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Answers - Refining Composition Skills
Answers - Refining Composition Skills
Contents:
Introduction
Page 2
Answer Key
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Page 2
Page 3
Page 8
Page 11
Page 17
Page 23
Page 27
Page 32
Page 40
Page 45
Page 52
Page 59
Page 67
Appendix 2
Page 88
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Refining Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 6th Edition
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Introduction
The Sixth Edition of Refining Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar presents an
integrated program of writing for high-intermediate and advanced students of English as a second
or foreign language (ESL/EFL). It combines extensive practice in rhetorical strategies and
techniques with a review of appropriate grammatical structures and verb tenses. With its
extensive appendices, the text can further serve as a handbook for writing, grammar, and
mechanics. The primary audience is the academically oriented ESL/EFL student; however, the
text also can be useful in developmental writing courses for native speakers who could benefit
from more guidance in writing compositions.
This instructors manual contains answers to all of the questions in Chapters 112, Refining
Grammar Skills, and Appendix 2.
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3. Sentence order: 1, 7, 8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
An example of this kind of prejudice happened to me when I was in the fourth grade. My
teacher treated me as if I were about two grade levels below my classmates. My family
had just moved here from California, and she did not think I was up with the rest of my
class. I remember one time when all of the students were being allowed to choose a book
they wanted to read. When it was my turn to choose a book, she laughed at me and said,
Oh, that one is too hard for you. Ill choose one for you. I was so embarrassed. I
thought that she should not embarrass me in front of the class like that.
EXERCISE 12 (Page 31)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
1. Young people want to buy clothes, and they want to save money to buy a car or a
stereo or a television. For example, my cousin Celia works at a clothing store and buys all
her own clothes. And one of my friends bought himself a used car just from the money he
made after school. Young people want to make money for their future. An example of
this is saving money for an education after high school. My cousin Robert is doing this
for his future.
2. The driving lesson I got from my fianc was a very distressing one. I started off very
well until my fianc started getting bossy. I did one wrong thing, so he started shouting at
me. The little incident occurred when he wanted me to make a U-turn in the middle of the
street. As I was trying to do that, I turned the wheels too hard, and the wheels hit the end
of the curb. The car stopped right in the middle of the street. Cars were coming in both
directions. My fianc started yelling at me as if he were crazy. So I calmly put the car in
park and started to get out to let him drive since I obviously wasnt doing it the way he
wanted. But he grabbed my arm and told me to finish getting the car out of the middle of
the street. I decided after this incident that my fianc was not the right person to teach me
to drive.
3. The way women are shown in TV commercials today has changed compared with
twenty years ago. Twenty years ago, commercials mostly showed women as brainless
housewives. In those commercials, women were concerned about getting the best laundry
detergents, the softest toilet paper, or the tastiest soup. They were portrayed as sort of
dumb and silly, as if the most important thing in the world were getting hamburger on
sale. In commercials today, women are shown as housewives, but they are not portrayed
as so dumb. For example, the woman in the commercial I saw last night seemed like a
normal, intelligent person. Women in commercials today are not just housewives. They
are shown as professional working people, too. For example, in one telephone
commercial, a woman with a briefcase is saying goodbye to her child and husband as she
is about to catch a plane.
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10. lawyers
11. court
EXERCISE 3 (Page 46)
Changes are underlined.
When people here talk of Mardi Gras, they use the expression Mardi Gras Madness.
For many people, this delightful madness begins on St. Charles Avenue with the Rex
Parade. By nine oclock, the avenue is lined with people of all ages in colorful costumes,
from cavemen to Supermen. They stroll among the crowd and chat with friends and
strangers alike. Some dance and some drink. At around ten oclock, the excitement
mounts as the parade begins. First, there is the welcome sound of sirens. The police on
motorcycles always lead the parade to make a path through the jubilant crowd. Then a
band usually marches by, playing a popular tune such as the theme from a recent movie.
At this time people start clapping and dancing to the music. Next come the masked men
on horseback. They wave and the crowd waves back. Sometimes a girl goes up and kisses
one of the riders! Finally, someone usually shouts, There it is! It is the first float
carrying men in costumes and masks. Immediately, everyone rushes toward the float.
They wave their hands and yell, Throw me something, Mister! The men throw beads
and souvenir coins to the excited crowd. Usually, they catch the coins, but sometimes one
hits the ground. Then several people rush to retrieve it, pushing and shoving if necessary.
Then the float passes, but soon another one comes, and the madness continues. After
about an hour, the parade passes by, and the first part of Mardi Gras day ends.
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5. And the smallest trees of all are but stubby white thumbs lost entirely beneath the
snow. (Metaphor)
6. The daylight lies as a graying caress . . . (Paragraph 3 simile)
EXERCISE 2 (Page 58)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
1. Bill's outfit is quite colorful. He looks like a bowl of brightly colored candies.
Bill's outfit is quite colorful. He looks like a brightly colored bird.
2. What beautiful hair you have! Your hair looks like a black silk curtain.
What beautiful hair you have! Your hair looks like a braided crown.
3. It's raining very hard. It sounds like someone is dancing on our roof.
It's raining very hard. It sounds like rocks are falling instead of rain.
4. Can you smell the orange blossoms on the trees in the garden?
The scent is as powerful as too much cheap perfume.
Can you smell the orange blossoms on the trees in the garden?
The scent is as powerful as a strong wind.
5. Holding the baby bird in her hands, the soft down felt like a whisper.
Holding the baby bird in her hands, the soft down felt like a tuft of cotton.
