht hu
c).
Farming systems (n) Cc h thng canh tc. ~ research: Nghin cu v cc h thng
canh tc.
Farming techniques (n) K thut canh tc.
Feasibility study (n) Nghin cu kh thi (i.e. a way to determine whether a solution is
achievable, given the organizations resources and constraints).
Feedback (n) kin phn hi, s hi m (i.e. the use of information produced at one
stage in a series of operations as input at another stage). ~ mechanism: C ch cung cp
thng tin phn hi; A bottom-up ~ mechanism: C ch cung cp thng tin phn hi t
c s.
Fellowship (n) o to theo hc bng. Hence, Fellowship holder: Ngi c cp hc
bng; ~ training programme: Chng trnh o to theo hc bng.
Female head of household (n) Ch h l n.

27

Female-headed household (n) H do ph n lm ch h (Xem thm Woman).

Fertility (n) Kh nng sinh , mc sinh (e.g. drop, decline or fall in ~ : Gim mc sinh).
Fertility rate (n) T sut sinh. Age-specific ~ : T sut sinh c trng theo la tui;
Crude ~ : T sut sinh th; Fecundity ~ : T sut sinh tim nng; Marital ~ : T sut
sinh trong gi th; Natural ~ : T sut sinh t nhin; Total ~ : Tng t sut sinh (i.e the
number of childdren that a woman would have, hypothetically, during her lifetime if
current age-specific fertility rates were to persist).
Field (n) Thc a (e.g. A ~ level activity: Hot ng cp thc a; A ~ visit: Chuyn i
thm thc a; A ~ worker: Ngi lm vic trn thc a).
Field (v) Trin khai trn thc a (e.g. To ~ a consultant mission: a on chuyn gia
t vn n thc a).
Financial assistance (n) Vin tr ti chnh (i.e. all bilateral or multilateral financial
flows, excluding the cost of technical cooperation. It is sometimes called capital aid, and
includes both project and non-project aid).
Financial closure (n) Kho s ti chnh, kt thc v ti chnh (e.g. The ~ of a project:
Kt thc d n v ti chnh, kho s ti chnh ca d n).
Financial management information system (n) H thng thng tin qun l ti chnh.
Finnish Department of International Development Cooperation (FINNIDA): C
quan Hp tc Pht trin Quc t Phn Lan.
Fiscal (adj) Thuc v ngn sch, thuc v ti kho. ~ balance: Cn i ngn sch;
~ deficit: Thm ht ngn sch; ~ expenditure: Chi tiu ngn sch; ~ policy: Chnh
sch ti kho; ~ revenue: Thu ngn sch; ~ year: Nm ti kho.
Flood (n) L lt. Flash ~ : L qut; ~ peak: nh l; ~ trough: Chn l.
Follow up on (v) Trin khai tip theo (e.g. to ~ the implementation of the decisions
taken by the monthly Government Meeting).
Follow-up (n) Trin khai tip theo (e.g. To plan ~ activities after the World Summit on
Social Development: Ln k hoch hot ng sau Hi ngh thng nh th gii v pht
trin x hi).
Food (n) Lng thc, thc phm.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): T chc Lng
thc v Nng nghip LHQ, thnh lp nm 1945. Tn ch ca FAO l nng cao mc dinh
dng v mc sng ca nhn dn th gii, ci tin sn xut v phn phi nng phm v
lng thc, v ci thin iu kin sng ca cc nhm dn c nng thn.
Food deficiency (n) (Tnh trng) thiu lng thc. Hence, Food deficient (adj): Thiu
lng thc (e.g. Viet Nam used to be a ~ country).
Food for works (n) Lng thc phc v xy dng cng trnh (i.e. an aid modality used
by the World Food Programme to finance development projects by providing food to
people who take part in such projects).
Food insecurity (n) Tnh trng thiu an ninh lng thc.
Food relief (n) Cu tr lng thc.
Food safety (n) An ton thc phm.
Food security (n) An ninh lng thc (e.g. World Summit on ~ : Hi ngh thng nh
Th gii v An ninh lng thc)

28

Foreign investment (n) u t ca nc ngoi. Hence, Foreign investor: Nh u t

nc ngoi; Foreign direct investment: u t trc tip ca nc ngoi (FDI).
Forest (n) Rng. Closed ~ : Rng dy, rng kn; Managed ~ : Rng qun l; Multilayered ~ : Rng nhiu tng; Natural ~ : Rng t nhin; Open ~ : Rng tha, rng m;
Special use ~ : Rng c dng.
Forest conservation (n) Bo tn rng.
Forest coverage (n) che ph ca rng.
Forest degradation (n) Tnh trng rng xung cp.
Forest management (n) Qun l rng.
Forest nursery (n) Vn m cy trng rng.
Forest resources (n) Ti nguyn rng.
Forestry (n) Lm nghip. Social ~ : Lm nghip x hi.
Forestry extension (n) Khuyn lm. ~ extension worker: Ngi lm cng tc khuyn
lm.
Formulate (v) Son tho, xy dng (e.g. To ~ a policy, project). Hence, Formulator (n)
Ngi xy dng, ngi son tho (e.g. the ~ of a project).
Formulation (n) (Vic) son tho, xy dng (e.g. the ~ of a policy). Project ~ : Xy
dng d n.
Forward-looking (adj) Hng ti tng lai, i lp vi Backward-looking (e.g. The
analysis should be ~ : Vic phn tch cn hng v tng lai).
Free (adj) T do, khng phi tr tin. ~ exchange rate: T gi hi oi t do; ~ goods,
services: Hng ho, dch v min ph.
Free market (n) Th trng t do. ~ market economy: Nn kinh t th trng t do.
Free trade (n) T do thng mi. ~ trade area: Khu vc thng mi t do.
Free-standing (adj) c lp ( phn bit vi Investment-related). ~ technical
assistance: Tr gip k thut c lp (i.e. assistance that is provided for institutional
development, capacity building or, more broadly, for any purpose that is not directly
related to an investment project).
Friendly (adj) Hu ngh, thn thin vi, quan tm n, tin li; Child-friendly: H tr
cho tr em; Environmentally-friendly: Thn thin vi mi trng; User-friendly: Tin
li cho ngi s dng.
Full time (adj) Chuyn trch (e.g. ~ job, post: Cng vic, chc danh chuyn trch).
Functional literacy (n) Bit ch hnh dng.
Funding instruments (n) Phng thc cung cp ti tr (i.e. modalities to provide aid
whereby each has different management structures, accounting arrangements and
conditions attached. These often refer to programme aid and project aid).
Fungibility (n)
(e.g. the fact that donor funding provided to a project that the
Government would have undertaken anyway (even if donor funding were not available)
has the effect of freeing Government resources to be used for other purposes. Hence, the
total effect of donor support depends on how the Government uses these freed resources
and not on the specific project against which the ODA is formally earmarked).

29

G
Gap (n) Khong cch, s chnh lch (e.g growing ~ between the rich and the poor:
Khong cch ngy cng tng gia ngi giu v ngi ngho); s thiu ht (e.g. the
information, knowledge ~ : s thiu ht thng tin, tri thc).
Gender (n) Gii (i.e. a concept that is defined to refer to the interaction between and
socially constructed roles of men and women. Hence, ~ is different from Sex gii tnh).
(Xem thm Sex).
Gender analysis (n) Phn tch v gii (i.e. the process of analyzing information to
ensure that development resources and benefits are effectively and equitably targeted to
both women and men).
Gender and Development (GAD) Gii v pht trin (i.e. an approach developed in the
1980s, with the objective of removing disparities in social, economic and political
equality between women and men as a pre-condition for achieving people-centered
development). Xem thm Women in Development.
Gender awareness (n) Nhn thc v gii (i.e. the awareness of the needs to create equal
opportunities for women and men in development activities).
Gender blind (adj) M v gii, khng quan tm n vn gii (e.g. A ~ policy,
project).
Gender-blindness (n) (S) m v gii, khng quan tm n vn gii (i.e. the failure to
realize that development policies, plans, activities can have different effects on men and
women).
Gender disparity (n) Bt bnh ng v gii.
Gender equality (n) Bnh ng v gii (i.e. women and men have equal conditions for
realizing their full human potential as well as equal opportunities for participating in,
contributing to and benefiting from national, political, economic, social and cultural
development gains).
Gender equity (n) Cng bng v gii.
Gender mainstreaming (n) Lng ghp vn gii (i.e. the systematic integration of
gender equality objectives into development policies, plans, activities... to ensure that
both women and men equally participate in and benefit from development).
Gender needs (n) Nhu cu v gii, gm hai loi: Practical gender needs v Strategic
gender needs.
Gender planning (n) Lp k hoch v gii (i.e. the process of planning development
policies, plans, activities that are gender sensitive and which take into account the impact
of differing gender roles and gender needs of women and men).
Gender relations (n) Quan h v gii.
Gender roles (n) Vai tr v gii (i.e. learned behaviours in a given society or community
that condition which activities, tasks and responsibilities are perceived as male and
female. Hence, ~ are dynamic and changing over time). ~ bao gm ba kha cnh l
reproductive role, productive role v community participation role.
Gender sensitive (adj) Nhy cm v gii (e.g. A ~ agricultural policy: Mt chnh sch
nng nghip nhy cm v gii).

30

General budget support (n) H tr ngn sch (i.e. a form of programme aid that is
provided by the IMF and that is is similar to the balance of payments support, except for
the fact that its conditionality is focused on the use of donor funds within the recipient
government's budget rather than balance of payments issues).
Generate (v) To ra, sinh ra (e.g. ~ employment, income: To vic lm, to thu nhp).
Generation (n) To ra, sinh ra. Employment ~ : To vic lm; Income ~ : To thu
nhp.
Generic (ad) Thuc v di truyn, ph bin cho c loi. ~ characteristics: Cc tnh cht
ph bin. Hence, Generically (adv) Mang tnh ph bin.
Genetic (n) Thuc v ngun gien. ~ engineering: Cng ngh gien; ~ resources: Cc
ngun ti nguyn v gien.
Genetic diversity (n) a dng di truyn, a dng v ngun gien.
Genetically modified (adj) c bin i gien (e.g. ~ crops: Cc cy trng bin i
gien; ~ organisms: Cc sinh vt bin i gien).
Geographic information system (GIS) H thng thng tin a l (i.e. a computerized
system for entering, storing, handling, analysing and displaying data that can be drawn
from different sources, both statistical and mapped).
German Agency for Technical Cooperation (vit tt theo ting c l GTZ): C quan
Hp tc K thut CHLB c.
Gini coefficient or Gini index (n) H s Gini (i.e. a measurement of the inequality in
income distribution, whereby 0 represents perfect equality and 1 represents perfect
inequality).
Global Environmental Facility (n) Qu mi trng ton cu (i.e. a facility which was
initially set up by the World Bank in 1991 and later endorsed by UNDP and UNEP, to
provide additional grant and concessional funding for the achievement of agreed global
environmental benefits).
Global warming (n) Hin tng nng ln ca tri t.
Globalization (n) Ton cu ho (i.e. the increasing integration of world production,
commerce, communications, finance, social life and other related aspects). ~ process:
Qu trnh ton cu ho. ~ of finance, trade, communications: Ton cu ho v ti
chnh, thng mi, thng tin.
Governance (n) iu hnh quc gia, qun l quc gia (i.e. the exercise of economic,
political and administrative authority to manage a countrys affairs at all levels). i khi
Governance c s dng thay th cho Management khi cn nhn mnh tnh ton
din ca cng tc qun l (e.g. Economic ~ ; Environmental ~ ). Hence, Good
governance: iu hnh quc gia tt (i.e. the ideal situation where a country is well
governed in the widest possible public interest).
Government-led (adj) Do Chnh ph ch o, do Chnh ph ch tr (e.g. ~ aid
coordination activities: Cc hot ng iu phi vin tr do Chnh ph ch o).
Grace period (n) Giai on hon tr n, n hn (i.e. the period at the beginning of the
term of a loan during which no amortization payments are required).
Grant (n) Vin tr khng hon li, also Grant aid, grant assistance (i.e. financial
assistance and the cost of technical cooperation, provided as a gift. Grants may be made
bilaterally or as contributions to international organizations with development assistance
programmes). On a ~ basis: Trn c s vin tr cho khng.

31

Grant element (n) Yu t khng hon li, thnh t h tr (i.e. a measure of the extent to
which the terms of a loan are below the normal commercial rates at the time, with regard
to interest rate, maturity and grace period). Xem thm Official development
assistance.
Grassroots (n) Cp c s (e.g. ~ organizations: Cc t chc cp c s).
Grassroots democracy (n) Dn ch c s. ~ Decree: Ngh nh (ca Chnh ph) v
thc hin quy ch dn ch c s.
Green account (n) Ti khon xanh. Hence, ~ acounting (n) K ton xanh.
Green revolution (n) Cuc cch mng xanh (i.e. the promotion of high-yielding cereal
crops in the 60's and 70's).
Green sector (n) .................. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to forests and biodiversity).
Greenhouse effect (n) Hiu ng nh knh (i.e. the warming of the atmostphere due to the
absorption of certain gases called greenhouse gases).
Greenhouse gases (n) Cc cht kh gy hiu ng nh knh (e.g. carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, cholorofluorocarbons or CFCs).
Grey sector (n) .............. (i.e. environmental issues that relate to education, awareness
raising and capacity building for environmental management).
Gross domestic product (GDP) (n) Tng sn phm quc ni (i.e the total output of
goods and services for final use produced by an economy by both residents and nonresidents, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims).
Gross national product (GNP) (n) Tng sn phm quc dn (GNP comprises GDP plus
net factor income from abroad which is the income residents receive from abroad for
factor services, less similar payments made to non-residents who contribute to the
domestic economy).
Growth (n) S tng trng. Balanced ~ : Tng trng cn i; Broad-based ~ : Tng
trng trn din rng; Export-led ~ : Tng trng da vo xut khu; ~ pole: Cc tng
trng; ~ potential: Tim nng tng trng; ~ rate: T l tng trng.
Growth model (n) M hnh tng trng. New ~ : M hnh mi v tng trng (i.e. a
model characterized by a set of new assumptions whereby economic growth depends
largely on technological innovation and the aaccumulation of human capitalas well
public goods and infrastructure); Old ~ : M hnh c in v tng trng (i.e. a model
chatacterized by a set of traditional assumptions whereby economic growth depends
largely on constant refurns on production, capital, labour and technical progress).
Growth theory (n) L thuyt tng trng. New ~ : L thuyt mi v tng trng (i.e. an
attempt to understand the role of knowledge and technology in driving productivity and
economic growth).
Growth with equity (n) Tng trng i i vi bnh ng.

32

H
Habitat (n) Ni sinh sng, ni .
Habitat management area (n) Khu bo tn sinh cnh.
Handicapped (adj) B tn tt (e.g. ~ children). The handicapped: Nhng ngi b tn
tt.
Harmonization (n) Lm hi ho, dung ho (e.g. The ~ of donor and government
procedures: Lm hi ho th tc ca nh ti tr v th tc ca Chnh ph).
Harmonize (v) Lm hi ho, dung ho (e.g. to ~ international and national regulations).
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (n) Sng kin gim n cho cc
nc ngho (i.e. an initiative proposed by WB/IMF in 1996 and agreed by creditor
countries to help the most heavily indebted countries to obtain debt relief).
Heritage (n) Di sn (e.g. Ha Long Bay is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage).
cultural ~ : Di sn vn ho; environmental ~ : Di sn mi trng; intangible ~ : Di
sn phi vt th; natural ~ : Di sn t nhin; tangible ~ : Di sn vt th; traditional ~ :
Di sn truyn thng.
Heritage conservation (n) Bo tn di sn.
Heritage criteria (n) Cc tiu ch chn di sn.
Heritage economics (n) Kinh t hc di sn
Heritage interpretation (n) Thuyt minh di sn.
High income country (n) Nc c thu nhp cao (i.e. a country with an annual per capita
income of more than US$ 9,385 in 1995).
High risk (n) Nguy c cao. ~ behaviour (n) Hnh vi c nguy c cao; ~ group (n)
Nhm c nguy c cao.
High technology (n) Cng ngh cao.
High yielding variety (n) Ging tng sn, ging c nng sut cao.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Vi-rt gy suy gim min dch ngi.
HIV/AIDS endemic: Dch bnh HIV/AIDS; HIV-negative: HIV m tnh, chng t cha
nhim HIV; HIV-positive: HIV dng tnh, chng t nhim HIV.
HIV testing (n) Xt nghim HIV. Anonymous ~ : Xt nghim HIV du tn;
Confidential ~ : Xt nghim HIV c gi kn; Mandatory ~ : Xt nghim HIV bt buc;
Rapid ~ : Xt nghim HIV nhanh; Voluntary ~ : Xt nghim HIV t nguyn; ~ with
informed consent: Xt nghim HIV c s ng thun sau khi c thng tin y .
Holistic (adj) Mang tnh tng hp. A ~ approach: Phng php tip cn tng hp.
Home-based drug treatment (n) Cai nghin ti nh.
Household (n) H. ~ head: Ch h; size: S nhn khu trong h, quy m h.
Household economy (n) Kinh t h gia nh.
Household living standards survey (n) iu tra mc sng h gia nh.
Human capital (n) Ngun vn con ngi (e.g. knowledge, skills, information).

