Group 2 Main

COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLID SLAB AND RIBBED SLAB INTERIMS OF COST, QUALITY AND
TIME IN D/B TOWN
-Titles should be placed in a new page, especially chapters.
Writing on header and footer is not needed
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Slabs act as flat surfaces, carrying vertical loads imposed on them, as well as the weight of the
slab itself, by transferring these loads horizontally either directly, or via beams, to columns. This
creates tensile forces within the slab/beam which has to span from column to column. Beams
help to reduce the overall thickness of slabs by providing additional strength only in areas where
it is specifically necessary.
Columns receive horizontal loads from the slab and/or beams and then transfer it vertically
downward to the foundations. The weight of the slab creates compressive forces within the
columns which must then be large and strong enough to carry the slabs weight as well as the
weight of the column itself.
Weight reduction in concrete structures is accomplished by removing concrete that does not
contribute to the structural integrity of the building. There have been many different approaches
on how to achieve this. A few of these approaches have established themselves in the
construction industry as acknowledged methods: The introduction of beams as well as coffers. A
relatively new method introduced to the market is the biaxial hollow slab. These three methods,
together with conventional solid flat slabs, are compared regarding their performance in a range
of criteria. This is done in an attempt to answer the main problem.
Cost reduction in slab construction depends on the type of slab used. The quality and time also
depends on it. Selecting the best type of slab must be depends on the time, quality and cost of the
slab construction.
SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 1
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Slab construction takes more time and cost and needs good strength and quality in the
construction industry.
1.2. The Research Motivations

The initiation for the study of this research is largely due to the construction cost of these slabs.
Even though, there are so many slab construction types that can minimize the cost of slabs, in
our country the adopted types of slabs are solid and ribbed slabs. By considering this we have
pushed to compare and recommend the best type of slab interims of cost, quality and time.
1.3. The research justification
The starting point of any research is to find the clear definition of the research issue or the
problem statement.
This study had also passed through the following specific context:
 Understanding of the issue examined
 Determining the extent of the research focus, and
 Knowledge of the subject area
Then studies, previous researches and some relevant literatures have reinforced our motivation.
The research’s broad area of the study was related to the concrete slab types and comparisons.
This level assisted us to focus mainly on the two slab types in Debre Berhan town construction
projects through discussion together with the advisor, professionals and reviewing relevant
literatures. The specific focused attention has enabled to determine where and which projects
should the study include. Besides, it helped to identify the target study projects, how data can be
collected, how the interview can be done and how the evaluation can be performed.
1.4. Research questions
The following question-answer approach was considered helpful to assist these operations in
order to formulate the research problem.

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Adjust the Line organization on page 3 and page 4
Table 1.4.1. Research questions
Questions Answers
Why the research has been Due to the higher cost and time consuming of slab construction
established?
What does the research try to To recommend the most effective slab type by assessing the
achieve? cost, quality and time.
Who will benefit from this Contractors, regulatory bodies, consultants, client
research?
Who are considered in the Parties on building construction projects
research?
How can the research be Questioners and interview on selected contractors, consultants
done? and client and literature survey
The above questions and answer build confidence in us to pursue on this research title.
Finally, the research problem was developed.
1.5. Statement of Problem
The research problem arises from less cost effectiveness, time consuming and less quality
construction problems. From many factors of the research problem we mainly focused on the
assessment of cost, quality and time on a single story building or taking single floor on a project.
In the research problem we will also discuss on the sub problems:
 Do structural requirements influence the choice of slab type?
 What influence does the type of slab have on the visual aspects of the structure?
 How does buildability influence the choice of slab type?

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 Which type of slab is the most cost effective alternative?

A. Do structural requirements influence the choice of slab type?
The different structural characteristics of the slab types will be investigated and compared to
determine which situations they would be suitable for. The factors which will be addressed are:
 Load carrying capabilities
 Spanning capabilities
 Ability to accommodate services – vertically
B. What influence does the type of slab have on the visual aspects of the structure?
Although the concrete frame might not always be a large contributor to how a building looks, it
does however have an influence, whether it being directly or indirectly. Slab influences on visual
aspects of the structure will be discussed and compared regarding:
 Flexibility
 Building height
 Ability to accommodate services – horizontally
C. How does buildability influence the choice of slab type?
Different types of slabs will obviously be constructed in different ways. The influence of these
various construction methods on the buildability will be evaluated and compared with relation to:
 Time of erection
 Labor intensiveness
 Ease of repetitive work
 Installation of services horizontally suspended below the slab
D. Which type of slab is the most cost effective alternative?
After having discussed all of the abovementioned aspects, at the end of the project, the bottom
line is price:
 How much is the structure going to cost.
The two solid slab types and ribbed slabs will be compared by means of doing a cost estimate.
1.6. Objective of the study
The choice of which type of slab construction method to use is more often than not based on
personal preference exercised either by the architect or engineer. This is done without taking into

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account the various advantages and disadvantages of the different methods. The
architect/engineer often has a prefabricated idea of other construction methods that he is not use
to applying himself. This study will help such architects/engineers to at least look at alternative
methods and take them into consideration before pronouncing his preferred method as superior.
 General objective
 To compare two different slab construction types:
 interims of cost,
 Interims of quality and
 Interims of time.
 To recommend the most effective type of slab
 Specific objectives
This study will be conducted in order to reach a conclusion as to which type of slab is the
most effective. Three well established and commonly used slab types are compared with each
other. The study focuses mainly on the characteristics of each method’s slab and compares
them by evaluating each slab against various sets of criteria.
 To show the cost variation or cost difference of each slab

 To show the quality difference of each slab
 To show the time difference to construct/ erect each slab
 To show the influence of structural requirements for each slab
1.7. Scope of the study
 This study is limited to the comparison of two commonly used slab types.
 The majority of the study’s focus is based on the various characteristics of the types
of slabs, largely disregarding other building elements.
 The cost estimates are comparisons of the slab cost only of a single storey building.
1.8. The thesis overview
This study has focused on the comparison between solid slabs and ribbed slab types by assessing
the cost, time and quality.

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The study report is generally organized in five chapters and appendices:
Most sizeable buildings are constructed with the majority of their structural frame consisting of
reinforced concrete. This frame is designed to carry all loads that will be imposed on any part of
the structure and to transfer these loads to the foundations in such a way that the earth on which
it rests will be able to support the entire structure.
What makes concrete a favored material in structural components is the fact that it has great
compressive strength. It does however have two major weaknesses as well: It is very weak under
stress and the severe weight thereof. Concrete’s weakness under tension is overcome by
reinforcing it with steel which is very strong under stress as well as under compression. Steel
thus plays a major role in achieving spans with concrete members and can also play a great role
in reducing the size of concrete members which constitutes savings in weight.
Concrete slabs act as flat surfaces, carrying vertical loads imposed on them, as well as the weight
of the slab itself, by transferring these loads horizontally either directly, or via beams, to
columns. This creates tensile forces within the slab/beam which has to span from column to
column. Beams help to reduce the overall thickness of slabs by providing additional strength
only in areas where it is specifically necessary.
Columns receive horizontal loads from the slab and/or beams and then transfer it vertically
downward to the foundations. The weight of the slab creates compressive forces within the
columns which must then be large and strong enough to carry the slabs weight as well as the
weight of the column itself. The foundations on which the columns rest must then ensure that the
total load of the structure can safely be transferred to the earth on which it rests.
Having explained how loads are distributed throughout a concrete structure, it is thus obvious
that the heavier a structure is, the harder it will be to safely anchor it in the earth. Starting from
the top downward: The heavier a slab and its beams are, the stronger the columns on which it
rests must be. To increase column strength, larger columns with more concrete and steel must be
used. This adds additional weight to the structure which necessitates even larger and stronger
foundations to safely carry the structure which means even more concrete is used.

