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Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure Volume 3 PDF
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure Volume 3 PDF
Reflec1s the very latest Egyptian Code provisions (ECP 203- 2007)
and includes all major changes and additions.
Numerous illustrations and figures for each topic.
Good theoretical background for each topic with code provisions.
Extensive examples in each chapter utilizing SI units.
All examples are worked out step-by-step ranging from
simple to advanced.
Full reinforcement details for every example.
Numerous design charts.
DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Volume 3
First Edition
2008
First Print
Second Print
: September 2006
: September 2007
PREFACE
Teaching reinforced concrete design, carrying out research relevant to the
behavior of reinforced concrete members, as well as designing concrete
structures motivated the preparation of this book.
This volume is considered part of a series of books that covers the subject of
Reinforced Concrete Design. The success and the po.sitive feedbat;k that we
have received from our students and colleagues have provided the inspiration
for us to proceed with volume three. Due to the numerous changes in the
provisions of the 2007 edition of the Egyptian Code of Practice ECP 203, the
publication of this volume became more of a necessity than mere addition.
The first vol.\.! covers the fundamentals of reinforced concrete design and the
design of beams whereas the second volume focuses primarily on the design of
slabs, columns and frames. This third volume covers the following topics:
Numerous illustrative examples are given, the solution of which has been
supplied so as to supplement the theoretical background and to familiarize the
reader with the steps involved in actual design problem solving. To ensure the
accuracy, all of the examples in this book are solved and verified using EXCEL
spread sheet programs that were prepared exclusively for this book.
In writing the book, the authors are conscious of a debt to many sources, to
friends, colleagues, and co-workers in the field. Finally, this is as good a place
as any for the authors to express their indebtedness to their honorable professors
of Egypt, Canada and the U.S.A. Their contributions in introducing the authors
to the field will always be remembered with the deepest gratitude.
The book is aimed at two different groups. First, by treating the material in a
logical and unified form, it is hoped that it can serve as a useful text for
undergraduate and graduate student courses on reinforced concrete. Secondly,
as a result of the continuing activity in the design and construction of reinforced
concrete structures, it will be of value to practicing structural engineers. The
authors strongly recommend that the Code be utilized as a companion
publication to this book.
1
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ii
4. CONTROL OF CRACKING
2. DEEP BEAMS AND CORBELS
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 205
2.2 Deep beams ............................................................................................ 206
2.2.1 General ..................................................................................... 2{)6
2.2.2.1 The Empirical Design Method .................................... 210
2.2.2.2 Design Using the Strut and Tie Method ...................... 217
2.2.3 Detailing of Other Types of Deep Beams ................................ 218
2.2.3.1 Bottom Loaded Deep Beam ........................................ 218
2.2.3.2 Continuous Deep Beams ............................................. 219
2.2.3.3 Deep Beam Supporting Another Deep Beam.............. 222
2.3 Shear- Friction Concept ............ '" ............................................................. 223
2.4 Short Cantilevers (Brackets or Corbels) ................................................... 228
Example 2.1 ...................................................................................... 232
Example 2.2 ...................................................................................... 238
3. CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 242
3.2 Load-Deflection Behavior of RC Beams .................................................. 243
3.3 Moment of Inertia of RC sections ............................................................. 244
3.3.1 Gross moment of inertia .......................................................... 244
3.3.2 Cracked Transformed Moment of Inertia ................................ 246
3.3.3 Effective moment of inertia Ie ................................................. 250
3.4 Code Provisions for Control of Deflections .............................................. 252
3.4.1 Limiting Deflection by Span-Depth Ratio (Approach One) .... 252
3.4.1.1 Beams and One-Way slabs .......................................... 252
3.4.1.2 Two-way slabs ............................................................. 253
3.4.2 Calculation of Deflection (Approach Two) ............................. 254
3.4.2.1 Calculation of Immediate Deflection .......................... 254
3.4.2.2 Long Term Deflection ................................................. 2,55
3.4.2.3 Permissible Deflections ............................................... 257
3.4.2.4 Deflection of Continuous Beams ................................ 261
Example 3.1 ...................................................................................... 263
Example 3.2 ...................................................................................... 266
Example 3.3 ...................................................................................... 270
Example 3.4 ..............................:....................................................... 275
Example 3.5 ...................................................................................... 278
Example 3.6 ...................................................................................... 284
iii
5. DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 324
5.2 Types of Foundations ........ ,........................................................................ 325
5.3 Soil Pressure under concentrically Loaded Footings ................................ 328
5.4 Soil Pressure under Eccentrically Loaded Footings ................................. 330
Example 5.1 ...................................................................................... 333
5.5 Gross and Net Soil Pressures .................................................................... 336
Example 5.2 ...................................................................................... 338
5.6 Design of Isolated Footings ...................................................................... 339
5.6.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 339
5.6.2 Design Steps ............................................................................ 340
Example 5.3 ...................................................................................... 347
5.7 Combined Footings ................................................................................... 353
Example 5.4: Combined footing with PC ......................................... 356
Example 5.5: RC combined footing resting directly on soil... .......... 368
5.8 Strap Footings ...... ;, ................................................................................... 377
Example 5.6 ..................................................................... :................ 378
5.9 Raft Foundations ....................................................................................... 389
5.9.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 389
5.9.2 Conventional Rigid Method..................................................... 390
5.9.3 Analysis of the Raft Using Computer Programs ..................... 397
5.9.3.1 Modeling of the Raft ................................................... 397
5.9.3.2 Modeling of the soil .................................................... 397
5.9.3.3 Analysis of the Computer Output... ............................. 401
Example 5.8: Raft using the Conventional method ......................... .403
iv
6. STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL
6.1 Introductior ............................................................................................ 471
6.2 Principle of Band D Regions .................................................................. .473
6.3 Components of the Strut-and-Tie Model ................................................. .476
6.4 Design of the Struts ................................................................................... 479
6.4.1 Idealization of the Strut.. .......................................................... 479
6.4.2 Strength of Un-reinforced Struts ............................................. .482
6.4.3 Strength of Reinforced Struts ................................................. .485
6.5 Design of Ties ........................................................................................... 486
6.5.1 Strength of the Tie .................................................................. .486
6.5.2 Anchorage of Reinforcement.. ................................................. 486
6.6 Design of Nodal Zones ............................................................................. 487
6.6.1 Types of Nodal Zones .............................................................. 487
6.6.2 Strength of Nodal Zones .......................................................... 488
6.7 Applications .............................................................. ,............................. 490
Example 1 ......................................................................................... 495
Example 2 ................................................................ '" ...................... 503
Example 3 ......................................................................................... 511
vi
. . D e termma
lOns
.................. . 662
Example 8.13: Determination of P and e combinations ................... 668
8.8 Reduction of Prestressing Force Near Supports ....................................... 677
8.9 Deflection of Prestressed Beams ............................................................... 678
8.9.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 678
8.9.2 Calculations of Deflections in the ECP 203 ............................ 679
Example 8.14 ..................................................... :.............................. 683
Example 8.15 .................................................................................... 686
Example 8.16 .................................................................................... 691
vii
viii
1
ARCHES, SPECIAL TYPES OF FRAMES AND
TRII,$SES >~
1.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the use and design of reinforced concrete arches and
trusses as supporting elements of systems that cover halls having relatively
large spans. It 'covers also the design and the construction of the saw tooth roofs
in which the light from the windows is directly reflected by the roof inside the
hall giving a uniform distribution of natural light.
Choosing the most economical structural system depends on many factors such
as the type .of soil, the architectural features of the building, and most
importantly the span that needs to be covered. Table 1.1 gives the suitable
structural system according to the span of the hall (short direction). For
example, simple girders are suitable for relatively short spans (7-10 m) while
frames are appropriate for medium spans (12-2Sm). In contrast, arches and
trusses are suitable to cover large spans.
Sec. A-A
Span
Simple girders
7~lOm
Frames
12~2S
20~40m
Trusses
20~40m
Vierendeel Systems
30~40m
m
Concrete in compression
F1. . . . ~
bd-
IB
Sec. B-B
Knowing that the mentioned maximum stresses act at the extreme fibers only
and that all other fibers are less stressed, one can directly observe that the
simple beam is not an efficient structural system. It should be mentioned that in
a simple beam, significant parts of the concrete sections are not participating in
resisting the applied straining actions and constitute additional weight as shown
in Fig. 1.1 b. If the unnecessary concrete is removed from a simple beam, an
arch with a tie would result as shown in Fig. 1.1c.
Arched girders of convenient form are mainly subject to high compressive
forces and low bending moments and shearing forces. Nearly all sections of the
arch are approximately subjected to the same average compressive stress which
means a high efficiency in the use of reinforced concrete as a building material.
For this reasons, arched roofs give a convenient economic solution for long
span roof structures without intermediate supports in cases where a flat roof
surface is not necessary to meet the functional requirements of the structures.
However, flat roofs or floors can occasionally' be supported on arched girders.
al
One of the most convenient systems for resisting uniform gravity loads is the
two-hinged parabolic arch with a tie. This system is externally statically
determinate and internally once statically indeterminate.
The equation of the axis of the arch according to Fig. (1.2) is given by:
t
b
I
Atie
L =
a2 =
4f x
where
f
t
= 0.1562
f
rise of the arch
span of the arch
b t3
80 Alie
(1.4)
(1.5)
The amount of tension in the tie varies considerably according thickness of the
arch, the steel in the tie, and the rise of arch f However, it is customary to take
the factor A equals 0.95. Thus, the horizontal thrust =the force in the tie
uniform load
H == 0.95
{ l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l i l l i III
.
w xL2
........................................ (1.6)
wxU
f
x
Hence, the critical section in the arch girder is subjected to a compressive force
H and a bending moment M. The tie beam, on the other hand, is subjected to an
axial tension force, H. It should be noted the bending moment induced in the tie
beam due to its own weight is negligible. The span of the tie beam under its
own weight is the distance between the posts.
W L2
H =A - - ............................................ {1.2)
8f
where
A=
1+a; +a2
4
In large-span big covered halls, reinforced concrete arches with ties are usually
used as the main supporting elements. In order to get relatively reasonable
dimensions of the arches, the spacing between arches should be in the range of
5.0 ms to 7.0 ms. Hangers are provided in order to prevent saging of the ties
under its own weight.
Figure 1.3 shows the layout of the supporting elements of a hall that is 25.0 ms
wide, 36.0 ms long and 5.0 ms clear height. The main supporting element is
chosen as an arch with a tie spanning in the short direction arranged every 6. 0
ms.
- --
p PPT P? T T , J
10x2.S0=2S.0 m
ro E
Q)
m 0E
ro
The arch rests on reinforced concrete columns. These columns should provide a
reasonable bearing area to the arch. Out-of-the plane of the arch, these columns
are connected together with the semelles, the wall beams and the top beams.
The horizontal roof consists of horizontal continuous beams supporting the roof
slabs. These beams transmit their loads to the curved girder of the arch through
a system of short members called posts. These short members serve also to
reduce the span of the tie and consequently reduce the moments due to its own
weight (they hang-up the tie).
"0
<:
0
0
U)
U)
The columns supporting the arches are connected in the out-of-plane direction
using a continuous beam at the top level of the columns and a wall beam at the
mid-height. In case of a weak soil, semelles are provided at the foundation level
in order to connect the footings together to reduce the effect of differential
settlements. Otherwise, they could be provided at the bottom end of the frame
leg to support the wall above and reduce the buckling length.
X
0
0
C\I
Q)
en
@--E
-5 8
<ri
(')
<~
U)
II
o
<ri
x
(')
,/
<:0
EO
.a~
ox
00
U)
(')
CD
- --
@--
Plan
Fig. 1.3a A hall covered with arches (horizontal roof)
6
!=lAtlnnrt"rv beam
(250x550)
Tie Beam
:350x500)
B-+
Lri
00
II
1:
.2'
Q)
.s::
13
i,.
"
Semelle
(250X600)
Sec. A-A
Fig.1.3b A Hall covered with arches (continued)
.....
Slab
/Th=120mm
,
~
Tie Beam
(350x500) \
~seCOndaiY_Beam
Arch1350x1000)
(200x550)
Post (200x200)
Beam (250x500)
connecting arches \
Beam (250X550L1
conhectin;:; columns
CD
Column
(350x1300)
I
9melle (250x600) I
i'
Sec. B-B
Fig. 1.3c A hall covered with arches (c(mtinued)
II
The dimensions of the arch system can be estimated according to Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Recommended dimensions for arch with a tie system
Item
Dimension
tg
SpanJ25
bg
250-400mm
ttie
tt
Arch spacing
4~7m
Span /(6 -+ 8)
Roof Angle
24 0 _ 320
.00
Column thickness
hl15 or Span/20
-0 0
:J
:0
Oxo
C')
10
C')
Post spacing
2~4m
Post dimensions
200 x 200mm
'"
-~
Q)
til
Q)
(J)~
, .Q
cg
ctI X
.....;..co:s
clO
OC\!
co:s
o~
oS
(I)
UJ
.~
....0
0
;..
co:s
bJl
4:l
;..
Figure 1.4 shows an arch with a tie that is used as the main supporting element
for the roof of a hall 25.0 ms wide. The roof has variable levels that allows for
indirect lighting. The horizontal part of the roof consists of horizontal slab
supported on continuous beams. These beams are supported by the posts. The
middle part of the roofis a curved slab supported also on continuous beams that
transmit the loads to the arched girder.
til
(I)~
.0 0
10
~IO
_0
:g~
lri
0. 0
C\!
C\!
0
Q,
Q,
'"=
;..
Q).
til X
-0 0
cO
oC\!
"0
.....;..bJl
o~
"0
(I)
UJ
Q)
-=
-<=
'o:t;
....
C.I
;..
co:s
.....oil
r..
E
E
cO
Eg
:J~
o~
010
C')
4.~-----------
11
________ _
T
The statical system can be summarized as follows:
,",Vll'-lvLv
North light
window
".,/
~~ ~
__
5" Sun
" ...
_/~Sunpath
North
Dimension
tg
bg
300-400mm
Frame spacing
4~7m
Roof Angle
24 0 _ 320
Column thickness
(0.8
Post spacing
2~4m
Post dimensions
Ridge beam thickness
200x200mm
1.0) tg
South
One should note the difference between Sec. A-A and Sec. B-B. At Sec. B-B
the inclined simple beams and the roof slabs are at the level of the frame. At
Sec. BooB, these elements are at the top level of the posts. As shown in Sec. C-C,
the frames are connected together in the out of plane direction at three levels,
namely at the girder level, approximately at mid-height of the column (frame
leg) and at the level of the foundations where semelles are provided to' support
the walls.
200-300mm
Note: As the rain water is accumulated at the
lowest point of the slab, it is essential to
choose -the shape of cross-section of the
girder of the frame in the form of a Y-shape
so that there is sufficient space for the rain
water and the necessary slopes for the gutter.
13
12
~.
~~S>7
~N0?
I
-
lij/
<D
.co
~o
.ctO
ttl x
(!)o
,to
rn
Pm
(])
'UN
;9
ill
.....
1]
~
......
:.a
<
(])
8-<
(])
P.~
-f:-
..!:l
1::
0
~
(])
;9
..!:l
c.>
.S
S
.....m
+-E
M
(")
II
to
0
0
to
X
III 00
~
to
x
ttl
<D
<0
(])
:>..
/
o
<DO
(])
S
rn
E""
ttl~
tl:4
LLO
rn
to
~
l-<
<8
c.>
1;
S
0
tco
EO
.=!~
ox
00
to
~
(])
m'
>-<
rn
.-<
ciJ
ii:
8x2,50=20.0 m
-I
Plan
Fig.l.6b North light saw-tooth system (Frames)
(North direction is normal to the span)
14
15
- y-
I 200x200
Slab (Th.=100
200x300
D--1' dOD ,/ DO
/
\
\
.....
0')
Sec. Beam
200x500
Frame
350x1400
:c
Wall beam
250x500
~E
.c:o
au;
Frame
Column
.!!! 11
<.)
~.(,'<;.(,'<;.(,'<;.(,"
"
RIC Footing
1200
....:'-
Semelle
(250x500)
, PIC Footing
Sec. A-A
~=n'W'"i"tdtt
~.
'Z'i"n'W"'MW:-
Ridge beam
200x300
Secondary beam
200x500
Slab (Th.=100mm)
rPost /
200x200
.....
"
\.
Frame
350x1400
Wall beam
250x500
Frame
Column
----I
I
~,(,'{,(,'{,(,X,(,-V
Semelle
(250x500)
Sec. B-B
Fig.l.6d North light saw tooth system (frames) (cont.)
,
ents
1.3.1.2 Arches as the Main supporting Elent
Figure L7 shoWS the generallayout of a hall 28.0 ms wide and 36.0 IDS long in
which the north is normal to Ihe short direCtion and is covered so that a uniform
. distribution of natural light is provided. Reinforced concrete arches are utilized
as Ihe main supporting e\ements and are arranged parallel to Ihe short direction
,of the hall .
. The statical system can be summarized as follows:
The arches are arranged every 6.0 ms in order to obtain a
reasonably economic system.
The inclined roof slab consists of a system of one-way slabs
that are supported on a system of inclinedsimply supported
beams.
The inclined simply supported beams are supported on the
posts acting as compression members at one side and on the
UI
U
u
CI)
00
.c::
;.0
0
0
;.0
~
l:l
<I.l
J!
.c::
;.0
I-<
Z
CI)
1.0
...;
-:!
18
N~
-
--~-
--
--~-
~ ~ ~
i
cp
i
~
i
~ ~ ~
C?i
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
1/
10x2.8=28.0 m
!J
-B0
0
+->
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
1/
1/
II
II
cO
II
II
II
1/
1/
\I
II
II
1/
cO
x
II
II
II
1/
\I
II
II
II
II
\I
II
II
II
II
II
1/
1/
II
II
II
II
\I
II
'"
.-e:
+->
~
I
"0
s:1
@--
-B
.~
+->
00
:>,.
'"
.-e:
u
@--
<8
<0
....ctI
....
(')
Q)
S
0
@--
II
II
ctI
r--:
.-<
1/
bi:J
@--
II
II
II
II
II
1/
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
1/
1/
II
II
II
II
\I
1/
11..<: ~II
II~ ~II
II ~I\
1/
II ~ -.:t
118 x0
II
II
II
\I
II
II
II
II
II
\I
II
II
II
\I
00
l()
(')
----
1/
1/
\I
II
II
II
II
II
II
----
PIan
Fig. 1.7b North-light saw-tooth system (Arches)
20
4-
1/
----
00
......
II
II
II
21
--
beam
(200x550)
Ser.ondRrv
BI
B-+
(350x1200)
(350x600)
tv
tv
E
o
r-..:
Semelle
28.00m
Sec. A-A
Fig. 1.7c North-light saw-tooth system (Arches) (cont.)
Girder
Post
200x200
Tie beam
350x600
Beam
20ci'X600
Column
I\)
eN
350x1400mm
Wall beam
(250x600mm)
RIC Footing
Sec. B-B
Fig. 1.7d North-light saw-tooth system (Arches) (cont.)
Table 1.4 gives guide lines for choosing the dimensions of the system.
Span/(l2-+ 14)
Frame spacing
4-+7m
Y-beam spacing
4-+6m
Roofheight (f)
Y-beam spacing/2
Roof Angle
24 - 32
(0.80 -+ 1.0) tg
Figure 1.8 shows the general layout of a hall 22.0 ms wide and 27.0 ms long in
which the north is parallel to the short direction and is covered so that a uniform
distribution of natural light is provided. Reinforced concrete frames ate utilized
as the main supporting elements and are arranged parallel to the short direction
of the hall.
(0.4 -+ 0.60)
Y-beam thickness
Frame spacing/(6-+8)
Post spacing
2-+4m
Post dimensions
200x200mm
A system of horizontal continuous beams (called the Ybeams) is supported on the frames.
tg
24
25
.-
cp
i
~i
~B
N~
~i
--0
~i
[-:--~
c.:s
~.
Q)
-B
....0
--0
--
c;;
t:d
p..
.~
.........
,..c::'
0
--
Q)
-B
,..c::
C)
.....~
8
....
Q)
'":>-.
'"
E
0
r..:
C\I
"
V-beam
.200/(300x800)
--@
._---
_.
-I-A
"<t
lli
E
r-N
l{)
--@
--
Q)
Sec. Beam
~
c.:s
200xSOO
.....
c8
.
80
C)
Frame
--
--@
(3S0x1600)
Q)
.......