EXERCISE 3 (Page 59)
1. difficult
2. begin
3. ancestry/roots/origin
4. long /whole/ difficult
5. complete
6. roots
7. learning
8. history
9. accent
10. complete
11. origins/ ancestry/ roots
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and knickknacks that remind me of home. There is just enough room remaining for a
small gray metal desk just large enough to hold my computer. The sturdy brown
wooden chair next to the desk is perfect for studying. I have decorated the wall
above the bookcase and desk with a poster of my favorite painting and of my
favorite singer. On the right-hand side of the room is a closet with sliding doors
where I stash clothes, shoes, my tennis racket, and other things to keep the rest of
my room tidy. Every time I walk into my room, I think, Its good to be home.
EXERCISE 5 (Page 61)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 6 (Page 62)
1. The topic sentence is The kitchen held our lives together.
2. His mother worked in the kitchen, he did homework and even slept there, his father
whitewashed the walls, they washed their selves and their clothes there, the family
business was conducted there, as evidenced by the receipts, etc.
3. The kitchen table, the mirror on the wall over the table, the white walls, the electric
bulb hanging from the ceiling, the gas ring on the wall. The corner where the toilet, sink,
and washing tub were located, the shelf above the tub, the things on the shelf.
EXERCISE 7 (Page 63)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 8 (Page 64)
Answers will vary. Possible response:
Marie can only be described as plain. Her oval face is unremarkable except that
her chin seems a bit too long, and her long, thin nose adds to this impression. Her long,
thick eyebrows draw attention to themselves and her high forehead. This effect is
heightened by how she frequently wears her long black hair pulled back into a severe
ponytail as though her hair bothers her but she is too busy to get a more stylish cut. Her
lips are rather thin and pale, and she rarely troubles with lipstick. Unfortunately, when
she does, the bright pink that she chooses draws attention to itself and makes the rest of
her face look pale. Her eyes are a pretty blue, but because she is shy, one only catches
their sparkle on the rare occasions when she lets her guard down and laughs.
EXERCISE 9 (Page 65)
1. Answers will vary but should generally suggest that Wallace is a mischievous boy.
2. The topic sentence is the first one. The controlling idea (impressive) is stated.
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Noun
1. identity
or identification
1. finances
2. financing
Adjective
1. identifiable
2. identical
financial
Adverb
1. identifiably
1. expert
2. expertise
1. expert
1. expertly
locate
1. location
1. located
respond
1. response
2. responsiveness
1. responsive
1. finance
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1. financially
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6. Another problem is that they may be used to different cultural rules about how to
interact with professors and other students.
7. The most obvious reason for going shopping is to get something that one needs.
8. Prospective students overall impression of a university can be positively influenced by
news about a winning sports team.
EXERCISE 8 (Pages 112-113)
1. sights of Quebec; interesting
2. Old Quebec City (Controlling idea: living witness of our history); the Saint
Lawrence River (Controlling idea: majestic); the Montmorency Falls (Controlling
idea: beautiful)
3. The paragraphs are primarily descriptive and expository.
EXERCISE 9 (Pages 114-115)
1. three reasons why people save books
2. security
3. reference materials (convenient); to make a good impression (reveal interests);
the magic of books (secure)
4. Paragraph 1: I know a family whose library has shelves reaching up to their ceiling;
they keep a ladder for climbing up to the high books.
Paragraph 2: A doctors Grays Anatomy; A teachers British Literature anthology;
lawyers case books; a cooks recipes, etc.
Paragraph 3: Some think that a library full of the literary classics, dictionaries, and books
about art, science, and history make them look well read.
They can subtly reveal their interests in Peruvian art, Indian music, philosophy, or
animals without saying a word.
Paragraph 4: Each book, whether it's The Treasury of Houseplants or Murder on the
Orient Express, has transported the reader to another place.
The Standard First Aid and Personal Safety manual, in addition to providing information,
reminds me of the first-aid course I took and how assured I felt as a result. Bulfinch's
Mythology brings the oral history of Western civilization to my fingertips, reminding me
of my link with other times and people.
EXERCISE 10 (Page 116)
1. No
2.Yes, because it concludes logically and it does not introduce any new
topics.
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5. The darker side of macho places men in a traditionally patriarchal position, limiting
womens ability to question their lot in life and providing excuses for those who do not
live up to the true macho standard. Guilbault cites her uncles as examples.
6. Including the idea of the darker side strengthens her main point by showing where
the definition as Americans understand it has its roots.
Discussion (Page 128)
1. Answers will vary, but most students will be able to think of examples from cultures
they are familiar with which value different behaviors: modesty and submission (for men
and women) in Muslim countries, emphasis on the collective in Asian cultures, respect
for silence in other countries, etc.
2. Answers will vary. Most students will be able to think of these from their native
languages. Some examples are babushkain Russian, this is grandma, but it is a scarf in
English. Guru comes from Sanskrit and is often misused in English to refer to any person
who is good at doing something and not just a spiritual leader.
3. Answers will vary based on students experience. If the class has many Latino
students, it might be helpful to have them write on this topic in their journals before
discussing this in class.
4. Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 1 (Page 129)
1. hard-drinking: negative
Definition: drinks a lot of alcohol
2. hardworking: positive
Definition: works diligently and energetically
3. loud: negative
Definition: producing a lot of noise
4. abrasive: negative
Definition: unkind and rude
5. sullenness: negative
Definition: not speaking because of a bad temper
6. translated: denotation
Definition: said or written again in another language
7. stoically: positive
Definition: without complaining
8. accepting: positive
Definition: agreeing
9. quiet: denotation
Definition: making a small amount of noise
10. nonassertive: negative
Definition: does not state their needs or opinions clearly
11. womanized: negative
Definition: has many short sexual relationships with women
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Dress
School behavior
School girl dresses
Way of talking
Body language
More submissive
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Neighborhood behavior
Jeans and T-shirts, black
jacket to cover the dresses
More forceful demands and
clever, but rougher, using
slang
Harder face
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Antonyms
1. obscure 2. conceal 1. become invisible
2. disappear
1. with bias 2. emotionally 1. remain constant +
2. resist change 1. successive
2. subsequent
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leaders conquered territory in order to use the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers as the outer
boundaries of their empire.
