NAME: D .

MAHENDIRAN
CLASS: 10TH BLISS
SUBJECT: SOCIAL
TOPIC : STEPS TO IMPLEMENT
SUSTAINABE DEVELOPMENT
 Steps to implement Sustainable development

Introduction

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human

development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural
systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which
the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where
living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs
without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system.
Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs
of the present without compromising the ability of future generations.

Everyone wants a better place to live. Some people want better homes and
housing, while other people want better schools, more jobs, better shops, or
cleaner and safer streets. Others may want all these things. Whatever the
problems in any neighborhood, they can usually be grouped into three issues.
People need:

 a better environment – that means green spaces, play areas, no litter, nice
gardens, decent houses, less noise and pollution. The resources used
should renew over generations.
 a better economy – that means jobs, reasonable prices, cheaper heat and
light, no loan sharks
 Better social conditions – that means good leisure facilities, lots of
community groups offering sports and arts, friendly neighbors.

But many people now realize that if we are to tackle one issue, then we’ll
probably have to tackle the others as well. For instance, new shops are
unlikely to open in an area where crime and poverty levels are very high.
Similarly crime is unlikely to fall in an area where the housing has been
improved unless there are jobs available. People may move into an area where
housing and jobs are available, but if the surroundings are run-down
and public transport is poor, they may well not want to stay
This is not just a local issue. The same problems are faced at a national level.
If the governments of the world are to deal with poverty, they do not just need
to provide money and food aid, they need to help local people
get educated and get jobs. People also need a safe environment with adequate
homes and drinking water. To make these things work, governments also
need to make sure that people have an effective voice in deciding what
happens where they live.