'"
c.:s
~
......
ciJ
I .:-beam Spacing.. I
--0
4xS.S=22.0 m
. 1
14
Plan
Fig. 1.8b North-light saw-tooth system (Frames)
(North direction is parallel to the span)
_..
26
27
Detail-2
Sec. beam
200x500
1400
eJ
;z:
,/
Detail-1
V-beam
200/(300x800)
~I
00
Detail-1
--
sJo
~~
Frame
Column
Frame
35OX1600
~~2S0
200
__
1-1
300
il
Wall beam
2S0xSOO
.r::.o
Detail-2
i..o
Q) II
C3
:w-,
200
RIC Footing
Semelle
PIC Footing
fsoa
Section A-A
Fig.1.8c North-light saw-tooth system (Frames) (cont.)
Slab (1 OOmm)
Ridge beam
200xSSO
""
Sec.b
200xSOO
:--
1
V-beam
200/(300x800)
Post /
200x200
"'
Frame girder . /
3S0x1600
N
1.0
Wall beam
2S0xSOO
I
,
'1
/I
RIC Footing/
/'
semelle,,~
PIC Footinl./
Section B-B
Fig. 1.8d North-light saw-tooth system (Frames) (cont.)
cp
Trusses in reinforced concrete are seldom used and their shape is generally
chosen similar to those constructed in steel.
cv
Truss
-,.--
~i
,0
Figure 1.9 shows the general layout of a hall 20.0 ms wide and 25.0 ms long in
which the north is parallel to the short direction and is covered so that a uniform
distribution of natural light is provided. Reinforced concrete trusses are utilized
as the main supporting elements and are arranged parallel to the short direction
of the hall.
--
--
V-beam
A system of horizontal continuous beams (called the Ybeams) are supported on the trusses every 5.0 ms.
The inclined roof consists of a system of one-way slabs. At
the location of the trusses, the slabs are supported on the
diagonal members. Between trusses, inclined beams are
provided to support the slabs. The inclined beams are simply
supported at posts from one side and directly at the Y-beam
from the other side.
The posts are supported directly on the Y-beams and are
connected in the plane of the Y-beams by the ridge beam.
These posts can be assumed to resist axial forces only.
200/(300x900)
a
10
C\I
II
It)
x
It)
FF-
A+
Sec. Beam
at-
200x500
Truss
H-
--
1-
c
~
\ End-Gable beam
250x800
4x5.0=20.0 m
Plan
Fig. 1.10a North-light saw-tooth system (Truss)
(Noth direction is parallel to thespau)
30
31
Ridge beam
200x500
Vertical members
Top chord
Diagonal members
Slab(100mm)
V-beam
200/(300x900)
Bottom chord
tv
~I ~
CD
.s::
III
lti
CD
II
Wall beam
(3
Sec. A-A
Fig. 1.10b North-light saw-tooth system (Truss) (cout.)
Ridge beam
200x500
Truss behind
Post
200x200
Post
200x200
V-beam
(200/300)x900
Wail beam
Sec. B-B
Fig.l.l0c North-light saw-tooth system (Truss) (cout.)
"- ",:g~E
E
E
8
0::1
0 i5
100
c!Cl
~~
~O
E ll!
:::.
Ol
m3
.0
cu
Ci.i
I-
cu c:
LJ
,/"
't r-
..,J
'-"
,.-...
t--
'"'"
=
s
.....
"E
0<1>
<I>~
oJ:>
:1::-
~~
Q,)
00
'EE
;>.
'"
'"
..=
.....
Ol
>
3- The bending moments and shearing forces due to the fact that in
reinforced concrete trusses, the joints are partially rigid.
'-"
E~
S~
2- The bending moments and shearing forces due to the direct loads
on the members of the truss on which the slabs are supported,
and
<:)
c:.l
.:
<I>
,.-...
_I
_I
<:)
<:)
c:
E
::I
i5
f-_
u .....
I
U
cl
Q,)
00
~
1:':1
'"
l$
=
A
~
1::
<:)
Z
=t =t
1
t4
= span
36
= (0.8 -0.9) tl
't:S
0
.-I
oil
II
/~--~~~--~~----~I
1-_ _.....fII_I-I"T"'"_ _
!ij 0
..
""'"T'~_---T-I
OlO
.010
~g
32
a:
f-
C\I
34
35
N~ cp cp cp cp cp cp <? cp cp ~
I.
?I
10x3.5-35.0 m
Co
Eo
Cl.g
0
0
::JUl
x
00
~~
<ri
,/
.!!lo
-larce
o~
--
E
0
0
<ri
@-
~~<ri
!Xl
<>
Ql
(J)
EO
0
0
--
C~
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o:s E
Ql
::JC\I
ox
<0
X
0
...
0
0
C\I
E
0
0
<ri
Ivieren eelGir er
'-
II
IrOUX;j~pU mm
JI
II
_II
II
-II -
II
'--
Plan
100000000
I
_m ""'" I
1
""Om",
ri Id_
Columns
aoove
Span =L
al
Slab
pOOmm)\ c:i
Sec. beam
200x600\
13.50 m I
Vierendeel
ulraer
Section A-A
36
37
L- ' - -
cp
0) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
I
I
I
I
I ~I
I
~i
-?
1Ox3.5=35.0 m
0--
,/
co
~~
(1\10
C)(
-gg
~I
00000
DODD
I
3.50m
VierendeelGirder
400x3000m m
Column
400x1200
EO
::110
-)(
00
010
Wall Beam
C\I
wC\l
@-RIC footing
PIC footing
@--
E
(1\
<II
m
c.i
<II
en
--Eo
1!;
E
E
@>
0
0
Co
Section A-A
EC\I
::I~
-)(
CD
00
)(
O~
0
0
C\I
~o
---
~ieren selGir
~OOx3(
~r
pOmm
--
Column
400x1200
Wall beam
250x500
@)---
Semelle
250x500
RIC Footing
@--
d-
Section B-B
Plan
Fig.l.13a Vierendeel girder
38
39
Summary
Figure 1.14 gives guidelines for choosing the appropriate structural system
when indirect light is needed according to the span and the direction of the
north.
I!
lil
ti
>en
V-beam
c:
iii
::2
r-
<e-t
l...-
Span (L)
t-B
I
Mal!
Syst
'mcD
.-- 1- Frame
(L < 20 m) .
k=dt-l--==:::j g
'-
CJ)
...l
+-B
B-Main system normal to the north
41
E
E
C\I
~
@-
Ol
-~~
en
or-
toX
10
0-
15x
0
10
E~
lU~
U:~
::I~
o~
tID
(')
E
Ol
lU
.a
(')
1ij
3:
Ii
.Q
til
c-
I~~
x-
a
e-
Ol
Bituminous
material
....
0-
=
g
('II
~
~
I)~
('II
~
\""4
e-
!il
Ol
f;I;l
0
0
m 10
x
0
0
Ol
en
0-~
.~
~
Column
Column
18
Ol~
to
E~
lUX
'It
0
e--~
0
C\I
U:~
Insulation
material
(')
cO
E~
::IX
G-
f',
OlO
c8
EO
010
G-
015
tID
0(')
1
Fig. 1.16 Expansion joints details
42
43
high rise
building
Settelment
joint
I
/
~
'---'
Settelment
joint
-~
,,-<.
'---'
Low rise
building
L-....J
L--J
Oetail-A
SectIOn 1-1
Low rise
Column
Compressible
material
High rise
Column
Reinforced Concrete
Raft
Photo 1.6 Settlement joints is provided between low and high-rise buildings
Beam
Plain Concrete
Raft
Settelment
joint
Detail-A
45
3-6m
3-6m
~econdary beam
~
~
'i
<')
Wall area.:
(25-30 m")
Wall beam
I E
"<t
end as shown in Fig. l.lSb. In such a case, a frame is used at the end of the
hall. End gable consists of a group of columns that are connected to the frame
by dowels to reduce their buckling length and to allow for possible future
demOlishing the wall. The length of the dowels should not be less than the
development length of the steel bars (Ld) as shown in Fig. l.ISc. Moreover,
compressible material should be provided to allow for the deflection of the
secondary beam
Floor Level
-.I_
End gable
Column
_.
\ .
\ R.C. footiflQ.
Plain Concrete
footing
'\semelle
Sec A-A
Wall beam
End gable
11
(Column,
/
I
Maingirder
Compressible
matenal
dowels
Main girder
.1
3-6m
3-6m
Detail C
Wall area.:
(25:30m2)
Frame
Column
Wall beam
End gable
Column
Detail C
I
;r,
End gable
Column
Floor Level
I
I--
"samelle
.1.
\ Plain Concrete
footing
R.C. footifly
SecB-8
46
47
Solution
A-Wrokshop
Since the span of the hall is relatively large, and indirect lighting is required,
RC frames are utilized as the main structural element. The spacing between the
frames is chosen as S.Om.
Item
tg
Span/(12-714)
= 16112 == 1.3m
Frame spacing
4-77m
Sm
Frame height (0
Frame spacingl2
2.Sm
Column thickness
0.80 tg
Secondary beam
=Smx1000/1O =SOOmm
Post spacing
2----*4m
2m
Post dimensions
200x200mm
200 x 200 mm
= 2000/8 = 2S0mm
c:5
Workshop
~------------------__-L________~ ~
/--
-/-
16m
8m
Plan
B-Storage Area
A simple girder spanning 8.0 ms is chosen for the storage area. The spacing
between these girders is taken the same as that between the frames (S.Om).
Secondary beams are provided to get reasonable slab dimensions (S.O x4.0 ms).
.
Spall 8x1000
Glrder depth = - - =
=800 mm
10
10
r...:
S
0
or)
Section
48
49
ex5.0=30.0 m
/'
!-I'I>
T
....
~
I\)
;...
=
::;-
en
0
3
.!!..
;...
00
VI
CXI
End-Gable col.
250x500.........
Beam
(200x500)
....
1'==:1
..,==
m+-
'"
~
....
Frame
(350x1300) ""'"
~.;
I.--
Column
(350x1100)"
C/)
1\3[[
en _
'i
~
CXI
CXI
0
3
CD
<9.
a.
o
..9
Beam
(200x500)
Column
(250x500N
D~
I
~~
~.
Slab (Th.=100mm)
Ridge beam
Post
1200~OO
/200x250
10001 liDO
\
\sec. Beam
200x500
Slab (Th.=120mm)
Simple Girder
(250xBOO) \
Frame
350x1300
Wall beam
250x500
Column
(350i<1100)
:c
'1il' E
.c:o
.<:lo
'" !3
VI
:a~
.......
011
tuLri
.2!
0
Semelle
(250x500)
RIC Footing
'
Semelle
(250xSOO)
\. PIC Footina
\.
II
Bx2.00=1e.0 m
\.
B.O m
<11
Eo
<110
Q)
.0"1
Q) X
Q)O
Q)1O
.ox
010
=:5
'Co
a:
"I
<::0
E:::
~"I
..2~
The figure given below shows a car maintenance workshop that consists of a
main hall that spans 18.0 ms attached to an office area of 9.0 ms span. It is
required to propose an appropriate structural system for such a structure.
Columns are only allowed at the outside perimeter as weHas on line abo
=:5
Q) x
Eo
Q)1O
en "I
010
O~
I-
9m
18m
-I
Plan
Skylight
o
Q)o
E~
<11 x
~O
f T:l
LLIO
C'l
r-
r-
'11
Irl
Section elevation
52
53
-r-
Irl
..f
Solution
A-Main Hall
Since the span of the main hall is relatively large, RC frames are used as the
main structural elements. Posts supported on the girder of the frames are
utilized to support the skylight roof.
Iii
~~
.,0
:o~
(!l0
"0
~l!J
ill
.10
-gC\l
w
tg
Span/(12-t 14)
Frame spacing
4-t7m
5m
Frame spacing /2
2.5m
Column thickness
0.80 tg
Secondary beam
Post dimensions
..
= 5 m x 1000/10 = 500 mm
200x200mm
I<@;
The layout of the car workshop is given in the following set of figures.
+-
--@
II
o
.0
x
~ 0~
<0
.,~~
x
a:lg
1ii~
Ox
0.0
0
L
cO
u.~
o~
'.~~
10
::I~
-fQ
010
U'"
00
Simple Ilirder
--@
250x90 )
,.
I
I
8x2.25=18.0 m
55
--@
~s
E~
9.0m
54
-I
E
o
ci
(')
B-Office area
.
Span 9x1000
Glrder depth = - - =
= 900 mm
10
10
i-
-
., I
.co
"51
<'>0
.,
--()
Irt
The figure below shows a medical facility that consists of two large halls
covered with horizontal roof. Hall (1) spans 18.0 ms while hall (2) spans 15.0
ms. Columns are only allowed on the outside perimeter. Clear height of the
halls is 6.0m. It is required to suggest an appropriate structural system.
~ 0
iii
~
rn
'"
tl
.--
l-
WOS'v=
t41l!84 JIl810
]s
00
.!!
:s
~'"
tnt:!,
(1)
rColumns are not
E
E
E
E
CIl ::J
&to
I-
"ii
a__ t~o:e~ __ ~
c:
GI
GIS
=g
Gl
Eox
GlIO
_._----------.....1
b
rn~
C7.i
00
~
'-....
I-
WO'L=
t46!84 JIl810
~t
(2)
0
0
Glen
E
o
cO
E~
~~
:::
11.10
til
~l
en
"ii
o
o
Eo
8lg
COx
0
0
C\I
'0
go
I~
rnC\l
u; l
0
0
D.. C\I
WO'~
V
Cl
Eo
CIlO
GlIO
-.0
~
X
0
'5
0
11.
a:
I~
56
c:
~
-I'
15 m
20m
Plan
11.
I ~
Section A-A
57
-I
Solution
Hall (1)
Since the span of the hall is relatively large, and north light is not required, a
frame system with secondary horizontal beams is chosen. The spacing between
the frames is chosen as 5.0m, while the spacing between the secondary beams is
taken as 3.0 m.
Item
Suggested dimensions
a
""~....
N
III
<;l
.....
LL
Chosen dimensions
00
tg
Span/(I2--t 14)
Frame spacing
4--t7m
5.0m
Column thickness
0.80 tg
<@)
Sec.Beam
200x500
1/
Q)
0(')
~
0
0
(')
C\l
Secondary beam
Hall(2)
t i'
~c
Item
Suggested dimensions
Chosen dimensions
tg
Span/(12--t 14)
Frame spacing
4--t7 m
5.0m
Column thickness
0.80 tg
Secondary beam
B ~
The layout of the medical facility is given in the following set of figure~.
58
Column
300x800/1100
III
0--
j""
10
Q)
0
0
CD-
0
0
Column
300x700/900
)(
C\l
Since columns are not allowed inside the halls, some of the frames of Hall (1)
have to be supported on another frame that spans 15m. Such a frame is
separated from the frame that constitutes a part of the main system of Hall (2)
by an expansion joint. The expansion joint is needed since the length of the hall
is more than 40.0m.
A-J
Frame
400x1600
expansion joint
Frame
300(xllOO)
6x2.~15.00
59
Detail C
.1
-I
43.2 m
I..
..,
Eo
"
mg
~~
~~
~~
'ai
E
Q)
~~
S'
fI)
-I-
(1)
-~
C'l
=
.."
.a E
a:J
Ci5
..
"
Ia
"1
-<
l:l
0
0
I-
-+
Q)
C.I
Q)(')
E~
cu
.."
e~
u.g
-<
<cJ
cJ
a)
Cf.l
cu
Cf.l
'-'
....cu
_-'~I~~ed___ ~ _
b
~
""<t
.."
>.
....=
"'
....'=
.."
(2)
C.I
....=
'"'
mO'9==
llf<!!l>qlIlI>I:::>
;:!i
Cf.l
,.Q
")
~
0
0
~
Cd
Eo
:lCO
o~
00
(')
g
0
0
c
'iii
...
..1-
""
.e
a:
- ....
f;r;l
....r..ten
0
0
.0::
\-
24 m
-\
Plan
>
"-
-\ -
19.2m
':
1
Section A-A
60
61
1. c....
,
Solution
Hall(2)
Hall (1)
Since the .span of the h~1I is relatively large, and north light is required, a frame
system w~th Y -bean.:s IS chosen. The spacing between the frames is chosen as
4.8m, whIle the spacmg between the secondary beams is taken as 2.4 m to get a
system of one-way slabs (2.4xS.0 ms). The spacing of the Y-beams is chosen
equal to S.O ms.
Item
with
Chosen dimensions
Suggested
dimensions
Spanl(12~14)
4~7m
4.0m
Item
Suggested dimensions
Chosen dimensions
tg
tg
Spanl(12~ 14)
Frame spacing
4~7m
4.8m
Frame spacing 12
=4.0/2-2.0 m
Frame spacing
Y-beam spacing
4~6m
Sm
Column thickness
0.80 tg
Y-beam spacing/2
=S/2=2.5 m
Secondary beam
=4mx1000/10 =400mm
Column thickness
0.80 tg
Post spacing
2~4m
2.4m
Secondary beam
=Smx1000/1O =SOOmm
Post dimensions
200x200mm
200x200mm
Y-beam
Span/(6~8)
= 4.8/6 =0.80 m
Post spacing
2~4m
2.4m
Post dimensions
200x200mm
200x200mm
= 2400/8 = 300mm
= 2400/8 - 300mm
Since columns are not allowed inside the halls, some of the frames of Hall (1)
have to be supported on another frame that spans ISm. Such a frame is
separated from the frame that constitutes a part of the main system of Hall (2)
by an expansion joint. The expansion joint is needed since the length of the hall
is more than 40.0m.
The layout of the factory is given in the fnllowing set of figures.
62
63
~ ~i ~'I 61c:4.0=24.00
~, ~,I tJ>,~I
0.42
o;! OJ
/1"1'
4x5.0=20.00
--6
\. .JO
---8
I'!Ij
t(a.
@>
t.
~
1>'1
---8
..a.
;..
UI
N
CI
:r:..
~
....
"'I
---0
rJ'.l
=
....
=
tJ
l"I
0\
~
-!-
e
,e
,/
~,.........
~::tJ
8x 0()
f Il
~
....
0",
:13
~(\)
ex> -c:
o
o
0
0
3
:::l
:::.:
~llJ
o(\)
coII
~
COL.-<)
-.No;
.9
g 83
lsi: 0
I\:)
I~
(\)
;a
S-
--+
'" 8 .
ijlx-n
x~3
'"
u.
00
~~
t1!,
~
m.
()
1[
I
I
I\:)
-~B
---@
1~
:::t
---8
8'-I\:)
8~
otT
o(\)
X '"
~3
-'-
Frame
(400x1500)
---8
@>
~ ()
ex> 0
o
o -c:
0
0
,.f---@ ~z
Beam
200x500
--@
'C.,c',"
'c'
"
""
/100mm
Sec. beam
200x400
beam
L Sec.
l::UOxoUO
Ri~ebeam
Ridge beam
200x300
200x300
Slab (100mm)
---'--
--,
:cCl
.(5
0\
Vl
Frame
Column
-r
----..!
I
1200
E
.c: It)
ffi LO
Q)
(3
Frame
400x1400
Post
200x200
1\
Wall beam
250x500
Frame
400x1500
Wall beam
Post
200x200
I-I-----'
250x500
I
I
Column
400x800!1200
II
y,
R.C. footing
Plain conc.
Footing
'"
""-
R.C. footing
Semelle
Sec. A-A
Fig. Ex.l.4b Structural system (sections A-A)
oo
....
C\I
Eo
Slo
me:
.0(')
m~
EE
:2C\1
LLO
al.=!
0>0
~o
a:
Qi
en
~o
mo
.oil')
.x
00
mo
enC\l
1WSS=
16m
16m
Roof
~
E
E
....8
o
mO
E~
al X
~o
LLo
~
E
alo
mo
.oil')
1iig
First floor
1.0
$:C\I
Ground floor
trl
~
Section
66
67
all
Item
Suggested
Chosen dimensions
C?
dimensions
Span/(12-+ 14)
=16/14=1.14m ::::1.2m
250-+400mm
0.35mm
Frame spacing
4-+7m
6.0m
1.5 m
0.8 tg
LOrn
Secondary beam
=6mx1000/12:::: 550mm
ta
"
bg
CVi i
<V i~ CV ~ ,~ ~
I
.~
C!l
-g
@)--
--
E E
E
ro
(I)
m
en
--oo
<:7
E8
,,10
x
00
010
(\I
.(\1
o
o
Suggested dimensions
Chosen dimensions
tarch
Span/25
=32/25=1.28 m ::::l.3m
ttie
t arcw2
= 1.3/2 = 0.65m
Arch spacing
4-+7m
6.0m
@)--
Arch height (0
Span 1(5 ~ 8)
=32/8=4.0 m
Column thickness
span120
= 32/20:::: 1.5 m
Secondary beam
Post spacing
2-+4m
3m
Post dimensions
200x200mm
2POx200mm
68
<if
.i
~11
Item
<@
0
10
g~
B: Roof
Since the roof has a relatively large span and north lighting is required, an arch
with a tie is chosen as the main structural system.