33

Human development (n) Pht trin con ngi (i.e. the process of enlarging peoples
choices; these choices can be infinite and change over time, but the three essential ones
are for people to lead a long/healthy life, to acquire knowledge/skills and to have access
to resources needed for a decent standard of living).
Human development index (n) Ch s pht trin con ngi (i.e. an index introduced by
UNDP as an alternative to GDP to measure economic and social progress. HDI includes
life expectancy, adult literacy, years of schooling and GDP per capita measured at
Purchasing Power Parity).
Human Development Report: Bo co Pht trin Con ngi (i.e. a report published
annually by UNDP since 1990, each often discussing a major global development theme,
e.g. economic growth and human development in 1996, poverty eradication in 1997,
consumption patterns in 1998, globalization in 1999, human rights in development in
2000, new technologies for human development in 2001).
Human poverty (n) Tnh trng ngho tng hp. Khng ch c ngha l thu nhp thp,
khi nim Human poverty nhn mnh tnh trng con ngi b tc ot nhng c hi v
iu kin c bn nht cho s pht trin ca mnh, nh cuc sng kho mnh v sng to,
tui th v mc sng hp l, quyn t do v nhn phm.
Human resources (n) Ngun nhn lc (i.e the population seen from the point of view of
the contribution they make to development).
Human resources development (n): Pht trin ngun nhn lc (i.e. training and
education to create a workforce capable of meeting the needs of a nationa, a particular
sector or a given organization).
Human rights (n) Cc quyn con ngi (i.e. the range of entitlements that are universal
in character and extend to all human beings. These are commonly seen as consisting of
(a) civil and political rights and (b) economic, social and cultural rights). Universal
Declaration of ~ : Tuyn ngn Nhn quyn (i.e. a declaration on human rights that was
jointly issued in 1948 by members of the United Nations System).
Humanitarian aid (n) Vin tr nhn o.
Hunger (n) i. Chronic ~ : Tnh trng i kinh nin; ~ eradication, elimination: Xo
i.
Hunting reserve (n) Khu d tr sn bn.
Hyperinflation (n) Siu lm pht.

34

I
ICT (information and communications technology, i.e. the range of new digitallybased technologies that capture, store, process, communicate and disply information,
such as internet, TV, radio, mobile phones, etc ): Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng.
~ for development: Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng phc v pht trin,
Identification (n) S xc nh, nhn din. Project ~ : Xc nh hay nhn din d n.
Identify (v) Xc nh, nhn din (e.g. To ~ problems, ideas for future projects: Xc nh
vn , tng cho cc d n trong tng lai).
Immediate objective (n) Mc tiu trc tip (i.e. the objective that should be reached
within the life of a project).
Immunization (n) Tim chng. Expanded ~ programme: Chng trnh tim chng m
rng; Universial child ~ programme: Chng trnh tim chng ph cp cho tr em.
Immunization coverage (n) Din tim chng (i.e. the percentage of children under one
year old receiving antigens used in the Universal Child Immunization Programme).
Impact (n) Tc ng (i.e. the result of a project in relation to the development objectives
or long-term goals originally set out for it). ~ analysis: Phn tch tc ng; ~
evaluation, assessment: nh gi tc ng.
Impact on (v) Tc ng n (e.g. There are emerging problems which will ~ the wellbeing of the poor at the local level).
Implementation (n) Thc hin. Project ~ : Thc hin d n.
Implementation rate (also Delivery rate): T l vn thc hin (i.e. expenditure in a
given year expressed as a percentage of the maximum level of the approved budget to be
reached for that year).
Implementing agency (n) C quan thc hin d n, ch d n.
Implementing arrangements (n) Cch t chc thc hin d n.
Import (n) Nhp khu. ~ quota: Hn ngch nhp khu; ~ value: Kim ngch nhp khu.
Import substitution policy (n) Chnh sch thay th nhp khu.
Incentive (adj) Bin php khuyn thch, vt khuyn khch. Direct ~ : Bin php khuyn
khch trc tip; Economic ~ : Bin php khuyn khch kinh t; Indirect: Bin php
khuyn khch gin tip.
Incentive payments system (n) H thng thanh ton khuyn khch.
Inception report (n) Bo co ban u (e.g. a project ~ : Bo co ban u ca d n).
Income (n) Thu nhp. Assessable ~ : Thu nhp chu thu (Also Taxable ~ );
Corporate ~ : Thu nhp cng ty; Disposable ~ : Thu nhp kh dng (sau khi nh
thu); Earned ~ : Thu nhp t lao ng; Personal ~ : Thu nhp c nhn; Unearned ~ :
Thu nhp khng phi t lao ng (v d t x s, kiu hi).
Income distribution (n) Phn phi thu nhp.
Income generation (n) To thu nhp.
Income tax (n) Thu thu nhp.
Incorporate (v) Lng ghp, st nhp (e.g. To ~ gender issues into the policy making
process: Lng ghp cc vn gii vo qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch).

35

Incorporation (n) S lng ghp (e.g. ~ of environmental considerations into the

investment planning process: Lng ghp cc vn mi trng vo qu trnh lp k
hoch u t).
Increasing rate of returns to scale (n) T l sinh li gia tng theo quy m.
Incremental cost (n) Chi ph gia tng.
Incur (v) Thc hin (vic chi tiu). (e.g. To ~ an expenditure: Thc hin mt khon chi).
Indebted (adj) Mc n (e.g. A heavily ~ country: Nc b mc n nhiu).
Indebtedness (n) Tnh trng mc n.
Indicative (adj) Mang tnh nh hng, mang tnh hng dn. ~ budget allocation: D
kin phn b ngn sch; ~ planning (n) Lp k hoch nh hng.
Indicator (n) Tiu ch (i.e. a signal that helps to measure change in terms of quantity,
quality and timeliness). Qualitative ~ : Tiu ch nh tnh; Quantitative ~ : Tiu ch
nh lng; Quantifiable ~ : Tiu ch c th lng ho c; Measurable ~ : Tiu ch
c th o lng c.
Indigenous (adj) Bn x, bn a. ~ experiences, initiatives: Kinh nghim, sng kin
bn a; ~ people: Ngi dn bn a.
Indigeneous knowledge: Kin thc bn a, kin thc a phng (i.e. knowledge that
develops in a particular area and accumulates over time through being handed down
from generation to generation)
Individual (adj) Thuc v c nhn. ~ capacity: Nng lc c nhn (khc vi
institutional capacity); ~ level: Cp c nhn (khc vi institutional level).
Industrial (adj) Thuc v cng nghip.
Industrial crops (n) Cy cng nghip.
Industrial development (n) Pht trin cng nghip.
Industrial economics (n) Kinh t hc cng nghip.
Industrial extension (n) Khuyn cng.
Industrial integration (n) Hi nhp cng nghip.
Industrial investment (n) u t cng nghip.
Industrial management (n) Qun l cng nghip.
Industrial park (n) Khu cng nghip.
Industrial policy and planning (n) Chnh sch v quy hoch cng nghip.
Industrial pollutants and wastes (n) Cht gy nhim v cht thi cng nghip.
Industrial pollution (n) nhim cng nghip.
Industrial property rights (n) Quyn s hu ti sn cng nghip.
Industrialization (n) Cng nghip ho. Export-led ~ : Cng nghip ho theo hng
xut khu; Import-substituting ~ : Cng nghip ho thay th nhp khu; ~ and
modernization strategy: Chin lc cng nghip ho v hin i ho.
Inequality (n) Tnh trng, s bt bnh ng.
Inertia (n) S tr tr, sc (e.g. The initial ~ in the disbursement of ODA resources: Tnh
trng tr tr ban u trong vic gii ngn ngun vn ODA).
Infant industry (n) (Ngnh) cng nghip non tr.

36

Infant mortality rate (n) T sut, t l t vong tr s sinh (i.e. the probability of dying
between birth and exactly one year of age times 1,000).
Infants with low birth-weight (n) Tr s sinh thiu cn. Xem thm Underweight.
Inflation (n) Lm pht (i.e. a persisten rise in the general level of prices or alternatively
a persistent fall in the purchasing power of money). Demand pull ~ : Lm pht do cu
vt cung; Galloping ~ : Lm pht phi m. ~ Hyper - ~ : Siu lm pht. ~ rate: T l
lm pht.
Inflationary (adj) Thuc v lm pht. ~ Process: Qu trnh lm pht; ~ pressures:
Sc p lm pht; ~ spiral : Vng xoy lm pht (i.e. an inflationary situation which
encourages employees to demand higher wages which in turn increases cost of
production and hence prices increase even further).
Informal sector (n) Khu vc kinh t khng chnh quy (i.e. business outside the organized
sector of a country's economy).
Informant (n) Ngi cung cp thng tin (i.e. an individual who is respondent in an
interview).
Information (n) Thng tin. ~ analysis: Phn tch thng tin; ~ dissemination: Ph bin
thng tin; ~ exchange: Trao i thng tin; ~ management: Qun l thng tin;
~ policy: ~ Chnh sch thng thin; processing: X l thng tin; ~ requirements: Nhu
cu thng tinh; ~ retrieval: Truy cp thng tin; ~ sharing: Chia s thng tin; ~
storage: Lu tr thng tin; ~ superhighway: Xa l thng tin; ~ systems: Cc h thng
thng tin; ~ technology: Cng ngh thng tin.
Informed (adj) C thng tin (e.g. To take ~ policy decisions: a ra nhng quyt
sch trn c s thng tin y ).
Injecting drug user (n) Ngi tim chch ma tu.
Input - output budgeting (n) Phng php lp ngn sch theo u vo v u ra
(i.e. a budgeting method that organizes outputs and inputs so that outputs can be planned
and monitored according to their respective costs).
Input (n) u vo (i.e. personnel, goods and services that are used to carry out a
project).
Institution (n) nh ch, th ch. Market ~ s : Cc nh ch th trng (nh th trng
vn, chng khon, t gi hi oi...); State ~ s : Cc th ch Nh nc.
Institution building (n) Xy dng th ch. An ~ project: D n xy dng th ch (i.e. a
project designed to create or upgrade the capacity of an institution to produce certain
desired services or products on a sustained basis).
Institutional (adj) Thuc v th ch. ~ framework: Khun kh th ch; ~ level: Cp
th ch (khc vi individual ~ ); ~ capacity: Nng lc th ch (khc vi individual ~ ).
Institutional analysis (n) Phn tch th ch (i.e. an analysis of the relationships between
the different institutions and actors of an organization).
Institutional memory (n) Tr nh ca t chc, b nh ca t chc.
Institutionalization (n) S th ch ho (e.g. The ~ of recommendations into concrete
policies: Vic th ch ho cc khuyn ngh thnh chnh sch c th).
Institutionalize (v) Th ch ho (e.g. To ~ resolutions of the National Assembly into
concrete policies: Th ch ho cc ngh quyt ca Quc hi thnh chnh sch c th).

37

Intangible (adj) V hnh, phi vt th (e.g. ~ asset, value: Ti sn, ga tr v hnh hoc
phi vt th); ~ cultural heritage: Di sn vn ho phi vt th.
Integrate (v) Lng ghp, gn kt, hi nhp (e.g. To ~ environmental considerations into
the investment planning process: Lng ghp, gn kt cc vn mi trng vo qu trnh
lp k hoch u t; To ~ economically with the region: Hi nhp kinh t vi khu vc).
Integrated (adj) Mang tnh tng hp, lng ghp. ~ approach: Phng php tip cn
tng hp, lng ghp; ~ rural development: Pht trin nng thn tng hp.
Integrated pest management (n) Qun l su bnh tng hp (i.e. a mixed strategy of
selective use of agro-chemicals, biological methods, genetic assistance and appropriate
management practices).
Integrated pollution control (n) Kim sot nhim tng hp.
Integration (n) S lng ghp, gn kt, hi nhp (e.g. ~ with the world market: Hi nhp
vi th trng th gii; ~ of environmental considerations into policy-making process
Gn kt cc vn mi trng vo qu trnh xy dng chnh sch); International and
regional ~ : Hi nhp quc t v khu vc.
Integration roadmap (n) L trnh hi nhp.
Intensive (adj) Chuyn su, c cng ln. ~ farming: Thm canh. Capital ~ : Cn
nhiu vn; Labour ~ : Cn nhiu lao ng.
Interact (v) C quan h tng h, tc ng ln nhau. Hence, Interactive (adj) Mang
tnh cht tng h (e.g. an ~ relationship: Mi quan h tng h, mi quan h qua li).
Interaction (n) Quan h tng h (e.g. the ~ between international consultants and
national project personnel).
Inter-cropping (n) Xen canh (e.g. ~ practices of farmers).
Interest (n) Li ch. ~ group: Nhm li ch; Vested ~ : Li ch thit thn.
Inter-generational equity (n) Principle of ~ : Nguyn tc cng bng gia cc th h
(i.e. a sustainable development principle that requires that the needs of the present are
met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs).
Intern (n) Thc tp sinh, ngi hc vic. Hence, Internship (n) Thc tp, hc vic.
Internal (adj) Bn trong, trong nc, ni ti. ~ cost: Chi ph ni ti; ~ labour market:
Th trng lao ng trong nc; ~ savings (also, domestic savings): Ngun tch lu
trong nc; ~ resources: Ngun lc trong nc, ni lc.
Internalization (n) Ni ho, lng ghp vo quy trnh ni b, tnh gp vo c ch gi;
~ of environmental costs: Tnh gp chi ph mi trng (i.e. environmental costs of an
activity shall be borne by the initiator through pollution control measures); ~ of
participatory methods: Lng ghp cc phng php tip cn c s tham gia ca ngi
dn (vo quy trnh lm vic ca mt c quan hoc t chc).
Internalize (n) Ni a ho, tnh gp vo c ch gi, lng ghp vo quy trnh ni b (e.g.
The work process must be internalized: Quy trnh lm vic phi tr thnh quy ch ni
b).
International bidding (n) u thu quc t. ~ open bidding (n) u thu quc t m
(i.e. the most competitive but administratively demanding procedure whereby a tender
notice is advertised internationally and any supplier in any country is eligible to submit a
tender); ~ restricted bidding (n) u thu quc t hn ch (i.e. procurement procedure
whereby a number of national and foreign suppliers are invited to submit a tender on the
basis of a previously established shortlist).

38

International financing institutions (n) Cc t chc ti chnh quc t (i.e. Asian

Development Bank, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other banking
institutions).
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): Qu Quc t v Pht trin
Nng nghip. c thnh lp nm 1974 nh l mt phn ca h thng Lin hp quc,
tn ch ca IFAD l h tr vic tng cng sn xut lng thc v thc phm, ci thin
an ninh lng thc, to vic lm nng nghip v gim tnh trng suy dinh dng cc
nc ngho.
International Labour Organization (ILO): T chc Lao ng Quc t, c thnh lp
nm 1919 vi t cch l t chc lin chnh ph v c Lin hp quc cng nhn nm
1946 l c quan chuyn mn ca LHQ. ILO xc tin vic ci thin cc iu kin lm
vic v ngh nghip, xut cc chun tc v hng dn trn cc lnh vc ny.
Internet (n) Mng vi tnh ton cu (i.e. network of computers that facilitates electronic
communication across the globe).
Internet access service (n) Dch v truy cp internet.
Internet application service (n) Dch v ng dng internet.
Internet content provider (n) Ngi cung cp dch v thng tin internet.
Internet exchange provider (n) Ngi cung cp dch v kt ni internet.
Internet exchange service (n) Dch v kt ni internet.
Internet service provider (n) Ngi cung cp dch v internet.
Interntional Monetary Fund (IMF): Qu Tin t Quc t, c thnh lp nm 1945
theo Hip nh Bretton Woods. Tn ch ca IMF l khuyn khch hp tc tin t v pht
trin thng mi quc t, h tr s n nh v t gi hi oi v vic thit lp cc h
thng thanh ton a phng, v gip cc nc gii quyt cc vn v mt cn i trong
cn cn thanh ton.
Intra-generational equity (n) Principle of ~ : Nguyn tc cng bng trong cng th h
(i.e. a sustainable development principle that requires that people within the present
generation have the right to benefit from the exploitation of resources and that they have
an equal right to a clean and healthy environment).
Intravenous drug user (n) Ngi tim chch ma tu (also injecting drug user).
Investment (n) u t. Public ~ : u t cng cng; Foreign direct ~ : u t trc
tip nc ngoi.
Investment planning (n) Lp k hoch u t.
Investment programme (n) Chng trnh u t.
Investment-related (adj) H tr u t (e.g. An ~ project: D n h tr u t);
~ technical assistance: Tr gip k thut h tr u t (i.e. technical assistance that is
provided within the framework of an investment project).
Invisible hand (n) Bn tay v hnh (i.e. a term used by Adam Smith to mean that the
influence of market forces through which self-interest often, but not always, benefits the
community as a whole).
Inward-looking (adj) Hng ni, i lp vi Outward-looking (e.g. Viet Nams
economic policies before the mid-80s were mostly ~ ; The ~ nature of importsubstituting industrialization: Bn cht hng ni ca cng nghip ho thay th nhp
khu.

