1

Lecture No. : 2

Introduction

Source of Moments :

Load

Settlement

Left Rotation

Right Rotation

Problem Formulation :

Relative
Stiffness

Relative Stiffness

Remember !
Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

Ux, Uy, Uz
x, y, z

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

Ux, Uy, Uz
Translational

Axial
(Membrane)

Shear

x, y, z
Rotational

Bending Torsional
(Flexural)
8

Stiffness

FK d

Stiffness Calculation methods :

First Method
Translation
F

Rotation
MK

d =1
FK 1

M
K
1=

Stiffness

FK d

Second Method
Translation

K=F/d

Rotation
M

MK

K=M/

10

Examples
Translation (membrane)
First Method
K

d=1
11

Second Method
d
F
FK d
FL
d
EA

F
K
d
EA
K
L

F EA

d L
12

Rotation (Flexural)

MK

M
K

13

Tension

MBA
MAB

MAB

MBA
+
14

MAB

A
MAB
A1
A = A1 + A2

B
B1

MBA

MBA
B

B2
A2
B = B1 + B2 = 0

15

B1

A1

Conjugate Beam

MAB

= QElastic

MAB

MAB L
2 EI

MAB L
3 EI

MAB L
6 EI

MAB L

A1
3 EI
MAB L

B1
6 EI
16

MBA
B2

A2
MBA L
2 EI

MBA L
6 EI

MBA L
3 EI

MBA

= QElastic
MBA L

A2
6 EI
MBA L

B2
3 EI
17

B = B1 + B2 = 0
MBA L
MAB L

B2
B1
3 EI
6 EI
_ MAB L + MBA L = 0
6 EI
3 EI
MBA L MAB L
=
3 EI
6 EI
M
M
M
AB
M=
BA
2
2

18

A = A1 + A2
MAB L

A1
3 EI

MBA L

A2
6 EI
MAB L _ MBA L
A =
3 EI
6 EI
M
AB
M=
BA
2
MAB L _ MAB L
A =
3 EI
12 EI
19

MAB L _ MAB L
A =
3 EI
12 EI

(
)
L 4 _ 1
) 12 12 (

MAB L
A =
EI

1 _ 1
3
12

MAB
A =
EI
MAB L
A =
4 EI

20

MAB L
A =
4 EI
MAB
4 EI
=
A
L
M
K

4
EI
=
L
21

Members with One Hinged End

M
K

22

A
L

= QElastic
MAB

MAB L
2 EI

MAB L
3 EI

MAB L
6 EI

MAB L

A
3 EI
MAB L

B
6 EI
23

MAB L
A =
3 EI
M
K

3
EI
=
L

K=

3/4

Ko

24

Members with symmetry

25

Members with symmetry

M
K

26

MAB

MAB L
EI
MAB L
2 EI

MAB L
2 EI

= QElastic
MAB L
A =
2 EI

27

MAB L
A =
2 EI
M
K

2
EI
=
L
Sym

K=

1/2

Ko

28

Members with Anti-symmetry

29

Members with Anti-symmetry

M
M
K

30

MAB L
4 EI

MAB
MAB L
6 EI

L 2/3

MAB L
4 EI

MAB

= QElastic
MAB L
A =
6 EI
MAB L
6 EI

31

MAB L
A =
6 EI
M
K

6
EI
=
L
Anti-Sym

K = 3/2 Ko

32

Summary
4
EI
=
L

Sym

Anti-Sym

K = Ko

3
EI
=
K = 3/4 Ko
L
2
EI
K = 1/2 Ko
=
L
6
EI
=
L

K = 3/2 Ko
33

Relative Stiffness
A

IAB

ICD

LAB
KAB :
4 EIAB
LAB
IAB
LAB

:
:

LCD

KCD
4 EICD
LCD
ICD
LCD

34

IAB

ICD

LAB
KAB :
4 EIAB
LAB
IAB
LAB

:
:

LCD

KCD
3 EICD
LCD
3 ICD
4 LCD

35

Distribution Factor (DF)