10x3,O-30,O m
cD
-~
c:,.;
EO
.2~
OX
015
(')
(1)0
E~
ro,-
- X
u.o
10
c:"'6
EO
-o,,10
,x
015
(')
@--
@--
69
(')
~j
fj
II
~j
~j
~i
j7xS.O=42.0 ml
,"".
_I
....~
<!CI
.~
-B
i.h
r:T'
-e
....
"'I
n
=
....
CI.l
-..l
-08
-I-
"'I
rI.I
~
....
('C
I r-
- - --1'-= =
~-fu;\
fo"--O
o
= ==11== = =
-t
II
g-e
S'
"'I
....
=-
1L__ Jl!5;;~~O
('C
"'I
Q
Q
" "
.....
~
~
, , ,
!
-G
-e
-B
-
~,
~~:!
d~
....,
s---- b--_...
\JJQU
Th=120mm\
-r
8
(200XSOO)\
Ridge Beam
(200x300mm) ~
.Arch
-._ ..
(350x1300)
DO
~~"'
~1~~d~D
DDb0~
I
'-II
"-
/v--
./
r:r
TieBeam /
(350xS50)
1:
....
to
~ II
u
ill
1500
Frame
350x1200
1:
.~ E
.s::
0
....
til LI'i
.!!!
1000
Sec. Beam \
200x550
Wall beam
250x500
-l-
Slab (Th.=100mm)
II
Frame
Column
I
RIC Footing
....~i
+-8
.2'
Q)
.s:: 0E
-..l
......
I I
end beam
250x500
I
Wall beam
250x500
I
l-
Semelle
(250x500)
RIC Footing
...t
PIC Footing/
PIG FootiTlg
@
~
s0
U)
10
15
"Eo
. - t')
E
111Q)
=a
j:Q
cj
rJ.l
't:I
.ou
.!!I.e:
l""I
Q)C\I
EX
0
3:
lrl
0
0
wI::.
S
0\
lo<
~
111
~IO
eil
L1.t')
Ii:
Ol
""&.
0
Eo
Q)U)
.ox
Q)o
11110
j=::g
E
E
co
EO
.2~
E
111
Q)
m
S
0U)
a;
10
3:
0)(
\.
26m
Plan
00
t')
Ol
~
&.
0
ii::
S
II")
r-.:
Section
72
73
Solution
The span of the factory is relatively large (>20 m) such that the choice of a
frame system leads to an uneconomical solution. Since the span of the factory
is normal to the north direction, an arch with a tie is chosen as the main
structural system.
N~
ali
<VI ~i CP'
0!
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
,
I
~ ~i ~i ~i ~i ~i Ii~
I
10x2.6=26.0 m
<II
Slab thickness ts
= 120 mrri
Ridge beam
Secondary beam
Post dimension
=26m
tg= span/25
ttie =0.5 tg
=0.5m
=6.5m
=2.60m
LOrn
-I-
The rise of the arch equals (f) = span = 26.0 = (3.25 - 4.33) = 3.5 m
6-8 6-8
cD
=1.3 m
II "" II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
1I.e 811
II ~
0
0
II
~II
II
II
II
II
(')
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
E
0
(')
118 ~tll
- - - A
II ~g II
II
II
II
U-g f5 II
IIw""lI
CD- ---
II~~II
II
II
II
\I
0
on
<ri
x
co
-t-
- ---
II~ ~II
(')
118 10~
- - - 1\
1\
al-+
Plan
75
1I
I
-t.
8
Column
(350x1300)
E
It)
r..:
II
E
<Xl
ci
I-
RIC footin
PIC footin
w=7.2 kNlm'
IJlI
IJI
5l
I I
-I
_14
2.6m
2.6m
.\
2.6m
26.00m
Sec. A-A
4.87kN.m
~
4.87kN.m
Tie beam
350x500
Column
350x1300mm
Wall Beam
250x600
The slab is a one-way slab (2.6 m x 6.5 m) and continuous in the short
direction, thus the maximum moment is given by:
Wall beam
= wsuxI!
250x600
10
7.2x2.6 2
10
4.87 kN.m
=120 -
20 = 100 mm
Semelle
250x600
-J..!-
Sec. B-B
Fig. Ex.l.6b: North-light saw-tooth system (Arches)
76
4.87 X 10
= 0.0162
30x1000x100 2
0)
77
As
A
min
{J)X
0.6
0.6
=J;b d = 360 x 1000 x 100 = 166mm 2 <As .... J.k
....
The spacing between the secondary beams is 2.6m, thus the total beam load is:
w u =w UP.W + spacing xw su
L' =~ L2 + j2
=..)6.5 2 + 3.5 2
Rb=80.21 kN
on hanger
= 7.38 m
Mu=130.34 kN.m
.....
I
ts==120mm
V)
V)
/.
2600mm
The beam is simply supported on the post (compression member) on one side
and on the hanger (tension member) on the other side.
Mu
-/
Since the secondary beam is an inverted beam, the section at mid-span acts as
rectangular section as previously shown.
.
d = t - cover = 550 - 50 = 500 mm
R=
Mu
feu xbxd 2
130.34xI0 =0.087
30x200x500 2
78
(J)
79
=0.112
30
f. .
A = {J)x-E!1...xbxd::::
0.112x-x200x500 = 933 mm 2
fy
360
S
ASmill
=smaller of
.
IiI
l'
2.6
, , 'ITI ,
wu=4.98 kNlm /
j.
'j
2.6
2.80
3.37
No slab load is transferred to the ridge beam. The cantilever part is considered
as shown in figure below.
2.80
Rr=12.95
Rr=12.95
R =
leu
M
3.37x106
u
=
=0.009
2
xb xd
30x200x2502
post
A,~. =
Iy
360
smaller of {
Wu
M =
u
Wu
0.15
100
0.15
100
Rr = Wu xL = 4.98x2.6 = 12.95 kN
Use 24> 12 (226.2 mm2)
80
81
f-
The load acting on the post results from the reactions of the ridge beam and the
secondary beam
Pu = po.w + Pb (secandry beam) + Pr (ridge beam) = 3.85 + 80.21 + 12.95 = 97 kN
Since the factory has no special system for resisting the lateral forces, it is
considered unbraced. The effective length factor k can be obtained from Table
6-10 in the code. The top and the bottom part of the column are considered
case 1. Thus k=1.2.
Tie (350x500)
... -.
S
I!
.. Post (200x200)
..s::.""
C"1
.. Arch (350xlOOO)
<!!.,
._. -.-.-.-.-._._._._.-
.. tie (350x500)
e . = max oif
mm
5:
=20mm <u
Thus the lateral deflection due to buckling is larger than the code minimum
eccentricity. The post is subjected to axial force of P u=97 kN and the additional
moment equals
Madd =Pu xt5=97x
27 2
. =2.64kN.m
1000
2.64x10
= 0.011
30 x 200 X 200 2
h
p
82
Assuming that the distance from the concrete to the c.g. of the reinforcement is
20 mm. Thus the factor ~ equals
(= t-2xcover = 200-2x20 = 0.80
t
200
83
X b xt
2.
100
W .
ow
2.6
2.6
..I
-
-('\r
('\r
post spacing
.. I ..
= w arch
B: Concentrated loads
1.1
2
=-x200x200 =443 mm
A: Uniform loads
1.
A",min =Jlmin
The total loads on the arch are the summation of the unif0rm and the
concentrated loads.
post
>-
I
I
I
I
I
2.6
j-
-i
Ppost=97
Tie (350x500)
'----~~~beam
Iy 11.15
= 99.98xlOOO = 319 mm 2
To simplify the calculations of the bending moment, the concentrated loads 'on
the arch can be replaced by a uniform load as follows:
360/1.15
9xl77.21
26
= 61.345kN I m'
85
"
The determination of the internal force in the arch can be performed using a
structural analysis program. As an approximation, the internal forces can be
obtained as follows:
1.
6399.5 = 1828.4kN
3.5
Arch
Compression, C =1828.4
L=26m
I-
~I
Post
Tension, T=1828.
2.
fy 11.15
The total bending on the arch equals the simple beam bending moment wuL218.
M
_
simple -
Wu
xI! = 79.71x26
6736 kN.rn
86
---7
distributed uniformly
kN.m
P '
feu xbxt
u
---=--=
1828.4x1000 0
.
= .174
30x350xlO00
6
Mu
= 336.8x10
=0.032
2
feu xbxt
30x350x1000 2 .
Assuming the concrete cover is 80 mm. Thus the factor S equals
WI
(windward side)
w2
(leeward side)
The columns are linked together with the arch-with-a-tie system. Such a system
can be simulated by an equivalent link member subjected to either tension or
compression.
- I 1-- 8,2
L\l-l 1--
~,--~----~----~--------------~~-t
,..
" " Link member
,..
The intersection point is below the chart, use Ilmin (0.006) for compression
member.
kN 1m'
,,
,,
I
:I
:
,,
-J of-A,
A. Wind loads
Assuming the extension of the column to the foundation is 1.0 m, the height of
the column equals to:
L=26
tr)
00
II
h = clear height + extention of the column to the foundation = 7.5 + 1.0 = 8.5 m
a
100.67
113.0
y
The intensity of the wind load on the walls is given as 0.7 kN/m 2 Thus, the
pressure on the walls equals to:
88
The system is once statically indeterminate. The unknown is the force in 'the
link member. Using the principle of superposition, one can obtain the
deflection at the end of each column as follows:
89
Txh 3
WXh4
/).=---8EI
3EI
3
/). = WI Xh4
8 EI
Txh 3
W_
Xh4
/). =--",-2
_
Txh
+_
_
3 EI
8EI
3EI
250x600
Neglecting the axial defonnation in the equivalent link member, the deflection
of the first column /).1 must be equal to the lateral deflection of the second
column /).2.
/).1
WI
Xh4
Txh
8 EI
3 EI
8 EI
\0
C')
--.!.._-+-- =
,olu~
0_ 'r:
4
w 2 xh
/!.-
a--
= /).2
3
column
wall beam
250x,600
waIToeam
-Txh
-3 EI
'r:
00
I(")
0_ -
Simplifying the tenns gives the axial force in the link member (T).
T = 3xh (W2 -
16
WI)
MI =
WI
0\0
xh +Txh = 3.64x8.5
oq
.d'
2
2
M =
xh
Txh= 2.275x8.5
222
w2
Ik
r-:
..s::
C')
II
(-2.175)x8.5=100.67 kN.rn
~
....
B. Vertical Loads
The vertical loads on the column is the summation of the following:
0.35 +_-!--l___ x
TI
1.30
=1.4 x Yw
xb xL x(h - 2xtwaIJ
beam)
Rarch
90
.91
Item
X-Direction
Y -Direction
bracing condition
unbl,"aced
braced
1545.59
1545.59
A<lO
A<15
!Io(m)
8.5
3.8
t (m)
1.3 .
Short column if
0.35
2.6
5.2
7.8
10.4
13
1.26
2.24
2.94
3.36
3.5
He
13.6
3.42
},,= H.l t
10.46
9.77
long(A>10)
short (A<15)
0.071
k (bracing factor)
Status
8 =},,2 xt 12000
\J:)
"!
M add = [>".8
109.95
Mu(wind)
113.0
222.95
C<)
I-
C<)
L=26m
It is clear from the previous table that the X-direction is more critical than Ydirection. Using an interaction diagram with uniform distribution of reinforcing
steel and with/y= 360 N/mm 2 and S= 0.8, one gets:
~Mwind
Pu
= 1545.59xlO00 = 0.113
feu xbxt 30x350x1300
~M.'dd
M ,O'
= 222.95 x 10
=0.012
2
feu xbxt
30x350x1300 2
1 :
0.351__!"3
T
I" 1:30"1
92
lr)
93
-I
f::::2
. zglSZO
\C
.j:>.
z~ZO
4g/S20
JrnI_5@Stm.
1~
I::...-
-----
r=
.---
r---
~Ilr
4g/S25
2g/S25
2g/S25
2 g/S 25
4S1t525
'4S1t525
rl
510/m
.....
~
Sec. A-A
4S1t525
2S1t512
16518
[ r ]j
2S1t512
~I
1300..
Drr
Sec. C-C
.-~
Post
\C
Vl
o!
58/m
I
I
2P12
IL
L L L L
h ... J1 ... >.
..
'I
.....
,
I
2P12
II ~C')I
'\.,1
--1---1--
--1----1--
Elevation
Reinforcement details of ridge beam
Reinforcement Details of the Arch (cont.)
~~~,~rnr~f
~~
[..2QQ.-l
Post detail
r
I
Solution
Step 1: Propose the concrete Dimensions
Since the north direction is perpendicular to the sp~' a'i-td the spa~ ~quals to
20.0 ms, a system of frames is chosen.
Assume the following dimensions:
= 100mm
Ridge beam
Secondary beam
Post
span
=20m
bg
=0.35 m
tg = span/(12-l4)
= l.4m
= 1.2m
=0.8m
=5.0m
=2.50 m
f= frame spacingl2
= 2.5 m
~.~
s
o
')
I-
-~.,!o-
\~...
'.
(",
'.
-I
Assume the flooring weight is 1 kN/d and that the live load is 'equal to 0.5
kN/m 2
I I~
-r
wsu=5.7 kN/m'
Section
96
97
~/
Ql
.a
QlO
:og
to X
Go
10
-gC\l
w
-
Frame
Column
II
<@)
B
~ -I-
Semelle
250x500
RIC Footing
PIC Footin
Sec. A-A
E
0
ci
(0)
II
ICi
x
E S
to
<0
Ql
m 10
x
0
d
Ql
en
Post
.:.:./200X200
l.
O
QlO
E"""
tO~
~X
u.g
cO
E~
:::I~
-X
00
010
\ Sec. Beam
200x500
Ridge beam
200x300
O~/IDOOI
\
t-
Frame
350x1400
Wall beam
250x500
1100
.E
.~ E
'<:0
Frame
Column
calli
8x2.50=20.0 m
98
~
.....
RIC Footing
"-
120o
II
I-Semelle
(250x500)
,I
I-l
PIC Footina
700
Sec. B-B
99
w=5.7 kNlm'
l'
17' I 1 I I 52
1
2.5 m
2.5m
-/-
'27
11
I
I
I
./
2.5m
The spacing between the secondary beams is 2.5m, thus the total beam load is
Wu
wu,o,w
3.56 kN.m
The roof slab is a system of one-way slabs that are continuous in the short
direction, thus the maximum negative bending at the support equals to:
=
M
u
wsu
XL2
10
\ . 21
=5.7X2.5 =3.56kN
10
.m
Assuming a 20 mm cover
-7
d = 100 - 20 = 80 mm.
Rb=49.61
on frame
3.56x10
-- - - = 0 .01 6
35x1000x80 2
From the chart with R=O.016, the reinforcement index
01= 0.0186
Iy
360
0.60 b d 0.6
2
,
A s,min =--x
x =-x1000x80=133.3mm 1m
Iy
360
R =
b
100
Wu
101
2
W xL
M =-=-u_-,
_
B -thesmaller of
{16X100+200 = 1800 mm
5590
= -5-+200=1318 mm
16ts +b
L
S+b
--7.
{
CL
--7 CL
~ =4501
V~
10
II
62.02x10 =12.27
35x1318
II?
11--__
2.5
II
I I
1:
'1
,,
,
i
i
~~q
w u=3.525 kNlm'
---+-1'-- 2.5
0.91
a =0.8xc = 0.8xO.125x450 = 45 mm
= 2.20kN.m
2500 mm
The point is outside the curve, thus c/d)min = 0.125 andj = 0.825
Rr =wu xL=3.525x2.5=8.8125 kN
3.525x2.5
10
1.84
RrS.812
RrS812
Mu
= ----~62.02 x 10
= 464 mm 2
fy xl xd 360xO.825x450
I
\
As min = smaller of
{
Mu
= 2.20x10
= 0.005
2
feu xbxd 2 35x200x250
From the chart with R=0.005, the reinforcement index OJ= 0.0058.
2
)
R=
35
A =OJx...E!...xbxd =0.0058x-x200x250=28.3mm
S
fy
360
~o
slab load is transfe~ed to the ridge beam. The weight of the cantilever part
IS calculated as shown III the following figure.
Wu = wu,o.w + Wu Xcantilever length = 2.1 + 5.7xO.25 = 3.525 kN 1m'
I~5~ I
100
1. 3A s
= 0.225
360
=1.3x28.3 = 36 mm 2
0
0
Use 2$ 12 (226.2 mm
103
' S'C""
Pow
The post supports loads from the ridge beam and from the secondary beam.
E'" = P"""
Pu = 3.5+49.61+8.8125 = 61.92kN
"\. ..~
."
The thickness of the column at the top is taken as (0.8-1 tg) and at the bottom as
(0.4-0.6 tg). The thickness of the column at the top is-taken as 1200 mm and at
the bottom as 700 mm. The height of the column of the frame h is measured
from the top of the footing (or semelle) to the center-line of the frame girder.
h = clear height + ~ + hi = 5 + 1.4 + 1.0 = 6.70 m
2
2
'
Ridge beam
Post
Secondary beam
.'
... '".'.,t,.."
..
h =f -t ridge -clearance=i.~'-:-Q.3"::'0'.3=1.9m
He
T=
t avg=1033
2.28
0.2 = 11.4 > 10 --7 long member
A 2 Xt
15=-2000
rom
11.42 xO.2
'.
2000 = 0.013 m < 0.02m
~.~
..~.~.~.~..~.~.~>~.,~,~,~,.~.~.~..~.~.~,.
,,-<"" c,,""" -c,,"""""" "" "
c,,
:
.~~ <~<~ <.
_--'----!J,
0("
I
I
I
P"
= 61.92xl000 = 0 044
Mu
=
1.23 x 10
= 0.004
feu xb xt 35x 200 x 200
.
, feu xb Xt 2 35x 200 x 200 2
The point is below the interaction diagram, use A smin .
f.J = 0.25 + 0.052 x A = 0.84%
As,min =0.0084xAe = 0.008 x 200 x 200 =337 mm 2
105
0(
20
O. 6P u
Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu
O. 6Pu
1-4--I--l--lf-+--:l-+--fwo.w=19.25
Frame
L=2Q
'-_~_
200
reaction
from post
..... ..... ..... reaction from
66.92
66.92
Frame
'g
To simplify the caIculati0ns of the bending moment, the concentrated loads on
the frame caRbe replaceq into uniform load fis follows: .
106
107
kN/m'
H =H
a
XL2
wu
4xhxN
h .
= 2K +3
= bxt = 0.35x1.4
b
12
The maximum moment at mid span of the frame can be obtained as follows:
Ie L
The moment of inertia for the column is calculated using tavg
_ wu XL2
8
mid -
0.08 m 4
Meol
2
_58.29x20
1249.15=1665.3kN.m
8
The bending moment, shear force, and normal force diagrams for the frame are
presented in the next page.
12
mid -
N = 2K +3 = 2xO.833+3 = 4.666
66.92
wu=58.29 kN/m'
3
Ha = wu
..
_-+_3
XL2
4xhxN
..
..
L=20
108
109
66.92
..L _,
66.92
,
,, ,,t
wu=58 29 leN/m'
-r--
Reactions
t'-..
Mu=1665.3 kN.m
lei
186.44
Pu=186.44 kN (compression)
~~
649.81
".0..
20
186.44
According to the ECP 203; if (PuI!cu b t) is less than 0.04, the nonnal force can
be neglected.
649.81
Pu
-~-
feu xbxt
186.44 x 1000
35x350x1400
The design will be carried out as if the section is subjected to bending only.
Frames are usually heavily reinforced and the reinforcing bars are arranged in
two rows. Therefore, the effective depth is given by:
R=
Mu
= 1665.3x10
=0.0804
feu xbxd 2 35x350x1300 2
Nonnal force
diagram
(J)=
0.1028
f
35
As = {J)x--E!...xbxd = 0.1028x-x350x1300 = 4546 mm 2
fy
360
0.225.JJ: b d = 0.225.J35 x350x 1300 = 1682 mm 2
fy
360
582.88
Shearing force
diagram .