39

Iodine (n) Cht i-t. Iodine deficiency: Thiu cht i-t (Hence, Iodine-deficient).
Iodization of salt: Lm mui i-t. Hence, Iodized salt: Mui i-t.

40

J
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA): C quan Hp tc Quc t Nht
Bn.
Job (n) Cng vic.
Job counseling (n) Hng nghip.
Job creation (n) To vic lm.
Job description (n) Bn m t cng vic, chc nng v nhim v (i.e. a recognized list of
functions and tasks included in a particular job).
Job generation (n) To vic lm (also Job creation).
Job requirements (n) Yu cu i vi mt cng vic.
Job satisfaction (n) S hi lng i vi mt cng vic.
Job seeker (n) Ngi tm vic lm.
Jobless (adj) Khng c vic lm, khng to ra vic lm; ~ growth: S tng trng khng
to ra vic lm (i.e. increases in production and productivity without an increase in
employment); ~ people: Nhng ngi khng c vic lm, tht nghip; The jobless (n)
Ngi tht nghip.
Justification (n) Lun chng, bin minh (e.g. the ~ for an investment project: Lun
chng cho d n u t).
Justify (v) Bin minh, l gii (e.g. To ~ one's failure: Bin minh cho tht bi ca mnh).
Juvenile delinquency (n) Tnh trng phm ti trong thanh thiu nin.
Juvenile delinquents (n) Nhng thanh thiu nin phm ti.

41

K
Key (n) Cha kho, then cht (e.g. Neutrality and impartiality are ~ factors that ensure a
strong position for UNDP in Viet Nam).
Key informant (n) Ngi cung cp thng tin ch yu. ~ interviews: Phng vn nhng
ngi cung cp thng tin ch yu.
Know-how (n) B quyt. Technical ~ s: B quyt k thut.
Knowledge (n) Tri thc, kin thc (i.e. information that is put in a particular context to
produce an actionable understanding). Codified ~ : Tri thc c im ch ho;
Explicit ~ : Tri thc hin (i.e. knowledge that can be written down or codified, shared
with others and put into a database); Tacit ~ : Tri thc ngm (i.e. knowledge that cannot
be articulated in codified forms, such as know-how, rules of thumb, experience, insights
and intuition); Codification of ~ : in ch ho tri thc; Market for ~ : Th trng tri
thc; Transferability of ~ : Kh nng chuyn giao ca tri thc.
Knowledge accumulation (n) Tch lu, nng cao, trau di kin thc (also Knowledge
building).
Knowledge bank (n) Ngn hng tri thc.
Knowledge economy (n) Kinh t tri thc (i.e. an economy which is directly based on the
production, distribution and use of knowledge and information).
Knowledge for development (n) Tri thc phc v pht trin.
Knowledge gap (n) Khong cch tri thc (i.e. unequal distribution of knowledge across
and within groups of population or countries). To narrow, bridge, reduce the ~ : Thu hp
khong cch tri thc.
Knowledge hoarding (n) u c tri thc. ~ mentality: Tm l u c tri thc;
~ propensity: Xu hng u c tri thc.
Knowledge industry (n) Cng nghip tri thc (i.e. the portion of the labour force
engaged in occupations essentially concerned with producing and handling information
rather than goods).
Knowledge intensive (adj) C nhiu tri thc, c hm lng tri thc cao (e.g. an ~
product, service: Mt sn phm, dch v c nhiu tri thc).
Knowledge management (n) Qun l tri thc (i.e. the broad process of locating,
creating, organizing, transferring and using the information and expertise within an
organization).
Knowledge network (n) Mng li tri thc.
Knowledge sharing (n) Chia x tri thc.
Knowledge transfer (n) Chuyn giao tri thc (i.e. disseminating knowledge and providing
inputs to problem solving).

Knowledge worker (n) Ngi lao ng tri thc.

Knowledgeable (adj) Am hiu, hiu bit nhiu (e.g. To be ~ about globalization issues).
Knowledge-based (adj) Da vo tri thc. ~ development: Pht trin da vo tri thc;
organization: Mt t chc da vo tri thc, hoc c tri thc vng vng.
Knowledge-based economy (n) Nn kinh t da vo tri thc (xem Knowledge
economy).

42

Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA): C quan Hp tc Quc t Hn

Quc.

43

L
Labour (n) Lao ng. Labour Code: B lut Lao ng. Labourer (n) Ngi lao ng.
Labour administration (n) Qun l lao ng.
Labour contract (n) Hp ng lao ng.
Labour costs per unit of output (n) Chi ph lao ng trn n v sn lng.
Labour court (n) To n lao ng.
Labour demand (n) Lng cu lao ng.
Labour dispute (n) Tranh chp lao ng.
Labour economics (n) Kinh t hc lao ng.
Labour exchange (n) Trao i lao ng.
Labour force (n) Lc lng lao ng.
Labour legislation (n) Lut php v lao ng.
Labour market (n) Th trng lao ng.
Labour mobility (n) Tnh c ng ca lao ng (i.e. the ease of movement of labour
between areas and occupations).
Labour redundancy (n) D tha lao ng.
Labour relations (n) Quan h lao ng.
Labour shortage (n) Thiu lao ng.
Labour supply (n) Lng cung lao ng.
Labour-intensive (adj) S dng nhiu lao ng (e.g. a ~ industry).
Labour-saving (adj) Tit kim lao ng (e.g. a ~ technical process).
Land (n) t ai. ~ Law: Lut t ai.
Land degradation (n) Tnh trng t xung cp.
Land ownership (n) Quyn s hu t ai (also ~ titlement).
Land pollution (n) nhim t.
Land reform (n) Ci cch rung t.
Land tenure (n) Hn in, thi gian s dng t.
Land use planning (n) Quy hoch s dng t.
Landless (adj) Khng c t ai (e.g. ~ people: Nhng ngi khng c rung t);
The landless: Nhng ngi khng c rung t.
Landlocked countries (n) Cc nc khng c b bin (i.e. countries like Afghanistan,
Laos, Mongolia).
Landscape (n) Cnh quan. ~ analysis: Phn tch cnh quan; ~ conservation: Bo tn
cnh quan.
Landscape ecology (n) Sinh thi cnh quan (i.e. a sub-discipline of ecology focusing on
spacial relationships and the interactions between patterns and processes).
Law (n) Lut php, b lut. ~ on the State Budget: Lut ngn sch Nh nc.
Law enactment (n) Ban hnh lut php.

44

Law enforcement (n) Thi hnh lut php.

Law implementation (n) Thc hin lut php.
Law making (n) Lm lut, xy dng lut (e.g. the ~ process in Viet Nam).
Law of the Sea (n) Lut bin (i.e. a convention which was adopted by the United
Nations in 1982, aimed at establishing a new legal regime for the oceans and their vast
resources).
Laws of supply and demand: Quy lut cung - cu (i.e. the basic laws in respect of the
marketing of goods and services in a market economy).
Lay-off (n) S gin th, ngh vic tm thi. ~ pay: Lng ngh vic.
Lead (n) Ch o, u tu. ~ donor: Nh ti tr chnh; ~ role: Vai tr ch o, vai tr
u tu.
Lead time (n) Thi gian cn thit hon thnh mt cng vic (e.g. A long ~ will be
required to prepare properly for this important event).
Learning (n) Hc hi. Interactive ~ : Hc hi tng tc, hc hi hai chiu; On-line ~ :
Hc hi trc tuyn, hc hi qua mng; Organizational ~ : Hc hi ca t chc;
Organized ~ : Hc hi c t chc.
Learning by doing (n) Va hc va lm (e.g. A ~ approach, principle: Phng php,
nguyn tc va hc va lm).
Learning organization (n) T chc c hc hi (i.e. an organization that relies strongly
on the creation, acquisition, transfer and use of knowledge to improve its performance).
Least Developed Countries (n) Cc nc km pht trin nht (i.e. the 45 poor and
vulnerable countries that were defined by the United Nations with an annual per capita
income of less than US$ 765 in 1995) .
Legal (adj) Thuc v php l, thuc v lut php. ~ corridor: Hnh lang php l;
~ framework: Khun kh php l; ~ environment: Mi trng php l; ~ reform: Ci
cch lut php.
Legally-binding (adj) Rng buc v mt php l (e.g. ~ international agreements,
commitments).
Lending (n) Cho vay. ~ organization: T chc cho vay; ~ programme: Chng trnh
cho vay; ~ rate: Li sut cho vay.
Lessons learned (n) Bi hc (e.g. To draw, distill ~ from a successful development
project: c rt bi hc kinh nghim t mt d n pht trin thnh cng).
Level playing field (n) Sn chi bnh ng (e.g. A ~ for the private sector: Sn chi bnh
ng cho khu vc kinh t t nhn, i.e for the private sector to compete in an equal footing
with State-owned enterprises).
Leverage (v) Kch thch, thu ht (e.g. the effective use of ODA to ~ additional financing
for development, such as foreign investment, domestic resources and trade).
Liberalize (n) T do ho. Hence, Liberalization (n) S t do ho (e.g. Price, trade ~ :
T do ho gi c, thng mi).
Life (n) Cuc sng, tui th, thi hn (e.g The ~ of a loan: Thi hn ca khon n; the
~ of a project: Thi hn thc hin d n).
Life expectancy (n) Tui th (mong i). ~ at birth: Tui th trung bnh (i.e. the
number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the
time of birth were to stay the same throughout the childs life).

45

Life skills education (n) Gio dc v nhng k nng sng, gio dc v nhng iu cn
bit trong cuc sng.
Line agency (n) C quan ch qun, c quan cp trn trc tip.
Line Ministry (n) B ch qun.
Linkage (n) Mi lin kt (e.g. The ~ between donor-funded projects and national
programmes: Mi lin kt gia cc d n do nc ngoi ti tr v cc chng trnh quc
gia). Backward ~ : Mi lin kt ngc; Horizontal ~ : Mi lin kt ngang; Foreward ~
: Mi lin kt xui; Vertical ~ : Mi lin kt dc.
Literacy (n) Bit ch. ~ rate (n) T l ngi bit ch. ~ among adults: T l bit ch
ngi ln (i.e the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can read and write).
Livelihoods (n) Cch kim sng, k sinh nhai. Sustainable ~ : Phng thc kim sng
bn vng.
Living costs (n) Chi ph sinh hot.
Loan (n) Khon cho vay, khon vay. Concessional or soft ~ : Khon cho vay u i.
Local costs (n) Chi ph ti ch (i.e. those costs of a development project which are made
up of locally procured goods and services).
Local area network (n) Mng vi tnh cc b (i.e. a computer network located on users
premises within a limited geographical area, also called LAN).
Logical framework or logframe: Khung lgc (i.e. a method that allows for a logical
linkage between the various elements in a project design and enables a successful
implementation of the expected results of the project).
Logframe analysis (n) Phn tch khung lgc.
Low income country (n) Nc c mc thu nhp thp (i.e. a country with an annual per
capita income of less than US$ 765 in 1995).
Lump-sum (n) Trn gi. ~ contract: Hp ng khon gn; ~ payment: Tr trn gi;
~ price: Gi trn gi.

46

M
Macro environment (n) Mi trng v m (i.e. a combination of key factors such as
policy, legislation, function and tasks, information and knowledge, and infrastructure).
Macroeconomic (adj) Thuc kinh t v m (e.g. ~ instruments, management, reform,
stability: Cc cng c, qun l, ci cch, s n nh kinh t v m).
Macroeconomics (n) Kinh t hc v m (i.e. that part of economics which is concerned
with the study of relationships between broad economic aggregates - national income,
savings, investment, employment, trade, money supply, foreign exchange, etc...).
Mainstream (v) Lng ghp (e.g. To ~ gender into the policy making process: Lng ghp
vn gii vo qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch).
Mainstreaming (n) S lng ghp (e.g. the ~ of gender issues into personnel policies:
Lng ghp vn gii vo chnh sch nhn s).
Male head of household (n) Ch h l nam.
Male to female transmission of HIV (n) S lan truyn HIV t nam gii sang n gii.
Male-headed household (n) H do nam gii lm ch h.
Malnourished (adj) B suy dinh dng. ~ children: Tr em suy dinh dng.
Malnutrition (n) S suy dinh dng (e.g. ~ among children under five years of age).
Manageable (adj) C th qun l c, c th kim sot c (e.g. External debt must
be kept at a ~ level: Phi gi n nc ngoi mc c th kim sot c).
Managed resource area (n) Khu bo tn ti nguyn c qun l.
Management (n) Qun l. ~ skills:. K nng qun l; ~ science: Khoa hc qun l;
~ style: Phong cch qun l; ~ training: o to v cng tc qun l.
Management arrangements (n) Cch t chc qun l (i vi mt d n).
Management by objectives (n) Qun l theo mc tiu.
Management consultant (n) Chuyn gia t vn qun l.
Management information system (n) H thng thng tin qun l (i.e. a system in
which defined data are collected, processed and communicated to assist those
responsible for the use of resources).
Man-made capital (n) Ngun vn do con ngi to ta (e.g. machines, buildings,
infrastructure).
Marginalization (n) Gt ra ngoi l (e.g. The growing ~ of the less developed countries
in the world economy: Tnh trng cc nc km pht trin ngy cng b gt ra ngoi l
nn kinh t th gii). Social ~ : Tnh trng b gt ra ngoi l x hi.
Marginalize (v) Gt ra ngoi l. Hence, Marginalized (adj) B gt ra ngoi l, phi
chu thit thi (e.g. ~ economically, socially and culturally); ~ groups: Nhng nhm
dn c phi chu thit thi, b gt ra ngoi l (ca qu trnh pht trin).
Market (n) Th trng. Free ~ : Th trng t do; Organized ~ : Th trng c t chc.
Market demand (n) Lng cu ca th trng.
Market economy (n) Kinh t th trng.
Market equilibrium (n) Cn bng th trng.
Market failure (n) Tht bi ca th trng.

47

Market forces (n) Cc tc nhn th trng.

Market instruments (n) Cc cng c th trng.
Market orientation (n) nh hng th trng.
Market prices (n) Gi th trng.
Market share (n) Th phn.
Market supply (n) Lng cung ca th trng.
Marketing (n) Tip th. ~ plan: K hoch tip th; ~ strategy: Chin lc tip th.
Market-oriented (adj) Theo nh hng th trng. ~ economy: Nn kinh t theo nh
hng th trng.
Master plan (n) Quy hoch tng th (e.g. A ~ for the Mekong Delta: Quy hoch tng th
ng bng sng Cu Long. A tourism ~ : Quy hoch tng th ngnh du lch).
Maternal mortality rate (n) T l t vong cc b m (i.e. the annual number of deaths
of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births).
Maturity period (n) Thi hn phi tr n (i.e. the time from the date on which a loan
agreement comes into force until the date on which the loan is due for complete
repayment).
Measurable (adj) C th o c. ~ impact: Tc ng c th o lng c;
~ indicator: Tiu ch c th o lng c.
Medium-term expenditure framework (n) Khun kh chi tiu trung hn (i.e. a 3 to 5
year plan to provide a framework for fiscal policy and to facilitate strategic sector
planning and programming).
Mekong River Commission (n) U hi quc t v sng M-cng (i.e. a commission
which was set up by the 1995 Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable
Development of the Mekong River Basin between Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet
Nam).
Merging (n) St nhp (e.g. The ~ of small businesses into a large company).
Merit-based (adj) Da vo kt qu, as opposed to Entitlement-based (e.g. Future
resource allocation should be ~ , not entitlement-based: Vic phn b ngun lc trong
tng lai nn da vo kt qu cng vic, khng nn da vo tiu chun, ch ).
Micro-credit (n) Tn dng quy m nh (also Micro-finance).
Microeconomic (adj) Thuc v kinh t vi m (e.g. ~ management, reform, instruments:
Qun l, ci cch, cc cng c kinh t vi m).
Microeconomics (n) Kinh t hc vi m (i.e. that part of economics which is concerned
with the study of individual decision-making units, firms, individuals).
Micro-nutrient (n) Cht dinh dng vi lng; ~ deficiency (n) and ~ deficient (adj)
Thiu cht dinh dng vi lng.
Middle income country (n) Nc c mc thu nhp trung bnh (i.e. a country with an
annual per capita income of between US$ 766 and US$ 9,385 in 1995). Lower ~ : Nc
c mc thu nhp trung bnh thp, t 766 n 3.035 USD nm 1995; Upper ~ : Nc c
mc thu nhp trung bnh cao, t 3.036 n 9.385 USD nm 1995.
Mid-term (adj) Gia k. ~ evaluation: nh gi gia k; ~ review: Kim im gia
k.