Second, the leaders of both empires built fortifications to keep out invaders. In the
Roman Empire, huge walls were built between the Rhine and Danube and between
Scotland and England. Similarly, the Chinese erected the Great Wall to keep invaders
out.
The third method of dealing with invaders was to colonize countries on the
borders of the empires and use them as buffer states. Many times these countries were
midway between barbarism and civilization. As colonies and buffer states, these
countries became more and more civilized and thus more likely to protect the empires.
Both the Roman and Chinese Empires used these buffer states to help protect their outer
boundaries.
Here are example body paragraphs using Pattern B (All of One/ All of the Other):
There are some interesting parallels between the Roman and Chinese empires
even though these empires ended differently. The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean
world from about 500 B.C. to about 500 A.D. From a geographic base around Rome, it
spread out to include North Africa, the Middle East, and northern Europe. It developed a
higher level of civilization than the areas surrounding it. It had a complex governmental
structure and bureaucracy, while the people surrounding it were barbarians and nomads.
These barbarians were a constant threat to the Roman Empire. Therefore, the
leaders of the empire devised three ways to protect it. First, they conquered territory
whose outer boundaries were natural barriers. Examples of these are the Rhine and
Danube Rivers. They also built fortifications to keep out invaders. They built some, for
example, between the Rhine and the Danube and between Scotland and England. Third,
they used precautionary buffer states, like colonies, which were midway between
barbarism and civilization. These all helped to protect the base of the Empire, Rome
itself. However, toward the end of the Empires rule, some of the buffer states revolted.
The final collapse occurred when the German and Slavic barbarians broke through the
fortifications. In a short two hundred years, the Roman Empire fell to the power of the
Germans.
The Chinese Empire shares many similar characteristics with the rise of the
Roman Empire. The Chinese Empire began around 221 B.C., a short time after the
Roman Empire. Just as the Roman Empire started from a small geographic base and
spread out, so did the Chinese Empire. Starting from a geographic base around the
Yellow River, it spread northward to Peking, west to the Central Plain, and south to
Canton.
Another similarity between the Chinese Empire and the Roman Empire was the
high level of civilization both obtained. Just as Rome had a complex governmental
structure and bureaucracy, the Chinese Empire became a center for art and philosophy in
Asia. Furthermore, the Chinese Empire was surrounded by less civilized people and
barbarians in the same way the Roman Empire was.
Perhaps the most interesting parallel is the fact that the Chinese Empire dealt with
invading barbarians in the same three ways as the Romans did. First, like the Romans, the
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Chinese conquered territory whose outer boundaries would serve as natural barriers. For
example, just as the Romans used the Rhine and Danube Rivers for this purpose, the
Chinese used the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers to serve as natural boundaries. Second, the
Chinese built imposing fortifications, for example, the Great Wall, to keep out invaders
just as the Romans built walls between England and Scotland to protect their territory.
Third, the Chinese colonized buffer states, states midway between barbarism and
civilization, to protect their outer boundaries. As colonies, these countries learned much
from China, becoming civilized in the process. This technique parallels the actions of the
Romans as well.
EXERCISE 13 (Page 170) - Editing
The differences between a classical music performance and a rock concert are
immediately apparent, even to a first time attendee. The expected dress at each kind of
concert, for example, couldnt be more different. (comparison) The attire at a classical
music concert is as formal as (comparison) the clothing at a rock concert is informal.
The behavior of the attendees is (subject-verb agreement) also not very similar. At the
classical performance, the audience sits quietly and expectantly. They do not dance or
talk (verb form) and may even close their eyes so they can be better (comparisons)
listeners. At a rock concert, the crowd dances and sways. Shouting, pushing, and
jumping are (subject-verb agreement) common as well. At a classical music concert, it
would be very surprising indeed if an audience member began (irregular verb form) to
sing along with the performers. On the contrary, rock musicians sometimes point
(subject verb agreement) the microphone toward the crowd to encourage them to sing
along with favorite lyrics. However, classical concerts were not always so dignified. In
the 18th century, the audience clapped, yelled, and sometimes even threw (irregular verb
form) food. Even though the manners at these concerts are (subject-verb agreement) not
very similar, neither audience is less passionate (comparison) about the music, and their
appreciation for the talent and effort of the musicians is similar. (comparison) They
simply show (subject-verb agreement) it in completely different ways.
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7. Answers will vary. Students will probably be able to think of other kinds of shoppers
but should be asked to make sure that they are naming a different attitude toward
shopping and not introducing a new principle of classification.
EXERCISE 8 Writing (Page 189)
Answers will vary.
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they are willing to pay higher rates. Moreover, the level of service is much higher than
what an airport or downtown hotel offers. These complexes are designed with the family
and children in mind. The most famous of these is the Walt Disney World Resort, which
includes not only the theme parks but also all varieties of water sports, campgrounds, and
golf courses.
In conclusion, there may be a few other general areas where hotels are located,
such as along interstate highways, but most of them are located near airports, in the
downtown areas, and in resort areas.