111
The frame is considered unbraced because the lack of any bracing system. The
effective length factor k can be obtained from the ECP 203. The top part of the
column is considered case (1) and the bottom part is considered case (3)
(hinged base). Thus, k=1.6.
The height of the column is measured from the bottom of the beam to the base
(h *). However, it is customary to use the length used in the analysis h.
Pu=186.44 kN (compression)
According to the ECP 203; if (Pu/leu b t) is less than 0.04, the normal force can
be neglected.
Pu
186.44xlO00
feu xbxt = 35x350x1400 = 0.0108 < 0.04 ........ neglect normal force
1249.15x10 = 0.0603
35x350x1300 2
1.033
Since A is greater than 10, the column. is considered long and additional
moment is developed.
tavg
From the chart with R = 0.0603, the reinforcement index OJ= 0.075
As =OJx
fcu
xbxd=0.075x 35 x350x1300=331Omm 2
'
360
fy
Asmin = smaller of
{
-7
(t5av = 15)
e
= 0.052 m < 15
nun = 0 .. 05xtavg = 0.05 x 1.033
.
Thus the lateral deflection due to buckling is larger than the code minimum
eccentricity. The column is subjected to axial force of Pu=649.8 kN, The
additional moment equals
112
1285.28x10 = 0.073
35x350x1200 2
113
Assuming that the distance from the concrete to the c.g. of the reinforcement is
80 mm. Thus the factor C; equals
p=2.1
J1.
As
qu
(7<P25, 3436 mm
bxd
N/mm 2
350x1300
Critical section
A; =aAs =0.6x3087=1852mm 2
AS.lolal =A; +As =3436+1963 = 4939mm
0.6 Pu==66.92
Since the column is long the minimum reinforcement ratio is given by:
/--1
_1.....-_
:--dJ2
footing
~
I
Ya==649.81
[] 1
700mm
114
The presence of the compression force increases the shear capacity of the
beam, however, this force is relatively small that its effect can be neglected
(conservative)
qcu
=0.24~fcu
=0.24~35
=1.15 Nlmm
1.5
1.5
115
5~25
~
~~25
LI
4~25
Q
3
:'I,min
wi
4~25
ull
IllJIlH+I*
I WillJI II
0.4
0.4
2
=-xbxs =-x350x200=117 mm
7f9l25
240
300
1400
Ast,min is the area of two branches. For one branch, Ast=58 mm2 (<1>10=78.5
mm2)
CI.l
; I!II~
>-'
I\)
I\)
':
':
I\)
I\)
I\)
':
]~]g
01
I\)
.~ ~
I\)
I\)
(D
Q
3
.,Cl'
n
I--
(D
1400
(D
......
=
t:::1
CI.l
CD
(D
II'
tv
I
tv
.....
==
0
.....
.....
fI>
300
I!I~
01
':
':
~
I\)
=.,
I\)
01
(D
I\)
~/.N~
-L
-'-
......
I\)
I\)
I\)
I\)
01
<11
":
II'
Q
3
~
~
r- I-
01
I-
01
I\)
":
Q
3
7P25
2P12
CI.l
CD
w
I
w
[~
I-
l-
'-- ~
'---
2P12
2P12
I\)
e
e
~ 4</P25
116
~
Q
3
I\)
I\)
~~
01
I\)
I
~
......
':
(D
I\)
lJ]g
18
101
I\)
01
'------iN
Ii:
,...----t N
N
.,...
118
119
Solution
Step 1: Propose the concrete dimensions
N~
cp
Since the north is parallel to the span, a system of frames with Y-beams is
'chosen.
Assume the following dimensions
t5
= 100 mm
Ridge beam
Secondary beam
Y-beam
Post
bg
=350 mm
Span
=20m
tg = span/(12--+ 14)
= 1.6 m
tcol,top=(O.8 tg--+tg)
-r---
E
0
Il'i
C\I
= 0.8 m
= 5.0 m
= 5.0 m
=2.50 m
f = frame spacing/2
= 2.5 m
II
Il'i
---
~i
~B
---
~i
~i
.
--
---
= 1.4 m
Column /
(350x1400)
--
--@
V-beam
200/(300x800)
--fA
E
C\i
ID
--@
Sec. Beam
200x500
Frame
--@
(350x1600)
Assuming that the live load is equal to 0.5 kN/m2 , the ultimate load Wsu is given
by
wsu =1.4xg s +1.6xps =1.4x3.5+1.6x.5=5.7 kNlm 2
--J-B
1--
r--
4x5.0=20.0 m
Plan
Fig. Ex 1.8a Structural system (plan)
120
-@
121
~I
Slab (100mm)
The roof is a system of one-way slabs that are continuous in the short direction.
Thus, the maximum moment can be obtained as shown in the following figure.
Jill I I I I S2
11
140~O~i=~____~~______________________-'~~~=-1
V-beam
200/(300x800)
I-
.E
'w
E
.co
.9l
\I
Semelle
:3
2.5 m
2.5 m
'1 1
2.5m
11,,
Wall beam
250x500
(au;
Frame
w=5.7 kNlm'
RIC Footing
PIC Footin
3.56 kN.m
Section A-A
10
Ridge beam
Slab (100mm)
V-beam /
200/(300x800}
R=
'---
Sec. beam
200x500 \
'"
leu
~.
Frame girder./'
350x1600
200x200
Wall beam
As
,....E
N
250x500
RIC Footing/
semell~
PIC Footing
Section B-B
Fig. Ex 1.8b Structural system (sections)
122
I
Iy
=(J)x~xbxd
=0.022x-x1000x80=132 mm 1m
400
.
E
ci
0.15
2
As,min =--x1000x80= 120mm 1m <As ... o.k
100
E
<Xl
N
U)
Mu
= 3.56x10
=0.0185
2
xbxd
30x 1000 x 80 2
From the chart with R=0.0185, the reinforcement index (J)= 0.022
10
~~
I
123
B=thesmallerof
16t s +b
L
+b
-7
CL
-7 CL
2500 mm
B=1318 mm
Using C-J curve, and assuming a < ts
Cl=d/~
~=49.61
on post
The point is located outside the curve, thus cld)min=0.125 and j=0.825
a = 0.8xc = 0.8xO.125x450 = 45 mm
A =
Mu
=
62.01x10
=417.6 mm 2
s fy xJxd 400xO.825x450
0.225.JJ:bd
fy
Rb=49.61
As min = smaller of
on Y-beam
The spacing between secondary beams is 2.5m, thus the total beam load is
given by:
Wu = wu.o.w+spacingxwsu =3.5+5.7x2.5=17.75 kNlm'
wuxL'
=-2-
No slab load is transferred to the ridge beam. The weight of the cantilever part
is calculated as shown in the figure below.
1~5?1
O.225.J30X200X450=277mm2
400
2
1.3As =1.3x417=542mm
17.75x5.59
2
=49.61 kN
The section at midspan is aT-section and the effective width B is taken as:
slab
oo . ~:~';".,..:..,
... .;"'.
~ T
ml; '.::.-..:
Ridge beam
~~:
I
I
:;/'>
L:::
200
124
125
Wu
W uo.w
T-----
IfI11:.5 1 If' 11 Ii
wu=5.275 kNlm
11
1-1-- 2.5
I
\
The factored self weight of the post (200 mm x 200 mm) equals to:
Pu
1.37
3.30
~
Wu
xL2
10
Rr =
Wu
2.75
-':=13.2
Tar==13.2
5.275x2.5 2
10
= 3.30kN.m
Secondary beam
= 0.0022
h =f
The point is located outside the charts. For small values of R the reinforcement
index ro may be equal to 1.2R, (i)= 0.0026
- t ridge
H
1.98
A= _
e = - - = 9.9 < 10 ~ short member
0.2
fy
bd =
0.22550
400
Pu
Asc
0.15
0.15
but not less than --xbxd =- - x 200 x 500 = 150mm 2
100
100
2
As
127
'M$.!!""""
"j
The loads on the Y-beam result from the secondary beam and fro the post
every 2.5 m, causing concentrated loads at these locations
Pu =66.3+49.61=115.91 kN
Post
Lateral torsional buckling of the compression flange might occur because the
upper part of the beam is not connected to the slab (part A). To avoid that, the
ECP 203 requires that the unsupported length between the inflection points be
less than
Secondary
beam
=the smaller of
-7
Since the span of the beam is 5000 mm, it is accepted to use b=200 mm.
Y-beam
Secondary beam
The Y-beam is a continuous beam having more than three equal spans. The
, reactions and the bending moments can be determined using a computer
program or a simplified analysis. Using the simplified analysis, the bending
moments can be computed as the superposition of the bending moments due to
the concentrated loads and those due the uniform loads. Theses values can be
obtained in text books of structural analysis.
The factored self-weight equals to
wu,o.w
The value of the bending moment at the support due to the concentrated load is
(Pu x L 16.22), wh\le that at mid-span is (Pu x L 15.89)~ On the other hand the
values of the bendmg moments due to uniform loads at the support and at midspan are wL2/IO and WL2/12, respectively.
2
b(-ve)
128
10
6.22
10
6.22
129
Wu
a(+ve)
The maximum reaction at any interior support due to the concentrated loads
and due to the uniform loads are equal to (2.15 Pu x L) and (1.1 Wu xL),
Use4<I>14 (615 mm 2)
respectively.
Since the bending moment at section 2 is very close to that of section 1, the
same reinforcement is used.
Pu=115.91
l'
I
a
5.0
115.91
'17t
115.91
115.91 kN
I I I
5.0
wu=7.35 kNlm /1
,17' I I I ! i
I
= 98.65kN
M.ve=1l1.55 kN.m
1-=-,
M.ve=1l3.71
t,=289.64 kN
t,=289.64
Qu = 98.65-7.35x(0.35 + 0.75)=94.6 kN
qu
q cu
b xd
=O.24
H% =
1.5
1.07 N I mm
Since qu < qeu, provide minimum stirrups. Assume a spacing of 200 mm.
Since the upper part of the Y-beam is not attached to slab, all sections are
designed as Rectangular sections with maximum moment of 113.71 kN.m
sf,min
OA
0.4
2
= - b Xs =-x200x200 = 57 mm
Iy
280
113.71 x 10
= 0.0337
30x200x750 2
Use 5cp8/m'
130
131
uniform load
The thickness of the column at the top is taken as (0.8-1 tg) and at the bottom as
(0.4-0.6 tg). ,Thus, the thickness of the column at the top is taken equal to 1400
mm and at the bottom is taken equal to SOO mm. The own weight of the frame
equals to:
Wu
concentrated load
where
The frame carries its own weight and the reaction of the Y-beam. The
concentrated loads are equal to the reactions of the Y-beam (289.64 kN). At the
edges the reaction can be estimated as 0.6 R y =173.78 kN. The height of the
frame leg h is measured from the footing to the centerline of the girder.
N=2K+3
The moment of inertia for the column is calculated using tave
bXt!g
1=-e
12
0.350x1.2 = 0.0504m4
12
--_ .. -._.
O.6Pu
=173.7 Pu=289.6 289.6 289.6
Ib
-,- _
---~- t.--t.lVg=1.2
00
I
I
I
I
..s::
I
I
I
I
I
I footing
132
~.I
II
..s::
Ha
a
I'
b l=15
\ci
Ie
<r)
II
. al=5I
O.6Pu
=173.7
wu XL2
4xhxN
L=20
Ie
Ha=I
Hb
a _
I-
-I
133
3xp"
x(aixb)
2xhxLxN lIb
b
L=20
Using the principle of superposition, the total horizontal reaction of the frame
due to the uniform load and the three concentrated loads equals to:
Wu xL
3x~
(b
b
b )
H a = 4xhxN + 2xhxLxN X a1x 1+a2 x 2+a3x 3
173.78
f-......-.,...1-,-..,--+--r-r--L-r-r-JWu=19.6 kN/m'
co
Reactions
-\Q
H = 19.6x202 +
a
4x6.8x4.61
3x289.64
x(5X15+lOxlO+15X5)=235.67kN
2x6.8x20x4.61
235.67
-_-fa
b i----L.-235.67 kN
20
804.24
y
a
804.24
1602.6
Meol
= Ha x h =1602.6 kN.m
1602.6 .---lU~--r--r-r--;-r-~/1602.6
M 101d
Bending moment
diagram
= 19.6x202
+ 289.64x20
+ 289.64x5-1602.6 = 2273.81 kN.m
8
4
Normal force
diagram
The bending moment, the shear force, and the normal force diagrams for the
frame are given in figure below.
630.46 r -___ .
+
Shearing force
diagram
I
134
135
Mu=2273.81 kN.m
&
Pu=235.67 kN
235.67 X 1000
- - - - - = 0.014 < 0.04 ........ neglect the normal force
30x350xl600
The design will be carried out as if the section is subjected to bending only.
R=
Mu
= 1602.57 X 10 = 0.067
feu xbxd 2 30x350x1500 2
Pu
235.67 x 1000
feu xbxt = 30x350x1600 = 0.014 < 0.04 ........ neglect the normal force
f
~
2
A = {()x----E!!.xbxd = 0.085x-x350xI500 = 3346 mm
s
fy
400
The design will be carried out as if the section is subjected to bending only.
Since frames are usually heavily reinforced, the bars are usually arranged in at
-7
d = t -100 = 1600 -100= 1500 mm
least two rows.
2273.81x10 6
= 0.096
30x350x1500 2
---~.---:-
From the chart with R =0.096, the reinforcement index {()= 0.126
He =kxH o =1.2x2.8=3.36m
Use 9<1>28 (5541 mm2)
The stirrup hangers are taken as 15% of As , which gives 831 mm2 (3<1>20).
The shrinkage bars should not be less than 8% from As with a maximum
distance between bars of 300 mm. This gives 443 mm2 (8<1> 12)
H
b
3.36
0.35
TI
The slenderness ratio A is calculated using an average column thickness not the
actual one, thus A equals
This section is subjected to a pure compression force (PIl=804.24 kN) and can
be reinforced with the minimum area of steel.
A = He = 10.88 = 9.0667
tave
1.2
Since A is less than 10, the column is considered short and no additional
moment is developed.
M=1602.57 kN.m
Pu=804.24 kN
&
X Ae
+ 0.67 X fy
X Asc
= _1_
(0.35 X 30 X (350 X 800) + 0.67 X 400 X 2240) = 3540 kN > (804.24) ... .o.k
1000
From the frame reinforcement details As=8cI>25, 3927 mm2 > As,min
Due to the fact that column sections are subjected to large normal force, it is
recommended to use compression steel between 40%-60% of the tension steel
4<1>12
'?:
Pu
= 804.24x1000 =0.0547
feu xbxt 30x350x1400
Mu
feu xbxt 2
p=1.9
= 1.9x30x1O-4 = 0.0057
(8cI>25, 3926 mm
(4cI>25, 1963 mm
l38
800 rnrn
-I
X 10-4
Assuming that the distance from the concrete to the c.g. of the reinforcement is
80 mm; Thus the factor I;: equals
Jl = px feu
c.
l.
1602.57 X 10 = 0.077
2
30x350x1400
~1
--7
The critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the column. Thus the
design force Qu equals to:
Qu =ya
-0.6P
-w u(!2+~)=804.24-173'78-19,6(1.4+~)=602,04kN
u
22
22
qu
bxd
350x1500
The presence of the compression force increases the shear capacity of the
girder. however, this fprce is relatively small and can be !leglected
(conservative),
l39
1(")
Critical section
::II
fl I I
- 0 - - - -.-.-
w u-19.6
aJ J J I
~
:010
1(")
r-r-,
_._._._._._.-I-._._._._._._._.-L.I i i
1.4 -
---
r- ...
1---d/2
w/O~S
I
I
tOs&I
SZP8 ~
.----
uPz
I-
GJPZ
('f')
z~PG Jo--
~ L0
('f')
U
(\)
CZl
z~Pz
I
I
f--
IL-
szPv III:........
I
I
:e.
0
co
=,
C\I
C')
C\I
co
Ii
-..-
H.i
qcu = 0.24
-E!L
1.5
..-
10
C\I
=,
co
=,
=,
C')
0>
C\I
C\I
..-
..-
C\I
C\I
..-
=,
=,
=,
=,
=,
C\I
C\I
C\I
C\I
10
Try
<I>
C\I
jl]I
009~
C\I
C\I
..-
=,
C')
~
C\I
1-':'-
-{\J
350xs
C\I
..-
.-
~
C\I
..-
C\I
=,
C\I
C\I
C\I
(J)
~~I]1
gG~t
SGfI't
gG~g
jJ
gG~t
140
009~
rill
sz_v
Q)
co
C\I
..-
=,
.....
oS
.13
~
It
-{\J
'C
CJ
0
C\I
157x280/1.15
(II
Q)
!3
:e.co
I-'
'"
==
.....
Q)
280
VJ.
' iy
U
Q)
0.61
M
I
M
Q)
C\I
..-
co
I~
1.5
.:::
....-=.....
{}.
co
= 0.24
!3
(II
co
Ya=804.24
- o = 1.07 N I mm 2
Q)
co
141
~
:0~
.......
.......I
u
(\)
CZl
58/m,
sl
21P12
u..
s1
21P12
I
---' -'---
-'--
21P12
---'-'---
.I..
2.5m
---'- '---
.I
2.5m
250 200
5~:g1
Elevation
Reinforcement details of ridge beam
",11.
.....
t!3
2\l'12
____
t'
'>
A
1
4stJS14
4stJS14
Frame Girder
I_
2stJS14
Sec.B -B
58/m
tt
."14
A ____
~~~~~~,~
'>
5.0m
.. _
.. _
\
. 2~14
4stJS14
AI
2stJS12
4~14__
2""
..
2stJS14
2stJS14
o
o
C')
Frame Girder
4stJS14
LO
2~14
, ,
2stJS14
Elevation
Sec. A-A
"~
.~
Post
g
LO
.....
!lli11
Sec. A-A
-1/
Reinforcement details of secondary beams
4~12
~~t~2Fil~
~~
~
Y-beam
post detail
earn
Column
The arched slab is usually analyzed as a three-hinged arch with a tie. The
intermediate hinge is assumed to form at the crown of the slab. This is usually
achieved by reducing the thickness of the slab at the point of the crown. The
thickness of the slab is then increased at the supports to resist the increased
compression forces and concentration of stresses at the intersection with the
connecting beams. The tie is provided to c.arry all the thrust forces (outward
forces) resulting from the arch action. The slab is basically a one-way slab
resting on the vertical beams as shown in Fig. 1.19.
Tie
Column
144
Curved slab
Horizontal ties
Vertical beams
Horizontal beams
Columns
Wall beams
145
Ii
"
ts(crown)
Brick wall
The arched slab acts as a one-way curved slab as shown in Fig. 1.20. The rise of
the arch f is determined as a ratio of the span L. The recommended rise/span
ratio is about 114 to 118. The main reinforcement is provided in the span
direction and the secondary reinforcement is provide in the longitudinal
direction. The amount of secondary reinforcement is usually 20%~25% of the
cross sectional area of the main steel.
.E
Horizontal beam
Column
Wall beam
Secondary
reinforcement direction
Span (L)
Vertical
beam
direction
(SEC. A - A)
2
A~~~==============================~
E
.2l
Cf)
~o
.~
B~-+I"================================~
Cf)
Vertical beam
The reaction of the arched slab at the support is inclined as shown in Fig. 1.21.
This inclined reaction can be analyzed in the vertical and horizontal directions.
It is customary to provide vertical and horizontal beams to resist these forces.
Tie
..
c~-+.~==============================
Column
D~-+.~=============================="
Plan
Fig. 1.19b Arched slab with a tie
146
Arched slab
Reaction
Horizontal
reaction
reaction
147
The vertical beam provides a support to the vertical component of the reaction
as shown in Fig. 1.22. It is analyzed as continuous beam supported on columns.
On the other hand, the horizontal beam provides a support to the horizontal
component of the reaction. It is analyzed as continuous beam supported on the
ties. If the tie is not provided, the horizontal beam will be directly supported on
columns. In such a case, the columns will be subjected to large concentrated
forces at the top resulting in large bending moments.
where
r isthe radius of the arch, and x and y are coordinates of any point on the arch ..
The radius of the arch may obtained using the rise of the arch / and the span L
by observing the triangle mno as follows
r2 =(LI2)2+(r-fi
+/2
r= (LI2?