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As explained above, the larger a structure gets, the stronger its members have to be to safely
carry it. To do this, these structural members’ size are increased, but together with the gain in
strength, there is also a gain in weight. Increasing the size means more concrete, more steel, and
more money. For this reason ribbed slabs come to the construction industry. Hollow (Ribbed)
floor slabs are slabs economically designed and constructed using hollow blocks, removable
foams or permanent voids former such as clay pots. This type of floors have reduced self-weight
compared to the solid slabs. This is due to the fact that some of the concrete in the neutral zone
are removed. Ribbed slab are very adaptable for accommodating a range of service openings.
Keeping the structural frame of a building as light as possible is thus a top priority when trying to
limit the amount of material going into the structure to as little as possible.
A discussion and comparison of two different slab construction methods will follow in an
attempt to reach an answer as to which method is the most effective alternative.

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CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Building designs and constructions could be dated back to the existence of man on earth, and
over the years, various designs and construction methods have evolved. These evolutions have
led to the newest or modern designs and construction methods of various components or
elements of a building; such as floors, wall, ceilings and roofs. For instance, the design and
construction of floor slabs are usually solid, adequately reinforced in 2-direction and concreted.
The construction of these slabs usually requires much formwork, high number of reinforcement
provided in both ways (top and bottom) and high volume of concrete which resulted in an ample
time or duration of construction. But over the recent decades, engineering researches have
brought forth new designs that have led to new construction methods of floor slabs. These
modern designs now give birth to entirely new construction methods that totally differ from the
traditional way of constructing a solid slab. Hollow floor slabs, a product of modern designs,
now require less reinforcement, less formwork and less concrete as a result of the holes, space,
foams and balls that are incorporated in the slab. These now require a different method of on-site
construction of such slabs to achieve its design which could enhance time savings during
construction.
Lai (2010) attested to the fact that holes or voids, which are created in the floors replaces the
ineffective concrete in the neutral zone of the slab, thereby decreasing the dead weight and
increasing the efficiency of the slab. Thus, voids or holes are formed within the slab system.
These also give a significant advantage over the conventional solid slabs in terms of reduced
material usage (reinforcement and concrete), reduced cost, enhance structural efficiency,
decrease construction time and it is a new technology in the construction industry.

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Slabs are structures that transmit loads normal to their plane. Concrete slabs are widely in use as
floors not only in industrial and residential buildings but also as decks in bridges. The big
advantage is flexibility in method of manufacturing. They can be made in-situ as well as
prefabricated and brought to construction site.
According to Park and Gamble (1980) imposed design loads, spans, serviceability and strength
requirements are all very important aspects to be taken into consideration during slab
construction.
A flat slab is in essence, as described by Park (1980): “an extremely simple structure in concept
and construction, consisting of a slab of uniform thickness supported directly on columns.”
Goodchild (1997) recommended that:
 Solid flat slabs (with flush soffits) be utilized as in situations such as offices, hospitals,
hotels, flats, etc. where imposed loads are relatively light and columns are spaced at 5 to
9 meter spans in square panels
 Flat slabs with enlarged column heads be used for offices, retail buildings, hospitals,
hotels, etc. where slabs will be more heavily loaded, with columns spaced at 6 to 10
meter spans in square panels
 Flat slabs with drop panels should, similarly to with enlarged column heads, be used for
offices, hospitals, hotels, etc. where slabs will be more heavily loaded, with columns
spaced at 5 to 10 meter spans in square panels.
Park (1980) found that:
 Flush soffit flat slabs have limited strength in punching shear and are thus most suitable
for residential as well as some office construction, both with relatively short spans
 Flat slabs with drop panels as well as with capitals at column heads are more suitable for
larger loads and spans as often the case in heavily loaded industrial structures.
Two-way slabs are described by Park (1980) as “slabs supported on beams on all sides of each
panel.”

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Goodchild (1997) explains that the functionality of slabs with beams makes it a viable option
for: retail developments, warehouses, stores, etc. with spans of between 9 to 12 meters able to
carry heavier loads.
Park (1980) found slabs with beams contribute greatly to the overall stiffness of a building and
are thus suitable for: structures that must resist large horizontal loads by means of the concrete
frame.
Lutz (2002) investigated hollow floors from the aspect of prefabrication. In this method, the
floor is manufactured or prefabricated from the factory and just brought to site for assemblage
through anchorage. One of the advantages of this method is the delivery time which cannot be
compared to the in-situ construction.
Construction of formwork, placing of reinforcements, pouring of concrete or casting and removal

of formwork (Rupasinghe & Nolan, 2007); under these four steps, the construction process of
monolithic solid slab and hollow clay pot slab will be examined.
Kadir, (2006) discovered that significant difference occur between in-situ slab construction and
precast system up to about 76 per cent, with respect to delivery time. From these results, it could
be concluded that the difference in actual labor productivity between conventional and precast
system mainly contributed by the cycle time (difference of 76 per cent) rather than the crew size
(difference of 18 per cent). Shorter cycle time implies that total project construction time would
also be reduced, hence minimizing management overhead and meaning that owners can occupy
their house earlier.
Basri, (2008) Captured in the study of construction period as one of the critical factor in the
choice of a slab system that, 83% of the respondents agreed that precast construction would
result to faster completion of projects. In this survey, 100% of the projects were either completed
in the same period of time as conventional construction; or even faster. 26% of the projects cut
the 83% construction time while 52% recorded an astonishing savings in time.
From these points of view we want to show all the quality changes, time changes and cost
changes relative to each other.

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S.D.Bothara et.al studies about comparative effect of earthquake on flat slab & Grid floor
system consisting of beam spaced at regular intervals in perpendicular directions, monolithic
with slab.
A.B.Climent investigates about the effective width of reinforced concrete flat slab structures
subjected to seismic loading on the basis of dynamic shaking table tests. It is found from the test
results that the effective width tends to increase with the intensity of the seismic simulation, and
this increase is limited by the degradation of adherence between reinforcing steel and concrete
induced by the strain reversals caused by the earthquake.
M.A. Eebrik {a}) discussed about Flat-slab RC buildings exhibit several advantages over
conventional moment resisting frames. However the structural effectiveness of flat-slab
construction is hindered by its alleged inferior performance under earthquake loading. This is a
possible reason for the observation that no fragility analysis has been undertaken for this widely-
used structural system.
M.A. Eebrik {b}) focuses on the study of earthquake records compatible with the design
spectrum selected to represent the variability in ground motion. Inelastic response-history
analysis was used to analyze the random sample of structures subjected to the suite of records
scaled in terms of displacement spectral ordinates, whilst monitoring four performance limit
states. The fragility curves developed from this study were compared with the fragility curves
derived for moment-resisting RC frames. The study concluded that earthquake losses for flat-
slab structures are in the same range as for moment-resisting frames.
M.A. Eebrik discussed about loss estimation analysis of flat-slab structures, a reinforced
concrete structural form that exhibits behavior and response patterns distinct from conventional
moment frames.
U.Gupta et.al studies about flat slab building structures which are more significantly flexible
than traditional concrete frame/wall or frame structures, thus becoming more vulnerable to
seismic loading. Therefore, the characteristics of the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings
suggest that additional measures for guiding the conception and design of these structures in

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seismic regions are needed. To improve the performance of building having flat slabs under
seismic loading, provision of part shear walls is proposed in the present work.
S.W.Han et.al told about the effective beam width model (EBWM) used for predicting lateral
drifts and slab moments under lateral loads. They also studies on slab stiffness with respect to
crack formation. This studies developed equations for calculating slab stiffness reduction factor
by conducting nonlinear regression analysis using stiffness reduction factors.
R.K.Makode et.al discussed about the flat slab buildings in which slab is directly rested on
columns, have been adopted in many buildings constructed recently due to the advantage of
reduced floor to floor heights to meet the economical and architectural demands.
Y. Mirzaei et.al studies about the column failure due to an explosion can propagate in the
structure through punching shear failure at the location of the neighboring columns, leading to
progressive collapse.
K. S. Patil et.al study about optimum design of reinforced concrete flat slab with drop panel
according to the Indian code (IS 456-2000) is presented. The objective function is the total cost
of the structure including the cost of slab and columns. The cost of each structural element
covers that of material and labour for reinforcement, concrete and formwork. The structure is
model and analyzed using the direct design method. The optimization process is done for
different grade of concrete and steel. The comparative results for different grade of concrete and
steel is presented in tabulated form. Optimization for reinforced concrete flat slab buildings is
illustrated and the results of the optimum and conventional design procedures are compared. The
model is analyzed and design by using MATLAB software. Optimization is formulated is in
nonlinear programming problem (NLPP) by using sequential unconstrained minimization
technique (SUMT).
J. Prasad, S. Chander , A.K. Ahuja(2005) - This paper deals with the optimum design of
ribbed slab for medium size floors. In order to carry out the parametric investigation to arrive at
optimum values of ribs number and dimension for a given floor size. The ribbed slabs with
square floor plan of size 6x6 m, 7x7 m and 8x8 m have been considered keeping the residential
and office floors in mind.