This approach is called ‘sustainable development’. While this phrase can be

confusing, it’s now used in many government documents and in funding
programmers. Sustainable development has three parts: environmental
sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability.
At the core of this idea is the matter of meeting people’s needs – for a home,
for a decent job, for education for their children, for good health care, and for
a safe and healthy neighborhood to live in.
Most people in the rich nations have most of these needs, but there are still
many people living in poverty and in poor quality homes. Even if these basic
needs are met there are still plenty of ways in which their ‘quality of life’ is
under threat: from crime, from pollution, or from living in neighborhoods
where no-one in authority seems to care.
Many areas have programmers to promote ‘local sustainability’: many are
called ‘Local Agenda 21’ plans, named after the international Agenda
21 action plan for sustainable development agreed at the United Nations Earth
Summit held in 1992
 The concept of sustainable development
In 1987, the Brunt land Commission published its report, Our Common Future, in an
effort to link the issues of economic development and environmental stability. In
doing so, this report provided the oft-cited definition of sustainable development as
“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs” (United Nations General Assembly,
1987, p. 43). Albeit somewhat vague, this concept of sustainable development aims
to maintain economic advancement and progress while protecting the long-term
value of the environment; it “provides a framework for the integration of
environment policies and development strategies” (United Nations General
Assembly, 1987). However, long before the late 20th century, scholars argued that
there need not be a trade-off between environmental sustainability and economic
development. Economics of Sustainability By utilizing economic tools, early
theorists offered that policies to protect the environment could also promote
innovation and turn a profit. In 1920, Arthur Pious noted that the presence of
incidental, uncharged services act as a barrier to achieving equilibrium in the
market. In his work “The Economics of Welfare”, Pious noted that the divergence
between marginal private costs and benefits and marginal social costs and benefits
create what we now call “externalities” (Pious, 1920). These externalities are
conceived as transaction spillovers, or costs and benefits unaccounted for in the
given price of a good or service. In order to correct the market failure, Pious
proposed a tax on those activities that produce negative externalities at a rate equal
to those external costs. By levying this charge, called a Pigouvian tax, the market
price will more accurately reflect the comprehensive costs and benefits of the
activity. From this, Michael Porter and Claus van deer Lined theorized that pollution
is a sign of inefficient resource use. Therefore, win-win opportunities for the
environment and economy can be captured through improvements which reduce
pollution in production processes (Porter & van deer Lined, 1999). These authors
argue that competitive advantages rely on the capacity for innovation; thus, “by
stimulating innovation, strict environmental regulations can actually enhance
competitiveness” (Porter & van deer Lined, 1995, p. 98). As the Porter Hypothesis
states, properly designed environmental policies that make use of market incentives
can encourage the introduction of new technologies and reduce production waste.
The tests of this theory have yielded mixed results, but scholars generally agree that
policy design and public support are crucial elements to the success of these
incentives. Nonetheless, market-based environmental tools are generally perceived
as more “business friendly” than traditional command and control policies (Cooper
& Vargas, 2004). The appreciation of our natural resource constraints is also in our
best interest. Truly rational and “effective governance requires a nation to consider
and protect the environment and natural resources on which its current and future
development depend. Any other approach is self-defeating. The connections
between the environment and development thus provide a powerful rationale for
environmental protection: enlightened self-interest” (Dernbach J. C., 1998, p. 2 20).
This inherent interdependence between the long-term stability of the environment
and the economy is the foundation of the field of sustainable development. Similar
to Porter’s winwin hypothesis that a trade-off isn’t necessary, sustainable
development policies look to tackle the sources of environmental degradation, not
just the symptoms, while still providing opportunities and creating incentives for
economic advancement (Porter & van der Linde, 1995). Components of a healthy
environment, such as clean air and water, are considered public goods in that they
are non-rivalrous and nonexcludable. Thus, it is up to the public sector to maintain
the provision of these goods and services. More recently, nations have moved
towards the implementation of these marketbased mechanisms to internalize the
complete costs of pollution and ensure long-term stability of the environment; in
other words, to ensure sustainable development. Sustainable Development:
Definition and Principles Although many definitions abound, the most often used
definition of sustainable development is that proposed by the Brundtland
Commission (Cerin, 2006; Dernbach J. C., 1998; Dernbach J. C., 2003; Stoddart,
2011). This broad definition, which will be used in this dissertation, does not limit
the scope of sustainability. The explanation does, however, touch on the importance
of intergenerational equity. This concept of conserving resources for future
generations is one of the major features that distinguish sustainable development
policy from traditional environmental policy, which also seeks to internalize the
externalities of environmental degradation. The overall goal of sustainable
development (SD) is the long-term stability of the economy and environment; this is
only achievable through the integration and acknowledgement of economic,
environmental, and social concerns throughout the decision making process. In the
application of this definition of sustainable development, one issue concerns the
substitutability of capital. There are several types of capital: social, natural, and
man-made. The definition of weak sustainable development explains that only the
aggregate level of capital matters: man-made, or manufactured, capital is an
adequate alternative to natural capital. Strong sustainability, on the other hand,
recognizes the unique features of natural resources that cannot be replaced by
manufactured capital. Most ecologists and environmentalists are proponents of the
strong sustainability definition (Stoddart, 2011) . In addition to substitutability, this
definition of sustainability is also founded on several other important principles.
Contained within the common definition of sustainable development,
intergenerational equity recognizes the long-term scale of sustainability in order to
address the needs of future generations (Dernbach J. C., 1998; Stoddart, 2011).
Also, the polluter pays principle states that “governments should require polluting
entities to bear the costs of their pollution rather than impose those costs on others
or on the environment” (Dernbach J. C., 1998, p. 58). Thus, government policy
should ensure that environmental costs are internalized wherever possible; this also
serves to minimize externalities. The precautionary principle establishes that “where
there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty
shall not be used as a reason for postponing costeffective measure to prevent
environmental degradation” (United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment, 1992). Therefore, the proponent of an activity bears the burden of
proving that this action will not cause significant harm. Explicitly stated in the Rio
Declaration, the notion of common but differentiated responsibilities recognizes that
each nation must play their part on the issue of sustainable development. This
principle also acknowledges the different contributions to environmental
degradation by developed and developing 3 nations, while appreciating the future
development needs of these less developed countries (Brodhag & Taliere, 2006;
Dernbach J. C., 1998; United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,
1992). Developed nations, therefore, bear greater responsibility in light of the
resources they require and the pressures they exert on the environment. The key
principle of sustainable development underlying all others is the integration of
environmental, social, and economic concerns into all aspects of decision making.
All other principles in the SD framework have integrated decision making at their
core (Dernbach J. C., 2003; Stoddart, 2011). It is this deeply fixed concept of
integration that distinguishes sustainability from other forms of policy.
Institutionally, government organizations are typically organized into sectoral
ministries and departments. This works fairly well until the system encounters
something very comprehensive and highly integrated in nature, such as sustainable
development. In practice, sustainable development requires the integration of
economic, environmental, and social objectives across sectors, territories, and
generations. Therefore, sustainable development requires the elimination of
fragmentation; that is, environmental, social, and economic concerns must be
integrated throughout decision making processes in order to move towards
development that is truly sustainable