EXERCISE 11 (Page 193) - Editing
How does something new go from being brand new and unheard of to being a household
item? (punctuation) Think about how people came to adopt things like cars, computers,
bell-bottom jeans, or even the idea that the world is round. It is hard to believe now,
(punctuation) but there was a time when neither iPods nor (correlative conjunction) GPS
devices existed! In 1962, Everett Rogers explained how new things become accepted
things in his book Diffusion of Innovations. Rogers explained that there are five types of
consumers. The first group is the innovators, anxious to try new things. These are
people who (adjective clause incorrectly reduced to a participial phrase) always want
the best technology and the most fashionable products. After the innovators come the
early adopters, who are usually popular, (punctuation) educated, and leaders in their
communities. When the product becomes mainstream, (punctuation) the early majority
start to buy in. At this point in the process, more than half of the target market has
adopted the product, style, or idea. The skeptical late majority only start to buy in when
the new product or idea is not only widely accepted but also costs less. (correlative
conjunctions) The final group is the laggards, who (adjective clause incorrectly reduced
to a participial phrase) adopt new things only when they are no longer new. For people
who want to market a new product or spread a new idea, both the innovators and
(correlative conjunctions) early adopters are a very important target audience.
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4. Specify exactly what you want to achieve, observe yourself and keep track of the
action you take, and make sure that there is a small consequence if you dont make the
change.
5. It is easy to slip after the first few days, but if others are supporting you, they will help
to remind you.
6. Dont blame yourself. Pick a new behavior and start the process again.
Discussion (Page 200)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
1. The authors purpose is to motivate the reader to improve their lives by changing
habits.
2. Some students may feel very proud and comfortable talking about success dealing with
very serious problems, and others may not. Students may want to address this question in
a journal entry before it is discussed in class.
3. Some are procrastination, cheating, being a poor listener, being easily distracted, etc.
4. A rehearsal for trying to drink less coffee could involve by-passing the coffee aisle in
the store, entering a coffee shop and ordering a fruit drink instead of coffee, or filling a
water bottle in the morning instead of a thermos.
The Environmental Transformation of Chattanooga, Tennessee
G. Tyler Miller and Scott E. Spoolman
Comprehension (Pages 202-203)
1. air pollution, water pollution, urban decay
2. The community meetings of Vision 2000 in 1984 were the first step.
3. They achieved their goals ahead of schedule. They were aiming for 2000 but met most
goals five years earlier.
4. Air pollution has decreased. An incinerator project was replaced with a recycling
program. Low-income housing has been renovated, and downtown is a destination with
an aquarium and a riverfront park.
5. They suggest that Chattanooga was successful because its people worked together to
achieve their goals.
6. The first piece of good news is that only five to ten percent of a population needs to
work for change to make it happen. The second piece of good news is that change can
happen more quickly than we expect.
7. 1960sChattanooga has the dirtiest air in the U.S.
1984Start of Vision 2000 goal setting and brainstorming process begins
1989The seven major air pollutants in Chattanooga were below federal standards
1993Start of ReVision 2000
1995Most of Vision 2000s goals are met: zero-emission busses, recycling program
underway, downtown renewal realized
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2. The new root begins to absorb water and nutrients to fuel the rest of the growth and
beings to anchor the plant in the ground.
Next, the stem starts to grow, and more leaves are added.
The leaves start to photosynthesize sunlight, producing energy for more growth.
Eventually, the plant produces one or more buds.
The seeds are carried to a new location by animals, water, the wind, or other methods,
and the cycle begins again.
3. Add salt, black pepper, hot peppers, cheese, or any other flavorings that you like.
Adding a little milk can help make eggs moister. If you like dryer eggs, leave out the
milk.
Add some cooking oil or butter to the pan in which you will cook the eggs and heat it.
Dont let it get too hot. If a drop of water dances in the hot oil, it is hot enough.
Turn down the heat to medium high.
Pour the eggs in the pan.
Serve!
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3.
Start with the freshest eggs you can get.
Be careful that no pieces of eggshell fall into the bowl.
Answers regarding other warnings will vary but might include: making sure the eggs
dont burn , making sure that the soil around the new seed stays moist until the plant is
established.
EXERCISE 6 (Page 210)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 7 (Page 211)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
Thesis Statement: Getting a drivers license in a foreign country can be a frightening
experience, but following these steps will make the process easier.
Preparatory steps:
First, obtain a pamphlet.
Study the pamphlet carefully.
Find your birth certificate or passport.
Get $100 in cash.
Be sure your car is in working order.
Make an appointment for your test.
Arrange to have a friend drive you.
Steps before taking the test:
Taking the test: Go to the Motor Vehicle Department.
Fill out the information card.
Get in the line marked Drivers License.
Test steps (these could be broken down further):
Take the vision test.
If you pass that, take the written test.
If you pass that, take the driving test.
If you pass that, pay $100.
EXERCISE 8 (Page 211)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 9 (Pages 211-212)
1. The thesis is The study of math needs lots of concentration and practice, but it isnt
really hard . . .
2. He divides up the steps into a logical progression: concentrate, read, work problems
that he can do, go back to the problems he cant do.
3. The controlling idea is the first thing.
4. No, but the topics are implied in each case.
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4. Yes. The writer indicates that improved cardiopulmonary function can be achieved in
a relatively short period of time, while preventing osteoporosis takes longer to
achieve.
5. Thesis Statement: The benefits of regular aerobic exercise are so great that its a
wonder everybody doesnt start on a program today.
I. Probably the most well-known effect of aerobic exercise can be achieved in a relatively
short period of time, and that is improved cardiovascular and pulmonary functions.
A. The heart pumps faster, and blood is circulated well throughout the body.
B. The heart and lungs get stronger.
II. Exercise can help prevent osteoporosis.
A. This disease can be halted by regular exercise.
III. Exercise can improve emotional fitness.
A. Makes a person more capable of handling stress.
B. Helps the body produce beta-endorphins.
C. Can help alleviate depression.
Conclusion: People would be better off cycling or walking.
EXERCISE 15 (Page 242)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 16 (Page 243)
Causal chain explaining the formation of a dead zone:
Nitrogen-containing chemicals reach the ocean and promote the growth of algae.