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The author concludes that-
 For 6x6 m square floor plan, 5 ribs of 140mm depth is found to be structurally efficient
for 3KN/m2
for 3KN/ m2.
for 3KN/ m2.
Indrajit Chaudhary, Jitendra Singh (2012) - This paper propose a semi analytical method for
the analysis of ribbed slab with any arbitrary boundary conditions; fixed, free and simply
supported. To validate the results, selected cases are compared with finite element analysis. The
author concludes that-
 Two boundary conditions were selected; FEM results were lower bound by 12% with
respect to Timoshenko’s value for simply supported slab.
 Displacements for the proposed method are almost same as Timoshenko’s analysis and
shorter for analysis by FEM on ANSYS.
Anjaly Somshekhar, Preetha Prabhakaram (2015) - This paper focused on the structural
behavior of ribbed slab with and without opening and the effect of opening size and locations on
the ultimate load. In this paper the parametric study was conducted using implicit nonlinear finite
element software ANSYS.
 It is concluded from the results that special measures have to be taken to improve the
performance of ribbed slab.
 For the opening which is located in the area bounded by two column strips, a very small
effect was found in ultimate load, if opening width is less than 10% the width of the
column strip. Hence, opening in this zone must not exceed 10%.
 For the opening which is located in the area bounded by middle strips, no significant
change is observed in the ultimate load with different opening sizes.

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Dr. A.C. Galeb, T.E. Ibrahim (2014) - This paper aims to find the optimum dimensions of
post-tension concrete (two-way ribbed) ribbed slabs using standard dome size. Equivalent
frame design method is used for the structural analysis and design of slab.
 Span to depth ratio 1/23 to1/25 give an economic slab cost.

 Using minimum slab thickness give you minimum cost and weight.
 Using 750x750 domes with 150mm rib giving minimum cost and weight.
In July 2006, Matheas Kebede has done his work for the initial loading condition to carry out
experiment for investigating the response of pre-cast beams commonly used in construction. He
also carried out the cost comparison between the solid slab system and slab system with precast
joist. In the experiment, it is observed that failure is initiated by buckling of stirrups around the
supports where the maximum shear and maximum moment acts simultaneously and the mode of
failure is shear buckling failure.
In July 2004, Merid Belay made cost comparison of the ribbed slab, solid slab and the
composite beam/slab system; which is done only on the cost of the slab, without including the
cost effect on other structural members. He concludes that the precast beam/slab system is a
more economical section when used for small span building, but can be used up to 8.5m span,
however, the saving decrease as the span increases.

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CHAPTER 3
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research design
The research design involves preparation and selection of methods of collecting and analyzing a
data with aims to fulfill the research purpose. Research design is considered once the researcher
has determined the problem to be investigated with clear objectives and measurable hypothesis.
The effectiveness of the research design is determined by involving the following factors
namely,
 The means of obtaining information;

 The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any;
 The objective of the problem to be studied;
 The nature of the problem to be studied; and
 The availability of time and money for the research work.
The research design for this study will be both by qualitative and quantitative approach.
 Quantitative
Questioner design
 Open ended
 Closed ended
 Qualitative Approach
Field Work
 Observations
 Structured Interviews
3.2. Data analysis

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This chapter will present the method of the study on comparison of ribbed slabs construction
with solid slabs construction. A building will be taken for comparing and it may include the
preparation of plan, data collection from construction industry, estimation of quantities with their
costs. The research methodology to be employed on this study will include the following,
namely:
3.2.1. Population
The populations for this study will be
 Architects,
 Civil Engineers,
 Builders,
 Quantity Surveyors,
 Consultant and
 Contractors who are major participant in the construction activities in the construction
industry in Debre berhan town.
The targeted population will cover the total collection of all units of analysis and lead us to
conclusions.
3.2.2. Sampling
Secondary data
In this method data is collected from the following sources.
 Important Data will be collected, analyzed and reviewed from documented sources and
recordings on building construction projects. Here qualitative and quantitative data are
found to evaluate the cost, quality and time of each slab types.
 Using different books and websites which help to access sample information related to
effective slab construction.
 This approach will be complemented by a structured questionnaire survey of a sample of
construction stakeholders and workers.
 Site visits and interviews will be used to gather relevant data to test the study hypotheses
and achieve the research objectives. In this method project site observation is made. Here

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the moral, capacity to perform the job, methodology of construction, equipment

employed will be observed.
 Relevant gathered data will be used to test the study hypotheses and achieve the research
objectives.
 Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies will be used.
 Conclusions will be drawn and recommendations formulated from the analysis of the
data.
3.2.3. Questionnaires survey
3.2.3.1. Questionnaire design
A questionnaire could involve two different forms of questions, namely, open ended and closed
ended. Both open ended and closed ended forms of questions were adopted for this study.
 In closed ended questions, the respondents are given a range of statements which require
respondents to tick the appropriate box. The respondents are restricted according to the
way they should answer the questions. These types of questions are also known as
quantitative questions since their data is analyzed statistically.
 Open ended questions acquire the direct thoughts and insight of respondents. In open
ended questions, the answers of respondents are not influenced by the researcher inputs
hence the respondents speak or write what they really feel.
Closed ended Questionnaires or check list are prepared and distributed to selected building
construction project managers, project office and construction engineers, head quarter office
engineers and all team leaders, case team leaders and cost estimators and others personnel who
are responsible in procurement and store administration as well as selected work men those who
are working in the construction sites. These individuals are selected because they have high
experience to know more about the condition of the building construction problems to give
reliable information which is an important input for the research work in order to assess and find
out all the problems and their impacts very easily. Here quantitative data are obtained to
determine the cost effectiveness of each slab types.
 Develop survey questionnaire

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 Select sample frame

 Determine the sample size for the survey
 Determine the response rate
3.2.4. Interview experts
 Develop a structured interview content
 Determine which company will to interview
 Process a structure interview and schedule the time
CHAPTER 4
4. DISCUSSION AND RESULT
In this chapter we will address and discuss all our problems and we will try to answer /give
solutions for these problems by using our questioner answers and interviews as an input. And
finally we will justify the best (most effective type of slab) interims of cost, quality and time.
4.1. Data analysis from questioners
A total number of 20 (twenty) questionnaires were distributed which represent 100% for the
study. In all, a total of 14 questionnaires were returned which represent 70 % and 6
questionnaires were not returned which represent 30 % of the total 100%. Since the 14 returned
questionnaires represent 70 % of the total distributed, the sample size for the research was set at
14 (fourteen) based on the returned questionnaire. Among the returned questioners 3 which
represent 21.4 % are filled by consultants in Debre Berhan town and 11 which represents 78.4 %
are filled by contractors.
In these questioner we were trying to address the following major questions:
 “Which type of slab has a good visual aspect?” that is actually about quality.
 “Which type of slab is the most cost effective?”
 “Which type of slab takes more time to construct?”
According to these major questions we want to classify by counting and grading.