.................................. (1.10)
............................................. (1.11)
2/
f
n
r-f
y
",o~'--_ _'"
-j
149
II
II
I I II
..
HDL
H
..
WLL
II
I I
o
b: Moments due to live load covering half of the slab
\I
"
I !
I I
I I I
II
(+
R,
w DL xLI2
R2
H
W DL xLI2
W LL XLI8
2
W DL xL /(8/)
W LLXL2 /(16/)
150
..
L
c: Moments due to combineddead and live loads
151
For flat arches the nonnal force at the quarter point can be approximated by:
H
Pu =- cos a
= r sin (~)
However, the exact value of the compressive P u and shearing force Qu can be
obtained from simple structural analysis at point 01 as follows:
XC
Where Hand Q are the horizontal and vertical forces, respectively, at the
quarter point as shown in Fig. 1.26.
Carrying out the structural analysis, the moment at the quarter point 01 may be
obtained. For example, the negative mo~ent at the quarter point due to live
loads on half of the span equals to:
==
R2LL
Where
R2LL
(1.18)
M<-ve)LL
Referring to Fig. 1.24 and from triangle omn, one can get the following relation:
...................................................
==W LL xL 18
Table 1.6 Values of the bending moments and the normal forces at the
quarter point of a circular arch.
j/L
0.10
0.15
H
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
.................................................. (1.17)
0.40
0.45
0.50
Pu(exact)
MC-ve)DL
MC-ve)LL
MC+ve)LL
kl
k2
k3
14
-0.00094
-0.01609
0.01515
1.0205
-0.00214
-0.01666
0.01453
1.0474
-0.00384
-0.01745
0.01361
'1.0872
-0.00607
-0.01844
0.01237
1.1416
-0.00885
-0.01962
0.01077
1.2123
-0.01221
-0.02097
0.00876
1.3007
-0.01615
-0.02247
0.00632
1.4081
-0.02071
-0.02412
0.00341
1.5355
-0.02589
. -0.02589
0.00000
1.6834
The values of the different forces can be obtained using the following set of
equations:
153
M (-ve)DL
= k 1 X W DL X L2 .................................. (1.22)
M (-ve)U
The equation of the axis of the parabolic arch according to Fig. (1.28) is given
by:
M(+ve)U
Pu = k4 xH ..................................................... (1.25)
where
f
L
=
=
4f x
=----u-
II
I I I I I I I ! I I I
II
x
Rmax
p umax
p umax
=W
max
Wu
max
L2 ................................................ (1.26)
8f
= - - .................................................. (1.27)
Noting that the angle of the tangent at the support equals e, one gets:
e = sin- (L
1
:2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
154
The height of the quarter point for a parabolic arch equals % f The maximum
compression force due to a uniform dead load covering the whole span and a
live load covering half of the span can be approximately given by:
p.
=H J1+e{ J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(1.31)
The exact value of the compression force can be obtained from simpl~
structural analysis as shown in Fig. 1.29 and is given by:
Pu =H cos a+Qsina .................................. (1.32)
(1.29)
Where Hand Q are the horizontal and vertical forces at the quarter point.
155
Q
Section at the Support
The section at the support is subjected to a nonnal force only. To obtain the
maximum forces (Pumax), the whole span should be covered with both dead and
.
live loads as shown in Fig. 1.30.
H ------~~~~-
II
! "
II
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
= 1.6w LL xL
M
u
64
.........................................
(1.33)
p umax
-t- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L2
The values of both the vertical and the horizontal reactions due to dead and live
loads are given in Table 1.7 (Refer to Fig. 1.28).
H max
Rmax
=w u
span
the span
RI
w DL xLI2
3w LL xLI8
R2
w DL xLI2
W LL
Item
xLI8
pu max
(1.34)
L ........................................... (1.35)
...................... (1.36)
4f
y = tan(} = - ...................................... (1.37)
I
Moment(M)
w DL xL 1(8f)
156
W LL
xe 1(16f)
2
w LL xL 164
157
..................................... (1.38)
20.0m
@--
--
Solution
-E
~ E
cu
III
Ie
as x
0
(0)
E~~
--- -
Arched slab
t5 (midspan)
= 100mm
t5 (quarter point)
= 125mm
t5 (edge)
= 150mm
Vertical beam
+-._- -
./
EO
:;]1'-
co
cO
OX
..,
(0)
(.)0
(\j
cO
<0
Tie
@--- -
B -- -
--'-.
Plan
Fig. EX. 1.9a A Hall covered with an arched slab
158
-4
Tie
250x250 \
II
Horizontal beam
r--...
1: ..,
The arched circular slab is the chosen as the main system with the following
dimensions:
.9
Horizontal Beam
250 x 900 mm .
159
OSLX09E
r=( LI2i+f
2f
cO
E .....
:::I
15:5
10 +42 =14.5m
2x4
e =sm.
--~
-1
L 12
. -1 -10
--=sm
- = 4360
.
r
14.50
u
f;I;l
~
,.Q
c:7\
ci
f;I;l
"I
....bil
r-4
r
WOvg
o
E
1-
-I
Eo
r=
alo
(1)<0
X
=0
.a
allO
:;::"1
The self weight of the arched slab may be calculated using the thickness at the
quarter point (125 mm).
ow.=ycxtavg =25xO.125=3.125kN 1m
WOv
I160
161
20
R2 x20 = 5.75x20x-+1.44x1Ox5
.
2
20
2
RI x20 = 5.75x20x-+1.44xlOx15
The dead load calculated for the horizontal projection is given by:
L'
22.07
20
RI =68.3 kN
To obtain the horizontal thrust H, the moment is taken at the middle hinge as
follows:
(H.P.)
Noting that the live loads on curved surfaces are always given on the horizontal
projection, the slab factored live load (w VU) is given by:
WULL = 1.6xw LL = 1.6xO.9 = 1.44 kN 1m
R2 =61.1kN
OR
tJ
I II I
-7
H=80.88 kN
wuu=1.44 kNlm'
J I J J I II I J I J
WUDL=5.75 kNlm'
I I I I I I I I
y
Quarter point
III
Quarter point
..
80.88
\
\
lO\lll
RI=68.3 t--~--I---"------I
wULL=1.44 kNlm'
I I
I I I I I I I
~5.38
I I I
x=5.38
--~\~~--~~~~~~~~~~~
\
\
\
WUDL=5.75 kNlm'
II
J J I I I I I I
\
\
\
II
\
\
\
'-\ 8/2
\
\
20m
Equivalent loading system and reactions
. e =sm.
.
162
-I
L 12. . 1 10
--=sm- --=43.6
r
14.50
163
R2=61.1
:II~I
."
I!
The horizontal distance from the center of the arch is given by:
1.11
r,!
>:~
1'i
Q =61.1-5.75x4.615 =34.6 kN
=rsin(~)=14.5XSin(4~.6)=5.385m
Xc =LI2-x =10-5.385=4.615 m
- (r - j
Q=34.6
18.66kN.m
Alternatively, the bending moment and the normal force may be obtained using
Table 1.6 as follows:
j
4
-=-=0.2
L
20
2 2
M (-ve)LL
It is clear that the maximum moment occurs at point 01. The corresponding
normal and shear forces may be obtained using the following equations:
M (+ve)LL = k
Pu = H cos a+Qsina
Where Hand Q are the horizontal and vertical forces, respectively, at that
section.
.
164
2
2
Xw ULL xL = 0.0136 X 1.44 X 20 = +7.83 kN.m
165
_P_u_ =
feu b t
87.99 X 10
= 0.023 < 0.04
30x1000 x125
Thus the normal force can be neglected, and designed for moment only.
Wu=WUDL+ WULL=
R =
I
Mu
feu b d
"
18.8x10
=0.057
30x1000 x105 2
0)
=0.07
7.2 kNlm /
I I I I I I I I I I I
L____________________
~2~O~m~
I1
__________________~
Rmax -
20
R max =7.2x--=72kN
2
H max x4 = 72xlO-7.2xlOx5
H max =90kN
The secondary reinforcement is chosen as at least 0.2 As. Choose 5 <I> 81m' .
The reinforcement is arranged staggered for easy pouring of the concrete.
a= () =43.6
The corresponding normal force and shear at this section may obtained by:
5<1> 81m'
Pu
5 <I> 121m'
=H
cos a+Qsina
Where Hand Q are the horizontal and vertical forces at the support.
H= 90 kN.
Q = Rmax
= 72 kN
166
167
.
Accordmg
to the ECP 203 , the slab shear strength is calculated usmg the
following relation:
,
qcu
Hmax=90kN
=0.16~fcu
=0.16 (30 =0.715 N
15
~~,
Imm 2
Q=Rmax=72 kN
As
= 100
0.6 X1000 X150 = 900 mm 2
A.leachface
=450 mm 2
Using the same reinforcement determined from the section at the quarter span
As,top=As,boF
A IOlal
Hmax=90 leN/m'
= 2x565 =1130 mm 2
in the
tie
Since the applied compression force is less than the section capacity, the section
is considered adequate.
~168
169
Sec. 1:
Wu
S2
Mu = - - = 258 kN.m
12
In which Rmax is the vertical reaction obtained from the analysis of a strip of 1.0
m width of the arched slab.
R =
1
Mu =
258 X 10
= 0.05
I eu b d 2 30x350 x700 2
As = m leu b
w u =86 kNlm'
II
I
Iii
S=6.0
'I
I I I
S=6.0
III
IllOO~
Iy
~~
-10
-12
4
~Bending
moment
258
Mu
leu
bd
=
2
309.6 x 10
=0.06
2
30x 350 X 700
0)=0.0746
Iy
258
129
S2
Mu =--=309.6 kN.m
10
R =
+16
309.6
Sec. 2
___________~
____________
~
__-----k
+12
-24
~d
0)=0.0613
400
193.5
Critical
sections
170
The critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the middle support.
The width of the column is 250 mm. The critical section is at section (1) as
shown in figure with code coefficient of kq =0.6
0.45
0.60 0.50
(jf
0.5 0.50
171
I)
,I
d)
I,
Q ==k q
86 (250
c
L-w u ( -+==0.6x86x6.0---x
- +700)
- ==268.75 kN
Wu
22
qu
100022
qcu = 0.24
F.; f!{
-E!...
1.5
M u ==
270 X 10
= 0.05
R - f cu b d 2 30 x 250 X 8502 .
__ (t) = 0.061
f
A = (J}--E!-b
xd = 0.061-x250x 850 =972 mm
s
fy
400
350 x 700
b xd
0
= 0.24 - = 1.07 N I mm 2
1.5
2
)
Bending
moment
Factor
k
Loads
Critical
sections
qsu xbxs
fy Irs
Assuming a spacing of 100 mm, the shear reinforcement area is given by:
= 0.56x350x100 == 93.9 mm 2
A
sl
II
tl
tie
240/1.15
A
93.9
Thus, the area of one branch =--1L = - _ = 46.95 mm 2
\0
,.....
Use 8 @ 100mm
0.4
0.4
2
.AS1 min =-b Xs =-x350x100 =58.3 mm <Ast ..... ok
'
fy
240
o
,.....
I
N
,.....
--t-"1.
tie
2!i
I
Mu = W
172
173
Sec. 2:
W
Qu
Wu
L-wu
90x6 2
S2
Mu
R =
Mu
feu b d
=k q
=
2
A S --O)ffeu b
324 X 10
=0%
30 x 250 X 8502
(j)
= 0.074
2
d = 0 .074-x250x850=1180mm
30
400
1.07
2
qsu = 1.47 --2- = 0.935 N I mm
Assuming a spacing of 125 mm, the shear reinforcement area is given by:
The crit~ca! secti~n for sh~ar is at th.e face of the middle support because the
support ~s ill tensIOn (the tie). The cntical section is at section (1) as shown in
figure wIth code coefficient of kq =0.6.
Qu =k q Wu L -wu
(%)
A
140
Thus, the area of one branch =--E.- = -
Shear
Kq
= 70 mm 2
Use 10@125mm ~ 8101 m '
<Ast ..... ok
V1
0
t-
V1
o
t-
The tie is the main supporting element for the horizontal beam. The ECP 203
states the reaction for a continuous beam equals (1.1 WU S) as shown in the
figure below.
'ci
II
":!
ci
~
0
"'"
('f)
A =
S
Iv
T
= 594 x 1000 = 1707 mm 2
11.15
400/1.15
2
)
The self-weight of the tie results in a small value of the bending moment that
can be neglected due to fact that under its self weight the tie acts a continuous
c::::.
'ci
tn
"'ci"
174
175
loads
Reactions
til
\()
~'"
C)
\Ci
II
......
\()
~.
II
Q,l
:l
CI)
U =0.8 (1.4xD+1.6xL+1.6W)
Q,l
;l
.
is
II
til
\()
'"
......
,...;
\0
.S
The wind pressure is assumed as 0.7 kN/m 2 The pressure on the walls equals
Q,l
...
u
0
Ww
II
E-<
(wind-ward side)
C)
\Ci
column
II
til
r-:II
\()
\()
..q-
I
vertlC
"<t
'"
.c:
..q-
beaill
M asonry wall
\()-~
t-
o- '--
is
C'i
\ 0 - '--
.......
\()
\()
column
<a
l1J
!l)
iSt:Q
"<l:
tII
..0
p:1
'--
or:
C'1
.r::
..
II
Hanger
LOt
semelle
Ii:
C)
A
s
T
y
14.2x1000 _ 4
11.15
400/1.15 -
0.8 mm
II
~
tie
y!
0.25 ~---x
T 10.70 I
Choose 4 CP 101m
176
177
In order to determine the bending moments in the columns due to wind load, an
exact analysis could be carried out. In such an analysis, the arched slab is
assumed to act as a rigid link member connecting the columns as shown in the
figure. The shown system is analyzed under the" effect of the wind load and the
bending moments in the columns are obtained.
As a conservative approximation, the bending moment in the column could be
obtained by considering the case of a cantilever column subjected to uniform
wind load.
~------~------------~------~-t
,I
IQ
'".....;II
.;
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
:'
:
I
I
Rarch
I'
- - - - - - - - L=20
---------..-11
wu=86kNlm'
!
a
92kN.m
R=0.45
The moment of a cantilever member subjected to uniform load is given by:
"_ w IV xh
wind 2
3.36x7.42 =92kN.m
WU
I ~I I
I0.60~O.50
I ~J I
I I
0.45
R=1.1
L
6.0
WU
0.50.50
R=1.0wu L
. j.
I~
6.0
.j
However the ultimate vertical load should by reduced as stated by the code as
follows:
M u = 1.28M IVind
= 117.8 kN.m
Pu = 0.8x873.1 = 698.4 kN
178
179
bending.
II"I
Y-direction
X -direction
Item
bracing condition
unbraced
unbraced
698.4
698.4
Ii
Short column if
A<1O
AdO
Ho(m)
7.4
3.5
t (m)
0.7
0.25
case 3
case 1
case 1
case 1
16.91
16.8
10ng(A>10)
long (A>10)
S = A2 XI 12000
0.1
0.035
Mood = p".S
69.9
24.6
Mu(wind)
117.8
187.7
24.6
k (bracing factor)
A=kxHolt
Status
It is clear from the previous table that the column is subjected to biaxial
.. I than Yd'
.
Since M ~ (1877)
. > M : (24.6)
. ,X-direction is more cnhca
- lrectlOn
a (0.65)
b (0.20)
The load level Rb equals to:
.b
Pu
feu xb XI
698.4x1000 = 0.133
30x250x700
From ECP 203 and using Rb= 0.133, the 13 factor = 0.80
M: = M
+,8 (;:) M
M'x
251.7x10
2
30x250x700
= 0.068
However, since the column is long the minimum reinforcement ratio J..tm;n is
f1.min
As,min
=rmlD
II . xb XI
100
~117.8
24.6~69.9
180
0.25
-t-_t_-t___-x
'"0.70 "'
181
~~~~nJ
~j
I
1:\"/..'6~~
250
Sec. C-C
I"
"
I_
III~
II
-I
700
Sec. A-A
01 i0
......
00
N
~~~~MJ
59S8/m
C\I
~j
C\I
58/m
(01 (01 , (0
350
~ ~ = ~
"""
C\I
C\I",,"
CD
3s?lS18
3s?lS18
I A
700
Sec. B-B
CD
09S8/m
6S11S16
250
L.....: I
C
2s?lS18
2s?lS18
3s?lS18
3gl:S18
108/m
.11
~
~
[[
~I
6000
311616
I.....
I",
211612
108/m
.~
C,l,m" "",700
o
2*12
511620
, '.16
~~
5."
10~8/m
1............. 16s?lS16
350
Sec. 1-1
Vertical Beam Elevation
......
00
w
810/m
-10
1-1
I
IT
6000
[5~16""12
[2~16
1-10
810/m
.I
l-
11\)]
I TIE 250x250
IT
5418
-.." t
""12
350
Sec. 2-2
Horizontal Beam Plan
Data
IVertical Beaml
mm
C:~~
en
Solution
TiL-
V200x200
Column
V250x60
--=--~2.4ms
I.
2.67
Wall beam
250x500
Ql(O
al
E
o
on
Brick wall
Semelle
need to be computed. For simplicity the length of the parabola is taken as 1.1
the horizontal distance between the supports (span).
(Sec. A-A)
Fig. EX 1.10 Parabolic arched slab
185
(ij 0
~~
~
Column
250 x 600
In order to calculate the weight of the arched slab, the length of the parabola
184
Eo
10
16.0m
=1.1x16 =17.6 m
Horizontal Beam
200 x 750mm
Th=100mm
"
Plan
5-78 5-78
The spacing between the arches = 5.0 m
Column
= 250 mm x 600 rom
The self-weight of the arched slab may be calculated using the thickness at the
quarter point (120 mm).
ow.=ycXtavg =25xO.120=3.0kN 1m 2
The total factored dead load including plaster weight wuDLis given by:
WUDL =1.4 (ow. +plasterweight)=1.4x(3.0+1.0)=5.60kN 1m 2
16
R2 x16 =6.16x16x-+0.80x8x4
2
16
2
To obtain the horizontal thrust H, the moment is taken at the middle hinge as
follows:
(W
H =
,
(H.P.)
Noting that the live loads on inclined surfaces are always taken on the
horizontal projection, the slab factored live load wuuis given by:
2
W ULL = 1.6xw LL = 1.6xO.5 = 0.80 kN 1m
The total factored load Wu =w UDL + W ULL
Rl =54.08 kN
Rl x16 = 6.16x16x-+0.80x16x12
L'
17.6
2
WUDL =1. 4 w DL x-=5.60x--=6.16 kN 1m
L
16
R2 =50.88 kN
The same result can be obtained by taking moment of forces at the crown.
~
H=87.46kN
I J
J I J I ! I I I I I
wUDL=6.16 kNlm'
Taking 1m width of the slab, the acting loads are shown in the following figure.
I ! ! I I I I I
II
I I II
Quarter point
8m
8m
54.08 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 5 0 . 8 8
wuu=0.80 kNlm'
II
The height of the arched slab at the quarter point may be obtained using the
properties of the parabola.
I I J I I I I I I J I
wUDL=6.16 kNlm'
II
I I ( I I I I I
I!
3
3
Y 2 = - f = - x 2.4 = 1.8 m
It can also be obtained by substitution in the equation of the parabola with x=4.
y
16m
1~
t:
186
187
26.24 kN
M =+W
u
ULL
xL = + 0.8x16
64
Pu
64
a=16.7
3.2kN.m
87.46
4.0
R
3.2kN.m
sc<::-~--()
02
~01~
3.2
~=
feu b t
91.13 X 10
=0.0304<0.04
25x 1000 X 120
.
At point 01, the corresponding normal and shear forces can be obtained as:
Thus the normal force can be neglected, design for moment only.
= H cos a + Q sin a
Q' =Q cos a - H sin a
Pu
H= 87.46 kN.
3.2 X 10
= 0.0128
25 x 1000 x 1002
-HI)
=0.015
Q =50.88-6.16x4 = 26.24 kN
To obtain the tangent angle at the quarter point, the equation of the parabola is
differentiated as follows:
_ 4-1x (L-x) 4x2.4.x (16-x)
Y L2
=
162
=0.0375
tan a=0.30
a=16.7
A . =0.6bd=0.61000X100=166mm2
snun
fy
360
Choose 6 <II 101m' (As = 471 ~2)
Due to the fact that half of the arched slab is subjected to negative moment and
the other half is subjected to positive moment, the main reinforcement (6 <II
101m' ) is provided at the top and bottom. The secondary reinforcement is
chosen as at least 0.2 As. Choose 5 <II 81m'. The reinforcement is arranged
staggered to avoid congestion of reinforcement.