The algae die, and as they decompose, they use up oxygen in the water.
The lack of oxygen causes some species to swim away; those that cannot swim
away die from the lack of oxygen.
As these new dead bodies decompose, even less oxygen is available in the water.
Finally, there is so little oxygen that few life forms can survive, and the area
becomes a dead zone.
EXERCISE 17 (Pages 244-245)
1. The topic is the result of upsetting the balance of nature.
Central idea: Upsetting the balance of nature results in an entire chain reaction of
unforeseen and unwanted effects.
2. The incident in the Antilles is an example of unforeseen and unwanted effects of
upsetting the balance of nature.
3. Yes.
4. Yes.
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5. Thesis Statement: The balance of nature becomes unbalanced and results in an entire
chain reaction of unforeseen and unwanted effects.
I. In the Antilles, rats were eating the sugar cane.
A. The mongoose was imported.
1. The mongoose reduced the rat population.
a. Damage to cane fields was greatly reduced.
II. The influence of the mongoose did not stop there.
A. As the rat population decreased and the mongoose increased, it sought other
food.
1. It attacked pigs, goats, game, and poultry.
2. It destroyed bananas, maize, and pineapples.
B. The mongoose increased in number.
C. It learned to enjoy the native birds, snakes, lizards, and turtles and their eggs.
1. These animals kept the local insect population in check.
2. The insect population began to increase, damaging the cane fields.
Conclusion: A single change in an ecosystem can cause a chain reaction that results in
completely unforeseen and sometimes unwanted effects.
EXERCISE 18 (Page 246)
Paragraphs will vary. Possible topic sentences are:
A: Southern Californias very dry fall weather followed by very wet spring weather leads
to a cycle of natural disasters.
B: Reliance on credit can cause a downward spiral into poverty and debt.
EXERCISE 19 (Page 246)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 20 (Page 248)
Answers will vary.
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illnesses. Also, antibiotics are not (article) prescription drugs in some nations, so people
buy and take the drugs whenever they dont feel well. Some patients stop taking an
(article) antibiotic when they start to feel better, without finishing the full recommended
course of treatment. Antibiotics have also been added to (articles) soaps, kitchen wipes,
and many other consumer products. All these factors have contributed to the emergence
of bacteria that are genetically resistant to antibiotics that might otherwise have destroyed
them. If humans had better understood the power of bacteria to evolve, perhaps this
problem could have been (conditional) avoided. Now, however, we face the possibility
that our wonder drugs will lose their effectiveness, unless we (conditional) reduce the
overuse of antibiotics.
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9. Yes
10. Yes
EXERCISE 5 (Page 265)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
4. Overcrowding at this university negatively affects many students education.
8. Taxes should be increased in order to improve the time in which our police force
responds to alarms.
EXERCISE 6 (Page 266)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
Students will likely identify different points as the heart of the issue. Use this as an
opportunity to emphasize the importance of analyzing your audience.
1. The production of genetically modified fruits and vegetables should be encouraged.
Pro
These plants are more resistant to disease.
The food produced from such plants is slower to spoil.
The food industry can make higher profits and feed people more efficiently if the
production of these foods is encouraged.
People have been breeding better plants for thousands of years; this is just a faster
way to do the same thing.
Con
It is not proven that these foods are safe, as harmful side effects could appear in
the future.
These modified plants could evolve or mutate into problematic varieties that we
cant control.
Promoting production of these fruits and vegetables encourages an unsustainable
approach to farming and agriculture.
Promoting genetically modified plants makes it more difficult for small-scale
farmers from poor countries to compete in the agriculture business.
2. A basic core curriculum of liberal arts courses should be required for all students
graduating from college.
Pro
There is certain basic knowledge which all educated people should have.
A core curriculum ensures that students dont avoid subjects which they dislike.
Con
Diversity of knowledge in society is important.
Core curriculum classes can distract students from their major studies
Core curriculum classes cost money and drive up the cost of education.
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3. College students should have the freedom to choose their own courses.
Pro
By the time they reach college, students are adults and can be responsible for their
actions and for taking courses that will leave them well educated.
If students select courses freely, the number of students who are just getting by
in a course that they dislike will dramatically drop, improving the classroom
experience for everyone.
Con
University faculty are experienced educators and know what basic knowledge is
required in a field.
Complete freedom of choice in classes will dramatically increase the number of
easy classes and dramatically decrease the number of difficult classes.
4. A student convicted of cheating on an exam should automatically be expelled from
college.
Pro
Higher stakes will serve as a better deterrent.
Colleges should do all they can to graduate only the most ethical students.
Con
Failing the class in which one cheats is sufficient deterrent.
People need to be given second chances.
5. A year of national service should be required for all 18-year-olds in this country.
Pro
Requiring some sort of service would be good for the country and allow many
social goals to be more easily and quickly met.
Young people would learn important skills from the experience.
Con
Service is more meaningful when people volunteer to do it.
Some poor families need the income from their 18-year-olds to survive and
cannot afford to have them earn less while doing national service.
6. A university education should be free to all high school students with a B grade
average.
Pro
The cost of the free education would be more than covered by increased
productivity and taxes on these students increased income.
State supported education would be more equitable than education that must be
paid for privately.
Con
Students are less invested in free education than in education they pay for, and
they wont learn as much if it is free to them.
Having such high stakes will encourage grade inflation in high schools.
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2. According to the author, the reason the university spends money on football
scholarships is to get money back from ticket sales and contributions from alumni.
3. This pattern of development is an example of a causal chain.
4. The details are sufficient for a paragraph; however, this topic is broad enough to be
expanded into a short essay. Statistics and dollar amounts from specific schools, sports,
and activities could be introduced as further support.