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The contractors and consultants who choose the slab types on that which slab type is preferable
in its quality has been analyzed below with its percentage. This is summarized by giving a short
description on how a favorite was decided upon while stipulating how the various slabs
compared within the sub-criteria in a table format being scored as follows:
1 – Less
2 – Medium
3 – High
Table 4.1.1. Aesthetic Quality grading
Types of slab Quality grade No of No of consultants total percentage

contractors
Solid flat slab 3 8 0 8 57.1
Solid beam slab 1 2 0 2 14.3
Ribbed slab 2 1 3 4 28.6
Table 4.1.2. Time consuming grading
Types of slab Grad No of contractor No of consultant Total percentage

e
Solid flat slab 2 1 0 1 7.15
Table 4.1.3. Cost effectiveness grading
Types of slab Grad No of contractor No of consultant Total percentage

e
Solid flat slab 1 0 0 0 0

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By combining these grades we can recommend that ribbed slab is the best solution and most
effective type of slab for Debre Berhan town as well for our country. From the questioners
ribbed slab is the most cost effective and from our interviews it is less time consuming relatively
since it mainly use prefabricated materials.
Now we are going to discuss all the comparisons by using all our primary and secondary sources.
A) Quality comparison
Under this comparison the quality of each slab will be assessed.
4.2. Do the structural requirements influence the choice of slab type?
When making a decision on which type of slab will be suitable for a specific design, various
factors must be taken into account in order to select the most favorable alternative.
During this chapter the basic design principles of each type of slab will be explained. Thereafter,
the abilities and capabilities of the various slab types with regards to their structural capacity will
be discussed in order to determine each slabs strengths and weaknesses. This in turn will act as a
basis for decision making as to which is the most favorable alternative for which situation.
Each slab’s capacity will be assessed through discussing its:
 Load carrying capabilities

 Spanning capabilities
 Ability to accommodate services – vertically

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In this chapter we will deal mainly on solid and flat slab types but we will see two types of solid
slab.
4.2.1. Solid flat slab
A flat slab is in essence, as described by Park (1980): “an extremely simple structure in concept
and construction, consisting of a slab of uniform thickness supported directly on columns.”
Flat slabs are thus commonly characterized as flush soffitted, easily and quickly constructed
slabs making them most economical (Goodchild 1997). This is however not always the case as
many “flat” slabs often require a certain (“panel”) size thickening of the slab where it rests on
columns which are often referred to as “drop panels.” These thickenings are often necessary to
overcome the slabs relatively weak resistance to punching shear and deflection – this will be
further discussed under the load carrying capabilities. An alternative method of overcoming
punching shear and deflection, albeit to a lesser degree, could be to create a capital (a widened,
tapering column head) which would then still leave a flush soffit.
4.2.1.1. Load carrying capabilities
Although flat slabs are often seen as the simplest and easiest way of construction, its load
carrying capabilities are often limited due to its weakness to punching shear at sections around
columns. What this basically means is that the columns supporting the slab tend to want to
“puncture” through the slab. This happens as a result of the difficulty to transfer loads, imposed
on the slab and/or the dead weight of the slab itself, successfully to the columns
The slab is punctured either because the area of exposure of the column head is too small to
successfully transfer the loads, or because the slab thickness itself does not provide sufficient
strength to resist the punching shear.
In an effort to enlarge the area of exposure, the heads of column are often enlarged where they
make contact with the slab, gradually tapering back to the actual size of the column. This would
greatly increase the shear carrying capacity of the slab.
To resist puncturing of the slab due to insufficient slab strength, ones first thoughts might be to
thicken the entire slab in order to give it more strength whilst at the same time retaining the

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advantages of a flush soffit. The main problem with a thickened slab is the major gain in dead
weight which must now also be transferred to the columns adding additional strain.
Drop panels are commonly used as the solution to the slab’s “thickness versus strength”
problem. The panels allow for thickenings in the slab at areas around columns where the
additional strength is specifically necessary. According to Goodchild (1997) these panels
increase the shear capacity as well as the stiffness of the slab allowing for thinner slabs to be
used as more concrete is only being used in these panels, in other words, where necessary.
Where making use of these drop panels or enlarged column heads is not possible due to other
factors such as architect’s requirements, aesthetic properties, etc, Park (1980) states that other
forms of shear reinforcement, such as metal shear heads, could be alternative solutions, but they
are usually costly.
4.2.1.2. Spanning capabilities
The distance that a slab is required to span between columns will have a great influence on its
shear carrying capacity. This principle can also be applied vice versa: the spanning capabilities
of a slab can also be largely influenced by the slab’s shear carrying capacity.
As stated above, flat slabs have a relatively low resistance to punching shear. This can however
greatly be influenced by the span between columns. Take for instance a slab with columns
spaced at smaller intervals, thus requiring more columns, in comparison to one which requires
large spans, entailing fewer columns. Where columns are spaced closer together, the imposed
loads as well as the dead weight of the slab can now be transferred to a greater number of
columns at smaller intervals, lightening the load that each column has to carry, thus lowering the
shear stress that the slab must resist. In Afrikaans one would say “vele hande maak vir ligte
werk” emphasizing the basic principle that if a load is spread out, it is carried easily.
The two major problems that many columns bring forth are that columns take up valuable floor
space and that more columns add more weight to the structure. It would thus be advantageous for

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the designer to find the balance between the correct carrying capacity for the intended imposed
loads on the structure and the optimum spacing of, or span between, columns.
Because spanning and load carrying capabilities are so closely related to one another, each
situation must be individually assessed in order to determine and adhere to specific requirements.
4.2.1.3. Ability to accommodate services – vertically
Many services within a building, for example plumbing, air-conditioning, electrical, etc. are
linked from floor to floor and must thus be able to run concurrently from one floor to the next.
This is usually done by having sleeves run through the floor slab, creating a void in the slab for
the services to pass through.
As punching shear to most flat slabs is usually a worrying factor, creating large holes/voids,
especially near to columns, could prove to be a problem. Proper planning of how and where
services are to run through slabs is thus a necessity in order not to influence the structural
integrity of the slab.
4.2.2. Solid beam slabs
When referring to “slabs with beams”, there are two possible ways of interpreting the term. It
could refer to one-way slabs which, for design as well as practical purposes, only span in one
direction. For the purposes of this study, slabs with beams will however refer to two-way slabs.
The load carrying capabilities of slabs with beams is one of the major advantages it has over its
rival systems. Because each panel of slab is in essence resting on its surrounding beams, the
main carriers of the loads are thus the beams and not the slab itself. This makes it possible to
minimize slab thickness, in comparison to that of flat slabs, to merely the thickness necessary for
enough strength to suspend loads between the beams. The span will obviously have a large
influence on this thickness as will be described in the section here after.
Down stand beams greatly strengthen a slab’s ability to deal with shear stresses as well as
deflection (Park 1980). This is done through the fact that the effective depth of the beam can be

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so much greater than that of a slab as it is only enlarged in the required areas. The transfer of
loads from the slab to columns produces high local and twisting moments as well as shear forces.
Beams can be easily reinforced to resist these forces and moments without influencing the design
and thickness of the entire slab.
As stated above, the slab with beams has a very large carrying capability. This is largely due to
the fact that the slab does not need to support itself from the columns only, meaning that all loads
imposed on the slab do not need to be transferred to the columns directly from the slab. The slab
is now divided into panels which only need to span between their surrounding beams. The beams
span between the columns, acting as a sort of stronger “middle man” for transferring the loads.
Larger spanning distances between columns can now be easily accommodated: larger spans
mean larger panels. The panels within the slab only require enough strength to transfer loads to
their individual perimeters as they span between their supporting beams. The beams are thus the
ones who ensure the safe transfer of loads to the columns and, as explained above, beams can
easily be reinforced to deal with larger moments and forces.
Goodchild (1997) explains that the functionality of slabs with beams makes it a viable option for:
retail developments, warehouses, stores, etc. with spans of between 9 to 12 meters able to carry
heavier loads.
Park (1980) found slabs with beams contribute greatly to the overall stiffness of a building and
are thus suitable for: structures that must resist large horizontal loads by means of the concrete
frame.
4.2.2.3. Ability to accommodate services - vertically
Panels within slabs are supported on all four sides by the perimeter beams. Creating voids in the
slab thus cause few structural problems as most of the stress is carried by the beams. Where
structural integrity is however affected by these voids, it can often be accommodated by
increasing the steel content of the slab with regards to the affected area.
4.2.3. Ribbed slabs