Although the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been adopted as the UN
Agenda for 2030, and Sustainable Development (SD) has been growing as a concept
since
1987 when the Brundtland Report was published, both concepts SDGs and SD have
still a
Way to go to become fully integrated by the academy as part of political economy.
Development today has gone beyond AID and relations between Recipients and
Donors,
partnerships among stakeholders are being requested from multilateral as well as
from
Countries governments. It has been considered that to develop further the research
on
Partnerships with SD and SDGs, further understanding of these concepts beyond the
blue
Washing was necessary. This literature review (LR) addresses both concepts, SD
and SDGs,
As well as the critics being made to them. As the bedrock of these concepts is found,
it is
Expected that the basis to build a structure to discuss how partnerships can be
Implemented upon.
The following hypothesis relating SD and SDGs with a new development paradigm
is being
tested: Sustainable Development (SD) approach based on people, planet, and
prosperity,
Aiming to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is ambitious and
creates a
New paradigm of development. It takes the multidisciplinary and bottom-up
approach,
and it asks for multistakeholder participation. This LR will approach the main
documents
Used to arrive at the SDGs and will gather some of the highlights that represent the
spirit
Of these texts and their promoters.
Objective:
Securing economic development, social equity and justice, and environmental
protection is the goal of sustainable development. Although these three
factors can work in harmony, they are often found to conflict with one
another. During the latter half of the 20th century economic development for a
better standard of living has been instrumental in damaging the environment.
We are now in a position whereby we are consuming more resources than
ever, and polluting the Earth with waste products. More recently, society has
grown to realise that we cannot live in a healthy society or economy with so
much poverty and environmental degradation. Economic growth will remain
the basis for human development, but it must change and become less
environmentally destructive. The challenge of sustainable development is to
put this understanding into practice, changing our unsustainable ways into
more sustainable ones.
The aim of sustainable development is to balance our economic,
environmental and social needs, allowing prosperity for now and future
generations. Sustainable development consists of a long-term, integrated
approach to developing and achieving a healthy community by jointly
addressing economic, environmental, and social issues, whilst avoiding the
over consumption of key natural resources.

Sustainable development encourages us to conserve and enhance our resource

base, by gradually changing the ways in which we develop and use
technologies. Countries must be allowed to meet their basic needs of
employment, food, energy, water and sanitation. If this is to be done in a
sustainable manner, then there is a definite need for a sustainable level of
population. Economic growth should be supported and developing nations
should be allowed a growth of equal quality to the developed nations.

The UK Government has recognized four objectives for Sustainable

Development. These include social progress and equality, environmental
protection, conservation of natural resources and stable economic growth.
Everybody has the right to a healthy, clean and safe environment. This can be
achieved by reducing pollution, poverty, poor housing and unemployment.
No one, in this age, or in the future should be treated unfairly. Global
environmental threats, such as climate change and poor air quality must be
reduced to protect human and environmental health. The use of non-
renewable resources such as fossil fuels should not be stopped overnight, but
they must be used efficiently and the development of alternatives should be
encouraged to help faze them out. Everybody has the right to a good standard
of living, with better job opportunities. Economic prosperity is required if our
country is to prosper and our businesses must therefore offer a high standard
of products that consumers throughout the world want, at the prices they are
prepared to pay. For this, we need a workforce equipped with suitable skills
and education within a framework to support them.

Sustainable Development Goals in India

From India's point of view, Sustainable Development Goals need to bring

together development and environment into a single set of targets. The fault
line, as ever in global conferences, is the inappropriate balance between
environment and development…we could also view the SDGs and the post
2015 agenda as an opportunity for revisiting and fine-tuning the MDG
framework and sustainably regaining focus on developmental issues.”

Need of Sustainable Development in India

This admission is of course an understatement. All available indicators point
to the ecological situation being nothing short of disastrous. Natural
ecosystems are under stress and decline across most of the country; some 10
per cent of the country’s wildlife is threatened with extinction; agricultural
biodiversity has declined by over 90 per cent in many regions; well over half
the available water bodies are polluted beyond drinking and often beyond
even agricultural use; two-thirds of the land is degraded to various levels of
sub-optimal productivity; air pollution in several cities is amongst the world’s
worst; ‘modern’ wastes including electronic and chemical are bring produced
at rates far exceeding our capacity to recycle or manage. A 2008 report by the
Global Footprint Network and Confederation of Indian Industries suggests
that India has the world’s third biggest ecological footprint, that its resource
use is already twice of its bio-capacity, and that this bio-capacity itself has
declined by half in the last few decades.
Step Taken by Indian Government