EXERCISE 10 (Pages 269-270)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
1. Analyze effects using examples.
2. Effect analysis, supported with factual details and examples of ways morale is boosted
by football
3. Effect analysis, perhaps supported with narrative anecdotes about how students and
staff are currently inconvenienced without a day care center.
4. Process showing how their education will be broadened; categorization of the ways
education is broadened by foreign language study
5. Effect analysis or Example essay
6. Compare and Contrast bars and restaurants that do and do not allow smoking; or
analyze effects
7. Effect; process of how unrestricted handguns can get into the hands of children
8. Examples and details
EXERCISE 11 Writing (Page 271)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 12 (Pages 272-274)
1. The thesis is stated at the end of the first paragraph: I oppose the measure because
natural science courses provide us with a crucial part of our education. It is restated at
the end of the essay: Although these courses are difficult for the non-science majors,
they are a necessary part of a university education.
2. The authors main arguments include (a) that science is part of the universal
knowledge that someone with a university education should have, (b) students must
understand science well enough to think critically and discuss it intelligently, and (c)
science is a necessary part of daily life that is used to understand the issues encountered
daily.
3. The refutation starts in the second paragraph. The first point that is refuted is that
science courses are irrelevant to humanities majors.
4. The author concedes the point that science courses are difficult for humanities majors
and that their grade point averages may suffer because of the science requirement.
5. The argument is convincing because so many of the points against it have been refuted.
6. Yes, it follows logically.
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7. Thesis Statement: I oppose the measure because natural science courses provide us
with a crucial part of our education.
I. A university educates and not merely trains.
A. A university is a place to obtain a general knowledge base.
II. A university education implies more than just exposure.
A. Students must be critical thinkers in the various disciplines.
B. They should know enough to be able to discuss the issues.
C. They must learn to approach problems logically and learn to reason over time.
III. An understanding of science is vital in our highly technological society.
A. We are confronted by issues like nuclear waste.
B. We must know the issues and not be puppets to professionals.
Conclusion: Although these courses are difficult for the non-science majors, they are well
worth the effort.
EXERCISE 13 (Page 274)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 14 (Page 276)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 15 (Page 278)
Answers will vary. Possible response:
Corrections are in bold.
One of the main reasons that women should not be drafted for combat duty
is that it is not practical. The army needs to set up two facilities for everything,
including two sleeping quarters, two sets of showers, and two latrines. As a result,
the actual amount of work and supplies involved in setting up camp is doubled.
More supplies and equipment in the field slows down troop movement considerably,
so our troops would lose any advantage they would have for surprise attack. We
need an incredible amount of backup support for men; it is not practical to double
that in wartime.
A second reason to exclude women from combat duty is that they are not
strong enough emotionally, or physically. It takes a lot of strength and courage to be
in actual physical combat. You need to be strong enough to kill people without any
pangs of regret. Women could be strong, but they are sheltered, so they are not
taught to be strong. Men are taught to be strong. Women are not strong enough to
handle killing and dying, and could not stand to see their best friend get hit by a
shell and die in front of their eyes. Although one could argue convincingly that
women could be taught to be strong enough emotionally, they still would not be
strong enough physically. Most women could not throw ninety-pound ammunition
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cases into a truck all day, or win in close hand-to-hand combat against a man. Thus,
while there may be much that women can contribute to their national defense,
they should not participate in combat, as they do not have the strength for combat
duty.
EXERCISE 16 (Pages 278-279) - Editing
John Kenneth Galbraith once famously said that economics (capitalization) is extremely
useful as a form of employment for economists. (indirect speech) There are,
(punctuation) however, many reasons for people who do not intend to become
economists to study this fascinating subject. Perhaps the best reason is that so many of
the things of concern in the world around us are (verb tense) at least partly economic in
character. A quick look at newspaper headlines reveals the vast range of problems that
are related to economics: global warming, health care, education, and many others. The
study of economics improves (subject-verb agreement) your understanding of these
concerns. As a student of economics, I became (irregular verb forms) aware that, at a
basic level, much of economic life involves choosing among alternative possible courses
of action and making choices between our conflicting wants and desires in a world of
scarcity. The basic tools of economics are (subject-verb agreement) valuable to people
in all walks of life and in all career paths. Newspaper reporters benefit from economics
because the problem-solving perspective it teaches trains them to ask intelligent questions
whose answers will better inform their readers. Designers in many industries (plural)
face economic problems because costs are a constraint in both creating and marketing a
new product. When making a dress, a clothing designer must decide whether the added
costs of more expensive fabrics will be outweighed by (passive form) the added sales that
are expected to result. An economist can poses (verb tense/form) these questions and
provide criteria that clothing designers can use in evaluating the appropriateness of one
fabric as compared to another. The point is that the economic way of thinking causes
those in many types of fields (plural) to ask the right kind of questions.
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At this college, Homecoming week occurs (1) during/in the first week of October.
Events for alumni and current students are planned throughout the week, but most of the
events are usually (2) on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday and throughout the weekend.
(3) On Wednesday night (4) at 8:00 PM, a rally is held in the campus gymnasium. (5)
During the rally, each class presents a skit, and distinguished alumni speak. Thursday is
usually the day alumni arrive to take tours of campus and visit classes, but alumni should
be sure to arrive (6) by Friday morning to take part in the most interesting activities. All
classes (7) after 1:00 PM on Friday are cancelled for the Homecoming Parade. The
homecoming dance, where the Homecoming King and Queen will be crowned, is held (8)
in the evening. The dance doesnt end (9) until several hours after midnight. Saturday is
devoted to the homecoming football game. (10) Before the game, alumni and students
have tailgating picnics around their cars and trucks outside the football stadium. The big
game starts exactly (11) at 2:00 PM.