48

Migration(n) S di c. Forced ~: Di c cng bc; Internal ~: Di c ni a;

Organized ~ : Di c c t chc; Rural - urban ~ : Di c t nng thn ra thnh th;
Seasonal ~ : Di c theo ma v; Spontaneous, unorganized ~ : Di c t do.
Millennium Declaration (n) Tuyn b Thin nin k, do Hi ngh thng nh Thin
nin k thng qua, trong c Cc mc tiu pht trin Thin nin k.
Millennium Development Goals (n) Cc mc tiu pht trin Thin nin k (e.g. halve
the number of people who suffer from absolute poverty between 1990 & 2015; halve the
number of people who suffer from hunger between 1990 & 2015; ensure universal
primary education by 2015; reduce by 2/3 the under-five mortality rate between 1990&
2015; reduce by 3/4 the maternal mortality ratio between 1990 & 2015 etc).
Millennium Summit (n) Hi ngh thng nh Thin nin k, do Lin hp quc triu tp
thng 9/2000 vi s tham gia ca Nguyn th quc gia v ngi ng u chnh ph ca
180 nc trn th gii. Hi ngh thng qua Tuyn b Thin nin k.
Mission (n) Tn ch, s mnh, phi on. A ~ statement: Bn tuyn b v tn ch, mc
ch; A consultant ~ : on chuyn gia t vn; A peace ~ : S mng ho bnh.
Mixed credit (n) Tn dng h hp. (Also Mixed financing).
Mobile labour force (n) Lc lng lao ng thuyn chuyn linh hot
Mobilization (n) Vn ng, huy ng. Social ~ : Vn ng x hi; Resource ~ : Huy
ng ngun lc; Input ~ : Huy ng u vo (cho d n).
Mobilization of domestic or internal resources (n) Huy ng ngun lc trong nc,
huy ng ni lc
Modality (n) Phng thc (e.g. Aid modalities: Cc phng thc vin tr; Project
execution modalities: Cc phng thc iu hnh d n).
Money (n) Tin. Bad ~ : ng tin xu; Easy ~ : ng tin d vay: Good ~ : ng tin
tt (Bad money drives out good money: ng tin xu ui ng tin tt); Highpowered ~ : ng tin mnh; Idle, inactive ~ : ng tin nhn ri; ~ supply: Lng
cung tin mt; Demand for ~ : Lng cu tin mt.
Monitoring (n) Theo di (i.e. a continuing function aimed primarily at providing early
indications of progress or lack thereof in the achievement of project objectives). Project
~ : Theo di d n, bao gm cc khu nh field visit, periodical reporting, periodical
review v terminal reporting.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (n) Ngh nh th
Montreal v cc cht ph hu tng -dn (i.e. an international agreement that was
reached in 1998 by over 30 countries and that is aimed at protecting the ozone layer by
controlling the emission of chlorofluoro carbons (CFCs) and halons).
Moonlighting (n) Lm thm vic ngoi gi (thng l vo bui ti).
Mortality (n) T vong. Child ~ : T vong tr em; Infant ~ : T vong tr s sinh;
Under-five ~ : T vong tr em di 5 tui; Maternal ~ : T vong b m.
Mortality rate (n) T sut t vong.
Most-favoured (adj) c u tin nhiu nht. ~ nation: Ti hu quc; ~ nation
clause: iu khon ti hu quc.
Mother (n) Ngi m. Expecting ~ : Ngi m ang mang thai; Nursing ~ : Ngi m
ang nui con.
Motherhood (n) Lm m. Safe ~ : Sinh an ton.

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Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (n) S lan truyn HIV t m sang con.

Multi-cultural (adj) a vn ho, nhiu mu sc vn ho. ~ organization: T chc a
vn ho; ~ society: X hi a vn ho.
Multi-dimensional (adj) (C) nhiu kha cnh, nhiu mt (also multi-faceted). A ~
problem: Mt vn c nhiu kha cnh.
Multi-disciplinary (adj) Lin quan n nhiu lnh vc (e.g. A ~ approach: Cch tip cn
a ngnh; Interventions of an ~ nature: Cc bin php can thip lin quan ti nhiu lnh
vc).
Multi-lateral (adj) a phng (khc vi Bilateral). ~ donor: Nh ti tr a phng;
~ forum: Din n a phng.
Multilateral agency or organization (n) T chc a phng (i.e. an international
organization to which individual countries contribute funds for subsequent disbursement
by the organization itself).
Multilateral aid (n) Vin tr a phng (i.e. financial aid and technical cooperation
provided by a multilateral organization to a developing country).
Multi-lateral trade agreement (n) Hip nh thng mi a phng.
Multiplier (n) S nhn; (adj) C tnh lan to. ~ effect: Tc dng lan to.
Multi-purpose (adj) Phc v nhiu mc tiu, a mc tiu (e.g A ~ data survey: Cuc
iu tra a mc tiu).

50

N
Narcotics (n) Ma tu, thuc gy m. Hence, Anti-narcotic activities: Cc hot ng
phng chng ma tu.
National execution (n) Phng thc quc gia iu hnh d n (i.e. the management of a
project in an aid recipient country carried out by a national entity of that country).
National income (n) Thu nhp quc dn (i.e. a measure of the money value of the total
flow of goods and services produced in an economy over a specified period).
Nationally recruited (adj) c tuyn trong nc (e.g. ~ consultants: Chuyn gia t
vn c tuyn dng trong nc).
Natural capital (n) Ngun vn t nhin (e.g. resources, minerals, energy, ozone layer).
Natural monument (n) K quan thin nhin.
Natural park (n) Vn quc gia.
Nature reserve (n) Khu d tr t nhin.
Needs assessment (n) nh gi nhu cu (e.g. To undertake a training ~ : Tin hnh nh
gi nhu cu o to).
Network (v) Lin kt, thit lp mng li (e.g. To ~ with other training institutions in the
region). Knowledge ~ : Mng li tri thc hoc kin thc. Hence, Networking (n) (S)
lin kt, thit lp mng li.
Networked (adj) c kt ni thnh mng li. ~ economy: Nn kinh t kt mng;
~ society: X hi kt mng.
Network age (n) K nguyn kt ni mng.
Newly industrialized country (n) Nc cng nghip mi (i.e. a country that has been
industrialized only recently, e.g. South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan...).
Niche (n) V th thch hp nht (e.g. UNDP must identify a ~ for itself in the
development business). Ni sinh sng l tng (i.e. place in an ecosystem which a
species is specially adapted to fit).
Non-communicable diseases (n) Cc cn bnh khng ly lan.
Non-core resources: Cc ngun vn khng thng xuyn, khc vi Core resources.
Non-expendable equipment (n) Thit b lu bn, thit b khng tiu hao.
Non-governmental organization (n) T chc phi chnh ph, thng vit tt l NGO (i.e.
a private organization of a charitable, educational or research nature which is concerned
with problems of developing countries and the spread of knwoledge about them).
Non-performing (adj) Khng sinh li, khng c hiu qu (e.g. a ~ loan: Mt khon vn
vay khng c hiu qu).
Non-project aid (n) Vin tr phi d n (i.e. financial assistance other than project aid
and includes budgetary assistance, debt relief, assistance for pensions and compensation,
programme aid and maintenance aid).
Non-refundable (adj) Khng hon tr. ~ aid: Vin tr khng hon li.
Non-regulatory(adj) Khng mang tnh php quy, khc vi Regulatory. ~ approaches,
instruments: Cc phng php tip cn, cc cng c khng mang tnh php quy.

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Non-renewable (adj) Khng th ti sinh (khc vi Renewable). ~ energies: Cc ngun

nng lng khng ti sinh, nh khong sn, du la, kh t, than .
Non-tariff barrier (n) Hng ro phi thu quan.
Normative (adj) Mang tnh quy phm (e.g. ~ legal documents: Cc vn bn php l
mang tnh quy phm, cc vn bn quy phm php lut).
Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD): C quan Pht trin
Quc t Na Uy.
Not in anybody's backyard: Khng c trong vn nh ai (i.e. the idea that
hazardous activities and substances should not be located in anybody's backyard).
Not in my backyard: Khng c trong vn nh ti (i.e. the idea that hazardous
activities and substances should not be located in my backyard).
Nuclear family (n) Gia nh ht nhn, tc gia nh gm b m v con ci.
Nutrition (n) Dinh dng (e.g. A ~ education programme for rural population: Chng
trnh gio dc dinh dng cho dn c nng thn).

52

O
Occupational (adj) Thuc v ngh nghip.
Occupational health (n) Sc kho ngh nghip.
Occupational multiplicity (n) Lm nhiu vic, a dng ngnh ngh;
Occupational safety (n) An ton ngh nghip.
Off-farm (adj) Phi nng nghip. ~ employment: Vic lm phi nng nghip.
Official aid (n) Vin tr chnh thc (i.e. financial flows which meet the conditions of
eligibility for inclusion in ODA, other than the fact that the recipients are on Part II of
the DAC List of Aid Recipients).
Official development assistance (ODA): Vin tr pht trin chnh thc (i.e. a grant and
a soft loan to countries in Part I of the DAC List of Aid Recipients which is provided to
the official sector, which is intended for development purposes and which has a grant
element of at least 25% of the value of the loan itself).
Oil pollution (n) nhim du.
On-farm (adj) Trn ng rung, thuc ngh nng. ~ employment: Vic lm nng
nghip. ~ training workshop: Lp tp hun u b.
On-lend (v) Cho vay li; Hence, On-lending (n) S cho vay li (e.g. ~ terms and
conditions: Cc iu kin cho vay li).
On-line (adj or adv) c a ln mng internet (e.g. The report has been posted ~ ).
~ learning: Hc qua mng internet, hc trc tuyn; ~ service: Dch v cung cp qua
mng internet, dch v trc tuyn.
On-line service provider (n) Ngi cung cp dch v ng dng internet.
Opportunity cost (n) Chi ph c hi (i.e. a measure of value of the opportunity foregone
when a resource is used for one thing rather than for another).
Oral rehydration therapy (n) Phng php chng mt nc c th qua ng ming.
Organic farming (n) (Phng php) canh tc sch, canh tc hu c (i.e. an agricultural
system that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, livestock
feed additives and relies as practicable on organic substitutes).
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): T chc Hp tc
v Pht trin Kinh t. Tin thn ca OECD l T chc Hp tc Kinh t Chu u, c
thnh lp qun l vin tr ca Hoa K v Ca-na-a cho vic ti thit Chu u sau
Chin tranh Th gii II theo K hoch Marshall. Ra i nm 1961, OECD l din n
chnh sch ca cc nc cng nghip phng Ty. OECD hin c 30 nc thnh vin.
Outcome (n) Kt qu lu di (i.e. the results of a project relative to its immediate
objectives that are generated by the project outputs).
Output (n) Kt qu trc tip, u ra (i.e. the tangible products or services, of a project
that are necessary to achieve its objectives; e.g. A development project should be
designed to produce tangible outputs).
Output budgeting (n) (Phng php) lp ngn sch theo u ra (i.e. the process of
linking budgetary appropriations to specific outputs).

53

Outreach (n) Phm vi hot ng, nh hng (e.g. An ~ strategy: Chin lc m rng
tm hot ng; to improve ~ to non-member countries: M rng nh hng n cc
nc khng phi l thnh vin).
Outward-looking (adj) Hng ngoi, khc vi Inward-looking (e.g. Viet Nams
economic policies have become much more ~ since the late 80s).
Overhead costs (n) Chi ph qun l chung.
Ownership (n) ( thc) ch ng, lm ch. National ~ : thc lm ch, thc ch
ng ca quc gia.
Ozone depleting substances (n) Cc cht lm suy gim tng -dn (e.g. To phase out ~:
Gim dn vic s dng cc cht lm suy gim tng -dn).
Ozone layer (n) Tng -dn.

54

P
Parallel financing (n) Ti tr song song (i.e. financial contributions that are made by
donors to a joint development project and that are managed by respective donors in
accordance with their own financial rules/regulations). Xem thm Co-financing.
Paris Club (n) Cu lc b Pa-ri (i.e. ad hoc meetings, usually in Paris, of creditor
governments since 1956 to coordinate the re-negotiation of debts and guarantees among
sovereign countries).
Partially untied aid (n) Vin tr c mt phn iu kin (i.e. official aid for which the
associated goods and services must be procured in the donor country or among a
restricted group of other countries, which however must include substantially all
developing countries).
Participation (n) S tham gia (ca ngi dn hoc cc i tng th hng vo cc hot
ng pht trin).
Participatory (adj) C s tham gia ca ngi dn, hoc ca cc i tng th hng,
cng tham gia. A ~ approach: Phng php tip cn c s tham gia ca ngi dn,
phng php cng tham gia.
Participatory crop improvement (n) Ci thin cy trng c s tham gia ca ngi dn.
Participatory planning (n) Cng tc lp k hoch vi s tham gia ca ngi dn.
Participatory poverty assessment (n) nh gi ngho i c s tham gia ca ngi
dn.
Participatory poverty ranking (n) Xp loi ngi ngho c s tham gia ca ngi dn.
Participatory project evaluation (n) nh gi d n vi s tham gia ca cc i tng
th hng.
Participatory research (n) Nghin cu c s tham gia ca ngi dn.
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): Phng php nh gi nng thn c s tham gia
ca cc i tng th hng (i.e. a method for interacting with, learning from and
analyzing rural communities and population, through which to directly exchange ideas
with beneficiaries and encourage their wide participation).
Partner (n) i tc. Development ~ : i tc pht trin; dialogue ~ : Bn i thoi.
Partnership (n) Quan h i tc (e.g. A close ~ between the Government and the NGO
community); ~ groups: Cc nhm i tc.
Part-time (adj) Kim nhim (e.g. a ~ job, post: Mt cng vic, chc danh kim nhim).
Pattern (n) Hnh thi, tp qun. ~ of consumption: Tp qun tiu dng; ~ of
development: Hnh thi pht trin; ~ of growth: Hnh thi tng trng.
Pay back (v) Thanh ton, hon tr. Pay-back period: Thi k hon vn.
Peace-keeping (n) Gn gi ho bnh (e.g. ~ operations of the United Nations: Cc hot
ng gn gi ho bnh ca Lin hp quc).
Peer (n) Ngi ng ng, ngi ng cnh.
Peer education (n) Gio dc ng ng, tc l phng php gio dc s dng ngi c
cng cnh ng chia s kinh nghim sng, kin thc, k nng nhm to s ng cm,
gip cho vic thay i thi v hnh vi c d dng hn.

55

People living together with HIV (n) Nhng ngi chung sng vi HIV (i.e. a new term
which is increasingly used to replace "HIV affected people", in order to reduce
discrimination and encourage patients to live positively).
People-centered (n) Ly con ngi lm trung tm. ~ development: (S nghip) pht
trin ly con ngi lm trung tm.
Per capita (adj) Tnh theo u ngi. ~ GNP: Tng thu nhp quc dn theo u ngi;
~ income: Thu nhp theo u ngi.
Perform (v) Hot ng (e.g. To ~ well: Hot ng tt, hot ng c hiu qu).
Performance (n) Hiu nng, hiu qu hot ng. Environmental, economic, financial
~ : Hiu qu hot ng v mi trng, kinh t, ti chnh.
Performance evaluation (n) nh gi hiu qu hot ng.
Performance indicators (n) Cc tiu ch nh gi hiu qu hot ng.
Performing (adj) Hot ng c hiu qu, sinh li (e.g. a ~ loan: Mt khon vay c hiu
qu).
Phase out (v) Gim dn (e.g. To ~ the use of ozone depleting substances: Gim dn vic
s dng cc cht lm suy gim tng -dn; To ~ foreign exchange controls, import
quotas, non-tariff barriers: Gim dn cc bin php kim sot ngoi hi, hn ngch xut
khu, hng ro phi thu quan).
Phasing out (n) S gim dn (e.g. the ~ of foreign exchange controls, export quotas,
non-tariff barriers).
Pick winners (v) Chn ngi thng cuc ( ni khng cho php t do cnh tranh).
Pilot (n) Th nghim, th im. ~ activities: Nhng hot ng th nghim; A ~ project:
D n th im; A ~ production facility: Phng tin sn xut th.
Pilot (v) Th nghim, th im (e.g. To ~ a new initiative: Th nghim mt sng kin
mi).
Pilot project (n) D n th im (i.e. a project of which the primary function is to
determine the viability under experimental conditions, of a process, technology or
approach in order to make recommendations for its application on a large scale and in
actual conditions).
Pipeline Danh mc cc d n ang ngh xin ti tr, hoc ang trong giai on chun
b (i.e. the backlog of proposed projects for which assistance is requested). A ~ project:
D n trong giai on chun b.
Planned economy (n) Kinh t k hoch ho (i.e. an economy in which the Government
takes central responsibility for economic decision-making, including developing plans
for economic growth).
Pledge (n) S ha hn vin tr (i.e. the amount of ODA intended to be made by a donor
to a recipient country as announced by its official representative or by way of any official
document. Hence, ODA moves from pledges through commitments to disbursements).
Xin xem thm Commitment and Disbursement.
Policy (n) Chnh sch. ~ dialogue: i thoi chnh sch; Policy-driven (also policybased): Phc v chnh sch (e.g. ~ research: Nghin cu phc v chnh sch).
Policy Framework Paper (n) Ti liu khun kh chnh sch (i.e. a policy document
which was introduced by the IMF and which outlined IMF's approach to economic
policy in borrowing countries, including conditions attached to loans).

