Effect of Three-Winding Transformer Models on the Analysis and Protection of Mine Power Systems Mathew P. Oommen and Jeffrey L. Kohler, Senior Member, IEEE Aberact—Computer-side loadiow and fait analyses of mine power systems are routinely conducted to sncertain system er formance spd also to provide information to asst In he protec- tion and coordination ofthese systems. Three-windng transform= fers are frequently encountered in mining applications, ‘pias St continuous miner and longwall sections where there exist need for dual ullizaion voltages. These transformers are ‘ten modeled asa thre-bus system neglecting the secondary to tertiary windiog impedance and the effect of base changes. This Daper analyaes the impact of mere accurate transformer models ‘on wotages and fault enrrents which are realized for hada find fault stds of tine power stems Index Terms—Fauit analysis, oad fom analysis, power system anaiys, power sytem modeling, tranformer modes, 1. Iytropucrion HE. design of a mine power system should always be supported with computer analyses, including loadflow, fault, and machine starting. Engineers now have access 10 8 variety of loadlow and fault analysis programs [1}-(3) However, the availablity of such (ols does not eliminate the need for accurate system modeling. Oftentimes, these tls are used without an appropriate understanding oftheir capabilities nd Timitatons System modeling is a Key component in the proper eval: uation of any power system. This, for example, includes the representation of cables, loads, comrection devices, and trans- formers. The results fom the analysis of mine power systems will only be as accurate as the model that is represented by the user. Most programs in use today can assist the user in ceasly specifying most of the components encountered in 3 mine power system. However, the representation of three- ‘winding transformers and the effect of inaccurate models is not well understood in the context of mine power systems. “The need for accurate representation ie all the more important since more systems are utilizing dual voltages at longwall and continuous miner power centers per PID 41 snd a he 193 Indy Appleone ‘ibirson'n te ER Tensicrov ch harm Aca ye Sing tency Conmine oe TEEE Inuy Apion Soe. Masco pcan Feo 1? IP MF Cormmcn ns oth te Depasnet Of Mine Engrg. The ‘i Mano erase, St Lows MO 631 USA TU kaner war ‘wi 8 Beprmem of Mica ageing, The ean Ste Une: Univer PtP Tome USA Hef nw ‘ite trl tnt of Orcorarl Salty ad Hea, Pb "bho eer #888 99409,050591 Unites have long appreciated the need for accurate trans former models. There is a variety of models one could use for inticnte modeling of transformers to accurately delineate their performance under steady-state and transient conditions [4}16). Unfortunately, mine power systems analysis, forthe most part, has not considered the impact of even simpler representation and its effects on mine power system design and protection. TH, THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMERS ‘Transformer equivalent circuits are typically based on the parameters obtained fom open- and short-circuit tests {7I-49]. ‘An approximate model is often obtained by neglecting the shunt admittance, Both the primary and secondary windings of a two-winding. teansformer have the same kilovoltampere rating. However, I three windings of a three-winding transformer may have Aifferen Kilovoltampere ratings, The impedances of ach ‘winding ofa three-winding transformer may be specified 36 & percent or in permit based on the rating of its own winding, fr could be referred to a common Base. Inthe case of three-winding transformers, the impedances ray be measured by the standard short-circuit tests and could be represented as fllows [0]: Zoe leakage impedance measured in primary with se: ‘ondary short circuited and tertiary open: leakage impedance measured in primary with tertiary short circuited and secondary open: leakage impedance measured in the secondary with tertiary short circuited and primary open, If these impedances are refered to the primary circuit, the impedances of each individual winding can be computed as follows (10), (11: 2m 2m By re Be Hla t Lye Ze (Zp + Za Zu) © ‘The individual impodances refered to the primary circuit are related tothe leakage impedances as follows: eé Z P Fig. |. Sigler egal of dre winding talon ‘The impedances of the windings computed in (1) can be represen as 2 Y single-phase equivalent of the three- winding tinsformer with the magnetizing current neglected. This representation is shown in Fig. 1. The neural point (¥) is a fettious neutral that has ao physical meaning, but is necessary in the representation. UL, Syste MopexiNe In a computer-aided analysis of a mine power system contsining a three-winding transformer, the points p, 5, amd ‘in Fig. I are connected to the buses designating the primary, secondary. and tertiary respectively. However, in a system representation, the values of Z, and Z; must be referred to their individual kilovolampere bases, For example, given. Zp, Zon, and Ze refered © the teansformer's primary kilovoltampere base (consistent with the respective winding voltages), one could apply (1) to compute values for ZZ, and 2). These values, however, are based on the primary kiloveltampere rating. Given that the kilovoltampere rating of the primary, sec ondary. and tertiary winding are kVA,, KVA,. and KVAy, respectively, the following base transformations have to be made to prepare the model for computer analysis AVAL “(iie) KVAL a(iea) This base change is necessary, since all impedances during analysis willbe converted to 2 uniform system base. ig. 2a) shows the often used inaccurate representation of three-winding transformers ignoring the second-totrtiary ‘impedance Fig. 2(b) depicts the moceaoeurate four-bus model eveloped in this section ° IN, SYSTEM ANALYSIS ‘The previous sections