Hydrology tools

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Lesson 9A overview

Surface hydrology tools

Creating

hydrologically correct topographic surfaces

Defining

flow direction over the surface

Defining

stream networks

Analyzing streams
Defining

drainage basins

Determining
Exercise

flow length and tracing rain drops

9A

Lesson 9B: Groundwater hydrology tools

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9-2

ArcHydro Data Model

A geospatial and temporal data model

Supports hydrologic simulation models
It

construct a simulation model attached

to ArcHydro using DLL

Can

Drainage
Drainage

is not itself a simulation model

Can

2
Network
Network

customize the behavior of ArcHydro

Hydrologic information systems

Five key areas

Channel
Channel

Flow
Flow

Time
TimeSeries
Series
Time
Time
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4
Hydrography
Hydrography

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9-3

Surface hydrology tools

ArcToolbox
ArcToolbox
Hydrology
Hydrologytools
tools

Hydrology
HydrologyModeling
Modeling
toolbar
toolbarin
inArcMap
ArcMap

Map Algebra
functions
FlowDirection
FlowAccumulation
and so on

Watershed
Watershed
Rain
RainDrop
Drop

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9-4

Roadmap: Surface hydrology

Surface

Fill
Fill sinks
sinks

Flow
Flow Direction
Direction

Surface
Surfacepreparation
preparation

Required for all surface hydrology functions

Flow
Flow Accumulation
Accumulation
Define
Define drainage
drainage network
network
Stream
Stream Order
Order

Stream
Streamnetworks
networks

Stream
Stream Link
Link
Stream
Stream to
to Feature
Feature
Basin
Basin
Snap
Snap Pour
Pour Point
Point

Basins
Basinsand
andwatersheds
watersheds

Watershed
Watershed
Flow
Flow Length
Length
Rain
Rain drop
drop trace
trace
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Other
Otheroperations
operations
Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

9-5

Topographic surfaces

Use published data

Examples:

DEM, DTED

Create your own

Interpolation

Both have errors

Sinks

Prepare before use

Fill

sinks

Use the Topo to Raster tool

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9-6

Topo to Raster tool

Interpolates a hydrologically correct surface

Points
Points

Provides
Provideselevation
elevation

Lakes
Lakes
Rivers
Rivers
Contours
Contours

Provides
Provideselevation
elevation

Boundary
Boundary

Clipping
Clippingsource
source

Hillshade
Hillshade

For
Forreference
reference

Sinks
Sinks
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Possible
Possibleinput
input
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9-7

Identifying and filling sinks

ArcToolbox

Sinks
Surrounded
Stop

Identify sinks

data errors

Identifying sinks
Need

Fill sinks

surface flow

Usually

by higher cells

flow direction

Filling sinks
Iterative

Sink
Sink

Filled
Filledsink
sink

process

May create new sinks

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9-8

Flow Direction tool

Created from an elevation surface

Determines

the direction water flows through a cell

78 72 72 71 58 49
74 67 56 49 46 50
69 53 44 37 38 48
64 58 55 22 31 24
68 61 47 21 16 19

32

64 128
1

16
8

74 53 34 12 11 12

Elevation
Elevation

Flow
FlowDirection
Directionmap
map

128 128 1

16

Flow
FlowDirection
Direction

Required by all other surface hydrology tools

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9-9

Flow Accumulation tool

Accumulates water downhill into each cell

Based

on flow direction

Flow
FlowDirection
Direction

20

24

35

Flow
FlowAccumulation
Accumulation

Provide weight layer to model actual rainfall

High accumulations = streams

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9-10

Creating streams

Extract high-value cells from flow accumulation

Can

use a conditional tool: Con or Set Null

Choose a threshold value (e.g., accumulation > 100)

A

low threshold creates more streams

CON(FlowAcc
CON(FlowAcc GT
GT 100,
100, 1)
1)
SETNULL(FlowAcc
SETNULL(FlowAcc LT
LT 100
100 ,, 1)
1)
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9-11

