VOLCANIC

HAZARDS
Noel Saludo, John Erich Laco, and Justine Masikat
• What is a volcano? (types and parts)
• Classification of volcanoes (location and
examples)

• Signs of impending volcanic eruption

• Tools recognizing volcanic hazards (hazards)

• Managing disasters caused by volcanic hazards

(readiness, evacuation procedures, recover, and
prevention processes)

TOPICS
• It is the study of volcanoes.
• Has the role of gaining understanding
on how volcanoes work, for further
scientific knowledge, and providing
eruption assessments, monitoring, and
crisis management.
> VOLCANOLOGIST – a person who
studies about volcanoes. <
VOLCANOLOGY
• Is an opening or vent on the Earth’s
surface where molten rocks, gases and
ashes are ejected.

VOLCANO
• Several centuries ago, the inhabitants
of Vulcano Island in Sicily, Italy
believed that Vulcano was the
chimney of the forge of Vulcan, the
blacksmith of Roman Gods. They
believed that the hot lava fragments
and ash clouds coming from Vulcano
were the results of Vulcan’s forge.
*Blacksmith – one who forges heated metals prior to hammering them
into shape.

TRIVIA !
• CRATER – the opening of volcano.
• PIPE – the path through which
ejected material pass.
• MAGMA – molten rocks
• LAVA – comes out of the ground
• Makes the soil fertile for vegetation
• Provides minerals useful for
industrialization
• Creates space for nurturing
communities’ indigenous cultures

BENEFITS OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
• Volcanoes are formed as the result of
subduction.

• * Subduction is the process where

tectonic plates converge one another,
with one descending below the edge
of the another causing molten rocks to
rise from the surface.
HOW DO VOLCANOES
FORM?
TYPES OF VOLCANOES
• Simplest type of volcanoes.
• Formed from lava particles
emitted in the vent.
• Forms a circular or oval
cone
• Have one crater and rarely
rise more than a thousand
feet.

CINDER VOLCANOES
• Created because of
continuous lava flows
coming from the vents.
• As the lava flows, it forms a
warrior’s shield-like sloping
flat cones.

SHIELD VOLCANOES
• Also known as
stratovolcanoes.
• Type of volcano that are
often steep-sided and cones
are closely symmetrical.
• Has a conduit system of
magma chamber.

COMPOSITE VOLCANOES
CLASSIFICATIONS OF
VOLCANOES
• It has at least one eruption within the
last 10,000 years.

• Classified into two: Erupting and

Dormant Volcanoes

ACTIVE VOLCANO
• ERUPTING VOLCANOES are
distinguished as either explosive or
quiet.

• DORMANT VOLCANOES are

classified if it has not erupted within
the last 10,000 years

ACTIVE VOLCANOES
• It has not had an eruption within
historic times and is not expected to
erupt again in a comparable scale in
the future.

EXTINCT VOLCANOES
• The most active and destructive
volcanoes are nestled at the Pacific
Ring of Fire – a long horseshoe-
shaped belt, is the home of epicenters,
volcanoes and sudbuction of oceanic
plates – .

WHERE ARE VOLCANOES

LOCATED?
ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE
WORLD
• Mt. Eyjafjallajökull
(Iceland)

Mt. Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland)

• Mount Vesuvius (Italy)

Mount Vesuvius (Italy)

• Mount Sakurajima (Japan)

Mount Sakurajima (Japan)

• Mount Merapi (Indonesia)

Mount Merapi (Indonesia)

 • Mount Nyaragongo (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Mount Nyaragongo
(Democratic Republic of Congo)
• Mount Ulawun (Papua New Guinea)

Mount Ulawun (Papua New

Guinea)
• Mauna Loa Volcano (Hawaii)

Mauna Loa Volcano (Hawaii)

• Mount Santa Maria (Guatemala)

Mount Santa Maria (Guatemala)

ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Mount Mayon (Albay)

Mount Mayon (Albay)

• Taal Volcano (Batangas)

Taal Volcano (Batangas)

 • Mount Kanlaon (Negros Oriental)

Mount Kanlaon (Negros Oriental)

• Mount Bulusan (Sorsogon)

Mount Bulusan (Sorsogon)

• Hibok – hibok (Camiguin)

Hibok – hibok (Camiguin)

• Mount Banahaw (Quezon)

Mount Banahaw (Quezon)

• Didicas Volcano (Quezon)

Didicas Volcano (Quezon)

 • Mount Makaturing (Lanao del Sur)

Mount Makaturing (Lanao del Sur)

SIGNS OF IMPENDING
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
• Change of geochemical and
geophysical characteristics of a
volcano.

• Deformation of the ground.

• Continuous increase of temperature of

hot springs, wells, and lakes on craters
near the volcano.
TOOLS FOR RECOGNIZING
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
• PHIVOLCS (PHILIPPINE
INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY
AND SEISMOLOGY)

• DOST (DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND) TECHGNOLOY
ALERT SYSTEMS
ALERT LEVEL 0 No alert
ALERT LEVEL 1 Abnormality observed
ALERT LEVEL 2 There is an increasing
unrest
ALERT LEVEL 3 There is an increasing
tendency toward
eruption
ALERT LEVEL 4 Hazardous eruption is
imminent
ALERT LEVEL 5 Hazardous eruption is in
progress
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
• LAVA FLOW

LAVA FLOW
 • PYROCLASTIC FLOW AND SURGES

PYROCLASTIC FLOW AND SURGES

• GAS EMISSIONS

GAS EMISSIONS
• ASH FALLS

ASH FALLS
 • TEPHRA FALLS AND BALLASTIC PROJECTILES

TEPHRA FALLS AND BALLASTIC

PROJECTILES
• LAHAR

LAHAR
• DEBRIS AVALANCHE

DEBRIS AVALANCHE
• VOLCANIC TSUNAMIS

VOLCANIC TSUNAMIS
MANAGING DISASTERS
CAUSED BY VOLCANIC
HAZARDS
DISASTER READINESS
• Make a detailed emergency plan
• Arrange an emergency supply kit
• Store important documents in
waterproof container or resealable
plastic bags
• Develop a communication system
• Monitor news updates an coordinate
with local authorities
• Strengthen roofs of house
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
DURING VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
WHEN ASHFALL IS
HAPPENING,
WHEN MUDFLOW,
PYROCLASTIC AND LAVA
FLOWS ARE HAPPENING,
DISASTER RECOVERY
PREVENTION AND
MITIGATION PROCESSES
• Assessment and mapping of risk and
hazards
• Strengthening infrastructure systems
• Public awareness, education, and
training