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Ribbed slabs are in-situ concrete ribs with hollow blocks or voids. These type of structural plate
systems can minimize formwork complexity by using standard modular, reusable formwork.
When flying form panels are used, the ribs should be positioned away from the column lines.
Ribbed slab floors are very adaptable for accommodating a range of service openings. This type
of ribbed slab constructions is frequently built in Addis Ababa and other regions and here in
Debre Berhan.
Ribbed slabs have the ability to carry loads. Because each panel of slab is in essence resting on
its surrounding beams, the main carriers of the loads are thus the beams and not the slab itself
just like solid beam slabs. The self-weight of this slab is very low relative to other slab types. So
that it can minimize the load to be transferred. But ribbed slabs are not suitable for heavy loads
or dynamic loads. They are also difficult to repair or strengthen.
If the span of the ribbed slab exceeds 6.0m, transverse ribs shall be provided. When these ribs are
provided, the center to center distance shall not exceed 20 times the overall depth of the ribbed
slab. The transverse ribs shall be designed for at least half of the value of maximum moments
and shear force in the longitudinal ribs. These slabs are economical for the span between 8 to 12
meters.
4.2.3.3. Ability to accommodate services - vertically
Panels within slabs are supported on all four sides by the perimeter beams just like solid beam
slabs. But the beams may be hidden or may have depth greater than the thickness of the slab.
As we discuss on the load carrying capacity the dead load is on minimum, so that it can have the
ability to accommodate services vertically.

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4.3. What influences does the type of slab have on the visual aspects of the
structure?
Each type of slab has its own unique qualities which influence their visual aspects in various
ways. The person responsible for the aesthetic design (the architect for example) is interested in
the visual aspects of the structure. While on the other hand, one has the person responsible for
the structural design (the structural engineer for example), who is interested in how the structure
works, rather than how it looks. This often leads to clashing priorities when it comes to bringing
their designs together.
The visual aspects might in different cases have a varying influence on choice of slab, depending
on how important the building’s finishing is: A prestigious shopping centre requires a much
higher aesthetic finish than an industrial warehouse for example.
Another influencing factor is whether the concrete will be visible at all: Where there is a
suspended ceiling below a soffit, the finish of the soffit itself is not important at all. Goodchild
(1997) emphasizes the need for aesthetic requirements to be discussed by saying that “if the
structure is to be exposed, a realistic strategy to obtain the desired standard of finish should be
formulated and agreed by the whole team.”
During this chapter the visual aspects of the various types of slabs will be discussed and will then
be further evaluated with regards to:
 Flexibility
 Building height
 Ability to accommodate services – horizontally
4.3.1. Solid Flat Slabs
The flush soffit of the flat slab is easily accepted as an adequate ceiling finish, depending on the
level of finish of the formwork. Where smooth formwork is used, the surface can be left as is, or
be painted which often produces a finish of a high quality. Where rough formwork is used, the
soffit is often plastered and then painted.

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Similarly to the influence that the type of formwork used will have on how the soffit looks after
being cast, the quality of workmanship applied by the contractor casting the concrete can have
just as great an influence. This is especially applicable in the cases of flat slabs with drop panels
and where use is made of widened column heads.
Drop panels require formwork to be boxed out around columns and thickenings at column heads
special and/or purpose made formwork. Concrete in its liquid state will fill any irregularity in the
boxed out and purpose made formwork leaving the soffit/column head with an often noticeably
irregular finish. This is so because the surrounding slab and rest of the column were cast on/in
matching forms which produces a uniform look.
Fig.4.2.1. Flat slab with drop panels and Flat slab with thickened columns heads
4.3.1.1. Flexibility
The layout of internal divisions within the building, partitions for example, can easily be
accommodated and changed without the need for any in depth consideration on how the layout
will fit into the grid of beams in order to eliminate unsightly junctions of beams with partitions.
The partitions will always look like they fit as there are no unwanted obstructions in their way.
4.3.1.2. Building height
The floor-to-floor height of a multi-story building is predominantly determined by its floor to

ceiling height. The flush soffit, or relatively flat soffit in some cases, of flat slabs can be an
advantageous characteristic when trying to regulate the building height. As there are no, or rather
insignificant (drop panels), projections from the soffit, in cases where no suspended ceiling is
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required, the floor to ceiling height can be measured from the finished floor level to the soffit of
the slab above.
Comparing the abovementioned to slabs with beams, it is thus obvious that as saving in the floor-
to-floor height can be made as ceiling height is not measured to the underside of beams, but
rather the slab itself. This leads Park (1980) to construe that one may be enabled “to have and
additional floor for approximately each 10 floors, as compared with a two-way slab (slab with
beams).”
4.3.1.3. Ability to accommodate services - horizontally
Services of a smaller nature, electrical wiring for example, can easily be accommodated by flat
slabs by casting conduits into the slab and drawing the wiring through these conduits. This also
makes it possible to mount light fittings directly onto the soffit at the points where the wiring
emerges out of the slab, concealing the wiring entirely within the slab.
Because the slab has no, or relatively minor, projections from the soffit, services mounted to
soffits can run uninterruptedly in any direction as there are no obstructions in the way.
In cases where floor-to-floor height has been kept to a minimum in order to reduce overall
building height, this system does however have the disadvantageous characteristic of having
limited head room. This can prove to be problematic when trying to accommodate large air-
conditioning ducts, as they cannot be so easily concealed in ceiling voids as there are no, or very
small, ceiling voids. Careful design co-ordination between the mechanical engineer and the
architect will be necessary to overcome this hurdle.
4.3.2. Solid beam slab
In order to obtain a good quality finish to the soffit of slabs with beams, one of two things is
required:
 High quality workmanship to ensure a refined finish is left by smooth forms or;
 Plastering, preferably the entire soffit, but otherwise, the areas with most the noticeable
imperfections. Only such well rounded off soffits will usually grant the slab with beams
to be an acceptable ceiling finish.

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In most cases, where aesthetic quality is of importance, suspended ceilings are usually hung
from the slabs, concealing the slab with its projections and imperfections while at the same
time producing a void where other services can be hidden.
Fig. 4.2.2. Slab with beams
Where the soffit of the slab is utilized as the ceiling finish, the grid of down stand beams must be
taken carefully into consideration when designing the internal layout of the building. A lack
thereof could lead to many unsightly junctions of beams and partitions at unusual angles, which
can create a sort of “awkward,” feel to a room.
In cases where use is made of a suspended ceiling, the internal layout is entirely flexible and
independent of the beam layout.
Even though the presence of beams reduces the required floor thickness, the overall height of the
beam itself, in comparison to the thickness of flat slabs, is still larger. As the floor to ceiling
height is determined from the floor to the lowest point projecting from the soffit, the overall
floor-to-floor distance necessary will thus be greater to satisfy the height requirements.
Electrical conduits and wiring can, just like with flat slabs, be cast into the slab with relative
ease. Because floor-to-ceiling height is measured to the underside of the beams, a large, unused
void is now created between the beams and according to Hale (1972) “this space can often be
used to accommodate services.”