EXERCISE 7 (Page 291)
Answers will vary.
EXERCISE 8 (Page 292)
1. I used to play soccer for my high school team.
2. He gave me good advice.
3. This is a difficult situation.
4. Superman is an example of a fictional hero.
5. I like Indian food because its spicy.
6. We had bad weather last week.
7. An anecdote is a type of illustration.
8. We kept a blog during our travels in Guatemala.
EXERCISE 9 (Pages 293-294)
1.
2. The
3. The
4. a,
5. A
6. the, the, the
7. a, the
8. a, a, the, The, the, The, the, the, the
EXERCISE 10 (Pages 294)
The usual answer to an obstreperous (1) streamone that erodes or floods out its
banksis to build (2) a dam. But (3) dams cost up to (4) $100,000 apiece, even for
very small streams. Now, (5) the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is cutting (6)
costs by using local labor: beavers. For three years, three beavers have been at work on
Wyomings Current Creek, whose spring runoff had yearly gouged out its banks and
flooded neighboring farms. There were no trees left for (7) the beavers to use, so the
BLM helped by dragging (8) aspens from (9) a distant forest. It also wired (10) truck
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tires together and laid them across (11) the stream, making (12) sturdy foundations for
(13) the beavers dams. It worked. (14) The beavers restored (15) the creeks ecological
balance and saved its banks from erosion. (16) The dams slowed (17) the stream, and
nutrient-rich silt has settled behind them. (18) Rye grass and (19) willows are
coming back along (20) the banks, and spring flooding has been regulated; (21) the creek
now has been widened by about 50 feet. (22) The cost to (23) the federal government?
Less than $3,000.
EXERCISE 11 (Page 296)
1. Many Americans have started to buy small cars.
2. Most of the Americans on the trip were from California.
3. On our trip, we visited ten cities. Several of the cities were using solar power in
government buildings.
4. All people are created equal.
5. Some professional athletes receive critical injuries while playing.
6. It was an eight hour trip, so some of the time the children watched a movie on the
computer.
7. Neither university offers an MBA program.
8. Neither of the universities we visited offers an MBA program.
EXERCISE 12 (Pages 296)
1. One of the trees is dead because of the drought.
2. None of the books on the second floor of the library have been stolen.
3. Each of the members of Congress contacts the president every day.
4. Each of the basketball players is sick.
5. Neither of the singers plays the piano.
EXERCISE 13 (Page 297)
Added articles are underlined and in bold.
1. I think that high schools and universities should require their students to study a
foreign language for educational purposes. In my case, for example, I started to study and
learn English at age 13. Even though my mother spoke only English at home and I
understood most of it, it was not until I changed to a bilingual school that I started to
learn more and speak it more fluently.
2. Learning another language offers a lot of opportunities, too. Many jobs now require
that a person know another language. Jobs related to travel, hotels, and airlines are a few
examples. There are others, such as working with the government and in business. One
example of this is a friend of mine who recently changed jobs. She used to work in a
travel agency; she said her knowledge of English made a lot of things easier for her. Just
a few weeks ago, I received a letter from her saying that she is now working with the
U.S. Embassy in Honduras. She said that if she had not learned the English language, she
wouldnt be working there.
3. As we can see, students should learn a second language. There are many advantages,
especially when finishing school and job opportunities are great. For me its a great
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Whereas high school students are basically treated as children, college students are
treated as adults.
Different from high school students, college students are basically treated as adults.
6. Just as students had to study hard in high school, they have to study hard in college.
7. Just as students enjoyed going to high school football and basketball games, college
students enjoy going to college football and basketball games.
8. Just as students enjoyed talking with their classmates in high school, college students
enjoy talking with their classmates.
9. Although high school students have very little homework, they learn a lot during their
classes.
10. Even though there are many rules in high school, they are meant to protect the
students.
EXERCISE 25 (Pages 312-313)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
1. You should think about your intended major in order to choose a university that is well
qualified and staffed in your major.
You should think about your intended major so that you can choose the best university
with that major.
2. You should visit different universities Web sites in order to become familiar with their
programs.
You should visit different universities Web sites so that you can become familiar with
their programs.
3. You should think about your financial situation in order to determine which college
you should go to.
You should think about your financial situation so that you can determine which college
you should go to.
4. You should find out about financial aid in order to plan your budget.
You should find out about financial aid so that you can plan your budget.
5. You should find out about part-time jobs in order to earn some extra money.
You should find out about part-time jobs so that you can earn some extra money.
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qualities and present you in a favorable light. It and your rsum are your representatives
to the prospective employers on your list.
EXERCISE 30 (Page 319)
The reporter wanted to know who was on strike.
The reporter asked him how long they had been on strike.
The reporter inquired if any of the civil service employees were on strike.
The reporter asked Foster why the student workers were on strike.
The reporter asked how much money they made and how much they were asking for.
The reporter wanted to find out how the strike had affected the people who ate in the
cafeteria.
The reporter inquired how long they expected to continue the strike.
EXERCISE 31 (Page 321)
Answers will vary. Possible response:
A student worker strike is underway in Harding Cafeteria on campus. The
Campus Herald spoke with Ben Foster, the student organizer leading the strike. When
asked who was on strike, Mr. Foster replied that all of the student workers were and
that they had been striking for four days. According to Mr. Foster, the strike does not
extend to the civil service employees. He indicated that they were not on strike
because they already had a satisfactory contract. Foster explained that the student
workers reason for striking was simple: they need higher wages. Foster reported that
student workers now get only $7.00 an hour, which is below minimum wage. He
stated that the student workers are demanding they be paid minimum wage. Mr. Foster
said that the service was slower because there were no student workers to carry the
trays or wash the dishes and that now the cooks had to do their jobs. Slow service
could continue for some time as Foster insisted that the student workers would not go
back to work until the administration was willing to negotiate.