188
189
5 <f> 81m'
y' = tan a
6 <f> 10 1m'
= 0.0375
(16-2x)
a=30.96
tan a=0.60
The corresponding normal force and shear at this section can be obtained as:
. Pu = H cos a+Qsina
Q = Rmax
Pu
= 55.68 kN
Also p"
I I I I I I I
II
Hmax=92.8 kN
....Hmax
16m
Rmax=55.68 kN
Equivalent load system and reactions
The section is SUbjected to pure compression (Pu =108.22 kN) and (Mu =0).
16
= 6. 96X T = 55.68kN
HrruJX x2.4=55.68x8-6.96x8x4
Hmax =92.8 kN
ObtaIt.n thd t~gent angle at the support, the equation of the parabola is
di~Of'"leren
late as lollows:
e
y = 0.0375 (16 x
~x
2)
As
2
0.6
= 100 x 1000 x 140 = 840 mm
As/each/ace
=420mm
Using the same reinforcement determined from the section at the quarter span
2
191
).
A lotal =2x471=942mm 2
The factored weight of the vertical and horizontal beam equals to:
Since the applied compression force is less than the section capacity, the section
is considered adequate.
w u =64.43 kNlm /
l'
, ill
-24
S=5.0
I I
S=).O
I ill
'I
-10
__________
__________-12 _____ k
JS,.
+12
:A
+16
161
Vertical beam
67.1
:A
134.2
~Bending
.
moment
100.7
134.2
tie
Critical
sections
12
750
192
Mu
feu b d 2
12
134.23 X 10
= 0.071
25x250 x550 2
193
(J)
=0.089
As =m
feu
b xd =0.089 25 x250x550=850mm 2
fy
360
0.98
2
8 2 64.43 x 52
=-1-0- = 10 = 161.07 kN.m
Mu
feu b d
As =m
161.'07 X10
25x250 x550 2
=0.085
ill
=0.11
feu
b xd =0.11 25 x250x550 =1050 mm 2
fy
360
=1256 mm
0.60 0.50
0.5 0.50
?Sf
:k7
s ,mm
=w 8
12
2
92.8x5 = 193.3 kN.m
12
6
_ Qu _ 167.52x1000
2
qu - b xd - 250x550 = 1.22 N I mm
eu = 0.24
193.3 X10
= 0.079
25 x 200 x 700 2
1.5
Qu =k q w u L-w u (~+~)
2 2
!I
s = 133 m
The critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the middle support.
The width of the column is 250 mm. The critical section is at section (I) as
shown in figure with code coefficient of kq =0.6.
0.45
100 =0.73x250xs
280/1.15
2
)
qeu = 0.24
fy I Ys
sl
Sec. 2
R =
= qsu xbxs
{25 = 0.98 N I mm
Vl.5
OJ=
0.101
The secondary reinforcement is chosen as at least 0.1- 0.2 As. Choose 2 <I> 12.
194
195
Factor
k
Loads
The critical section for shear is at the face of the column because the tie is in
tension. The width. of the column is 250 mm. The critical section is at section
(1) as shown in figure with code coefficient of kq :::0.6.
Critical
sections
Qu =k q Wu L-w u
....
C'l
...
(%)
0.250)
....+
\0
\II
tie
0
C'l
o
....
\II
C'l
tri
II
t-:l
C'l
....
>n
c3
"':
00
\0
r-
~I
C'l
tri
II
t-:l
Sec. 2
92.8x52
::: -1-0- :::
10
::: 232 kN.m
>n
"':
0
.~
.....
R =
1
A s --
Mu =
232xI0
feu b d 2 25 X 200 X 7002 = 0.0946
(j)
---7
(0=0.124
Qu
qu ::: b xd
196
-E!!..:::
1.5
~=
0.24 1.5
0.98 N I mm 2
197
1
.,
":\1 ":.
1.5
. '.",.
loads
Reactions
Since qu < qumax, then section dimensions are adequate. However, since qu> qcu,
shear reinforcement is needed.
0.98
tI)
In
-'"
~
~
,.....
qsu xbxs
=..;;;.::;;=----Iylys
In
II
E-<
<:::>
Assuming a spacing of 125 mm, the shear reinforcement area is given by:
ori
:;:I
"'J
;J
II
A =1.4X200XI25=145mm2
tI)
280/1.15
.vI
In
~'"
. branch =_J1
A. = _145 = 72 mm 2
Thus, the area of one
...-:
,.....
\0
.9
~
'"'
0
"'"
<:::>
ori
II
tI)
0.4
0 = 2 8mm 2 <Ast .....0 k
b
A slmin =O.4
.
Iy- Xs =-x200xlO
280
In
""=
0
..
'"
~
In
..q-
II
E-<
The tie is the main supporting element for the horizontal beam. The reaction is
transferred to the tie. For continuous beams with equal loads and equal spans,
the ECP 203 gives the reaction at intermediate supports as (1.1 WU S), as shown
in the figure below.
A =
S
Iy
T
= 501.4 x 1000 = 1630 mm 2
ILlS
360/1.15
oW T
Hanger
= 25xO.2xO.2x2,667 = 2.667 kN
tie '
198
199
Item
=1.4xD + 1.6xL
= 1.4x25xO.25xO.6x6.0 = 31.5 kN
wall beam
-t
vertical beam
= 1.1x64.43x5 = 354.4 kN
R=O.45 WU L
I-
5.0
II
R=l.Owu L
5.0
f.
568.3
568.3
Short column if
11,<10
11,<15
Ho (m)
6.0
2.5
(m)
0.6
0.25
case 3
case 1
case 1
case 1
He
9.6
1.875
A=kxHolt
16
7.5
10ng(A>10)
0.0768
43.6
43.6
Madd
R=l.l Wu L =354.4
J = if Xt 12000
wu=64.43 kNlm'
J J J
braced
Status
I I I I I I II' I I
unbraced
k (bracing factor)
= 1.4x18xO.25x5.0X(6.0-2X0.5_0.60) =138.6 kN
Rarch
Y-direction
3. Wallload=1.4xy, XbxSX(h-2xt
X-direction
bracing condition
The vertical load on the column is the summation of the following loads:
1. Self-weight = 1.4xyc xb xt xh
-I
J J
lj
= PuJ
It is clear from the previous table that the column is subjected to a uniaxial
bending moment as shown in the figure.
~43.6kN.m
y
0.25
-I-___j__-l-_____?C
T I"
0.60
-I
200
201
vertical
o-r-
7-
Team
\0
ci- I -
~- I--
'<t
column
~ ~
~~S
tn
~r:Q
I--
I.C5
Il
<XI
(')
tn
N
II
..c><
~
co
......
semelle
C\I
<XI
(')
<XI
(')
R =
b
P"
feu xb xt
= 568.3x1000 = 0.152
25x250x600
6
Mu 2 = 43.6x10
=0.019
feu xb Xt
25x250x600 2
The intersection point is below the chart -7 use !lmin
Since the column is long, the minimum reinforcement ratio Ilmin is given by:
fJmin = 0.25+0.052,.1. = 0.25 + 0.052x16.0 = 1.1082%
FI
1.1082
2
As min = PlIlI'n xb Xt = - x 250x600 = 1623 mm
.
100
Choose (8 $18, 2035 mm 2).
<XI
202
203
T""
I
T""
o
Q)
C/)
009
0017.
C\I
'.
J:
~f
iC\I
-G.
co
8<0
~
on
c:
E
0
0
~
0
C\I
C\I
::J
(5
0
I
..,.
w
i=
c
=
~
Q:I
!';r;l
f-
1
1
I-
Q:I
~
I:Q
Q:I
U
~
J,.,
~
;;...
1
-f-
0
0
0
<0
C\I
~
C\I
f-
0
0
0
<0
C\I
~
co
~
..,.
r
~H
~:.....J
204
J~
2.1 Introduction
This chapter will discuss the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams and
corbels (short cantilevers). The behavior of these members is different from
shallow (slender beams). In deep beams and in corbels, plane sections before
bending do not remain plain after bending. In order to fully understand the
behavior of these members, the subject of shear friction will be presented.
Another approach for designing these members is the Strut and Tie Model that
will be presented in Chapter Six of this volume.
205
Transfer
girder
Deep beams may be loaded at their top surface as in the case of a transfer girder
supporting the load from one or more columns (Fig. 2.2a). The loading may
take place at the bottom surface as in water tank wall loaded by the action of the
suspended tank's floor (Fig. 2.2b). Loads may also act along the height of the
wall as shown in Fig. (2.2c). The wall in this figure approximates the case of
wall supporting successive floor slabs and transferring the loads to columns at
ground floor level.
(a)
(b)
207
Elastic analysis of deep beams indicates that the usual assumption that plane
sections before bending remain plane after bending is not valid for such
members. Thus, flexural stresses are not linearly distributed even in the elastic
range. Typical stress distribution is shown in Fig. (2.3a). The cracking load of a
deep beam is about 1/3 to 1/2 of the ultimate load.
Traditional principles of analysis and design of ordinary reinforced concrete
beams are neither suitable nor adequate to determine the strength of reinforced
concrete deep beams. The cracking pattern of a uniformly loaded deep beam is
shown in Fig. (2.3b). After cracking a major tedistribution occurs and the elastic
analysis is no longer valid. Deep beams loaded at the top behave mainly as a
tied arch as shown in Fig. (2.3c).
..
Tension
..
Figure 2.4a shows a deep beam that is supporting uniformly distributed load
acting at the lower face of the beam. Vertical stirrups must be provided as
hangers to prevent local failure and to transfer the effective acting load to a
higher level. If such a beam is provided with stirrups that are able to deliver the
bottom load to the upper part of the beam, the beam will be behave nearly like a
top loaded beam.
The crack pattern in Fig. 2.4b clearly shows that the l~ad is transferred upward
by reinforcement until it acts on the compression arch, which then transfers the
loads down to the support as shown in Fig. 2.4c.
a) Loading pattern
b) Cracking pattern
c) Arch mechanism
(e)
b) Cracking pattern
c) Arch mechanism
208
209
The Egyptian Code's provisions for deep beams are applied to deep beams
loaded at the top or at the compression faces. If loads are applied at the bottom
of a deep beam, the Egyptian Code requires using vertical reinforcement that is
able to transfer the load to a height equals at least half the span. This. vertical
reinforcement should be added to that resulting from the design of the beam as
if it is a top loaded deep beam.
In deep beams plain sections do not remain plain after bending and the design
methods developed for shallow beams can not be applied. The Egyptian Code
presents two methods for designing deep beams. These methods are:
The empirical design method applies to beams having the following ratios of
the span (L) to the effective depth (d):
Simply supported beams: (L / d)<1.25 .................. (2.la)
Continuous beams: (L / d) < 2.50 ........................... (2.1 b)
where L is defined with reference to Fig. (2.5) as the smaller value of the
following:
=L
................................................ (2.2b)
I
Y el
Tu
Tu
........................................... (2.4)
fy /1.15
The distribution of this reinforcement differs from that of the slender beams.
The flexural reinforcement is placed near the tension edges. Because of the
greater depth of the tension zone, it is required to distribute such steel over a
certain height of the cross-section (See Figs. 2.7 and 2.8).
The tied-arch mechanism of deep beams dictates that longitudinal tension
reinforcement acting as a tie is fully stressed over nearly the whole span of
simply supported deep beams. Therefore, sufficient anchorage at the supports
and continuity of reinforcement bars without curtailment are essential
requirements. Recommendations for the detailing of deep beams are given in
Figs. 2.7 to 2.10.
The Egyptian code requires that the actual area of steel
be greater than Asmin given by:
I. 1--1.----:-L~:----1,1.
211
As
0.225
A Sflltn. = smaller 01
{
JJ: ~.!J.b d
f y.
fy
........................,(2.5)
1.3 As
qu = b:Ug
In either case, the distance x should not exceed the distance d/2 as shown in Fig
2.6 .. If both uniform and concentrated load exist on the beam, design the most
critical one.
V~
I
i
i
i
i
i
Critical sections
i
-
i
i
i
~I
~
I
i
I
i
i
.i
a) Unifonn Load x < dl2
Ln
b) Concentrated Load x < dl2
(2.8)
It interesting to note the Od is less than or equal to one. This could wrongly
imply that the maximum shear strength is less than shallow beams. However,
this requirement is intended to prevent bearing failure in deep beam rather than
controlling shear failure.
q cu =bdc XO.24!iU
Yc
~0.46~CU
............................ (2.10a)
Yc
Where
~ 1.0
~
2.5
Mu : is the ultimate moment at the critical section.
QII: is the ultimate shear at the critical section.
The factor b dc is a multiplier for qcu in shallow beams to account for the higher
resisting capacity of deep beams due to arching action.
V~
fY:
in which
Critical sections
the smaller of d or Ln
The value of the nominal shear stress qu should be less than qwnax given by
213
0.24~cUY
............................. (2.10b)
where
ILJJIIIIIlllllllllllllJIIIllll
~t
qou = ode
where
0.24
~cu
Yo
............................. (2.lO c)
--.....
H
0, = (1- 0.3 Tu )
Ac
A limiting value is placed by the code on qcu by the equation:
qcu :::;
Av
= (0.20/l00)b Sv
(2.11a)
A"
= (0.30/100)bs"
A"
mm
214
215
The Egyptian Code permits the use of the Strut and Tie Model (explained in
detail in Chapter 6) to design the beams in which the ratio of the effective span
to depth satisfies the following conditions:
B- Continuous beams
2.S ::;, Lid ::;, 4.0
The model consists of compression struts in the concrete and tension ties in the
steel reinforcement and truss nodes as shown in Fig. 2.8. The detail of the
application of the method for the case of deep beams is explained in Chapter 6,
together with illustrative examples.
in which
0" =
ll-(Lllld)
12
.................................... (2.13a)
v -_l+(Lllld)
12
qsuv =
q,u" =
xb
xb
Truss node
.
..................................... (2.13b)
Av x(fy IrS>
Sv
Compression
Compression
strut
strut
It can be concluded from Eq. 2.12 and Eq. 2.13 (as stated above) that horizontal
reinforcement is more effective than the vertical web reinforcement.
Equation 2.12b has four parameters (Av. Sv. All. SII). It is customary to assume the
value of these parameters and calculate the value of the shear carried by the
reinforcement qsu. The value of qsu in Eq. 2.12b should be greater than required
shear stress qsu given by Eq. 2.12a. Thus, assume three of these parameters to
obtain the fourth unknown.
Figure (2.7) shows the recommended reinforcement detailing of a simply
supported top-loaded deep beam.
216
Tie force, T
217
O. 15L t
O.15L t
O.70Lt
'
:r
~ @
c
,I
L
.\
Lt.1
219
IA
- --, - -,.-
"
_._-
_. - -
v.uv
I I\i IfI I I I I I I I I I I I I I tl I I
v.vv
L..
I I I
L.
I I I, I I III I I I I I
@
0.80 I
0.8 .)
- , JfL I As
+vel
CD
Ll
I
tv
tv
rE-
J:
0.40 H
0.4 L)
As(-vel/2
L?
IS!
As(-ve)/2
L!,\
___CD
rI-h
2- One-half of the main top steel should be located at a height (0.8H< 0.8l)
and should cover the total length of the beam.
3- Span variations and variations in loads should not be more than 20%.
4- In case of span variations, (l) is the bigger span.
Sec. A-A
Sec. 8-8
IB
-
--,
-1'-
U.<lU L
As (top)
U.<lU L
U.VU L.
U.<lU L
@
0.80 I
0.8 .)
J:
DAD H
0.4 L)
,-1
tv
tv
,.....
rE
-+,
ill
@
CD
1- The main bottom steel should cover the whole span.
2- One-half of the main top steel should be located at a height (0.8H< 0.8l)
and should cover the total length of the beam.
@
3- The vertical steel should be designed to deliver the bottom load to the
upper part of the beam.
4- Span variations and variations in loads should not be more than 20%.
Sec. A-A
5- In case of span variations, (l) is the bigger span.
Sec. 8-8
LJW
Special provisions are needed when loads or reactions are introduced along the
full depth of a beam for example, when deep beams support each other, as
illustrated in Fig. (2.11).
-~
"-
"
Cast-in-situ
"
""
"
7'
7'
"
7'
7'
I"
7'
:r
~+ve)
I
'
. . . . . .4
I.
(b) Corbels
222
223
Typical examples are reinforced concrete bridges in which the deck is cast-insitu concrete slab supported on precast girders as shown in Fig. 2.12a. Another
example is corbels supporting crane girders.
Shear displacement
':"
UIllllllJ
--
L-
--
b) Free-body fiagram
225
The shear stresses on the concrete face are assumed to be related to the
compressive stresses by a coefficient of friction !-t. The maximum capacity is
assumed to be reached when the reinforcement crossing the crack yields leading
to a shear resistance of:
-------.- ......
where As! is the area of reinforcement crossing the surface and fY its yield
strength. Equation (2.14) states that the resistance to slip is equal to the nonnal
force times the coefficient of friction J.1.
Tests have shown that shear-friction capacity is also a function of the concrete
strength and the area of contact. As the concrete strength and the area of contact
increase, the aggregate interlock mechanism becomes more efficient aI?-d the
shear friction increases. Hence, there is an upper limit qn the shear resistance
due to friction:
A is the area of contact. The area of reinforcement that crosses the crack
Crack
Qu
JI.
Iy I Ys
......................................... (2.16)
Qu
+~ .................................... (2.17)
The values given by the Egyptian Code for the coefficient of friction (JI.) are
The steel must be placed approximately uniform across the shear plane so that
all parts of the crack are clamped together. Each bar must be anchored on both
sides of the crack to develop the yield strength.
.
The ultimate shear (Qu I A) shall not exceed the following limits:
JI.
Iy I Ys
Iy I Ys
qu
=Qu I Ac
qu =Qu I Ac ~ 4.0 N I mm 2
226
227
(2.18b)
The code provisions apply to short cantilevers in which the depth at the outside
edge of the bearing area is not less that (O.Sd) where d is the depth m~asured at
column face. Short cantilevers are designed to support beams transferring
vertical reactions Qu ' Horizontal force (N u) caused by restrained shrinkage,
,--_-=,,--Nu
Shear friction
reinforcement
)---<=l-,--
a
(b)
(a)
d/2
(c)
228
Nu
The Egyptian Code requires that reinforcement be arranged as shown in P(2.17). The main tension reinforcement is calculated to resist a moment (M u )lg.
at
column face and a normal force (N u) .
The area of steel required to resist the tensile force (N ;::: 0.2Q ) is given by..
U
A I!
As
Ah
,/
Qu
Jl (/y 1YS)
+~ .................................. (2.21)
Iy I Y.
1. Main Reinforcement
Vertic
CI ased st.
1/
Main steel,
,
7
2d
Il
Nu
.
-I I ....................................................... (2.20)
y Ys
-- --------
The bending moment is calculated as follows (refer to Fig. 2.15). The flexural
reinforcement Afis calculated using regular sectional analysis.
,,"~
------ -
1.
As
2.
3.
A. min
3. Vertical Stirrups
Corbels should also be provided with vertical stirrups that satisfies the
minimum requirements of the ECP-203.
A" = 0.4 b
Iy
s ........................................... (2.25)
231
Example 2.1
Solution
= smaller of
Design the beam using the empirical design method presented in the Eep 203
:. Lejf =
7500 kN
7.35m
Assume the distance from the bottom fibers to the center of the tension
~
d = 6000 -100 = 5900 mm
reinforcement = 100 mm
7500 kN
5.90
Since the (d / Lett) < 1.25 (simple beam condition), the empirical method can
be applied.
E
E
o
o
o
:. Yet
= 5.13m
CD
F=2.275
2.8
--t.lq.891
7.00 m - - -_ _
232
233
Mmax(atIDld-span)=
L2
+PuxL =
206.5 X 7.35 2
8
+7500x2.275
7500
7500
w u =206.5 kNlm'
= 18457 kN:m
1~457x106. = 11493mm 2
5130x 360'/1.15
0.
225
A.min =smaller of
fy
.JJ::
.\
l.3A. =1.3x11493=14941mm 2
8258.8 r--,-,....;.,'"---_
Q=8006kN
8258.8
Shear diagram
Assume that the top steel equals 15% ofthe bottom steel
Use (As) 4 <I> 25
mID.