have introduced and developed the modeling aspect of thre-winding transformers. However, to Aa? — see ce wig ansorer win ‘compare the two models, it is necessary to perform an analysis ‘of a typical mine power system containing a three-winding, ‘wansformer. Fig 3 shows a typical longwall section employing, a three-winding transformer. ‘The program used t0 evaluate the mine power system is called MPAP and was developed at the Mine Electrical Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University. University Park. The program provides a single platorm for performing loadilow analysis, symmetrical fault analysis, and fist-cycle (ansient) fault analysis. Details ofthe program may be feund in (3). ‘The analysis was performed on thre cases 1) Case isthe base case, where the eansformer i repre: senued asa three-bus system, ignoring the secondary:t0 tertiary impedance. Furhermore, i is assumed that Zs and Zp ate not convered to their individual winding ‘capacities (klovoltamperes) 2) Case also employs a tree-bus representation, but the necessary base changes are performed to conver Zyy and Zyy to their respective kilovoltampere bases. 3) Case Il uses the complete four-bus model ofthe three winding transformer withthe appropiate base changes In all cases, itis assumed thatthe manufacturer specified values for leskage impedances are refered to tbe primary circuit of the transformer. The values used forthe analysis areas Follows 2 pq = 9.5% (X/R = 4) Zn = 5.5% (X/R= 6) Zu. = 3.0% (X/R= 4) “The uly short-circuit cepacity is assumed to be 280 MVA, a 72 kV, A. Loadfiow Analysis ‘Table I summarizes the reslls from the three cases. The values shown are percentage differences of Cases If and IT as ‘compared to the base case— © ‘uutity Short creut VV 75 wa oe Capacity: 290 mva | VV 23.1: 722 RV —— © ae oor wwe ey (3800 kVA. MAMA 9 winding xruR ~~ WW 2000 eva WW 4800 kVA, NWA 72002400 ¥ Aas 7200;1040 ¥ a a ry a © @r= im © 2/9 | 180° ee water 4/0 ” i= 7 ee © tanga 50 ap oe] ee oi alia 6 ger 100" @V ea 2/0 Ga) -L ma-Face sas] |G Lae tater @ +> Sittin we ay i: CL Don?t tase anand To @+ gg wo fe Tory ew ae at Fe.3. Seanple of longuall per system Given voltage values Vi, Vis and V5 for Cases I, and Il, It can be easily seen that the relative change is minimal in respectively, the values in Table I were computed as both cases. There is, however, a small improvement in voltage WW) ‘regulation. This canbe explained by the drop inline impedance [V9] «100 (4) between transformer buses due to the base change in Case Il ve and due tothe effective transformation to smaller impedances for Case Ml, and as inthe Uree-winding representation in Case IM eeu (5) B Fault Analysis for Case 1, ‘Table I shows the comparative results of symmetrical fault analysis, and Table Il shows the results from symmetical‘ante 1 Ccanmin Goean ro cote Manes Cas ie ‘case 111 Bae case 1 ‘case TT 5 00 0. a o.02 a 02 8 2 2:20 3 88 8 3 28.08 53 20 8: 53 Serse & 3 or 62 isles 8 23 8 3 s 2 e: 5 5s 127 B 5 a 3 or & 6 33 8: 60 55 33 of 58 50 sere oe 5 56 335 8 56 3 ne 8:53, 5 ARLE case TIT fault analysis. These resus xe percentage changes refered to Case Las the base case, Given fault eurtens I, Fs, and Ts, for Cases I and I, respectively the values in Table Il were computed a8 [ez] 6 for Case Mand as any [222] 0 o te Ou coon Cai oa aap Sete eet ter sate wate Hack iw tea ten De bya moe cg ema CSE "he cc aby ih wana eat “The results directly affect the protection and coordination of such «system, For example, the main molded case breaker on the secondary and tertiary buses wil be affected and so wil the instantaneous seins forthe distribution system overcurrent relays. ‘A similar analysis was performed on another longwall system to ensue that these resus were not peculiar tthe example under serutiny, The analysis yielded results similar to those summarized in the above results LV. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS AND Hie ‘ORDER TRANSFORMER MODELS, ‘The previous analysis used manufscrer-supplied data which sassimed to befor transformers operating at 170 °C. For a transformer at 20 °C, the X/1P ratio is expected to be shout 1.6 times higher than that at 170 °C. Therefore, itis necessary 19 consider this effet to determine the difference in maximum fault analysis ‘An analysis, similar 10 that in the previous section, was performed :0 investigate the effects of temperature. Compared to the thre-winding four-bus model, the values differed by 29% for two systems which were analyzed. These included the ‘example system and the verification system. Higher order transformer models can be utilized to incor porate the effects of mutual coupling scoss windings. These ‘models ar typically represented as impedance matrices [13] ‘These can then be incorporated into the system representation (14). The development of such models requires mote detailed information from manufacrares VI. sunowany ‘This paper has presented the impact of accurate, three winding transformer models in the analysis of mine power sys- tems. Although the disparity in volage regulation is minimal, the eahanced representation of three-winding transformers seriously affects the results of both steady-state and fist-cyele fault analysis. Fault creat magnitudes could be underest- mated by as rauch at 605 at strategic lations in the minepower system, This diretly affect the choice and sizing fof protective and coontination devices used in mine power systems, The eect of winding temperature i also important, ‘but the values do no: vary to much from values computed for corretly represented four-bus three-winding transformer models ‘Computer analysis of mine power systems is routinely utlized wo analyze and evaluate mine power systems. Accurate system modeling of components in the power system is cexsential for proper analyses ofthese systems. 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