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The down stand beams do however also cause a problem where these services must bypass these
beams. This complicates the design of such services and could necessitate an even lower
suspended ceiling to keep the services concealed where they cross paths with beams.
4.3.3. Ribbed slab

Like flat slabs the layout of internal divisions within the building, partitions for example, can
easily be accommodated and changed without the need for any in depth consideration on how the
layout will fit into the grid of beams in order to eliminate unsightly junctions of beams with
partitions. The partitions will always look like they fit as there are no unwanted obstructions in
their way.
The floor-to-floor height of a multi-story building is predominantly determined by its floor to

ceiling height. Since ribbed slabs can be flat soffit the flush soffit, or relatively flat soffit in some
cases, of ribbed slabs can be an advantageous characteristic when trying to regulate the building
height. The floor to ceiling height can be measured from the finished floor level to the soffit of
the slab above.
Services of a smaller nature, electrical wiring for example, can easily be accommodated by
ribbed slabs by casting conduits into the ribs or by passing them with in the ribbed slab blocks
and drawing the wiring through these conduits. This also makes it possible to mount light fittings
directly onto the soffit at the points where the wiring emerges out of the slab, concealing the
wiring entirely within the slab. This type of slab is the easiest type of slab since the conduits can
be easily placed with in the blocks.
B) Time comparison
4.4. How does buildability (ease of construction) influence the choice of slab type?

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Buildability is a factor which is often overlooked in the construction industry, especially

during design stages. This often leads to buildability problems which usually only surface
themselves after construction commences. One of the major reasons why buildability
problems occur is because designers and builders must be able to look at a project through
each other’s eyes in order to overcome such issues and this would require knowledge in two
aspects by both parties (Tindiwensi, 2000).
Buildability is defined as “the extent to which a building design facilitates ease of

construction whilst other clients’ requirements are met” (Wong et al, 2006). Looking at the
latter part of the definition, “clients’ requirements” relate to the three major client objectives
that must be met during a project: time, cost and quality.
Quality has been dealt with in previous chapters in terms of the quality of the various slabs’
finishes as well as their structural qualities. Cost, on the other hand, will be dealt with in the
following chapter.
The focus of this chapter will be directed on the “ease of construction” part of the
abovementioned definition which is in close relation to the project time requirements of the
client. Further factors influencing the ease of construction of the various slab types will be
discussed accordingly, namely:
 Time of erection
 Labor intensiveness
 Ease of repetitive work
 Installation of services horizontally suspended below the slab
4.4.1. Solid Flat Slabs
The erection of a cast in situ concrete slab is a time consuming and laborious process. Props are
to be placed at appropriate interval, carrying the bearers/stringers. Joists are laid at right angles
on top of theses bearers, on which the formwork panels rest. These joists must be spaced at the
correct width to support the panel size. Props are then adjusted to position the formwork at the
correct height above bearing level. This must be done very carefully to ensure that the slab is
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poured at the correct level throughout. Once the formwork is laid correctly, the steel
reinforcement must now be laid down on the formwork and fixed in the appropriate manner.
Only after this process is completed successfully and to the engineer’s approval can the concrete
be poured.
In the construction of solid flat slabs, this erection process is limited to its simplest form: since
the soffit of the slab is flush, all formwork is placed at the same height and reinforcing can be
laid on a flat, uniform surface.
In the case of flat slabs with dropped panels, this simplicity is somewhat reduced. The general
slab area’s formwork remains the same, but the dropped panels around columns necessitate
formwork to be propped at a lower level than the rest of the slab and would thus need additional,
vertical formwork to the edges of the panel to compensate for the change in height. Steel
reinforcement must now also be stepped down from the general slab area into the drop panels
and back out again.
Where column heads are used in conjunction with flat slabs, the ease of slab erection remains the
same. It is now the ease with which columns are erected which is influenced. Where custom
heads are required, they must specifically be made. Where use is made of standard heads which
can be purchased off of the shelf, or hired, this nonetheless requires more effort in erecting the
formwork into position than would uniformly shaped formwork from top to bottom.

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Fig. 4.3.1.Traditional flat slab formwork
4.4.1.1. Time of erection
As solid flat slabs are one of the simplest forms of slab construction, it is also one of the fastest
to erect. Goodchild (1997) points out that one of the main advantages of constructing flat slabs is
the speed with which formwork can be placed and construction can commence. He also points
out that in flat slabs with drop panels, formwork may be disrupted, extending the construction
period thereof.
The use of column heads often necessitate that columns be poured to below where the head
thickening starts, and the head be poured thereafter. Goodchild (1997) states that: “unless the
whole column can be poured at one time, column heads can disrupt cycle times.”
4.4.1.2. Labor intensiveness
Any form of slab requires a large quantity of labour to construct. With solid flat slabs being the
simplest, it requires the least labor. Dropped panels and widened column heads do however
necessitate additional labor, increasing their labor intensiveness.

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4.4.1.3. Ease of repetitive work
This form of slab is of uniform thickness and is flush soffitted throughout, signifying that the
construction of any section of slab is repeated throughout the entire area of the slab. Only the
reinforcing placed on the formwork can vary in different areas of the slab as this is to an
engineer’s specific, load bearing, design requirements.
The additional work required to be done at each drop panel or widened column head is repeated
at all columns specified and the work will also become easier as the process is repeated
throughout the slab.
4.4.1.4. Installation of services horizontally suspended below slab
Buildability is affected in that where services are suspended below the flush soffit of the slab,
there are no obstructions in the way of these services. There thus would be no need to step such
services around down stand beams, necessitating extra bends, fittings and labour, nor to cast
sleeves into/core drill though beams for them to run through.
Since dropped panels do not project greatly from the general slab soffit, they would also have a
minimal effect. Different hanger lengths would be necessary though.
Thickened column heads would have no effect.
4.4.2. Solid beam slab
Slabs with beams are erected in much the same way as flat slabs. Formwork is propped up,
reinforcing is placed and the concrete is poured. Beams are however usually cast monolithically
with the slab, which necessitates their appropriate forms and reinforcement to be prepared and
ready together with that of the slab. This is done by placing the slab formwork at the appropriate
level, leaving voids in bands where the beams are to be situated. These voids are then closed up
with formwork to the soffit of the beam at the desired level – lower than that of the slab. Vertical
formwork is then placed to create the sides of the beam.

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Steel reinforcing is placed on top of the slab formwork, as with flat slabs, but must now also be
fixed to the beam reinforcing, laid in the down stand. The slab’s concrete is then poured over
these forms, filling the down stands and so doing, creating beams.
Fig. 4.3.2. Beam formwork
The additional formwork required to create the down stands in the slab formwork will increase
the time it will take to prepare the formwork to receive the reinforcing and will “deter fast
formwork cycles” (Goodchild 1997).
The steel reinforcement must now also be placed into the confined space of the down stand and
must still be fixed to the adjacent slab reinforcing. This will also take more time than fixing the
steel on a uniform surface.
4.4.2.2. Labour intensiveness
The already labour intensive process of preparing the formwork and reinforcing for the concrete
to be poured now requires even more labour in erecting and propping up beam soffit formwork at
an additional lower level than that of the slab. The sides of the beam now also require vertical
formwork to be erected and appropriately supported to resist the forces of the concrete in its
liquid state.

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The addition of beam down stands to soffits of slabs interrupts the repetitive nature of erecting a
flush soffitted slab. Beams are also often of varying sizes which leads one to conclude that this
form of slab does not lend itself to repetitive work.
Services running below the slab can either run through beams, or bend around them. Sleeves can
be cast into beams to allow for services to run through, but the layout of services have are hardly
ever determined by the time the structural frame is being erected. Bending of services around
beams require additional (usually costly) fittings as well as labour in installing such fittings. This
again contributes to the labour intensiveness.
4.4.3. Ribbed slabs
Ribbed slabs are done after the formworks has been erected the bars will be meshed on the
required place that means on the cast in-situ ribs placement space. After these the blocks will be
placed and the concrete casting will go on.
As ribbed slabs are one of the simplest forms of slab construction, it is also one of the fastest to
erect.
Since the soffit of these type of slab is flat it is easy to erect formworks, it is also easy to erect
partitions at any where we want, no need to see where the beam is located.
No more much bar placement is required and concrete placement so it is easy to erect ribbed
slabs with in the minimum time.
4.4.3.2. Labour intensiveness
Any form of slab requires a large quantity of labour to construct. With ribbed slabs being the
simplest, it requires the least labor. This is because of the minimum work in concrete casting and
prefabricated materials are transported and placed by equipment’s.