(CL distance)
735
R = 206.5 x -'- + 7500 = 8258.88 kN
2
234
=2.09N /mm 2
650x 5900
M u = R x -w u
qu
= 8006 x 10
a /2 = 0.5(2500-400) = 1050mm
d /2 = 5900 = 2950mm
2
x = 7.35 - 2.8 - 2x 1.05 = 1.225m
2
Qu
qu = b xg
ad
ad
x 0.7 .Jlcu
/ Yc ::;; ad x 4
1
L
=3(2+0.4--:-)
q umax
5.9
= 0.825
x 0.7.J25/1.5 = 2.35N / mm 2 < 0.825x 4 ..... -+o.k
.
Since the average shear stress at the critical section is less than the maximum
allowable shear stress, the concrete dimensions are adequate.
235
> 1.0
< 2.5
Take
9962
) = 2.97 > 2.5 ~
8006 x 5.90
ode
= 2.5
Sh
360 [0.182(226)+0.818(400)]
650x1.15
200
s"
S"
152.8 mm
O.K.
<Av .... ok
A",min
<Ah ..... ok
4 ~ 25
Oh =
(11 - Lid)
Il
12
_+
v-
( 1 LII / d) _
12
(Vertical)
7.0)
(1 I - -5
9
=
. =0.818
12
~16@150mm
(1 + L~)
(Horizontal)
5.9
=0.182
12
JO~2B
6~28
qsu
A"
::=:
400mm 2
14~28
CD
CD--=:jJ
237
I Example 2.2
Determine the required reinforcement for the bracket shown in figure according
to the following data:
Bracket dimensions (b x t)
Mu
af --88
--.,-------
>0.1d
6
______
2_10_x_1_0__ _ _ _ _ =1425mm 2
(750-88/2)x 240/1.15
b
3
I' . I
100xl0 =479 mm 2
240/1.15
400
1 Qu= 500 kN
.-- o.o5-i-l-I
Nu = 100 kN
Iy 1Ys
E
E
LO
~~/
500
Aif=
Qu
f.lly1ys
- 500xlO
A if-
1.2x 240
1.15
238
AI xf).
Y.,
Iylys
+ 100x1
03
240/1.15
-2476
=1.2
mm
O.67 x fcu
1.5
The area of the main reinforcement is the largest area obtained by evaluating
three equations:
500x103
= 2.22::;;0.15x25 =3.75 N Imm 2 O.K.
300x750
---
+~
;~ ::;;O. 15f eu
.....
=~=
239
1/
7 Close_d_s_t.-t-il-'
'---~
6$12/m
= 12
mm and
The available area of horizontal stirrups = 113x2 x(5001166 +1) = 906.7 mm2 >
826mm2 O.K.
Reinforcement Details
240
O.K.
241
CONTROL OF DEFLECTIPNS
3.1 Introduction
The Egyptian Code is based on the limit states design method. The limit states
(states at which the stru'.":ture becomes unfit for its intended function) are
divided into two main groups: those related to collapse and those that disrupt
the use of the structures but do not cause collapse. These are referred to as
ultimate limit states and serviceability 'limit states, respectively. The major
242
yielding of reinforcement
-g
.3
cracking Load - - - - uncracked
stage
Cracking stage
Midspan Deflection 11
The first approach indirectly controls the deflection by setting an upper limit for
span-to-thickness ratio. It is simple to follow without the need for deflection
calculations. However, if smaller members are required, the second approach
should be followed by calculating the deflections and comparing the computed
values with specific limitations imposed by the code.
Since the service load of any member is about 65% of its ultimate load, the
service load level of the beam in Fig. 3.1 can be represented by point B. Longterm application of service load (sustained load) results in increasing the
deflection from point B to B', due to creep of concrete. The short-term, or
immediate, deflection under service load (point B) and the long-term service
load deflection (point B') are both of interest in design and will be discussed
later.
243
244
Maximum
tension
cracking Loa
cracking stage
19>1. >ler
'
tension
uncracked stage
Ie=Ig
Midspan Deflection 11
Yt
where !clr is the concrete tensile strength (N/mm2), Ig is the gross moment of
inertia neglecting the effect of reinforcement (mm4), and Yt is the distance from
the neutral axis to the extreme fiber in tension for the uncracked section (mm).
"In the ECP 203, the concrete tensile strength!c,r is given by:
fetr
For rectangular sections, YI equals to half the section thickness. For T -sections
the reader should pay attention to the direction of the bending moment. Thus,
for T -section in cantilever beams the distance YI is measured from the top fibers
Fig.3.3.a and for T-sections in simple beams it is measured from the bottom
fibers as shown in Fig.3.3.b.
245
When the applied moment exceeds Mer. the developed tensile stress exceeds the
tensile strength of concrete producing cracks as shown in Fig. 3.4. The
developed cracks will cause the moment of inertia to drop to a value less than
the gross moment of inertia I g Since concrete is weak in tension, it will crack
below the neutral axis and its contribution to the rigidity and strength will be
neglected. On the other hand, the concrete in the compression zone acts
effectively and contribute to the section rigidity. The actual cracked section is
non-homogeneous and consists of the compressed concrete above the neutral
axis and the reinforcing steel bars below the neutral axis. The nonhomogeneous section can be replaced by an imaginary homogenous section
called the transformed section.
To obtain the transformed section of a reinforced concrete beam, the area of the
reinforcing steel bars As is replaced by an equivalent area of concrete equals
nAs, in which n= E/Ee is the modular ratio (the modulus of elasticity of steel I
modulus of elasticity of concrete). The moment of inertia of this transformed
section is called the cracked transformed moment of inertia Ier.
246
bx Z2 /2-n A., (d - z)
=0
.............................. (3.3)
and,
= ~2fin + fin 2
z=kd
Having determined the neutral axis distance z, the cracked moment of inertia Ier
can be computed as
cracked
zone
As
-I
bxz
=-3-+
n As (d -
z)
............................. (3.6)
Using the previous set of equations, design chart was prepared to facilitate the
determination of the Ier for singly reinforced section (refer to the Appendix).
Cracked section
Uncracked section
Ier
-I
For doubly reinforced section, the compression steel displaces the stressed
concrete and has a transformed area of (n-1)As Referring to Fig. 3.5 and taking
the first moment of area about the top fibers gives:
(n-l)A's
.'Jz
4
-bJ+.J
z =
. bf- aJcJ ................................... (3.8)
2 aJ
wh<1re
al
bl
I
I
._.~~"\~
As
Cracked section
nAs
1._._._._ . .:
linear stress
distribution
Cl
=bl2
=n As + (n-1) A's
=-[(n-1) As d' + n As d]
Transformed section
'.
3'
bxz
2
"
2
.
Icr=-3-+nAs (d-z) +(n-1)As (z-d) ...................... (3.9)
Design aids for calculating the cracked moment of inertia for rectangular
sections with tension steel only are given in Appendix.
247
248
ill T-sections, the neutral axis could be located inside or outside the flange as
shown in Fig. 3.6. Therefore, hand calculations should be carried out as
explained in the illustrative examples.
B
..... J7-'-'neutral
n As ---
axis
Ie
Figure 3.6 shows variation of the effective moment of inertia With the applied
moment Ma. In this figure, the horizontal axis refers to the applied bending
moment and the vertical axis refers to the moment of inertia that should be used
in deflection calculations. It is clear that if the applied moment is less than
cracking moment of the beam; deflection is calculated using the gross moment
Photo 3.2 Reinforced concrete building
249
250
of inertia Ig. On the other hand, if the applied moment is greater than the
cracking moment, deflection is calculated using the effective moment of inerr
Ie. It is interesting to note that the value of the effective moment of inert::
approaches the cracked moment of inertia as the applied moment increases.
II
I
Igl-----.
,,
,
,,
,,
,,,
Ma::=;Mcr ,:
Ie=Ig
:,' ___ _
Ier __________
,,
-----------------------------------------_.
,
,,
~r
Ma
Fig. 3.7 Variation of the effective moment of inertia Ie with the applied
momentMa
Table 3.1 L./t ratios for members spanning less than 10 meters or
cantilevers spanning less than 2m. (Deflection calculations are waived)
In summery the effective moment of inertia equals
Element
Solid slabs
Ie
.................. (3.12)
Icr+'{I -IJ(::r
g
if Ma,>M
cr
end
Two
Cantilever
Simply
One end
supported
continuous
25
30
36
10
20
25
28
16
18
21
continuous
The values listed in Table (3.1) are valid when using high grade steel 400(600.
In the case of using other types of reinforcing steel, the values mentioned in
Table 3.1 should be divided by factor~, given by:
f=0.40+
iy .................................... (3.14)
650
252
T-sections
The limiting values listed in Table 3.1 are also valid for T-sections by
multiplying the values by the reduction factor 0 determined from the either Eq.
3.15 or Fig 3.8.
c.o 0.95
~
0
....
0.90
:=
0.85
.s
.~
~
:=
't:I
, .., V
.-.~
..,,-100""
0.80
V
~--
(bIB) ratio
w L4
384EJe
5w L4
. a(0.85+~)
. 1600
0.70
0.1
0.75
20
15+-+IOPp
bla
Where
a is the smaller dimension of the slab, b is longer dimension of the slab., /3 p is
the ratio between the length of all continuous ed~es to the total perimeter, andh
is the yield strength of reinforcin,g steel in N/mm
253
384EJe
P L3
/).=
48EJe
W L4
8EJe
P L3
3EJe
254
...... (3.18)
"r'
;:s. ~.'.
""'<',."
. :,,
Where Ie and L are the effective moment of inertia and the beam span,
respectively. Ec is the concrete modulus of elasticity and is given by :
,~
I
;
Ec
The total immediate delectation ~i due to the existence of dead and live loads
equals to:
~i = ~DL + ~u ................................................. (3.20)
where ~DL is the deflection due to dead loads including the own weight of the
member and the weight of the finishes and ~LL is the deflection due live loads.
II:
E
E
s::
160
:;:;
120
CI)
Due to the combined effect of creep and shrinkage, the deflection increases with
time. The factors affecting long-term deflection include humidity, temperature,
curing conditions, ratio of stress to strength, the age of concrete at the time of
loading and compression steel content. If the concrete is loaded at an early age,
its long-term deflection will be increased. The creep deflection after about five
years can range two-three times the initial deflection. It should be noted that
more than 90% of the long-term deflection occurs at the first five years after the
initial loading.
immediate
curvature
concrete
beam
curvature
after creep
r-:-~:I-
100
80
....s::
60
E
.;:
40
CI)
20
><
w
Cii
CI)
a.
A'$=O
140
.... ~
/'
IL:::::.
///
.,
A's=O.5Jl is
long-ter In deflection
A's=As
Immeat te aenectlOn
100
200
300
400
500
Time (days)
immediate
trains
- - ;-
cr"""~f
' stram a ter
creep
Based on experimental results, the ECP 203 specifies that additional long-term
deflection due to creep ~reep is calculated by multiplying the dead load
deflection ~DL by the factor a. For a singly reinforced section this factor is
equal to 2. The reduction factor a for sections with compression steel can be
computed from the following relation:
(A' )
a = 2-1.2
~creep
deflection
Fig. 3.9 Effect of creep on deflections, curvature and strains.
255
600
A: ;: : 0.6 .............................
= a ~DL
(3.~1)
(3.22)
256
......................... (3.23)
1110lal
ri
i
i
!
I
!
11
~ 2~0
............................................ (3.25a)
2- For cantilevers:
11/0/01
<~
360
where L is the distance between the inflection points for beams or slabs and is
the cantilever length (See Fig. 3.1). The value of L is based on the short span
for one-way and two-way slabs, and based on the long span for flat slabs.
................................................. (3.26)
LL -
The ECP-203 requires that for beams and slabs carrying non-structural
elements that are likely to be affected by deflection such as curtain
walls, the part of the total deflection that occurs after the execution of
the floor finishes and partitions and that results from all loads including
the effect of temperature, shrinkage and creep to be limited to:
I1p
The ECP 203 requires that the immediate deflections due to live loads
only for beams and slabs supporting or attached to non-structural
elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections, to be limited to:
= I1LL + a
11,,,,,
L
480 ................................ (3.27)
where
I1LL
a I1sus
Jk\I
One end continuous beam
Simple beam
-I
L=O.76Lb
Continuous beam
Cantilever beam
\ Deflection Calculations \
I
Type of member
Deflection to be considered
Deflection
limit
Beams and slabs in ordinary Total deflection (measUred from the
buildings
L 1250
for
L/250
LI450
for cantilevers
I.
L 1450
for
LI360
likely
to
L 1480
of
non-structural
partitions
I
259
260
For a beam with concentrated negative moment MI at beam end the deflection
equals
For continuous spans, the ECP 203 calls for a simple average value for the
effective moment of inertia obtained from Eq. 3.10 as follows:
I;
........................ (3.28)
where I~ is the average effective moment of inertia, Iem is the effective moment
of inertia at mid-span and leI and Ie2 are the values of the effective moment of
inertia calculated at the negative moment sections. Figure 3.13 shows the
application of Eq. 3.28 for the calculation of the average effective moment of
inertia for an interior span of a continuous beam. The value of the effective
moment inertia at mid-span Iem is calculated form Eq. 3.10 using the maximum
moment Mam. On the other hand, the values of leI and Ie2 are calculated from
Eq. 3.10 suing the maximum negative moments Mal and Ma2.
Ll
I
3xL2
MI ....................... (3.31)
48 Ec I;
Referring to Fig. 3.13 and by using the principle -of super-p~sition, one can
concluded that the mid span deflection Ll for a continuous beam IS
Ll =
5xL
48xEc
I;
[M -O.lx(MI +M 2 )]
(3.32)
where MI M and M2 are the bending moments at end 1, midspan, and end 2
respectiv~ly. To calculate the dead load deflection for example, one should use
the dead load moment Mm,DL at midspan and at the two ends (MI,DL and M2,DL)'
Fig. 3.13 Calculation of the effective moment of inertia for continuous beams
For continuous beams in which the exterior support does not prevent any
rotation (brick wall), the effective moment of inertia can be approximated by
I;
.................................... (3.29)
Where Iem is the effective moment of inertia at mid-span and leI is the value of
the effective moment of inertia calculated at the first interior support.
To determine the effect of continuity on the deflection at mid-span, it is easier
to express the deflection equation in terms of moment. For example, for a
uniformly loaded simply supported beam the deflection can be expressed as:
Ll=
5xL2
261
262
Example 3.1
The cantilever beam shown in the figure below carries an unfactored dead load
of 11.5 kN/m' and an un factored live load of 6 kN/m'. The beam is located at a
typical floor and supports walls that are not likely to be damaged by deflection.
It is required to calculate the immediate and the long-term deflections. Does
the beam meet ECP 203 requirements for deflections?
=35 N/mm
= 10
feu
n
9
. = fetr.lg =3.55x6.4x10 x-1-=56.79kN.m
Mer
400
106
Y
t
W total
150mm
I
I
7:-
2
/.clr = 0 6"leu = 0.6..j35 = 3.55 N I mm
= W total
M
a
L2
= 17.5x2.22
then
Ie=Ig
3<1> 20
00
2.20m
Beam Section
Beam Elevation
'" J cu
From the appendix, the maximum deflection for a cantilever beam carrying
uniform load equals to:
Solution
Step 1: Calculate the uncracked section properties
Neglect the reinforcement steel in calculating the gross moment of inertia.
Yt=400 mm
3
mm 4
ADL
150
W DL
L4
11.5x(2.2x1000)4
= 8 Ee
Ie
= 8x26030x6.4x109
6x(2.2x1000)4
8 x 26030 x 6.4 x 109
0.20 mm
= 0.11 mm
Uncracked section
263
"
264
Example 3.2
The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals
The simple beam shown in the figure below is located at a roof f a building
and it does not support any partitions. The unfactored dead load is (including
own weight) 15.0 kN/m', and the unfactored live load is 9.0 kN/m' . Check
whether the beam meets the ECP 203 requirements for deflections.
feu
=25 N/mm2
n
=10
!::"total
=(I+a)!::..DL +!::..u
mm
Since !::..LL (0.11 mm) < !::..LL(allowable) (6.11 mm), the code limit is satisfied.
250mm
o
o
\0
Beam Section
./
..
.\
-~
.,.1'
,/f(/"
";
.~:(-!
'\.
' ..
265
266
4<l>16
Solution
Step 1: Calculate uncracked section properties
1 ,250
~_.Jz
Yt=300mm
I = _bx_t_3 = 250x600
12
= 4.5x109
12
mm4
8\0
I 250 I
-IIi
Uncracked section
= 0.6.J7: = 0.6.[i5 = 3 N I mm 2
= fetr.I g
cr
total
Yt
10 6
.. I
As=804mm
Transformed section
Original section
Taking the first moment of area for the transformed section about the N.A.,
gives:
250x z x~ = 8040 (550 - z)
2
125 Z2 + 8040 z - 4422000 = 0
z=158.68 mm
Calculate cracked moment of inertia Ier
=15+9 = 24 kN 1m'
I
cr
if
267
268
Example 3.3
WLL
=9 kN/m' =9 N/mm'
The maximum dead load deflection for simple beam at mid span equals
= 5w VL L4 =
!:1
VL
384Ec Ie
1250
5xI5x(6xlOOO)4
=65mm
384x22000x1.77x109
.
120
Since the relation between deflection and load is linear, we can determine the
deflection of other loads simply by using ratios of the applied loads as follows:
A
t.J..
0
0
00
Wu
9
u =!:1vL X--=6.5X-=3.9mm
W VL
15
A;=3<1>22
1-1
!:1;
200
~,'""""'''''.'
The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals:
I
!:1total
I!
= (1 + a) !:1VL +!:1 u
'
i.
.1
7.20m
2. Since the beam does not support partitions, no additional checks are
needed.
Solution
Step 1: Calculate the uncracked section properties
Neglect the tension steel in calculating the gross moment of inertia.
Since the section is not symmetrical, calculate the center of gravity (c.g.).
Y2
I
Y=250.2 mm
o
o00
y,=400mm
Al
Y2=60mm
269
Uncracked section
270
Al
= (1250 -
200)x120 =126000 mm 2
Assume that the neutral axis is located at a distance z from the compression
force. Transforming the steel reinforcement into equivalent area of concrete
gives:
160000 + 126000
= 200 X 800
Ig
+160000x(400-250.2)2 + (1250-200)x120
12
12
+ 126000 x (250.2 - 60)2
-11_1_
I
--L
1 -_ _ _
12_5_0_ _
1250
----=..:;...:....::...----1
1-1
Y = 800 -
assumedc.g
250.2 = 549.8 mm
1--1
200
1250
Yc=250.2mm
o
o
120
00
YF549.8mm
!clr
To quickly determine whether or not the c.g. is inside the flange, calculate the
first moment of area at the end of the slab.
120
1250x120x- > 11404 x (750 -120)
2
Hence, assume the c.g. inside the flange. Taking the first moment of area for the
transformed section about the c.g.
=fetr.lg
er
Yt
W total
= 2.683xI6.83x10
549.8
x_1_ =82.15kN.m
106
= 20 + 8 = 28 k!'f I m'
M =
W total L2
= 28x7.22
625 Z2
181.44kN.m
+ 11404 Z - 8553000 =0
271
272
_ B Z3
2
Ier --3-+nAs(d-z)
3
Ie
d LL +a d
d sus
sus
L
7200
:::=:;-:::=:;--:::=:;IS mm
480 480
.
= d DL + 0.3 X d LL
Where d sus is the deflection due to all dead loads applied after the installation
of all partitions plus the permanent live loads (given as 30%).
d sus = S.64+0.3x2.26 = 6.32 mm
= 20 kN/m' = 20 N/mm'
WLL
=8 kN/m' = 8 N/mm'
Since the relation between deflection and load is linear, we can determine the
deflection of otherloads simply by using ratios as follows:
W
d u = d DL x~ = S.64x- = 2.26 mm
W DL
20
= (1 + a) d DL + d u
273
274
Example 3.4
250
4<1>16
Beam Section
Ig
Ie = 3234016475 = 3.23x10 mm
PDL=80kN
Pu=55kN
+(Ig -IJ(: : )
.. I
I..
Ie = Ier
I-
I
-L3
~
-I
P L3 ,.
The deflection for a simple beam carrying a concentrated load equals - - .
48 Ee Ie
!J.. . = (80 X1000) X(6000)3 = 4.0 mm
DL
48x 27828x3.23x109
Since the relation between deflection and load is linear, we can determine the
deflection of other loads simply by using ratios as follows:
!J..
LL
=!J..