56

Policy-making (n) Xy dng chnh sch. A decentralized ~ process: Quy trnh xy

dng chnh sch c phn cp.
Policy maker (n) Ngi lm chnh sch.
Pollute (v) Gy nhim. Hence, Pollutant: Cht gy nhim; Polluter: Ngi gy
nhim, n v gy nhim.
Polluter pays principle (n) Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin (i.e. a
sustainable development principle which suggests that the polluter should bear the costs
of preventing and controlling pollution).
Polluting (adj) Gy nhim (e.g. A ~ industry: Mt ngnh cng nghip gy nhim).
Pollution (n) S nhim. Air ~: nhim khng kh; Coastal ~ : nhim ven bin;
~ fee: Ph i vi ngi gy nhim; Industrial ~ : nhim cng nghip; Marine ~ :
nhim bin; Urban ~ : nhim th; Water ~ : nhim ngun nc.
Pollution abatement (n) Gim thiu, lm gim bt nhim. ~ costs: Chi ph gim thiu
nhim; ~ technology: Cng ngh gim thiu nhim.
Pollution control strategy (n) Chin lc ngn nga nhim.
Pollution prevention (n) Phng nga nhim.
Pollution-intensive adj) Gy nhiu nhim (e.g. a ~ industry, investment project).
Poor (adj) Ngho, ngho i. The poor (n) Ngi ngho (e.g. Bank for the Poor: Ngn
hng Ngi ngho).
Population (n) Dn s.; Pressures of ~ : Sc p dn s.
Population census (n) iu tra dn s.
Population density (n) Mt dn s.
Population distribution (n) Phn b dn s.
Population dynamics (n) ng thi dn s.
Population forecast (n) D bo dn s.
Population growth (n) Tng dn s.
Population planning (n) Lp k hoch v dn s.
Portfolio (n) Danh mc cc d n, do mt ngi hoc t chc qun l (e.g. The World
Banks ~ in Viet Nam).
Portfolio investment (n) u t gin tip (bng c phn, c phiu).
Position (n) V tr, lp trng. Position oneself (v) Chn v tr (e.g. UNDP should ~
itself in such a way to assist the Government most effectively; UNDP is well-positioned
to support the Government most effectively).
Poverty (n) Tnh trng ngho, ngho i (i.e. a broadly defined term to mean
unacceptable low living standards). To rise above ~ : Thot khi cnh ngho i; to fall
back into ~ : B y tr li cnh ngho i; ti ngho). Absolute ~ : Ngho theo ngha
tuyt i; Extreme or hard core ~ : Tnh trng ngho cng cc; Relative ~ : Tnh trng
ngho tng i.
Poverty alleviation (n) Gim ngho (e.g. A ~ strategy: Chin lc gim ngho).
Poverty elimination, poverty eradication (n) Xo i, gim ngho.

57

Poverty gap (n) Khong cch ngho (i.e. measurement of the depth of poverty compared
to the poverty line). ~ index: Ch s o khong cch ngho (i.e. an index which shows,
in general terms, how far the life of a poor group is below the poverty line).
Poverty incidence or Poverty rate (n) T l ngho i (i.e. the proportion of the
population living below the poverty line); Overall (general, total) poverty rate: T l
ngho tng th, t l ngho chung.
Poverty line (n) Chun ngho (i.e. a condition of life so charactirized by malnutrition,
illiteracy and disease as to be beneath the reasonable definition of human decency. e.g.
Different ~ s will produce different estimates of how many people are poor"; To rise
above the ~ : Thot khi ngng ngho). National ~ : Chun ngho quc gia;
Internationally comparable ~ : Chun ngho quc t; Expenditure-based ~ : Chun
ngho v chi tiu; Income-based ~ : Chun ngho v thu nhp; Food-based ~ : Chun
ngho v lng thc, thc phm; Official ~ : Chun ngho chnh thc. Under or below
the ~ : Di mc ngho (e.g. 50% of the population are living ~ ).
Poverty map (n) Bn v tnh hnh ngho i. Hence, Poverty mapping (n) V bn
v tnh hnh ngho i.
Poverty ranking (n) Xp loi ngi ngho (e.g. Proper ~ is a basis to develop sound
poverty alleviation strategies).
Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility- PRGF (n) Th thc h tr xo i, gim
ngho v tng trng (i.e. IMF's loan facility which replaces the ESAF and which applies
to 80 low-income member countries with a per capity GDP at US$ 885 or below in
1999).
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper - PRSP (n) Vn bn chin lc xo i, gim
ngho (i.e. a policy document introduced in 1999 by IMF to replace the Policy
Framework Paper as a condition for debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries. It
describes a country's macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programmes to
promote growth and reduce poverty).
Poverty Reduction Support Credit - PRSC (n) Tn dng h tr xo i, gim ngho
(i.e. soft credit which is provided by WB to poor countries eligible for IDA funding to
support the implementation of the PRSP).
Poverty-stricken (adj) Trong tnh trng ngho i (e.g. ~ regions of the country: Cc
vng ngho i ca t nc).
Practice (n) Tp qun Best ~ : Tp qun tt, kinh nghim tt (i.e. processes and
techniquest that have produced outstanding results in a situation and that could be
adatpted to another situation).
Practical gender needs (n) Nhu cu thc tin v gii (i.e. needs which women identify
in their accepted roles in society; these are practical in nature and often concern
inadequacies in living conditions).
Practitioner (n) Ngi thc hnh. Development ~ : Ngi thc hnh pht trin.
Precautionary principle (n) Nguyn tc cnh bo trc (i.e. a sustainable development
principle which holds that where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack
of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective
measures to prevent environmental degradation).
Precursor (n) Tin cht.

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Preferential (adj) u i (e.g. ~ trade arrangements: Cc tho thun thng mi u

i).
Primary health care (n) Chm sc sc kho ban u.
Principles for sustainable development law: Cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng (i.e.
Public trust doctrine, conservation of biodiversity, precautionary principle; intergenerational equity, internalization of environmental costs, intra-generational equity,
subsidiarity principle, polluter pays principle and user pays principle).
Primary products (n) Sn phm th.
Prior obligation (n) iu kin tin quyt (i.e. an obligation that must be fulfilled before
a project is formally signed).
Prioritization (n) (S) sp xp u tin (e.g. The ~ socio-economic development projects
in the coming years).
Prioritize (v) Sp xp u tin (e.g To ~ work tasks in the next year: Sp xp th t u
tin cng vic trong nm ti).
Priority (n) u tin (e.g. Poverty reduction is a high ~ in the national socio-economic
development plan: Xo i, gim ngho la u tin cao trong k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi ca quc gia).
Privatize (v) T nhn ho. Hence, Privatization (n) S t nhn ho (e.g. ~ of lossmaking public businesses: T nhn ho cc doanh nghip cng lm n thua l).
Proactive (adj) Ch ng. A ~ response: Phn ng ch ng, khc vi a reactive
response).
Problem-solving technique (n) K thut gii quyt vn .
Process (n) Qu trnh, quy trnh.
Process consultancy (n) T vn v quy trnh (i.e. a distinctive form of management
consultation in which the consultant helps the client initiate and sustain a process of
change and continuous learning for systematic improvement).
Process-oriented (adj) nh hng theo quy trnh, khc vi Result-oriented (adj) nh
hng theo kt qu.
Procure (v) Mua sm (e.g. To ~ equipment for a project: Mua sm thit b cho d n).
Procurement (n) Vic mua sm. ~ procedures, rules: Th tc mua sm, quy ch mua
sn; International ~: Mua sm quc t; Local ~ : Mua sm trong nc.
Product (n) Sn phm. Cultural ~ s: Sn phm vn ho; Tourist ~ s: Sn phm du
lch.
Production costs (n) Chi ph sn xut.
Productive employment (n) Lao ng c nng sut.
Productive role (n) Vai tr trong sn xut (ca ph n). Xem thm Gender roles.
Programme (n) Chng trnh (i.e. a time-bound intervention which cuts across sectors,
themes, or geographic areas, uses a multi-disciplinary approach, involves several
institutions, and may be supported by different funding sources).
Programme aid (n) Vin tr theo chng trnh (i.e. financial assistance given to help
fund government budget, often consisting of balance of payment support, general
budget support, sector budget support and/or debt relief).

59

Programme or programmatic approach (n) Phng php tip cn theo chng trnh
(i.e. a process which allows Governments to articulate national priorities and realize
sustainable development objectives through a coherent and participatory national
programme framework).
Programme budgeting (n) (Phng php) lp ngn sch theo chng trnh (i.e.
budgeting organized around broad programmes and linked to outcomes as performance
indicators).
Programming (n) Xy dng chng trnh, d n (i.e. the process of screening,
evaluating, prioritizing and ranking projects/programmes, given the scarce investment
resources).
Project (n) D n (i.e. a time-bound intervention that consists of a set of planned, interrelated activities which are aimed at achieving defined objectives). ~ document: Vn
kin d n; ~ idea: tng d n; ~ outline: cng d n.
Project aid (n) Vin tr qua d n (i.e. assistance in the form of grants or loans that is
channelled through specific projects to finance new, or the expansion of existing,
technical, production and infrastructure facilities, or to improve human and institutional
capacities).
Project appraisal (n) Thm nh d n (i.e. the project which provides a basis for
decisions whether not a project can be approved, based on certain criteria such as its
relevance, feasibility, cost-effectiveness, design, etc).
Project cycle (n) Chu k d n (i.e. the various stages through which a project moves.
The project cycle is defined differently by different organizations but normally consists
of four main stages: identification; preparation (including formulation, appraisal and
approval); implementation and evaluation; and completion).
Project design (n) Thit k d n (i.e. a process of project planning and analysis that
begins with problem identification/analysis and leads to a clear explanation of the cause
and effect relationships among the various project elements such as activities, inputs,
outputs, objectives).
Project document (n) Vn kin d n (i.e. a formal control document for a project
agreed to by and between the recipient government, funding agency and selected
executing agency).
Project revision (n) iu chnh d n (i.e. the introduction of changes in an approved
and fully signed project document or parts thereof).
Promote (v) Xc tin (e.g. to ~ business, investment and trade).
Promotion (n) S xc tin (e.g. business, investment and trade ~ ).
Property right (n) Quyn s hu. Industrial ~ : Quyn s hu cng nghip;
Intellectual ~ : Quyn s hu tr tu.
Pro-poor (adj) H tr ngi ngho. ~ economic growth: Tng trng kinh t v ngi
ngho; ~ policies: Cc chnh sch h tr ngi ngho.
Protected area (n) Khu vc bo tn (i.e. an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated
to the conservation of biological diversity, natural and cultural resources). Terrestrial,
coastal, marine ~ : Khu vc bo tn trn t lin, ven bin, trn bin; ~ management
(n) Qun l cc khu vc bo tn.

60

Protected areas (n) Cc khu bo tn. ~ c phn thnh nhiu loi nh: habitat
management area, hunting reserve, managed resource area, natural monument,
natural park, nature reserve hay strict nature reserve, species management area, v
wilderness area
Protection (n) S bo v, s bo h. Social ~ : Bo tr x hi; Trade ~ : Bo h mu
dch.
Protective (adj) Bo h. ~ measures, devices: Cc bin php bo h.
Proxy (n) Thay th. ~ indicators: Cc ch s thay th; ~ variables: Cc bin s u
nhim (i.e. a variable used in regression analysis to replace or "stand in for" another
more theoretically satisfactory variable which is either not measurable or fo which data
is not available).
Psychotropic substance (n) Cht hng thn.
Public (adj) Thuc v cng chng, cng cng. ~ sector: Khu vc cng cng; ~ services:
Dch v cng cng.
Public administration (n) Hnh chnh cng. ~ reform: Ci cch hnh chnh cng.
Public debt (n) N cng.
Public expenditure (n) Chi tiu cng cng.
Public expenditure management (n) Qun l chi tiu cng cng (i.e. the process of
planning, spending and accounting for public expenditure); Principles of ~ : Cc
nguyn tc qun l chi tiu cng cng (i.e. these principles are fiscal discipline,
allocation of spending, efficiency of spending, integrating aid into the State budget,
public accountability, public expenditure planning and financial management).
Public expenditure review (n) Kim im chi tiu cng cng.
Public finance (n) Ti chnh cng.
Public goods (n) Hng ho cng cng (i.e. goods that cannot be withheld from people
even if they do not pay for them). International ~ : Hng ho cng cng quc t.
Public investment (n) u t cng cng. ~ programme: Chng trnh u t cng
cng.
Public relations (n) Quan h cng cng, quan h i ngoi (ca mt c quan vi cc i
tc).
Public sector (n) Khu vc kinh t cng cng (i.e. the portion of the economy whose
(economic and non-economic activities are under the control and direction of the State).
Public trust doctrine (n) Nguyn tc xy dng lng tin ca cng chng (i.e. a
sustainable development principle which places a duty on the State to hold environmental
resources in trust for the benefit of the public).
Purchasing power parity (n) Sc mua tng ng (i.e. a method of measuring the
relative purchasing power of different countries' currencies over the same types of goods
and services).

61

Q
Qualified (adj) C tiu chun, trnh , nng lc. ~ candidates: Cc ng vin
c tiu chun; ~ approval: S ng d dt (c iu kin).
Qualify (v) C trnh , tiu chun (e.g. Our team has qualified for the next round
of competition); Pht biu thm, lm r hoc gii hn phm vi mt kin trc
(e.g. I feel I must ~ my earlier remarks in case they are misinterpreted).
Qualitative (adj) nh tnh, thuc v cht lng. ~ analysis: Phn tch nh tnh;
~ improvement: Ci thin v cht.
Quality (n) Cht lng. ~ control: Kim tra cht lng; ~ management: Qun l cht
lng; ~ standards: Tiu chun cht lng.
Quality of growth (n) Cht lng tng trng.
Quality of life (n) Cht lng cuc sng (i.e. a concept embracing an miscellany of
desirable things, not always recognized in the market place, such as housing, working
conditions, health and educational services, environmental conditions, community
relationships, justice, freedom, safety, law, order...).
Quantifiable (adj) C th lng ho c (e.g. ~ results, benefits).
Quantify (v) Lng ho (e.g. To ~ the benefits of a social development project).
Quantitative (adj) nh lng, thuc v lng. ~ analysis: Phn tch nh lng;
~ improvement: Ci thin v lng; ~ restrictions: Hn ch v s lng.
Questionnaire (n) Phiu cu hi, bng cu hi. Survey ~ : Phiu cu hi iu tra.
Quick disbursing (adj) Gii ngn nhanh. ~ loans: Cc khon cho vay gii ngn nhanh.
Quintile (n) Nhm iu tra (e.g. Expenditure ~ : Nhm iu tra theo chi tiu;
Income ~ : Nhm iu tra theo thu nhp).
Quota (n) Hn ngch. ~ system: H thng cp hn ngch; Export ~ : Hn ngch xut
khu; Import ~ : Hn ngch nhp khu.
Quotation (n) Bn bo gi (e.g The ~ for a piece of equipment: Bn bo gi cho mt
mc thit b).
Quote (v) Bo gi (e.g. To ~ US$ 1500 for the computer: Bo gi 1.500 USD cho chic
my vi tnh).

62

R
Raise (v) Nng cao, lm tng thm. To ~ awareness of something: Nng cao nhn thc
v (e.g. ~ of gender, environmental issues, HIV/AIDS: Nng cao nhn thc v gii,
mi trng, HIV/AIDS).
Rapid rural appraisal (n) (Phng php) nh gi nhanh nng thn (i.e. a method with
which a multi-disciplinary team of researchers use social science tools for a quick
collection of primary data and transform such data into secondary data for assessment
and analysis).
Rating system (n) H thng cho im (i.e. an instrument for forming and validating a
judgement on the relevance, performance and success of a project through the use of a
scale with numeric, alphabetic and/or descriptive codes).
Reactive (adj) Th ng (e.g. A ~ response: Phn ng th ng), khc vi Proactive.
Real GDP per capita (n) Tng thu nhp quc ni thc tnh theo u ngi.
Recipient (n) Ngi tip nhn (vin tr). ~ country: Nc nhn vin tr; ~ agency: C
quan nhn vin tr.
Recommend (v) a ra khuyn ngh (e.g. The consultant team ~ that the current land
tenure be extended in order to further promote agricultural production).
Recommendation (n) Khuyn ngh (e.g. The consultant has offered a series of ~ s in
order to improve financial performance and accountability of State-owned enterprises).
Reconcile (v) Dung ho (e.g. To ~ different procedures of the Government and donors);
Cn i (e.g. To ~ the final budget accounts of the project).
Reconciliation (n) S dung ho, s cn i (e.g. the ~ of different points of view, yearend financial accounts).
Recycle (v) Ti to, ti sinh. Hence, Recycled (adj) c ti to (e.g. ~ materials: Vt
liu ti to).
Recycling (n) S ti to, tn dng (e.g. the ~ of waste materials: Ti to cc cht thi).
Red tape (n) T quan liu.
Reduction (n) Gim, ct gim. ~ of drug-related harms: Gim tc hi do ma tu gy
ra; ~ of poverty: Gim ngho.
Redundancy (n) Lao ng di d. ~ Support Fund: Qu h tr lao ng di d.
Reforestation (n) Trng rng.
Refugees (n) Ngi t nn (i.e. people who have fled their countries because of wellfounded fear of persecution for reasons of their race, religion, nationality, political
opinion or membership in a social group, and who cannot or do not want to return).
Regulatory (adj) C tnh php quy, khc vi Non-regulatory. A ~ approach: Phng
php tip cn mang tnh php quy.
Regulatory framework (n) Khun kh php quy.
Regulatory instruments (n) Cc cng c mang tnh php quy (e.g. ~ approaches,
instruments for environmental management).
Reintegration (n) S ti ho nhp (e.g. The ~ of Vietnamese returnees from Hong
Kong: S ti ho nhn ca nhng ngi t nn Vit Nam t Hng Cng tr v).