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As like flat slabs this form of slab is of uniform thickness and is flat soffitted throughout,
signifying that the construction of any section of slab is repeated throughout the entire area of the
slab. Only the reinforcing placed on the formwork can vary in different areas of the slab as this is
to an engineer’s specific, load bearing, design requirements. As repetitive works are more the
time/ speed of construction will increase.
Services running below the slab can either run through beams, or pass through the blocks.
Sleeves can be cast into beams to allow for services to run through, or as we explained pass
through the ribbed blocks.
C) Cost comparison
4.5. Which type of slab is the most cost effective alternative?
The decision as to which type of slab will be utilized for a certain project is made by looking
at various factors and satisfying necessary criteria. For the employer, the defining factor
would be cost.
Structural design is done by the structural engineer and it is his responsibility to ensure that
the structure is able to carry and withstand the loads for which it is designed. The visual
aspects of the building are mainly determined by the architect’s design and he is responsible
for producing a building which is in compliance with the aesthetic requirements. It is the
responsibility of the contractor to construct the building and he must thus overcome any
buildability constraints encountered.
As it can be seen, these various factors discussed in the aforementioned chapters are to be
addressed by parties, appointed by the client to do so. The factor with which the client is thus
mainly concerned is the cost of the project, as it is his responsibility to provide the financing.
There are countless factors which can have an influence on the cost of erecting a structure.
This chapter will focus on estimating the cost of constructing the various types of slabs,
focusing on the main cost contributing elements as highlighted by Goodchild (1997):
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“Concrete, formwork and reinforcement in floor plates (slabs) constitute up to 90% of

superstructure costs.”
4.5.1. Cost estimating
For cost estimating purposes, a comparison will be done on two solid slabs and ribbed slabs
of a uniform size, incorporating all and only the elements which influence the cost of erecting
the slab itself. To estimate these cost we consider a G+1 living apartment with an area of
7.1m* 10.7m= 75.97m2.
Foundation types and sizes can only be determined once ground conditions are known and
will thus be excluded from these calculations.
Other elements like stairs or lift shafts for example have also been excluded as they will also
be constructed in much the same way in all slab types. The area is taken from the slab design
that we have.
4.5.1.1. Solid flat slabs
The unit cost is taken from the cost break down done in 2009 Debre Berhan town
Table 4.5.1.1.1. Solid flat slab cost estimate
Concrete slab 200mm thick
Materials cost/unit/birr Quantity Amount/birr
Concrete 2774.3/m3 14.46 40116.378
Reinforcement 8mm 40.56/kg 197.3 8002.488
16mm 46.2 294.67 13613.754
20mm 46.2 435.2 20106.24
Formwork 236.28/m3 72.8 17201.184
Total cost = 99,040.044 birr

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4.5.1.2. Slabs with beams
Table 4.5.1.2.1. Slab with beams cost estimate
Concrete slab 150mm thick
Concrete 2774.3 13.497 37444.727
Reinforcement 6mm 50.54/kg 166.73 8426.53
8mm 40.56 475.2 19274.112
14mm 37.13 683.8 25389.494
Formwork 236.28/m2 99.63 23540.58
4.5.1.3. Ribbed slab
Table 4.5.1.3.1. Slab with its ribs cost estimate
Thickness of slab 260mm
Main beam 30*26 and sub beam 20*26
Concrete 2774.3 10.47 29,046.921
Reinforcement 6mm 50.54 339.413 17153.93
8mm 40.56 398.46 16161.54
Formwork 236.28 72.8 17201.184
Filling blocks 15 742 11,130

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From these analysis our cost break down shows that ribbed slab is the most cost effective than
the other.
The next cost effective type of slab is solid flat slab.
4.5.2. Summary of the analysis
In order to reach a conclusion, the objective was to decide on a clear favorite within each aspect
under review. This was done by breaking down each sub-problem into further criteria in order to
effectively compare the slabs. This is summarized by giving a short description on how a favorite
was decided upon while stipulating how the various slabs compared within the sub-criteria in a
table format being scored as follows:
1- Poor
2- Average
3- Best
Do structural requirements influence the choice of slab type?
Different slabs are intended to be used for different situations making use of the slab best able to
carry the loads that it is intended for. From a pure strength aspect however, the slab with beams
proves to be the favorite with its ability to be strengthened in the necessary zones by means of
beams.
Table 4.5.2.1. Slab strength comparison
Slab type Load carrying Spanning Accommodation of services –

capabilities capabilities vertically
Solid flat 1 1 1
slabs
Solid beam 3 2 3
slabs
Ribbed slabs 1 3 3

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What influence does the type of slab have on visual aspects of the structure?
The main factor to determine is firstly whether the slab will be visual. If so, then the desired
quality finish must be determined and so constructed. From an aesthetic point of view, the
flush soffit and relatively reduced building height makes the solid flat slab ribbed slabs are
good choices.
Table 4.5.2.2. Slab aesthetic comparison
Slab type Flexibility Building height Accommodation of services –horizontally

Solid flat slabs 2 3 3
Solid beam slabs 1 1 2
Ribbed slabs 2 3 3
How does buildability influence the choice of slab type?
Buildability often turns out to be “the builder’s problem” with not much though being given
thereto by the designers. From a buildability perspective, the obvious choice would be slab
construction in its simplest form: Solid flat slabs.
Table 4.5.2.3. Slab buildability comparison
Slab type Erection time Labour intensity Repetitive work Horizontal service
installation
Solid flat slabs 3 3 3 3
Solid beam slabs 1 1 1 1
Ribbed slabs 3 3 3 3

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Which type of slab is the most cost effective alternative?
In limiting the cost comparison to slab cost only, many other factors might not have been
taken into account. The most cost effective alternative goes to ribbed slab.
Table 4.5.2.4. Slab cost comparison
Types of slab Cost/birr

Solid flat slab 99,040.044
Solid beam slab 114,075.443
Ribbed slab 90,693.575
By using our worked cost estimation ribbed slab is the most cost effective type of slab and the
medium cost effective type of slab is solid beam slab.

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CHAPTER 5
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. CONCLUSIONS
A study was done by comparing four different types of slabs: Three that are commonly made use
of in the industry and one which is a relatively new innovation trying to prove itself in the
market.
In an attempt to determine the most suitable slab, they were compared with regards to three
aspects:
 Quality, under this we were trying to see two sub aspects

 Strength
 Aesthetics
 Time, under this we have seen the sub aspect
 Buildability
 Cost
In making a decision as to “which type of slab is the most effective solution to concrete
structures,” there are many factors which one must take into account. The first of which
being: What will the intended use of the building be? This will determine its structural
requirements and only after this criterion has been satisfied, can other factors be considered.
Each type of slab discussed has its own set of characteristics and although many of these
characteristics were shared by more than one slab, it was found that different slabs were more
suited for different situations.
However, in order to address the main problem, one must look at the overall picture of how
these slabs faired in all aspects compared. In doing so, a conclusion can be reached that in
most cases; the ribbed slab would be the most effective solution to slab structures. This
conclusion is reached by deducing from the studies that although the two other slab
variations do each have their various advantageous characteristics over those of the ribbed
slabs, other positive attributes of the slab is lost in trying to gain such advantages.