1. Ratifying Paris Agreement

The 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) successfully
concluded in Paris after intense negotiations by the Parties followed by the
adoption of the Paris Agreement on post-2020 actions on climate change.
This universal agreement will succeed the Kyoto Protocol. Unlike the Kyoto
Protocol, it provides a framework for all countries to take action against
climate change. Placing emphasis on concepts like climate justice and
sustainable lifestyles, the Paris Agreement for the first time brings together all
nations for a common cause under the UNFCCC. One of the main focus of
the agreement is to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well
below 2°C above pre- industrial level and on driving efforts to limit it even
further to 1.5°.
2. The Clean Development Mechanism projects in India

As on 4 January 2016, 1593 out of a total of 7685 projects registered by the

CDM executive board are from India, which so far is the second highest in the
world with China taking the lead with 3764 projects registered. Indian
projects have been issued 191 million CERs, 13.27 per cent of the total
number of CERs issued. These projects are in the energy efficiency, fuel
switching, industrial processes, municipal solid waste, renewable energy and
forestry sectors and are spread across the country. About 90-95 per cent of the
CDM projects are being developed by the private sector, facilitating
investments of about R583,751 crore (US$ 87.77 billion) in the country,
which is more than the total of multilateral grants available for climate change
related activities.

3. State Action Plans on Climate Change:

The State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC) aim to create

institutional capacities and implement sectoral activities to address climate
change. These plans are focused on adaptation with mitigation as co-benefit
in sectors such as water, agriculture, tourism, forestry, transport, habitat and
energy. So far, 28 states and 5 union territories (UTs) have submitted their
SAPCCs to the MoEF&CC. Out of these, the SAPCCs of 32 states and UTs
have been endorsed by the National Steering Committee on Climate Change
(NSCCC) at the MoEF&CC.

4. Coal Cess and the National Clean Energy Fund

India is one of the few countries around the world to have a carbon tax in the
form of a cess on coal. Not only has India imposed such a cess but it has also
been progressively increasing it. The coal cess which was fixed at R50.00 per
tonne of coal since 22 June 2010 and increased to R100.00 per tonne of coal
in Budget 2014-15, was further doubled to R 200.00 per tonne in the 2015-16
Budget. 8.46 The National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) which is supported by
the cess on coal was created for the purposes of financing and promoting
clean energy initiatives, funding research in the area of clean energy and for
any other related activities. Till date 56 projects have been recommended by
the inter ministerial group (IMG) with total viability gap funding (VGF) of
R34, 784.09 core spread over several years. For 2015-16, R4700 core has
been allocated in the Budget for NCEF projects. VGF is also being provided
for Manama ganged.
5. National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change
A National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) has been established with a
budget provision of I350 core for the year 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. It is meant to assist
in meeting the cost of national- and state-level adaptation measures in areas that are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. The overall aim of the
fund is to support concrete adaptation activities that reduce the adverse effects of climate
change facing communities, sectors and states but are not covered under the ongoing
schemes of state and central governments. The adaptation projects contribute towards
reducing the risk of vulnerability at community and sector level. Till date, the NSCCC has
approved six detailed project reports (DPR), amounting to a total cost of I117.98 core,
submitted by Punjab, Odessa, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Key policy recommendations for Sustainable Development

Given the available evidence and scenarios, what can be said of the role of international
cooperation in finding solutions to sustainable development challenges? According with
Le Blanc a framework for international cooperation that aims to support sustainable
development would necessarily put a heavy emphasis on three dimensions: (i) the need to
eradicate poverty and hunger; (ii) the global ecological footprint of humanity; and (iii) the
management of global commons. Ideally, such a framework should be adapted to the
challenges of the future. The adoption of sustainable development without renunciation of
other objectives has translated into resistance from institutions at all levels to fully
accommodate sustainable development as a guiding framework for their operations, which
has resulted in the creation of dual or parallel “tracks” in many areas. Economic and
financial governance has remained firmly outside of the remit of sustainable development.
It has continued to function largely untouched by the concepts of sustainable development,
both at the international and national levels.

The Role of the Private Sector in Achieving the Sustainable

Development Goals:

In September 2015, the 193-member states of the United Nations adopted the 2030
Development Agenda and the 17 SDGs, built off of the Millennium Development
Goals. The SDGs are not an official treaty, but a form of soft law aimed at
eliminating extreme poverty, building partnerships, and spurring economic growth
around the world. The private sector provides 9out of 10 jobs in developing
countries and has an important role to play in achieving the SDGs and solving
global problems. Many private sector actors support the SDGs and have joined the
UN Global Compact. At the Addis Ababa Financing for Development conference in
2015, it became clear that it would take trillions of dollars of financing of all types
to achieve the SDGs. Private sector participation is critical to strengthening the
economies in developing countries, employing the growing youth bulge in Africa,
and solving global challenges like migration.