63

Relevance (n) S thch hp (i.e. the degree to which the objectives of a project remain
valid within the immediate context and external environment of that project).
Relevant (adj) Thch hp (e.g. ~ to local conditions: Thch hp vi iu kin a
phng).
Relocation (n) Chuyn vng, chuyn a im. ~ of an industry: Chuyn vng cng
nghip (i.e. the practice of transferring the production of certain goods and services to
countries with lower labour costs).
Relocation allowances (n) Tr cp chuyn vng cng tc.
Remunerate (v) Tr cng, tr th lao (e.g. To ~ him for his lecturing during the training
workshop).
Remuneration (n) S tr cng, tr th lao. ~ rate: Mc th lao.
Renewable (adj) C kh nng ti sinh, khc vi Non-renewable. ~ energies: Cc ngun
nng lng ti sinh, nh nng lng mt tri, nng lng gi, thu li nh.
Rent seeking (n) Li dng c quyn, c li.
Repatriation (n) Hi hng (e.g. The ~ of Vietnamese boat-people: Hi hng
thuyn nhn ngi Vit Nam).
Repay (v) Hon tr, tr n (e.g. to ~ the loan within ten years).
Repayment (n) S hon tr, tr n. ~ conditions: Nhng iu kin tr n.
Replacement level fertility (n) Mc sinh thay th (i.e. fertility level at which couples
have the number of children required to replace themselves, that is two children).
Replicate (v) Nhn rng (e.g. To ~ the successful lessons learned from recent projects).
Replication (n) S nhn rng. Replicability (n) Kh nng nhn rng.
Report (n) Bo co. Annual progress ~ : Bo co tin hng nm; Periodical
progress ~ : Bo co tin nh k; Quarterly progress ~ : Bo co tin hng
qu; Terminal ~ : Bo co kt thc.
Reproductive health (n) Sc kho sinh sn.
Reproductive role (n) Vai tr sinh sn ca ph n. Xem thm Gender roles.
Research and development (R & D): Nghin cu v trin khai. R & D institutes: Cc
vin nghin cu v trin khai.
Resource (n) Ngun lc. Domestic ~: Ngun lc trong nc, ni lc; External ~:
Ngun lc t bn ngoi; Financial ~ : Ngun lc ti chnh; Human ~ : Ngun nhn lc;
Natural ~ s : Ti nguyn thin nhin .
Resource allocation (n) Phn b ngun lc.
Resource mobilization (n) Huy ng ngun lc. ~ strategy: Chin lc huy ng ngun
lc.
Resource-intensive (adj) Cn nhiu ti nguyn (e.g. a ~ industry).
Restructure (v) Sp xp li c cu, chuyn dch c cu (e.g. To ~ the national
economy).
Restructuring (n) S chuyn dch c cu, sp xp li c cu (e.g. The ~ of the national
economy).
Result (n) Kt qu (i.e. is a broad term used to refer to the effects of a project. The terms
outputs, outcomes and impact describe more precisely the different types of results at
various levels of aggregation).

64

Result-based management (n) Phng php qun l gn vi kt qu (i.e. a management

method which is aimed at improving performance and achieving results).
Result-oriented (adj) nh hng theo kt qu (e.g. Our action plan must be ~ ).
Retraining (n) o to li (i.e. training designed to equip workers displaced by
technological change or retrenchments with new skills for which there is a demand in the
labour market).
Retrenchment (n) Lao ng d tha, d di lao ng (e.g. retrenchements due to the
divestiture of loss-making State-owned enterprises).
Return (n) Li nhun. A high rate of ~ : T sut sinh li cao; Internal ~ : T sut li
tc ni hon.
Return on equity (n) T sut sinh li trn vn c phn.
Return on invested capital (n) T sut sinh li trn vn u t.
Return on sales (n) T sut sinh li trn doanh thu.
Review (n) Kim im. Annual ~ : Kim im hng nm; Periodical ~ : Kim im nh
k; Quarterly ~ : Kim im hng qu; Terminal ~ : Kim im kt thc.
Revise (v) iu chnh, sa i (e.g. to ~ a policy, a workplan, a project document).
Revision (n) S iu chnh, sa i. Budget ~ : iu chnh ngn sch; Project ~ : Sa
i d n.
Revolving (adj) Quay vng. ~ credit: Tn dng quay vng; ~ fund: Qu quay vng.
Right (n) Quyn. ~s of the child: Quyn ca tr em; Development ~s : Quyn tham gia
pht trin; Human ~ : Quyn con ngi.
Rights-based (adj) Da vo cc quyn con ngi. A ~ approach to development:
Phng php tip cn pht trin da vo cc quyn con ngi.
Risk (n) Ri ro. ~ averse (adj): S ri ro; ~ tolerant (adj): Gim chu ri ro;
Actuarial ~ : Ri ro c bo him.
Risk analysis, assessment and management: Phn tch, nh gi v qun l ri ro.
Risk minimization and diversification: Gim thiu v phn tn ri ro.
Risk of acquiring or contracting HIV (n) Nguy c b nhim HIV.
Road map (n) L trnh (e.g. a ~ for Viet Nam's full economic integration with ASEAN).
Rolling principle (n) Nguyn tc cun chiu.
Round Table Meeting Hi ngh bn trn (i.e. a periodic meeting, chaired by UNDP,
between the Government of a developing country and its major aid partners for
dialoguing on national issuses and priorities and mobilizing additional external
assistance.).
Rule of law Ch php tr (i.e. equal protection - of human, property and other
economic rights - and punishment under the law).
Rules of origin (n) Quy ch nc xut x (i.e. restrictions on a country from which
publicly procured goods and services may originate, applying in particular to "tied aid").
Rule-based (adj) Da vo quy ch (e.g. an open, non-discriminatory and ~ trading
system: H thng thng mi m, khng phn bit i x v da vo quy ch).
Rural - urban disparity (n) Mc chnh lch gia nng thn v thnh th.
Rural credit (n) Tn dng nng thn.

65

Rural development (n) Pht trin nng thn.

Rural economy (n) Kinh t nng thn.
Rural employment (n) Vic lm nng thn.
Rural industry (n) Cng nghip nng thn.
Rural infrastructure (n) Kt cu h tng nng thn, h tng c s nng thn.
Rural planning (n) Quy hoch nng thn.
Rural water and sanitation (n) Nc sch v v sinh nng thn.

66

S
Safety net (n) Mng li an ton (i.e. a social security system that provides basic
services and needs to poor and vulnerable groups who are unable to provide these for
themselves).
Sample (n) Mu. A random ~ : Mu ngu nhin; A ~ representative ~ : Mu i din
Sampling (n) Chn mu (iu tra). ~ procedures: Quy trnh chn mu iu tra;
~ techniques (n) K thut chn mu iu tra.
Sanitation (n) V sinh mi trng (e.g. urban ~ : V sinh mi trng th).
School (n) Trng hc. ~ age: Tui i hc; ~ discipline: K lut hc ng;
~ environment: Mi trng hc ng.
School drop-out rate (n) T l b hc.
School enrolment rate (n) T l i hc, t l nhp hc (nu tnh vo u nm hc).
Sector budget support (n) H tr ngn sch ngnh (i.e. a form of programme aid that is
provided by the IMF to finance an expenditure programme in a particular sector).
Sector review (n) Nghin cu tng quan ngnh (e.g. To conduct a ~ for agriculture and
rural development: Tin hnh nghin cu tng quan v nng nghip v pht trin nng
thn).
Sectoral (adj) Theo ngnh. ~ approach: Phng php tip cn theo ngnh;
~ development: Pht trin ngnh; ~ planning: Quy hoch ngnh.
Sector-wide approach (SWAP) (n) Cch tip cn theo ngnh (i.e. a mechanism by
which a government and its donor(s) can support the development of a sector in an
integrated manner through a single sector policy and expenditure programme under
government leadership).
Seed money (n) Ngun vn lm ht ging (i.e. an amount of capital which is used to
create good conditions for attracting further investment). Also Catalyst money.
Self-employed (adj) T to vic lm. Hence, Self-employment: Vic lm t to.
Self-help (n) T lc t cng (i.e. activities carried out by the community on its own
initiative and for its own benefit).
Sensitize (v) Vn ng, cho lm quen vi. Hence, Sensitization (n) S vn ng (e.g. a ~
mission: Mt phi on i vn ng).
Sequence (v) Xp xp trnh t (e.g. to ~ economic reform measures: Xp xp trnh t
cc bin php ci cch kinh t).
Sequencing (n) S xp xp trnh t (e.g. the ~ of public administration and economic
reform measures).
Service (n) Dch v, s phc v. Public ~ s: Cc dch v cng cng; Social ~ s: Cc
dch v x hi.
Service-minded (adj) C thc phc v, c tinh thn phc v (e.g. a ~ person).
Service-oriented (adj) nh hng dch v (e.g. a ~ organization).
Sewage (n) Nc thi . domestic ~ : Nc thi sinh hot; Industrial ~ : Nc thi
cng nghip.
Sewage disposal and treatment (n) Thu gom v x l nc thi.

67

Sex (n) Gii tnh (Differing from Gender, Sex is defined to refer to biological
differences between men and women). Safe ~ : Tnh dc an ton; Unprotected ~ : Tnh
dc khng an ton.
Sex roles (n) Cc vai tr gii tnh, khc vi cc vai tr v gii (xem thm Gender
roles). Vai tr gii tnh cp n kh nng ca nam gii trong quan h sinh sn vi ph
n v kh nng ca ph n trong vic sinh con v nui con.
Sex-disaggregated data (n) S liu phn theo gii tnh.
Sexual (adj) Thuc v gii tnh, tnh dc. ~ abuse: Lm dng tnh dc; ~ harassment:
Quy ri tnh dc; ~ behaviour: Hnh vi tnh dc. ~ health: Sc kho tnh dc.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Cc cn bnh truyn theo ng tnh dc;
Asymptomatic and symptomatic ~ : Cc bnh STD c triu chng v khng c triu
chng; STD output: S bng pht ca cc bnh STD.
Shared (adj) Cng chia s. ~ goal: Mc ch chung; ~ natural and water resources:
Ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v ngun nc chung (i.e. resources that are shared by two
or more countries); ~ values: Cc gi tr chung; ~ vision: Tm nhn chung.
Sharing (n) S chia s. ~ of experience: Chia s kinh nghim; ~ of information: Chia
s thng tin; ~ of knowledge: Chia s tri thc.
Shifting cultivation or farming (n) Du canh (i.e. a farming system in which land is
periodically cleared, farmed and then returned to fallow).
Shooting star (n) Ngi sao ang ln, c nhn hoc h ang tr nn giu c hn (i.e. an
individual or hourshold which has become better off or richer).
Shortlist (v) S tuyn (e.g. Ten of the thirty candidates were shortlisted for the final
interview). Hence, Shortlisting (n) S s tuyn (e.g. The ~ of the long list of candidates).
Silviculture (n) Lm sinh (i.e. a branch of forestry that is concerned with the methods of
raising and growing trees).
Simplification (n) S n gin ha (e.g. the ~ of administrative, trade procedures).
Simplify (v) n gin ho. (e.g. To ~ customs, foreign direct investment procedures).
Size (n) C, quy m (e.g. the family ~ : S ngi bnh qun trong gia nh; the ~ of an
assistance programme: Quy m chng trnh vin tr). One size fits all: Mt c va
cho mi ngi (e.g. There isn't a ~ solution for all developing countries: Khng c mt
gii php chung cho tt c cc nc ang pht trin).
Sinking stone (n) Tng ang chm xung, c nhn hoc h ang tr nn ngho i
hn (i.e. an individual or household which has become worse off or poorer).
Slash-and-burn farming (n) t rng lm ry.
Smuggling (n) Bun lu. Cross-border ~ : Bun lu qua bin gii.
Social (adj) Thuc v x hi.
Social alienation (n) (Tnh trng) b x hi xa lnh.
Social behaviour (n) Hnh vi x hi.
Social change (n) Thay i v x hi.
Social cohesion (n) S gn kt x hi.
Social costs (n) Chi ph x hi, nh hng tiu cc v x hi (e.g. ~ of reform, structural
adjustment, globalization: Nhng chi ph, nh hng tiu cc v x hi ca ci cch,
iu chnh c cu, ton cu ho).

68

Social cost-benefit analysis (n) Phn tch chi ph - li ch x hi (i.e. a technique which
attempts to set out and evaluate the social costs and social benefits of investment
projects).
Social development (n) Pht trin x hi.
Social environment (n)) Mi trng x hi.
Social equity (n) Cng bng x hi.
Social exclusion (n) Tnh trng b gt ra l x h.
Social fabric (n) Mi lin kt x hi.
Social forestry (n) Lm nghip x hi (i.e. the practice of using trees and/or tree
planting specifically to pursue social objectives, usually betterment of the poor through
delivery of the benefits to the local people).
Social indicators (n) Cc ch s x hi.
Social integration (n) Ho nhp v x hi.
Social mobilization (n) Vn ng x hi.
Social norms (n) Cc chun mc x hi.
Social opportunity cost (n) Ch ph c hi (v mt) x hi (i.e. the losses and gains in
economic welfare which are incurred by society as a whole if a particular project is
undertaken).
Social protection (n) Bo tr x hi.
Social relief fund (n) Qu cu tr x hi.
Social safety net (n) Mng li an sinh x hi.
Social security (n) Bo him x hi. ~ systems: Cc h thng bo him x hi.
Social survey (n) iu tra x hi hc.
Social value (n) Gi tr x hi.
Social welfare programme (n) Chng trnh phc li x hi.
Socialization (n) X hi ho (In the Vietnamese context, socialization means the
sharing of social costs in undertaking development activities between the State, NonState sectors and population, e.g. the ~ of cultural and sport activities).
Soft loan (n) Khon vn vay u i, xem thm Concessionary.
Solid waste (n) Cht thi rn. ~ management: Qun l cht thi rn.
Son preference (n) (Tm l) thch con trai, chung con trai.
Species diversity (n) a dng loi.
Species management area (n) Khu bo tn cc loi ng vt.
Stakeholder (n) i tng, ngi hoc bn c lin quan (i.e. people, groups, entities
that have a role and interest in a project, activity). Hence, ~ group: Nhm i tng.
Stakeholder analysis (n) Phn tch cc nhm i tng.
Stakeholder participation (n) S tham gia ca cc nhm i tng. ~ framework:
Khun kh hay c ch cho php cc nhm i tng cng tham gia.
Stand-alone (adj) c lp, n l (e.g. A ~ project: D n n l; A ~ computer: My vi
tnh c lp, tc khng ni mng).