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In actual fact, when looking at how the ribbed slab faired in all comparisons, one finds that it
was a favorable option for almost all criteria. The only major weak point identified being its
severe weight, having an impact on its load carrying and weak water tightness.
After taking all factors into consideration, the main problem is solved by the ribbed slab
which in most cases is the most effective solution to slab structures.

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5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
This study was limited to mainly a comparison of the slabs interims of cost, quality and time.
 Interims of its aesthetic quality comparison we recommend solid flat slab as well ribbed
slab according to our project analysis and interims of its strength solid beam slab is
preferable.
 Interims of its cost effectiveness ribbed slab is the best type of slab. As we made an
analysis on these slab types ribbed slabs can minimize the formwork, concrete (almost
no), minimize reinforcement bar and the speed of construction is high. Next to these solid
flat slab is recommended.
 Interims of its time of construction solid beam slab is the slab that takes more time, but
solid flat slab and solid beam slabs are the least time consuming slabs. Specially ribbed
slab is the best type of slab to erect easily.
From our analysis all the consultants and contractors did not make any formal cost analysis
to select the effective type of slab. We want to recommend for clients, contractors and
consultants.
 The clients especially the owners of living apartments, schools and any buildings in
which no more live loads applied on it must have to use ribbed slabs. If they need
medium type of slab we recommend solid flat slab, since if its punching shear design is
well designed solid flat slab is the best on its quality, time and cost next to ribbed slab.
But ribbed slab is not applicable for buildings having the highest live load.

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 We also recommend for contractors to make analysis on which slab is preferable in its
quality, cost and time.
 The consultants must recommend their customers the most effective type of slab by
making analysis and by suggesting them.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
From secondary sources of data
Internet “google.com” on
A research done on “which type of slab is the most effective solution to concrete structures?” By:
Willem David Visser
A concrete research by Shabbar et al
A research done by Samir H. Helou*, Munther Diab on Slabs with Hidden Beams, Facts and
Fallacies
Design of hollow block slabs by Dr.Islam M. El-Habbal
A research done by Oluwaseun Sunday Dosumu1 and Olumide Afolarin Adenuga2 on

Assessment of Cost Variation in Solid and Hollow Floor Construction in Lagos State
The research done by Mr. amit d chougule, Mr.manoj h. mota and dr. Mrs. ushadevi s patil
on filler slab as alternative construction technology
The research done by TL Lau on The Load Transfer Mechanism between the Reinforced
Concrete Ribbed Slabs and Their Supporting Columns
Comparative Study of Flat Slab with Old Traditional Two Way Slab by Sumit Pahwa ,Vivek
Tiwari and Madhavi Prajapati

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A study on Seismic capacity of rc hollow block slab building and retrofitting systems by Waleed
Abo El-Wafa Mohamed
A study on Cost comparison between conventional and flat slab structures by Amrut Manvi,
Sandeep Gouripur, Pooja Sambrekar, Ramanjeetkaur1 and Dr. Kishor S. Kulkurni
A thesis done on Simplified analysis and design considerations of precast joist in one way ribbed
slab by Sophonyas asrat
*Author, Name of the book, Publisher, Year, Page (use this format)
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY TO CONSTRUCTION

PARTICIPANTS
DEBRE BIRHAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATE STUDY PROGRAM
Research Topic “COMPARISON BETWEEN RIBBED SLAB AND SOLID SLAB
INTERIMS OF COST, QUALITY AND TIME IN DEBRE BERHAN TOWN”
This research survey is designed to fulfill an academic requirement for a B.Sc program in
Construction Technology and Management at the Debre berhan University. I can assure you that
the research data will only be used solely for the academic purpose and will be treated with strict
confidentiality. Particular mentioning of names will not be required anywhere.
Your open and prompt response is highly appreciated.

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RESEARCHER’S INFORMATION
Name; Sisay Takele
Phone; +251-922108350
E-mail; sistake333@gmail
Field of study; BSc. In Construction Technology and Management Stream
Advisor; MOHAMMED (MSC in construction technology and management)
Co advisor; ADMASU ( BSC in construction technology and management)
I. Respondent Profile
1. Qualification level: Below diploma College diploma
BSc MSc & Above
2. What is your position in your firm?
3. Your work experience in this Firm:

Below 2 years 2-5 years
5-10 years above 10 years
II. Company/Project Information

1. Which of the following grades qualifies your company?
GC 1 GC 2 GC 3 below GC 4
BC 1 BC 2 BC 3 below BC 4
2. What is the purpose of the Building?

Office School Apartment/Residence
Hotel Multi-purpose Commercial Others
3. What is the contract duration of the project? --------------------- Calander Days
4. What is the total contract price of the project? ------------------- Birr.
5. How many percent of the work is executed now? -----------------%

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Cost related questions

1. Which type of slab you recommend interims of its cost effectiveness?
Ribbed slab solid beam slab solid flat slab
2. What things must be considered during design and construction of this type
of slab to be cost effective?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Does your company has done any cost estimate to compare the slab types
to choose the most cost effective slab type?
Yes No
4. What material costs can be minimized when using this type of slab?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What work methodologies you can use to minimize the cost of this slab?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Quality related questions

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6. Which type of slab is preferable in its visual aspect of the structure?

7. Does the visual aspect has an influence on the choice of slab
Yes No
8. Does the flexibility has an influence on the quality of this slab?
Yes No
9. Does load carrying capability has an effect on quality of this slab?
Yes No
10.Does the building floor to ceiling height has an influence on the quality of
slab?
Yes No
11.If yes for question 10 what influences are those?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Time related questions
12.Which type of slab takes more time to construct?
13.What methodologies you may use to minimize the time required to build this
slab?
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..
14.Does the time of erection has any effect on buildability of this slab?

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Yes No
15.Does labor intensiveness has an effect on buildability and time of
construction?
Yes No
16. How much time you may take to finish these slab construction (in hours)?
……………………………………………
17.Does the time taken to construct these slabs has an effect on the quality of
slab?
Yes No

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COMPARISON BETWEEN SOLID SLAB AND RIBBED SLAB INTERIMS OF COST, QUALITY AND

TIME IN D/B TOWN

-Titles should be placed in a new page, especially chapters.

Writing on header and footer is not needed

1.2. The Research Motivations

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 2

Adjust the Line organization on page 3 and page 4

Table 1.4.1. Research questions

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 Which type of slab is the most cost effective alternative?

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 To show the cost variation or cost difference of each slab

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The study report is generally organized in five chapters and appendices:

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SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 7

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 8

Goodchild (1997) recommended that:

Park (1980) found that:

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Construction of formwork, placing of reinforcements, pouring of concrete or casting and removal

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 10

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 11

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 12

The author concludes that-

The author concludes that-

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 13

The author concludes that-

 Span to depth ratio 1/23 to1/25 give an economic slab cost.

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 The means of obtaining information;

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 15

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 16

the moral, capacity to perform the job, methodology of construction, equipment

 Develop survey questionnaire

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 17

 Select sample frame

4. DISCUSSION AND RESULT

4.1. Data analysis from questioners

In these questioner we were trying to address the following major questions:

According to these major questions we want to classify by counting and grading.

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Table 4.1.1. Aesthetic Quality grading

Types of slab Quality grade No of No of consultants total percentage

Table 4.1.2. Time consuming grading

Types of slab Grad No of contractor No of consultant Total percentage

Table 4.1.3. Cost effectiveness grading

Types of slab Grad No of contractor No of consultant Total percentage

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 19

Solid beam slab 2 3 0 3 21.4

Under this comparison the quality of each slab will be assessed.

4.2. Do the structural requirements influence the choice of slab type?

Each slab’s capacity will be assessed through discussing its:

 Load carrying capabilities

SENIOR PROJECT BY GROUP 2 20

4.2.1. Solid flat slab

4.2.1.1. Load carrying capabilities

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4.2.1.2. Spanning capabilities

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4.2.1.3. Ability to accommodate services – vertically

4.2.2. Solid beam slabs

4.2.2.1. Load carrying capabilities