Relative
Stiffness
36

Distribution Factor (DF)

2
1

3
2

3
1

1+2

1+2

37

Distribution Factor (DF)

1

3
3
1+2+3
1
2

1+2+3
1

6
2

1+2+3
1
3
38

Distribution Factor (DF)

M
M
BA
A
B
MBA=KBA

MBD

MBC

MBC=KBC

M =MBA+MBC+MBD

MBD=KBD

M=(KBA+KBC+KBD)

MBA=(KBA/K) M
MBC=(KBC/K) M
MBD=(KBD/K) M

M=K
=M/K
39

Carry Over Moment (COM)

40

MBA

MAB
M

M
2

M
BA

M
AB
2

Carry Over Moment (COM)

41

Sign convention:

+
42

Fixed End Moment (FEM)

P

PL
8

wL
12

L
w

PL
8

wL
12

43

44

Fixed End Moment (FEM)

w

w L2
20

w L2
30

L
P

P a b2
L2

b
L

P b a2
L2
45

M b (2a-b)
L2

M a (2b-a)
L2

b
L
M

M
4

L/2

L/2

M
4
46

Solution Steps :
Fixed End Moment

FEM

Relative Stiffness

RS

Distribution Factor

DF

Table :
Fixed End Moment
Distribution Moment
Carry Over Moment
Distribution Moment
47

Examples

48

Example 1 :
Draw B.M.D & S.F.D for the shown beam

2 t/m

16 t

2I

49

2 t/m

2I

=M
FAB

Fixed End Moment

FEM :

MFAB

16 t

MFBA MFBC
w L2
=M
FBA
12

=M
FBC

MFCB
PL
=M
FCB
8

50

2 t/m

I
MFAB
MFBA
MFBC
MFCB

16 t

2I

w L2 2 6 2
=
=
tm 6= 12
12

tm 6=

P L 16 8
tm 16= =
=
8
8

= 16 tm

51

2 t/m

I
RS :

16 t

2I

6
K AB
1
6
1
6
2

Relative Stiffness

: K BC
2
:
8
1
:
4
:
3

52

2 t/m

I
DF :

2I

DF AB :
2 :
2+3
0.4 :

16 t

DF BC
3
2+3

8
K AB : K BC
2 :
3

0.6
53

A
DF
FEM - 6
DM 0
COM +2
DM 0

MFinal
4

-4

0.4 0.6
6 -16
+ 4 +6
0
0

0
0

10 -10
10

10

-10
16
0
+3
0
19
19
54

2 t/m

BMD

2I
10

10

- -

16 t

8
19

10

19

14.5
32

+ +

17.5

55

7
9

10

- -

BMD
Free Body Diagram
4

2 t/m

10 10

19

14.5
32

+ +
17.5

16 t

19

8
56

Free Body Diagram

12 t
10
10
4
2 t/m

17.5

16 t

19

6
6t

6t

8t

1t

1t

1.125 t 1.125 t

5t

7t

6.875 t 9.125 t

8t

57

12 t
2 t/m

16 t

6
5t
5

7t

6.875 t 9.125 t

6.875

SFD

9.125

58

Summary
Solution Steps :
Fixed End Moment

FEM

Relative Stiffness

RS

Distribution Factor

DF

Table :
Fixed End Moment
Distribution Moment
Carry Over Moment
Distribution Moment

59

Summary
Fixed End Moment

FEM

w L2

wL

L
w

20

30

PL
8

P b a2

P a b2

L
2

wL
12

L2

L2

L
60

Summary
Relative Stiffness

Sym
Anti-Sym

RS

4
EI
=
K = Ko
L
3
EI
=
K = 3/4 Ko
L
2
EI
K = 1/2 Ko
=
L
6
EI
K = 3/2 Ko
=
L
61

Summary
Distribution Factor
3

DF
1
1+2+3

1+2+3
1

1+2+3
1
3

62

Summary
Table :
DF
FEM
DM
COM
DM

MFinal
63

Questions
64