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State of the art (n) Tn tin nht, mi nht. A ~ technology: Cng ngh tn tin nht.
State of the Environment Report (n) Bo co v hin trng mi trng.
State ruled by law (n) Nh nc php quyn.
State-owned enterprise (n) Doanh nghip Nh nc, vit tt l SOE. ~ reform: Ci
cch doanh nghip Nh nc; ~ restructuring: Xp xp li doanh nghip Nh nc.
Stock of total capital (n) Tng ngun vn. ~ has three types of assets, namely manmade capital, human capital and natural capital.
Strategic (adj) Mang tnh chin lc; ~ evaluation: Cuc nh gi mang tnh chin
lc; ~ framework: Khun kh chin lc.
Strategic gender needs (n) Nhu cu chin lc v gii (i.e. needs which women identify
because of their subordinate position in society; these are strategic in nature and may
include legal rights, division of labour, equal wages, domestic violence...).
Strategic planning (n) Lp quy hoch chin lc (i.e. the process of examining an
organization's current situation, setting goals and developing the "means" to achieve
those goals as well as measuring the results).
Streamline (v) Tinh gin (e.g. To ~ public administration: Tinh gin nn hnh chnh
cng). Hence, Streamlining (n) S tinh gin (e.g. The ~ of public administration).
Street children (n) Tr em lang thang c nh, tr em ng ph.
Strict nature reserve (n) Khu bo tn thin nhin nghim ngt.
Structural (adj) Thuc v c cu.
Structural adjustment (n) iu chnh c cu (i.e. Government action which is directed
towards altering the structure of the economy). ~ credit: Tn dng iu chnh c cu;
~ programme: Chng trnh iu chnh c cu.
Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF): Th thc h tr iu chnh c cu, do IMF lp
ra nm 1986 h tr cn cn thanh ton ca cc nc ang pht trin c thu nhp thp.
Structural change (n) Thay i c cu.
Structural shifting (n) Chuyn dch c cu.
Structural unemployment (n) Tht nghip c cu.
Study tour (n) Chuyn i kho st (e.g. an overseas ~ : Chuyn i kho st nc ngoi).
Stunted (adj) B ci (e.g. A ~ child: a tr b ci).
Stunting (n) Tnh trng ci tr em (i.e. height for age falls below international
standard norms, usually indicating nutritional deficiencies in an earlier period of a
childs growth).
Sub-contract (n) Hp ng ph (e.g. To ~ something to somebody: K hp ng ph
vi mt ngi no lm mt vic g).
Subsistence (n) S tn ti (i.e. that which is directly needed for consumption or to exist).
~ economy: Nn kinh t t tc t cp; ~ farming: Ch canh tc t tc t cp. Xem
thm Farming.
Substance (n) Ni dung, cht.
Substantive (adj) Thuc ni dung, v cht (e.g. a ~ role, input: Vai tr, ng gp v ni
dung; a ~ change: S thay i v cht).
Success indicator (n) Tiu ch nh gi thnh cng.

70

Success story (n) Bi hc thnh cng (e.g. The UNDP/UNCDF-funded project on

promoting small rural infrastructure development in Quang Nam province was a ~ ).
Supply (n) Cung, lng cung (e.g. The ~ of skilled labour is below demand: Lng cung
lao ng lnh ngh khng p ng nhu cu); Aggregate ~ : Tng cung; Excess ~ :
D cung.
Supply management (n) Qun l lng cung.
Supply pull inflation(n) Lm pht do cung vt qu cu.
Supply- side economics (n) Kinh t hc trng cung, khc vi Demand-side economics.
Supply-demand relationship (n) Quan h cung cu.
Supply-driven: Trng cung, do cung chi phi (e.g. ~ development aid: Vin tr pht
trin do bn cung chi phi).
Surplus (n) Thng d, d tha. Budget ~ : Thng d ngn sch; Labour ~ : Lao ng
d tha; Trade ~: Thng d thng mi.
Survey (n) iu tra. Social ~ : iu tra x hi hc.
Sustainability (n) Tnh bn vng (e.g. The ~ of economic growth: Tnh bn vng ca
tng trng kinh t). Strategies for ~ : Cc chin lc pht trin bn vng (i.e. the
general term to describe various environment-related plans, such as conservation
strategy, environmental action plan, environmental management plan, sustainable
development strategy).
Sustainable (adj) Mang tnh bn vng. ~ farming and livelihoods: phng php canh
tc v kim sng bn vng; ~ use: S dng bn vng; ~ yield: Nng sut bn vng;
Environmentally, economically and financially ~ : Bn vng v mi trng, kinh t v
ti chnh.
Sustainable agriculture (n) Nng nghip bn vng (i.e. agricultural practices that
ensure long-term productivity with few harmful effects).
Sustainable development (n) Pht trin bn vng (i.e. development that meets the
needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs). Commission on ~ : Hi ng v Pht trin Bn vng, c thnh
lp ti Hi ngh ca LHQ v Mi trng v Pht trin nm 1992 ti Rio de Janeiro.
Sustainable human development (n) Pht trin con ngi bn vng (i.e. an integrated,
multi-disciplinary approach to development, which places people at the center of the
development process and advocates the protection of life opportunities for present and
future generations while respecting the natural systems upon which all life depends).
Sustainable industry (n) Cng nghip bn vng (i.e. industrial development that
encourages a competitive economy, creates productive employment and protects the
environment).
Sustainable tourism (n) Du lch bn vng (i.e. tourism that is developed in such a way
that it remains viable over a long period and does not degrade its surrounding
environment to a degree that it prohibits the successful development of other activities)
Swap (n) Hon i. ~ arrangements: Cc tho thun hon i, tro n.
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA): C quan Hp tc
Pht trin Quc t Thu in.
Swidden farming (n) Du canh. Xem thm Shifting farming.

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Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC): C quan Hp tc v Pht

trin Thu S.
Synergy (n) Tc ng tng hp, sc mnh tng hp (i.e. the interaction of two or more
efforts in order to ensure greater overall effect).
System (n) H thng. Systems analysis: Phn tch h thng; Systems design: Thit k
h thng (i.e. development of an integrated method for conducting a required article or
performing a desired operation).
Systematic (adj) Mang tnh h thng (e.g. A ~ approach: Mt cch tip cn mang tnh h
thng).

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T
Take-off (n) S ct cnh. Economic ~ : S ct cnh v kinh t, khi sc v kinh t.
Tangible (n) Hu hnh, vt th; c th. ~ asset, heritage, value: Ti sn, di sn, gi tr
hu hnh hoc vt th; ~ result: Kt qu c th.
Target (n) Ch tiu, mc tiu. ~ l iu d kin t c sau khi d n kt thc. To
target (v) Xc nh i tng, nh hng (e.g. To ~ the poor: Xc nh i tng ngi
ngho, nh hng phc v ngi ngho).
Target beneficiary (n) i tng th hng, ngi th hng.
Target group (n) Nhm i tng (i.e. a group of people that a programme or project
intends to benefit).
Targeting (n) S xc nh i tng, nh hng (e.g. good ~ : Xc nh ng i
tng, nh hng ng; geographic and ethnic ~ of poverty alleviation programmes:
Hng mc tiu cc chng trnh xo i gim ngho vo vng lnh th v dn tc thiu
s).
Tariff (n) Thu quan. ~ barrrier: Hng ro thu quan; ~ cuts: Ct gim thu quan;
~ schedule: Biu thu quan.
Tax (n) Thu. Hence, To tax (v) nh thu and Taxation (n) Vic nh thu.
Tax base (n) Din thu.
Tax bracket (n) Khung thu sut.
Tax evasion (n) Trn thu.
Tax exemption (n) Min thu.
Tax holiday (n) Thi gian min hoc gim thu.
Tax incentive (n) Khuyn khch qua thu.
Tax rate (n) Thu sut.
Tax refund (n) Khon thu c hon li.
Tax relief (n) Gim thu.
Tax revenue (n) Ngun thu t thu.
Tax write-off (n) Xo thu.
Team building (n) Xy dng tinh thn ng i, tinh thn tp th (e.g. A ~ activity,
effort, workshop).
Technical assistance (n) Tr gip k thut. Free-standing ~ : Tr gip k thut c lp;
Investment-related ~ : Tr gip k thut h tr u t.
Technical cooperation (n) Hp tc k thut.
Technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC): Hp tc k thut gia
cc nc ang pht trin, l phng thc hp tc c UNDP ch trng v khuyn
khch.
Technological change (n) Thay i cng ngh.

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Technology (n) Cng ngh. Appropriate ~ : Cng ngh thch hp; Choice of ~ : S
la chn cng ngh; Process ~ : Cng ngh quy trnh sn xut; Product ~ : Cng ngh
lm sn phm; State-of-the art ~ : Cng ngh tn tin nht.
Technology Achievement Index (n) Ch s v thnh tu cng ngh (i.e. a composite
index to measure how well a country is creating and diffusing technology as well as
building human skills).
Technology transfer (n) Chuyn giao cng ngh.
Tele-medicine (n) Cha bnh t xa.
Terms of reference (n) iu khon tham chiu, iu khon giao vic, cng cng tc
(e.g. The ~ for a consultant: iu khon giao vic cho chuyn gia t vn).
Terms of trade (n) Ga ko cnh, iu kin thng mi. Domestic ~ : Gi ko cnh
trong nc.
Test out (v) Th nghim (e.g. To ~ a new development model: Th nghim mt m hnh
pht trin mi).
Thematic (adj) Theo chuyn (e.g. ~ working groups: Cc nhm cng tc chuyn ).
Hence, Theme (n) Chuyn .
Think - tank (n) C quan tham mu, t chc t vn (e.g. The Central Institute of
Economic Management is an important ~ of the Party and Government in Viet Nam).
Tied aid: Vin tr c iu kin (i.e. official aid for which the procurement of associated
goods or services is limited to the donor country or to a group of countries which does
not include substantially all developing countries).
Time-bound (adj) C thi hn (e.g. All development projects are ~ ).
Time-frame (n) Khung thi gian (Also Time scale).
Top-down (adj) T trn xung, khc vi Bottom-up (e.g. A ~ approach: Cch tip cn
p t t trn xung).
Tourism (n) Du lch. Cultural ~ : Du lch vn ho; Eco-tourism: Du lch sinh thi, cn
gi l Green tourism Du lch xanh; Heritage-based ~ : Du lch di sn; Nature-based ~
: Du lch thin nhin; Sustainable ~ : Du lch bn vng.
Trade (n) Thng mi. ~ agreement: Hip nh thng mi; ~ barriers: Hng ro
thng mi; ~ in goods and services: Bun bn hng ho v dch v.
Trade expansion (n) M rng thng mi.
Trade facilitation (n) Thun li ho thng mi.
Trade liberalization (n) T do ho thng mi (i.e. reduction and/or removal of taxes,
tariffs or other barriers on a country's exports and imports).
Trade promotion (n) Xc tin thng mi.
Trade related (adj) Lin quan n thng mi. ~ agreement: Hip nh lin quan n
thng mi; ~ intellectual property rights (TRIPS): Quyn s hu tr tu lin quan
n thng mi.
Trade-off (n) S nh i, s cn i, s tho hip (i.e. opportunity cost of selecting one
alternative rather than another; e.g. the ~ between economic growth and economic
equity: S nh i gia tng trng kinh t v bnh ng kinh t).

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Trading system (n) H thng thng mi. Global ~ : H thng thng mi ton cu;
Multilateral ~ : H thng thng mi a phng; Rule-based ~ : H thng thng mi
da vo lut l.
Traditional (adj) Thuc v truyn thng. ~ intensive agriculture: Nng nghip thm
canh truyn thng; ~ medicine: Y hc truyn thng, y hc c truyn; ~ subsistence
agriculture: Nng nghip t tc t cp truyn thng; ~ values: Cc gi tr truyn
thng.
Trafficking (b) Bun lu. Drug ~ : Bun bn ma tu; Wildlife ~ : Bun bn ng vt
hoang d; Human ~ : Bun bn ngi; ~ in women and children: Bun bn ph n v
tr em.
Trained workers (n) Lao ng qua o to tay ngh.
Transaction costs (n) Chi ph giao dch (i.e. the full costs of making an exchange; e.g.
The ~ in aid delivery in Viet Nam: Chi ph giao dch trong vic thc hin vin tr ti Vit
Nam).
Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN): Chuyn giao tri
thc thng qua kiu dn, l phng thc chuyn giao tri thc c UNDP ch trng v
khuyn khch.
Transfer of kowledge (n) Chuyn giao tri thc.
Transition (n) S chuyn i (e.g. The ~ from a centrally planned economy to a marketbased economy). In transition: Trong giai on chuyn i (e.g. an economy ~ : Nn
kinh t trong giai on chuyn i).
Transitional (adj) Thuc v giai on chuyn i, qu . During the ~ period: Trong
giai on chuyn i, trong giai on qu .
Translate (v) Chuyn ho (e.g. To ~ a political commitment into real action: Bin cam
kt chnh tr thnh hnh ng thc t).
Transparency (n) S r rng, minh bch (i.e. sharing information and acting in an open
manner; e.g. ~ in procurement, recruitment practices). Hence, transparent (adj) R
rng, minh bch.
Triangulation (n) Phng php kim tra cho (i.e. a technique of verifying information
by obtaining data from one source and cross-checking it with another or by oneself).
Trickle down (v) Chy nh git. Trickle-down effect (n) Hiu ng nh git.
Tripartism (n) Mi quan h ba bn (e.g. The ~ between the employer, employee and the
State: Mi quan h ba bn gia ngi s dng lao ng, ngi lao ng v Nh nc).
Tripartite (adj) Ba bn (e.g. A ~ review meeting: Cuc hp kim im ba bn, tc l
gia C quan iu hnh d n, Chnh ph tip nhn d n v C quan ti tr d n). The
~ nature in labour relations: Bn cht ba bn trong quan h lao ng.
Trust fund (n) Qu y thc (financial contributions which are made by a donor to a UN
Agency to support development activities identified by the donor itself in line with the
policies and objectives of the UN Agency and which are often channeled through a
specific project). Xem thm Co-financing.
Twenty/twenty Initiative (n) Sng kin 20/20 (i.e. an initiative adopted by the 1995
Social Development Summit, whereby governments of donor countries and recipient
countries agreed to devote at least 20% of their ODA resources and government budgets
respectively to basic social services).

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Two-envelope system (n) Ch np thu hai phong b (i.e. the tendering system
whereby a bidder submits its technical proposal and financial proposal in two separate
sealed envelopes).
Two-tier (adj) Hai cp. ~ banking system: H thng ngn hng hai cp; ~ market:
Th trng hai cp; ~ pricing policy: Chnh sch gi hai cp.
Typhoon-prone (adj) Hay b bo (e.g. Viet Nam is a highly ~ country).

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U
Umbrella agreement (n) Tho thun khung, hip nh khung (i.e. a general agreement
between a donor and a recipient government, covering broad conditions relating to the
provision of ODA, including the administration and responsibilities of both parties).
Umbrella project (n) D n d, d n khung (i.e. a project that encompasses activities
of limited scope and duration that cannot be incorporated into existing projects and for
which the formulation of a stand-alone project is unwarranted).
Unaffordability (n) Khng c kh nng chi tr, khng c kh nng thanh ton.
Unaffordable (adj) Khng th chi tr, khng th thanh ton (e.g. The high costs of
basic social services are ~ to the poor).
Underdeveloped (adj) Chm pht trin, km pht trin (e.g. An ~ country).
Underdevelopment (n) (S) tnh trng chm pht trin, km pht trin (e.g. The ~ of
most African countries).
Underemployment (n) (Tnh trng) thiu vic lm.
Undernourished (adj) Thiu dinh dng (e.g. ~ children of the rural poor).
Undernourishment (n) (S) tnh trng thiu dinh dng.
Undernutrition (n) (Tnh trng) thiu dinh dng.
Underweight (n or adj) Thiu cn. ~ children: Tr em thiu cn.
Unemployed (adj) Tht nghip (e.g. ~ people). The unemployed: Nhng ngi tht
nghip, cn c gi l The jobless.
Unemployment (n) Tnh trng tht nghip. Disguised ~ : Tnh trng tht nghip c
che y; Frictional ~ : Tnh trng tht nghip dai dng; Hidden ~ : Tht nghip n;
Seasonal ~ : Tht nghip theo ma v; Structural ~ : Tht nghip c cu; ~ benefits:
Tr cp tht nghip.
United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF): Qu Nhi ng Lin hp quc, c thnh
lp nm 1946. UNICEF hot ng cc nc ang pht trin h tr cho tr em gp
phi tnh trng ngho i, bnh tt, thiu dinh dng v thiu hc hnh.
United Nations development agencies: Cc c quan pht trin ca Lin hp quc, bao
gm bn t chc l Chng trnh pht trin LHQ, Qu nhi ng LHQ, Qu dn s LHQ
v Chng trnh lng thc th gii.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Chng trnh Pht trin Lin hp
quc. UNDP c thnh lp nm 1966, do st nhp Chng trnh m rng v vin tr k
thut (1949) v Qu c bit ca LHQ (1958). L c quan ti tr hp tc k thut ln
nht trong H thng LHQ, tn ch ca UNDP l h tr cc nc ang pht trin trong
vic tng cng nng lc v pht trin th ch, nhm pht trin con ngi bn vng v
xo i ngho.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): T
chc Vn ho, Khoa hc v Gio dc Lin hp quc. c thnh lp nm 1946, tn ch
ca UNESCO l xc tin hp tc quc t v gio dc, khoa hc v vn ho.