EXERCISE 32 (Pages 322-323)
Answers will vary. Possible responses:
1. I urge Sandra to make a checklist of household chores that she must attend to every
day to keep the room neat.
2. I urge Lucy to try to find out why studying is so important to Sandra in order to
understand her better.
3. I suggest that the girls make a schedule and take turns cleaning the room.
4. It is advisable for the girls to discuss their feelings openly without speaking angrily.
5. I propose that the girls agree on a quiet hour until Lucy can have friends over and play
music.
6. It is important that each one try to understand the other.
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A week before the interview, Kim became nervous (13) about making a bad
impression, so he asked his advisor (14) to give him some help. His advisor told him (15)
to make a list of possible questions and (16) to practice (17) answering them. He also
urged him (18) not to be afraid (19) of saying anything too controversial. Finally, his
advisor assured him that he was capable (20) of handling the job. Kim thanked his
advisor for his encouragement and agreed (21) to practice (22) answering some possible
questions.
As Kim waited in the outer office to meet the interviewer, however, all of this
good advice seemed (23) to fly out the window. For a brief moment, Kim considered (24)
escaping out the side door. The next thing he knew, he was sitting across the desk from
the interviewer trying (25) to remember all the answers he had planned (26) on giving (to
give). Although he had practiced and was used (27) to giving the right answers, at the
moment he could only stutter and stammer. To this day, he can only remember that the
interview was very short!
You can see that a person can be well qualified for a job but fail (28) to get it
because he or she is not accustomed (29) to performing in a job interview. Perhaps for
students like Kim, how to manage a job interview should be a required course in college.
EXERCISE 42 (Page 339)
One of the most enduring symbols of New York City is the Empire State Building. This
famous structure is located on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. Construction was begun in
1930 and was completed in 1931. This enormous building rises 1,250 feet into the air. It
has 102 stories, most of which are used for offices. The Empire State Building was once
the tallest building in the world and became especially famous as the building from which
the original King Kong fell. Many tourists who have ridden the elevators to the
observation deck have enjoyed a fascinating and unforgettable view of New York City.
The passive voice is used here when the writer wants to emphasize the building itself and
not the people who planned its location, constructed it, or who use it for offices.
EXERCISE 43 (Page 341)
1b. The counselor lectured the new students about academic honor.
2b. I sailed a sailboat around the world.
3a. The four-minute-mile record has been broken several times.
4b. Everyone will enjoy the dinner.
5b. My teacher has advised that we study every night.
EXERCISE 44 (Pages 341-342)
1. is named
2. were believed
3. is named
4. came
5. was called
6. stuck
7. was named
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8. was changed
9. changed
10. are mailed
11. was built
12. is located
13. takes
14. indicates
15. is located
16. was given
17. means
18. named
EXERCISE 45 (Page 343)
Simple present tense verbs are underlined once. Present progressive verbs are underlined
twice.
Much of David's life is centered around his future career. He wants to be a
sports announcer, so he is attending the University of California and is majoring in
communications. This semester, he is taking his first course in broadcasting. Next
week, he is giving his first demonstration broadcast, and he is planning to
demonstrate his skills in sports announcing. He does not know how he will do; in
fact, he worries about it all the time. He does not want to fail, so each night he
practices in front of the television while a basketball game is going on. He always
records his practice session on a tape recorder. A typical practice broadcast begins
like this:
Good evening, Ladies and Gentlemen, this is David Swenson reporting live
tonight from the press booth at the new sports arena in downtown Pleasantville. The
arena is filled to capacity tonight, and the fans are anxiously waiting for the game to
begin. As you know, the Pleasantville Bears are playing the Hope City Colts. There
appears to be a good deal of excitement in the arena tonight! Here they come! The
fans are cheering wildly! Yes, folks, this crowd loves its team. The game is about to
begin as the players assume their positions on the court for the tip-off. The referee
tosses the ball in the air, and Lawrence Jones, wearing jersey number twenty-two,
tips it to his teammate Tommy Evans. Evans races down the court and slips the ball
to Raoul Gomez. Gomez breaks through the defensive line, shoots, and he misses!
Robinson is there. He catches the rebound and lays that ball in. The crowd is going
wild! Pleasantville takes the lead. . . .
After he finishes the practice broadcast, David plays it back on his recorder and
takes notes. Each time, he improves his performance.
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Refining Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 6th Edition
Instructors Manual with Answer Key
85
Refining Composition Skills: Academic Writing and Grammar 6th Edition
Instructors Manual with Answer Key
stopped eating. No one was moving; it was as if we were all frozen. That afternoon,
the teachers did not conduct the classes as usual; in fact, most of the teachers
allowed the students to express their feelings about what had happened. Even my old
stodgy English teacher did not conduct class as usual. She did not give us the exam
that she had planned for that day. After school, I went home. Fortunately, no one
was home, for I wanted to be alone. Finally, after three hours of containing my
emotions, I began to cry. I was still crying when my mother arrived home. She came
into my room, put her arms around me, and said, This is a sad day for our country.
Yes, November 22, 1963, was a sad day, a tragic day that was the beginning of a
long, difficult period in American history.
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asked
figured
came
stopped
did not conduct
allowed
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Cockell, Charles S. Environmental Ethics and Size. Ethics & the Environment 13: 1
(2008): 23+. Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural
Resources. Web (students should insert todays date here in day month year
format).
3. According to the National Womens Health Information Center, a person who wishes
to be an organ donor should sign a donor card and speak with family members about
this intention (n. pag.).
National Women's Health Information Center. Organ Donation. Medline. 19 Aug 2010.
Web (students should insert todays date here in day month year format).
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