Stream Order tool

Assigns relative ranking to stream segments

Based
Two

on the number of tributaries

methods: Shreve or Strahler

1

1
1

1
2

1
1

2
2

Strahler
Strahlerordering
ordering

2
2
3

1
1

1
2
3

1
1

3
4
7

Shreve
Shreveordering
ordering

Requires stream network and flow direction inputs

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9-12

Stream Link tool

Assigns a unique ID to each stream segment

May

1
2

use to link attributes

5 6
3
7 4
8
10
9
12
Stream
StreamIDs
IDs

25

14

26

20
16

15

11

17

21
24

18
13

19

22

23

Requires stream network and flow direction inputs

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9-13

Creating basin IDs for streams

Use the Region Group tool

Normally
Assign

1
1

a Generalization tool

unique IDs to groups of connected streams

1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1

2
1

2
1

Basin
BasinIDs
IDs
FOUR
FOUR
Diagonal cells NOT considered
Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

EIGHT
EIGHT
Diagonal cells ARE considered
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9-14

Stream to Feature tool

Raster-to-vector conversion tool

Stream to Feature tool

Raster to Polyline tool

Designed for stream networks

Handles

parallel stream segments properly

Requires

stream network and flow direction inputs

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Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

9-15

Roadmap: Basins and watersheds

Surface

Fill
Fill sinks
sinks

Flow
Flow Direction
Direction

Surface
Surfacepreparation
preparation

Required for all surface hydrology functions

Flow
Flow Accumulation
Accumulation
Define
Define drainage
drainage network
network
Stream
Stream Order
Order

Stream
Streamnetworks
networks

Stream
Stream Link
Link
Stream
Stream to
to Feature
Feature
Basin
Basin
Snap
Snap Pour
Pour Point
Point

Basins
Basinsand
andwatersheds
watersheds

Watershed
Watershed
Flow
Flow Length
Length
Rain
Rain drop
drop trace
trace
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Other
Otheroperations
operations
Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

9-16

Defining watersheds and basins

Find all cells that drain to a pour point

Watershed
Basin

tool: You provide pour points

tool: Finds its own pour points

Pour points

Pour
point

The
The
Watershed
Watershed
tool
tool

The
The
Basin
Basin
tool
tool

Watershed

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9-17

Snap Pour Point tool

Snaps pour point cell to high accumulation neighbor

Like

the nearest stream cell

Use before running the Watershed tool

Snap
distance

m
rea
t
S

Cell you
clicked on

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The cell that will be selected

(cell with highest flow accumulation)

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9-18

Roadmap: Other operations

Surface

Fill
Fill sinks
sinks

Flow
Flow Direction
Direction

Surface
Surfacepreparation
preparation

Required for all surface hydrology functions

Flow
Flow Accumulation
Accumulation
Define
Define drainage
drainage network
network
Stream
Stream Order
Order

Stream
Streamnetworks
networks

Stream
Stream Link
Link
Stream
Stream to
to Feature
Feature
Basin
Basin
Snap
Snap Pour
Pour Point
Point

Basins
Basinsand
andwatersheds
watersheds

Watershed
Watershed
Flow
Flow Length
Length
Rain
Rain drop
drop trace
trace
Copyright 20012004 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Other
Otheroperations
operations
Working with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

9-19

Flow Length tool

Calculates flow length for each cell

Upstream:

To top of basin

Downstream:

To pour point

May have a weight layer

Use to compute a basins

time of concentration

Downstream
Downstreamflow
flowlength
length

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9-20

Performing a raindrop trace

Trace the downhill path of a raindrop

The

Cost Path tool returns a grid

The

Hydrology Modeling toolbar returns a graphic

Use: Find where a contaminate spill will go

Downhill
Downhillpath
path
Source
Sourcecell
cell

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9-21

Exercise 9A overview
Run
Fill

Topo to Raster

surface sinks

Run

Flow Direction

Run

Flow Accumulation

Create

a stream network

Edit

stream segments

Run

Basin

Run

Watershed

Run

Flow Length

Trace

a rain drops path

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9-22