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United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA): Qu (Hot ng) Dn s

Lin hp quc. c thnh lp nm 1969, UNFPA gip cc nc ang pht trin tng
cng nng lc nhm p ng cc nhu cu v dn s v pht trin, nng cao nhn thc v
cc vn dn s v pht trin, v khuyn khch cc chng trnh v dn s.
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR): Cao u Lin hp quc v
Ngi t nn. c thnh lp nm 1950, tn ch ca UNHCR l xc tin v bo v cc
quyn ca ngi t nn.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO): T chc Pht trin
Cng nghip Lin hp quc. c thnh lp nm 1967, UNIDO l c quan iu phi cc
hot ng pht trin cng nghip ca Lin hp quc v khuyn khch s nghip pht
trin v hp tc cng nghip trn th gii.
United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP): Chng trnh
Kim sot Ma tu Quc t ca Lin hp quc. c thnh lp nm 1991, tn ch ca
UNDCP l iu phi v hng dn tt c cc hot ng quc t v phng chng v kim
sot ma tu.
United Nations specialized agencies: Cc c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc, bao
gm T chc Nng nghip v Lng thc LHQ, T chc Pht trin Cng nghip LHQ,
T chc Vn ho, Khoa hc v Gio dc LHQ, T chc Y t Th gii, C quan Nng
lng Ht nhn Quc t v mt s t chc khc.
United Nations Volunteers (UNV) Ngi tnh nguyn Lin hp quc. UNV
Programme: Chng trnh Ngi tnh nguyn LHQ.
United States Agency for International Development (USAID): C quan Pht trin
Quc t Hoa K.
Unity (n) Tnh thng nht. Unity in diversity: Thng nht trong a dng (e.g. To
maintain the ~ of ASEAN countries: Duy tr s thng nht trong a dng ca cc nc
ASEAN).
Universal access (n) Kh nng tip cn cho mi ngi (E.g. ~ to basic social services:
Mi ngi c s dng cc dch v x hi c bn; ~ to clean water: Mi ngi c s
dng nc sch).
Universal Child Immunization Programme (n) Chng trnh tim chng ph cp cho
tr em.
Universal primary education (n) Ph cp gio dc cp mt hoc tiu hc.
Universalization (n) (S) ph cp ho (e.g. ~ of primary education: Ph cp gio dc
cp mt hoc tiu hc).
Universalize (n) Ph cp ho (e.g. To ~ primary education, child immunization).
Unpaid labour (n) Lao ng khng c tr cng (i.e. work that produces goods or
services but is unremunerated, including domestic labour, subsistence production and the
unpaid production of items for markets. This should however not be confused with the
unpaid family labour").
Unskilled labour (n) Lao ng khng lnh ngh, lao ng cha qua o to.
Unsustainability (n) Khng c tnh bn vng (e.g. the ~ of slash-and-burn farming
practices).
Unsustainable (adj) Khng mang tnh bn vng (e.g. ~ coal mining practices).
Untapped resources (n) Cc ngun lc cha c khai thc.

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Untie (v) Xa b iu kin (i.e. To ~ aid Xo b iu kin vin tr).

Untied aid (n) Vin tr v iu kin (i.e. official aid for which the associated goods and
services may be fully and freely procured in substantially all countries).
Untying (n) S xo b iu kin (e.g. the ~ of aid to least developed countries).
Update (v) Cp nht (e.g. To ~ a workplan: Cp nht k hoch cng tc).
Upstream (adj) cp v m, u ngun, khc vi Downstream (e.g. ~ aid activities:
Cc hot ng vin tr cp v m; ~ interventions: Nhng bin php can thip u
ngun).
Urban (adj) Thuc v th. ~ ecosystem: H sinh thi th; ~ environment: Mi
trng th; ~ pollution: nhim th; ~ - rural migration: Di dn t thnh th v
nng thn.
Urban management (n) Qun l th.
Urban planning (n) Quy hoch th.
Urbanization (n) th ho. Pressures of ~ : Sc p ca qu trnh th ho.
User charge, fee (n) Ph s dng (i.e. direct payment by the consumer of goods and
services provided by the public sector to the private sector).
User pays principle (n) Nguyn tc ngi s dng phi tr ph. This principle applies
the Polluter Pays Principle more broadly so that the cost of a resource to a user includes
all the environmental costs associated with its extraction, transformation and use,
including the costs of alternative or future uses foregone.
User-friendly (adj) Tin li cho ngi s dng (e.g. A ~ piece of equipment: Mt thit
b tin li cho ngi s dng. Hence, user-friendliness.

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V
Vaccination (n) Tim phng (e.g. ~ against diphtheria, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis
and tuberculosis: Tim phng cc bnh bch hu, un vn, si, bi lit v ho lao).
Valuation (n) nh gi. Asset ~ : nh gi ti sn.
Value (n) Gi tr. Cultural ~ s: Cc gi tr vn ho; Traditional ~ s: Cc gi tr truyn
thng; ~ for money: Tin no, ca ny.
Value added (n) Gi tr gia tng (i.e. the difference between the total revenue and the
cost of bought-in raw materials, services and components; it measures the value that a
firm has "added" to these items in the process of production). Value Added Tax: Thu
gi tr gia tng;
Verifiable (adj) C th kim chng (e.g. A ~ impact: Tc ng c th kim chng c).
Verifier (or means of verification) (n) Cng c, cch thc kim chng (i.e. data or
information to verify progress using certain indicators in logical framework analysis).
Viable (adj) C th ng vng, c hiu qu (e.g. The project will be financially ~ ).
Hence, Viability (n) Kh nng ng vng c, kh nng c hiu qu.
Violence (n) Bo lc. ~ against women: S dng bo lc i vi ph n; Domestic ~
against women: S dng bo lc i vi ph n trong gia nh.
Virtual (adj) o, o nh. A global ~ team: Nhm lm vic o ton cu (i.e. a
temporary, culturally diverse, geographically dispersed and electronically group which
works together and interacts with each other through the internet)
Vision (n) Tm nhn, i.e. the desirable future of an organization. (e.g. The 2020 Vision of
ASEAN: Tm nhn nm 2020 ca ASEAN). A long-term ~ : Tm nhn di hn; A shortterm ~ : Tm nhn ngn hn.
Voluntary (adj) T nguyn. ~ compliance: Tun th t nguyn (e.g. ~ with
environmental protection standards). ~ repatriation: Hi hng t nguyn (e.g. the ~ of
Vietnamese boat people from Hong Kong).
Voluntary contributions (n) ng gp t nguyn; ~ l ng gp ca cc nc ti tr
vo ngun ngn sch thng xuyn ca cc t chc thuc LHQ. Xem thm Core
resources.
Vulnerable (adj) D b xm hi, d b tn thng, d b tc ng bi ngoi cnh. ~
groups: Cc nhm dn c d b xm hi, v d tr em, ph n, ngi gi, ngi tn tt.
Hence, Vulnerability (n) Tnh trng d b xm hi, d b tn thng, d b tc ng bi
ngoi cnh (i.e. the condition of being exposed to great risks, economically, physically
or socially. In poverty context, ~ is not only being exposed to high risksbut also implies
not having sufficient means to cope with such risks).

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W
Waive (v) Linh ng, b qua, min u thu (e.g. To ~ a procurement contract: Min
u thu i vi mt hp ng mua sm).
Waiver (n) S linh ng, s b qua, s min u thu (e.g. A ~ has been recommended
for the contract).
Warming (n) Lm nng ln. Global ~ : Hin tng nng ln ca tri t.
Warning (n) Cnh bo, cnh co. Early ~ system: H thng cnh bo sm (phc v
phng chng thin tai, qun l mi trng); ~ signal: Tn hiu cnh bo, tn hiu cnh
co.
Waste (n) Rc thi; lng ph. Hazardous ~ : Cht thi c hi; Radioactive ~ : Cht
thi phng x; Solid ~ : Cht thi rn;
Waste disposal and treatment (n) Thu gom v x l rc thi.
Waste management and minimization (n) Qun l v gim thiu rc thi.
Waste of public resources (n) Lng ph ca cng.
Waste recycling (n) Ti sinh cht thi.
Waste water (n) Nc thi.
Water pollution (n) nhim nc.
Water resources (n) Ngun nc, ngun ti nguyn nc.
Water-borne diseases (n) Cc bnh truyn theo nc.
Watershed (n) Rng u ngun (i.e. a topographically delineated area that is drained by
a stream system).
Watershed management (n) Qun l rng u ngun.
Wealth ranking (n) Phn loi mc giu c, phn loi ngi giu.
Weigh (v) Cn nhc (e.g. To ~ the overall costs and benefits of a project: Cn nhc ton
b chi ph v li ch ca d n).
Weight (n) Trng lng, trng s.
Weightless economy (n) Nn kinh t khng trng lng (i.e. an economy that focuses on
the use of knowledge).
Welfare (n) Phc li. Social ~ : Phc li x hi.
Welfare economy (n) Nn kinh t phc li.
Welfare economics (n) Kinh t hc phc li (i.e. that branch of economics which is
concerned with normative issues such as economic efficiency, resource allocation and
social welfare).
Welfare payments (n) Cc khon tin tr phc li.
Welfare State (n) Nh nc phc li.
Well-being (n) An sinh (e.g. The ~ of the working people).
Well-defined (adj) Xc nh r rng, nh ngha r rng (e.g. The objectives of the
project are ~ ).
Well-off (adj) Kh gi (e.g. ~ people, regions of the country: Nhng ngi, nhng vng
kh gi trong nc).

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Wetland (n) Vng t ngp nc. Coastal ~ : Vng t ngp mn ven bin;
~ management: Qun l cc vng t ngp nc.
Why in my backyard: Ti sao li qung vo vn nh ti (i.e. the question of why
hazardous activities and substances are placed in a particular location).
Wilderness area (n) Khu bo tn tnh hoang d.
Wildlife (n) i sng hoang d, ng vt hoang d. ~ management: Qun l ng vt
hoang d.
Winning strategy (n) Chin lc dn n thnh cng, chin lc bo m thnh cng.
Win-win (adj) C li cho tt c cc bn. A ~ solution: Gii php c li cho tt c cc
bn.
Woman (n) Ngi ph n. Convention on the Elimination of All forms of
Discrimination against Women: Cng c v xo b mi hnh thc phn bit i x
vi ph n.
Women in child-bearing age (n) Ph n trong tui sinh .
Women in development (WID): Ph n trong pht trin (i.e. an approach developed in
the 1970s, aimed at designing policies and actions to integrate women fully into
development activities). Xem thm Gender and Development.
Women-headed household (n) H do ph n lm ch h. Xem thm Household.
Work (n) Lao ng; ~ environment: Mi trng lm vic; ~ place: Ni lm vic.
Working age (n) Tui lao ng (i.e. 15 - 60 tui i vi nam gii; 15 - 55 tui i vi
ph n). Population in ~ : Dn c trong tui lao ng.
Workload (n) Khi lng cng vic (e.g. He has a heavy ~ ).
Workshop (n) Lp tp hun, hi tho.
World Bank (WB): Ngn hng Th gii. WB l mt nhm gm 5 t chc ti chnh quc
t l: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Ngn hng Quc t v
Ti thit v Pht trin; International Development Association Hip hi Pht trin
Quc t; International Finance Corporation Cng ty Ti chnh Quc t; Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency C quan Bo him u t a phng; v
International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes Trung tm Quc t
v Gii quyt Tranh chp u t. c thnh lp nm 1945, tn ch chung ca Nhm
Ngn hng Th gii l gp phn nng cao mc sng ca cc nc ang pht trin, bng
cch chuyn mt phn ngun lc t cc nc giu sang cc nc ngho.
World Environment Day (n) Ngy mi trng th gii (i.e. 5 June each year, the day
adopted by the UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972, as an annual means of
focusing attention on national and world environmental problems).
World Food Programme (WFP): Chng trnh Lng thc Th gii. c thnh lp
nm 1961 nh l d n chung ca i hi ng LHQ v FAO, tn ch ca WFP l
khuyn khch pht trin kinh t thng qua vin tr lng thc v cu tr khn cp. WFP
hot ng nhm khc phc cc tnh hung khn cp do thiu lng thc, ng thi h tr
cho cc d n khai hoang v thy li.

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World Health Organization (WHO): T chc Y t Th gii, c thnh lp nm 1948.

Tn ch ca WHO l hp tc vi cc nc nhm tng cng cc dch v y t; h tr vic
kim sot bnh dch v bnh ly lan; h tr vic ci thin dinh dng, v sinh v sc
kho mi trng; h tr nghin cu ng dng, xy dng cc tiu chun v nng cao nhn
thc v sc kho v y t
World Heritage List (n) Danh mc Cc di sn Th gii (i.e. a list created by the
Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and
administered by UNESCO).
World Poverty Day (n) Ngy th gii xo i, gim ngho (i.e. 17 October each year).
World Trade Organization (WTO): T chc Thng mi Th gii. c thnh lp
nm 1995, WTO k tha Hip nh chung v Thu quan v Mu dch (GATT) v l t
chc quc t duy nht x l cc quy ch ton cu v thng mi gia cc nc.
Worse off (adj) Tr nn ngho i hn (e.g. ~ regions, groups in the country).
Wrap-up meeting (n) Cuc hp tng kt.

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS, REPORTS AND MANUALS
A Study on Aid to the Environment Sector in Viet Nam, MPI & UNDP, Ha Noi, Nov.
1999.
Aid Transaction Costs in Viet Nam, A. Fozzard, A. Brown & F. Naschold, Dec. 2000.
Assessing Aid What Works, What Doesnt And Why, World Bank, Washington, 1998.
Catching up, United Nations, Ha Noi, October 1996.
Completion of Viet Nams Legal Framework for Economic Development, UNDP, Ha
Noi, March 1999.
East Asia : From Miracle to Crisis, UNDP, Ha Noi, June 1998.
Expanding Choices for the Rural Poor, UNDP, Ha Noi, December 1998.
Gender Briefing Kits, UNDP, Hanoi, December 2000.
Governance for Sustainable Human Development, UNDP, New York, January 1997.
Human Development Reports, UNDP, New York, 1999, 2000 and 2001
Kinh t tri thc - Nhng khi nim & vn c bn, ng Mng Ln, NXB Thanh Nin,
H Ni, 2002.
Living Standards During an Economic Boom - The Case of Viet Nam (bilingual), UNDP
& GSO, Statistical Publishing House, Ha Noi, December 2001.
Looking Ahead A Common Country Assessment, United Nations, Ha Noi, Dec. 1999.
Overview of ODA in Viet Nam, UNDP, Ha Noi, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001.
Partnership A Review of 20 Years of Cooperation, United Nations, Ha Noi, Sept. 1997.
Proceedings of the First Training Workshop on EIA (bilingual), National Center for
Natural Science and Technology, Tien Bo Printing House, Ha Noi, December 1997.
Programming Manual, UNDP, New York, October 1999.
Programme and Projects Manual, UNDP, New York, Feburary 1991.
Results of Population Projections in Viet Nam 1999-2004, GSO, VIE/97/914, Ha Noi,
2000.
Results-Oriented Monitoring and Evaluation, UNDP, New York, 1997.
Review of Technical Cooperation in Viet Nam, Van Arkadie, Vu Tat Boi & Tran Dung
Tien, Hanoi, May 2000.
Social Services in Viet Nam, MOLISA & UNDP, Ha Noi, November 1999.
Some Lessons Learned in Supporting the Transition from Poverty to Prosperity, UNDP,
Ha Noi, September 1997.
Viet Nam - Technical Assistance in Transition, UNDP, Ha Noi, October 1996.
United Nations Development Assistance Framework, United Nations, Ha Noi, 1998 &
2000.
Viet Nams Development Partners, MPI & UNDP, Ha Noi, 1997, 1999 & 2001.
Viet Nam Living Standard Survey 1997-1998 (Bilingual), GSO, VIE/95/043, Ha Noi,
2000.
Viet Nam Through the Lens of Gender, UNDP, Ha Noi, August 1995.
World Development Report Knowledge for Development, Workd Bank, 1998-1999

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GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES

Administration Dictionary, Doan Trong Truyen & Colleagues, VIE/92/002, Hanoi, 1997.
Dictionary of Environment and Sustainable Development, Alan Gilpen, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1996.
Dictionary of Modern Economics, Ed. D. W. Pearce, MacMillan Press Ltd., London,
1992.
English - Vietnamese Economic - Financial Glossary, Bui The Giang, Dang The Truyen
& Colleagues, World Publishing House, Ha Noi, October 1997.
Glossary of Agriculture, Environment and Sustainable Development, Bulletin 661,
Kansas State University.
Glossary of Key Development Terms and Concepts, DAC/OECD,
http://www.oecd.org.dac/
Glossary Related to Public Expenditure Management by Mr Emmanuel Cuvillier, Chief
Technical Advisor of UNDP-funded project VIE/96/028.
English Vietnamese Glossary on Natural Resources Management for Uplands,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha noi, 2001.
HIV/AIDS Lexicon, National AIDS Committee & UNDP, World Publishing House, Ha
Noi, 1998.
Macrothesaurus for Information Processing in the Field of Economic and Social
Development, 5th edition, United Nations & OECD, Paris, 1998.
Terminology, Bulletin No. 348 on Womens Issues, United Nations, New York, 1995.
T in Anh - Vit, Vin Ngn ng hc, NXB Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1993.
T in a dng sinh hc v Pht trin bn vng (Anh - Vit), B Khoa hc, Cng ngh
& Mi trng, NXB Khoa hc & K thut, H Ni, 2001.
T in Kinh t hc Hin i, H Kinh t Quc dn, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni,
1999.

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