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Nunn - Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Disaster Risk Reduction - A Case Study From Baie Martelli, Pentecost Island, Vanuatu
Nunn - Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Disaster Risk Reduction - A Case Study From Baie Martelli, Pentecost Island, Vanuatu
ARTICLE
1
2
Introduction
et al. 2006; McAdoo, Moore, and Baumwoll 2009). Conversely, it is also apparent that many peripheral (distant from
urban) communities in developing countries today lack such
traditions and consequently have a need to interpret precursors of disaster to enable appropriate responses (Gregg et al.
2006; Gaillard et al. 2008).
Effective disaster risk reduction for communities in developing countries has been recognized by both national governments and development agencies over the past decade as key
to sustainable development of these communities and nations,
especially as indigenous knowledge systems are being eroded
and other stressors like population pressure and climate
change become felt more keenly (Schipper and Pelling 2006;
Olorunfemi and Adebimpe 2008; Takeuchi, Mulyasari, and
Shaw 2011). While it is clear that there are many ways in
which messages about disaster risk reduction and climate
change adaptation overlap and can therefore be communicated simultaneously, there remain distinct aspects of both
that should not be overlooked by development planners
(Kelman and Gaillard 2010; Mercer 2010).
These issues are well illustrated by Vanuatu (formerly the
New Hebrides) in the South Pacific Ocean, an archipelagic
nation that is uncommonly vulnerable to natural disasters,
principally those associated with volcanism, earthquakes, and
tropical cyclones (Pelling and Uitto 2001; Nunn 2009b;
UNISDR 2009). Future climate change, while continuing to
pose numerous challenges for Vanuatu, is unlikely to significantly alter the incidence of disasters linked to climate
extremes, so this is one developing country where disaster
risk reduction overlaps with climate change adaptation less
than with others, particularly in the Pacific Islands region.
This article examines the responses of people in a peripheral part of Vanuatu to a 1999 earthquake and tsunami event,
focusing on the sources of the knowledge that (1) informed
these responses and (2) underpin peoples current preparedness for a similar event in the future. The aim of the study
is to understand the importance of indigenous knowledge
in framing disaster responses as well as the value of supplementing this with nonindigenous information sources.
The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
www.ijdrs.org www.springer.com/13753
186
Walshe and Nunn. Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Disaster Risk Reduction
Figure 1.
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188
Figure 2.
Village and reached at least 1 km up the channel of the adjacent river (Neil-Jones 1999) were confirmed in interviews for
this study. The remarkably effective response of the people of
Baie Martelli has been widely commented on and, although
the church in the old village is still used, no-one now lives on
this site.
It is clear that the survival of so many people in Baie
Martelli during the 1999 tsunami was due to a combination of
fortuitous and unusual alertness, recent awareness raising,
and indigenous knowledge. Most commentators on this event
suggest that the latter was the least important (Caminade et al.
2000; Synolakis and Okal 2005).
Methods
Walshe and Nunn. Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Disaster Risk Reduction
Figure 3.
189
Gender and age of persons interviewed in Southern Pentecost Island, Vanuatu, March 2011
190
6.1
Walshe and Nunn. Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Disaster Risk Reduction
191
They have had official communication from the Vanuatu Government through the NDMO video about the
threat of tsunamis and how to respond appropriately to
them.
192
Table 1.
Number of participants
Average age
Number (%) of males
Number (%) of females
Number (%) of persons >54 years old
Extremely Likely
within 100 Years
Likely within
100200 Years
Unlikely within
200300 Years
Extremely Unlikely
within 300 Years
Not Sure
Total
13
49
10 (26%)
2 (12%)
6 (46%)
17
51
15 (40%)
3 (18%)
7 (54%)
6
35
4 (11%)
2 (12%)
0
3
31
3 (8%)
0
0
16
35
6 (16%)
10 (59%)
0
55
Conclusions
38
17
13
Acknowledgments
The researchers wish to acknowledge the assistance of the
Vanuatu Cultural Center which approved the project and gave
assistance and logistical support, as well as the Geo-Hazards
Unit within the Department of Meteorology, Geology,
Mines and Water Resources of the Government of Vanuatu.
Augustine Tabac from Poinkros Village in Baie Martelli on
Pentecost Island acted as guide, translator, and gatekeeper.
We acknowledge the kastom owners of the myths who gave
their permission for them to be published in this study; for the
Devil at Lonburas, we recognize Noel Bule, Wilson Bule,
Mable Chiren, and Joel Tamtam of Poinkros Village; for the
Wild Fowl, we recognize Celester Magi of Rahnahgahgal
Village, Cyriaque Olul and Marcel Sali of Londar Village,
and Peter Tatu of Rantiae Village.
Walshe and Nunn. Integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Disaster Risk Reduction
Notes
i Kava is a soporific drink, traditionally consumed both socially and
during ceremonies in Vanuatu (and other western Pacific Island
groups), made from the roots of native pepper plants (most commonly,
Piper methysticum).
ii More than 1600 people were killed by the Aitape Tsunami on 17 July
1998 and 10,000 forced to relocate inland. Many villages affected
were located on low narrow sand spits between the ocean and an
inland (coastal) lagoon, which made it impossible for most of their
inhabitants to get out of the path of the tsunami.
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