DL
DL
Solution
!J..i =
A~
As
= 2 16 = 0.5
416
-7
a= 2-1.2 (A
ASs' ) = 2-1.2 (0.5)= 1.4
~ 0.6 .. o.k.
The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals:
~otal = 80 + 55 = 135 kN
Ma =
ADL
!J../otal
!J..
275
276
Example 3.5
The code maximum limit for simple beams = 6000/250 = 24.0 mm.
Since Lltota1 (12.35 mm) < Llallowable (24.0 mm), the code limit is satisfied.
The T -beam shown in figure is a part of a roof and it supports a triangular ~oad.
The beam supports partitions that are not likely to be damagedby deflectIOns.
Does the beam shown in the figure below satisfy the ECP 203 requirements for
2
deflections? The concrete strength is 25 N/mm Assume of n=lD. All the
given loads are unfactored
6000
Llsus
1400
.. ,
100
=4.0 mm
I\
0
0
'D
A's=3<\>16
1-1
250
kN/m'
WLL=lO kN/m'
WDL=24
3.60m
277
278
Solution
Step 1:
1400
Ca~culat~
!etr
~~------------
Yt=191.51
100
Y=191.51 mm
o
o
\0
Al
.
, .,:
.t\
Uncracked section
"
= fetr.lg = 3.Ox8.66x10
Mer
Yt
'';'
Al = 250x600 = 150000 mm 2
Yl=300mm
~ = (1400-250)x100 = 115000 mm 2
Y2=50mm
Ig
Wtota!
= 24+ 10 = 34 kN I m'
~otal
= 14+8 = 22 kN
= Wtotal
191.51
150000 + 115000
= ~~0;26003
+ 150000x(300-191.51)2 +
(1400-~~0)XI003
+115000x (191.51-50)2
= 0~6K = 0.6.fi5 =3 N I mm 2
Noticing that the tension side for the cantilever is at the top flange, then;
Yt = Y = 191.51 mm
279
280
Assume that the neutral axis at a distance z from the compression force. The
reader should notice that the compression part for cantilever is at the bottom of
the section.
250x 190.433
+ 5428x(190.43-50)2 + 14726x(550-190.43)2
3
= 2.58x109 mm 4
Ier ==
Ec
Ie
Ie
152.64
It-~-I
100
>rl
>rl
w L4
30EJe
Taking the first moment of area for the transformed section about the c.g
125 Z2
+ 20154 z - 8370740 =0
z=190.43 rom
f1
= W DL
DL
b Z3
"
2
2
Ier =-+(n-l) As(z-d) +n A/d -z)
3
.
281
f1DL
L4 + PDL L3
30 E c I e 3 E c I e
24x(3.6xlOOO)4
30x22000x6.86x109
---..:..---~- +-'-----'-~---'---
=2.33 mm
282
.&
;
.', J,L
Example 3.6
The reinforced concrete one-way slab shown in the figure below supports an
2
unfactored dead load of 6 kN/m 2 and an unfactored live load of 3 kN/m
Calculate the immediate and long-term deflections at point (B). !CU equals 30
2
N/mm
!J.. LL = 1.20 mm
AI
The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals
,a.=:'.2-1.2...(A:)
603
_' =2-1.2 (-) =1.512::0. 6 .. o.k.
A.
' .'
1472
6<1> 14/m'
\~11lm'
3.6m
~,,"
!if
6tj>14/m'
14/
6+
\.
m'
.1
3.6m
11/0/01
!J.. LL (01lnwable)
oci
L
3600
:s; -:s; - - =10 mm
360 360
I1 LL(allowable)
ii
3.6
3.6
1
Floor plan
283
284
1'
Solution
Step 1: Calculate the uncracked section properties'
Taking a 1m slab width of the (b=1000 mm)
Yt=70mm
3
Cracked section at B
. ,.
I
I
~.~~
Uncracked section
cr
= fctr-I g = 3.29x228x10
Yt
70
jJ,
_1_=1074kN
6
.m
10
A
=bXsd
923.6
= 1000x120 = 0.0077
The cracking moment is valid for sections A, B and C (refer to the figure).
= 80.3x10 6 mm 4
n=lO
1000
0.0465~-~
-7
d =140-20 =120 mm
~ = 678.5
bxd
= 0.00565 .
cracked section at C
1000 x 120
0.0077
6
286
~20
lo/ al
= 6+3 = 9 kN 1m 2
Wtotal
=9 kNlm'
Since the slab is continuous with equal spans and loading, the code coefficients
for moments in slabs are used as follows:
2
M = w/o/al xL
a
k
9x3.6 2
k
24
M a,
Mer
kN.m
kN.m
4.86
10.74
I'e
L:r,mm
80.3 x 106
uncracked
11.66
10.74
63.1x106
cracked
192.2 x 10 (lem)*
14.58
10.74
80.3 x 10
cracked
Note the values of the effective moment of inertia (given in the table) for
section Band C are calculated as follows:
= 63.1x10 6 + (228.6 X106 -63.lx106 )(10.74) 3
11.66
=192.2 X106 mm 4
<.
= 80.3 x 106
=3 kNlm' =3 Nlmm'
I~
D.DL = 1.93 mm
Since the relation between deflection and load is linear, we can determine the
deflection due to live load as a ratio of that due to dead load as follows:
W
WDL
= 139.56xI0 mm
should be calculated.
The total deflection due to all loads including the effect of creep equals:
D./o/ai = (1 + a) D. DL
+ D. u
287
5 X3600
(6X3.6 _0.IX{6X3.6 + 6x3.6 })XI06
DL - 48x24099.8x188.1xI06
10
24
8_
"I c =1
WLL
&
D.=
D.u
em
10
=I
t'
' 6 Nmm
= 6 kNlm=
WDL
= 11.66
status
D.
e,
xL
10
(L,=Ig)
=W
(=0.50I em +0.25x(Ie\ +I e2 )
Point
288
The code maximum limit for one-way slabs =U250, where L is the length
between the inflection points. Since the slab is continuous from one end the
length L equals 0.87 (3600) =3132 mm.
~allowable=
Since
3132/250 =12.53 mm
~total (6.75
mm) <
~allowable (12.53
CONTROL OF CRACKING
4.1 Introduction
In Chapter (1) of volume (1), the concept of limit states design was discussed.
The limit states (the states at which the structure becomes unfit for its intended
function) are divided into two groups: those leading to collapse and those that
disrupt the use of structures but do not cause collapse. These are referred to as
the ultimate limit states and the serviceability limit states, respectively. The
major serviceability limit states for reinforced concrete structures are,:
excessive deflections, and excessive cracking. This chapter presents the ,,,
serviceability limit state of cracking.
289
290
--T
-----~ --
c _________ _
1
j
Figure 4.2a shows an axially loaded prism. Cracking starts when the tensile
stress in the concrete reaches the tensile strength of concrete at some point in
the member. When this occurs, the prism cracks. Figures 4.2b and 4.2c show
the variation in the steel and concrete stresses along the axially loaded prism.
At the cracks, the steel stress and strain are at a maximum value. At the
location of the cracks, the stresses in the concrete are equal to zero, while
between the cracks, stresses start to develop in the concrete. This reaches a
maximum value mid-way between two cracks.
The width of the crack, w, is the difference in the elongation of the steel and
the concrete over a length A~B equal to the crack spacing:
= f (cs-cc)
where Cs and Cc are the strains in the steel and concrete, respectively, at a given
location between A and B and x is measured along the axis of the prism.
One
Two
i-
The crack spacing and the strains in the steel and concrete are difficult to
determine in practice and empirical equations are usually used to compute the
crack width.
-;:
. -;l- t .J-i\
(a) Cracked member
Three
iii-
iii-
The Egyptian Code requires a minimum suitable cover for protecting the steel
reinforcement. The cover should not be less than the larger value determined
from Table (4.2) or the largest bar diameter.
structure - Table
and slabs
(4.1)
where
13=
1.7
1.3
Category of
1.7
feu :525
feu )25
feu :525
feu )25
N/mm2
N/mm
N/mm2
N/mm2
One
25
20
20
20
Two
30
25
25
Three
35
30
Four
45
40
Bar diameter in mm. In case of using more than one diameter, the
average diameter shall be used.
20
131 =
30
25
132 =
40
35
<I>
Coefficient that retlects the effect of bond between steel and concrete
between cracks. It shall be taken equal to 0.8 for deformed bars and 1.6
for smooth bars.
In case of members subjected to imposed deformation, the values of kl
shall be modified to kkl where the value of k is taken as follows:
** The concrete cover should not be less than the largest bar diameter
E,.
=/3.Srm esm
:$ W kmax (4.2)
1:
~~ (1-P,P, (
n. . . . . . . . . .
The values of Wk calculated using Eq. 4.2 should be less than Wkmax values
given in the Table (4.3).
295
Coefficient that relates the average crack width to the design crack
width. It shall be taken as follows:
For cracks induced due to loading
For cracks induced due to restraining the deformation in a section
having a width or depth (whichever smaller) less than 300 mm.
For cracks induced due to restraining the deformation in a section
having a width or depth (whichever smaller) more than 800 mm.
k=
k=
k=
k=
(4.4)
0.80 for the case in which the tensile stresses are induced due to
restraining the deformation. For rectangular cross section, the value of k
is taken as follows:
0.8 for rectangular section having a thickness ?: 300 mm.
0.50 for rectangular sections having a thickness :::; 800 mm.
For rectangular cross sections having thickness ranging between 300800 mm, the value of k can be calculated using linear interpolation.
1.0 for cases in which the tensile stresses are induced due to restraint of
extrinsic deformations.
Coefficient that retlects the strain distribution over the cross section. It
shall be taken equal to 0.5 for section subjected to pure bending and 1.0
for section subjected to pure axial tension. For section subjected to
combined bending and axial tension, k2 shall be calculated from Eq.
4.5.
296
k2
Where
to which the section is subjected. They shall be calculated based on the analysis
of a cracked section as shown in Fig. 4.3.
Category of
structureTable (4.1)
One
Two
Three
Four
Wk
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.1
t
a- Strain distribution
due to axial tension
Steel c.g
is
Element in tension
Beams
isr
::1 .............................................
Slabs
(4.6)
where
As = area of longitudinal tension steel within the effective tension area.
Ael
teel ).
The value of
teel
297
298
Table (4.4) Control of cracking for smooth bars by limiting steel stress
under service loads or reduction QJdesign yield stress in steel to (Per Iy)
.
." ""
."'
The Egyptian Code permits nit carrying out the calculations of the limit state of
cracking in accordance with Eq. (4.2) if one of the following conditions is met:
f .". j . ; " ,
~:.'. :~.tI~.J'~;.~;; ~i~ ~:
four
Largest Bar diameter (cj)max) in mm
140
1.00
25
18
12
120
0.84
28
20
18
100
0.69
28
"'-:',,"0
I~'
fs (N/mm:.!)
Reduction factor
W.S.D
Per (U.L.D)
299
... .....f.i
,>~ ~;
. ';,'< .
one
.
"
Category
Category
two
three &
four
36/52
40/60
220
1.00
0.92
18
12
200
0.93
0.83
22
16
10
180
0.85
0.75
25
20
12
160
0.75
0.67
32
22
18
140
0.65
0.58
--
25
22
120
0.56
0.50
--
--
28
300
fet(N) = the tensile stresses due to unfactored axial tension force (negative
Hence, the factors appeared in Eqs. 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 are evaluated as follows:
k t =0.80
--7
k2 =0.50
--7
deformed bars
section subjected to simple bending moment
fit
=0.80
fi2 =0.50
--7
deformed bars
--7
fi = 1.70
--7
"~, [I+(~::::J] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The curves were prepared for rectangular sections reinforc~. with deformed
bars and subjected to long term loading that result in, pure bending moment.
In which
S nn =(50+0.25k J k2
(4.9)
.................... (4.10)
:J
As
jlxbxd
P =-=
r
Aee!
Coefficient fI
Pr
Aee!
Aee!
= 2.5x(t -d)xb
jlxb xd
2.5x(t -d)xb
2.5 (t Id -1)
(0:
100
1.00
200
1.30
400
1.60
600
1.70
301
302
and the
..
tim;ca:~~tr:~:::rf:~O)I:O):S~
esm .
rlt '/32
1.
.' .: :~~~i:if'~-.l{,.:,~~
.,.; ,
.
I
bxc 3
A (d
er =--+n
3
s
Is
................................ (4.17)
Ier
M
= nX -xed
-c) .................................. (4.18)
Ier
I..
-I
I..
_J~
___ _ "
,'"
. ."
:,. t
1'~ I, -t.: ''', ,
. As
Cracked section
linear stress
distribution
Isr
-I
f s',
~_J:
............................................... (4.19)
M
.' '
"
Mer. ":"'f
.' x!.L = 0:6'fj-:-~b:~t3./12= 0 1 ~ b t 2
- dr
.' .', ..jJ.I.. eu.
' / 2'.
.
eu
y
I ,
t ."
.-,-.~~~~~~\~~'@
:..~.:.:-.-.- ..; .,
= Mer
"J
3,-' :.
.
2
".'. ,:.',
;2
nAs
.( t J2
M.
,b.
=0.1$:.
:
' ..
.~
........................... (4.21)
Transformed
sm
nXMX(d-C)(1-0.80xO.5 (Mer)2)
............. (4.22 )
6 xl.
2x10
M
.
c.r
2
'(Mer/bd2 )2]
e= nX M /b d X(1-.:i)(
2 1-0.80xO.5
sm
2x106 xl cr /b d
M /bd
(4.23)
The previous equation is a function of MId b2, tid, and the reinforcement ratio
1-1-. For each value of the concrete strength !cu, design curves are plotted and
given in the Appendix.
An example of such curves is given in Fig. 4.6 and the rest are in the
Appendix
Take kr =1.7 esm X 104 Knowing MId b2, tid, and the reinforcement ratiQ 1-1-,
the value of kr is obtained using the design aids. The value of Wk can be
obtained using the following equation:
W k
=Sm xkr
X 10-4
.................................. (4.24)
303
(4.20)
Recti on
b (.:id)2
304
Wk
Example 4.1
70
65
60
Vl'--Q Po2
. 4
55
50
45
II
~ 35
30
/
/
)7
40
~ ~.003
V
Cl={).oos
/
/"
/'
./ . / V
/"
/'
Solution
0.006
./
0.007
./
./"
0.008
V ;7 / /./"'" ~ ~ I~:~~~
/ / V / /'/" ~ ~ ~ ~ r::::::: :::::::IK8g
.... 0.015
/ v/ /:::: ~ ~ :8 ~ ~ ~ ~
/~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
I /
25
/'
v/
20
15
10
o
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
Mlbd 2
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
12
200
125
100
88
80
75
71
69
67
65
84
63
62
61
60
14
225
138
108
94
85
79
75
72
69
68
66
65
63
63
62
16
250
150
117
100
90
83
79
75
72
70
68
67
65
84
63
18
275
163
125
106
95
88
82
78
75
73
70
69
67
66
65
3.0
Assuming, t
Bar Diameter
10
175
113
92
81
75
71
68
66
84
63
61
60
60
59
58
1- The concrete dimensions of the cross-section must be chosen such that the
tensile stresses developed due to the unfactored straining actions are less
than the tensile strength of concrete.
The concrete dimensions of the cross-section are determined such that the
tensile stresses developed in the section when subjected to the unfactored
straining actions are less than the tensile strength of concrete.
Values ofSm
.).1
---
",
20
300
175
133
113
100
92
86
81
78
75
73
71
69
68
67
22
325
188
142
119
105
96
89
84
81
78
75
73
71
70
68
25
363
206
154
128
113
102
95
89
85
81
78
76
74
72
71
28
400
225
167
138
120
108
100
94
89
85
82
79
77
75
73
32
450
250
183
150
130
117
107
100
94
90
86
83
81
79
77
The tensile stresses in the section are' calculated according to the following
equation:
fet
= fet(N) + fct(M)~fetrl1J
N
fct(N)=A
c
3
11Ox10
0.20N Imm 2
f.ct (N) -- 1000x550
fet(M)
305
= 550mm
6M
=-2
bt
306
eS =e
f.
es
= 528mm
For h =360 N/mm2, Table 4.5 is used. The value of Pcr for 16 mm diameter bar
can be taken as the average between <jl=12 mm and <jl=18mm.
equation:
t
12 + cover
= 0.6~ feu
fctr =0.6.J3Q=3.28Nlmm
11
-t
R
P cr
=tX{1+ fet(N)}
fct{M)
fetr = 3.28
1]
1.7
Reduction factor
Category
Category
W.S.D
I3cr(u.LD)
one
two
-17';::1.7 -
tv = 550X{1+ 0.20}=615mm
1.69
=1.93N Imm 2
f,(N/mm")
Category
three &
'- four
2
220
200
36/52
40/60
1.00
0.92
18
12
0.93
0.83
22
16
......-----....
....-'-.
12
180
( 0.85 \
0.75
25
20
According to ECP 203, the load factor for liquid containing structures is 1.4
160
'-Q2Y
0.67
32
22
'-.!V
140
0.65
0.58
--
25
22
120
0.56
0.50
--
--
28
Nu =1.4xUO=154kN.mlm
d =t-(clearcover+12)
According to Table 4.1 the structure is classified as class 3. For such a class,
Table 4.2 gives a minimum concrete cover of 25 mm.
Assume the reinforcing bars used are of 16 mm diameter.
d
=550-(25+16/2) =517mm
d=c j
[lIt
bXfcu
CI =9.93
119
e== O.77m = 770mm
154
517=c j
__
US_
Since e > tl2, the section is subjected to normal force with big eccentricity and
Mus approach can be used.
307
As
(c)
d
c
-<
-
min
81.3x10 6
1000 x 30
c
take - = 0.125
d
81.3x10 6
154x103
+
0.80x360xO.826x517 0.80x360/1.15
308
and
j =0.826
Example 4.2
.
"
In order to design the steel reinforcement satisfying the limit states of cracking,
the Egyptian Code gives two options to the designer:
A =
s
1- Design the steel reinforcement such that the stress developed at the
ultimate stage is Per /y. The reduction in the stresses developed in the steel
is intended to guarantee a limited crack width at service loads. This is a
simple straightforward approach that usually leads to uneconomic design
2- Design the steel reinforcement such that the stress developed at the
ultimate stage is /y. However, the designer should check the satisfaction of
the Egyptian Code (Eq. 4.2) in order to guarantee a limited crack width at
service loads. This approach needs an extensive amount of calculations but
usually results in an economic design.
lOS0x10 6
Cl=4.S1 & j=0.817
1000x30
Mu
A, = - - - " - - - . Pcrxfyxjxd
It is required to design the steel reinforcement to resist the applied moment and
to check the satisfaction of cracking limit state in the Egyptian Code.
Solution
8j4=Cl
lOS0xlO
= S640mm 2
0.7Sx360xO.817x844
Use 7<1>32
Approach 2
This approach is based on designing the steel reinforcement to develop the full
yield strength at ultimate stage and to check cracking status using Eq. 4.2.
Approach 1
As mentioned above, this approach is based on designing the steel
reinforcement based on usable stresses of = Per X fy at the ultimate stage.
-Minimum clear cover =40 mm
-Ultimate Moment = Ultimate Factor x Bending Moment
Assuming the factor = 1.S
Ultimate Moment = 1.S x 700 = lOS0 kN .m
- The effective depth (d) = total thickness - clear cover - <1>12
Assume the use of reinforcing bars of diameter of 32 mm. From Table (4-S) for
Category II and assuming = 32
---7
Pcr = 0.7S
Jk
u
d=C1 - b xfeu
= __M--'u"---_
fyxjxd
6
Mus
bxfcu
A =
s
309
lOS0xlO
= 4230mm 2 Use 6<1>32
360xO.817x844
310
Wk
M
=nx-x(d -c)
Is
Ier
The first moment of area of the cross-section about the neutral axis must be
equal to zero.
c2
1000 x - = lOx (6x804)x (844 -c)
2
Solving quadratic equation for c, c = 241.17 mm.
. N.A.
1000
I..
As
fs
N.A.
1000mm
o
o
0\
As
6<1> 32
Ig
Mcr=lctr x -
I
Step 2.2: Calculation of
dr
Icr
=0.60xJi:
=0.60x.j30 = 3.286N 1mm 2
I
g
=~Xb xt 3
12
12
er
311
9
= 3.286x 60.75 X10 x_1_ = 443.7 kN .m
900/2
106
312
Snn
Wk
=/3.s rm'C sm
=(50+0.25k) k2 : )
Ier
Srm
=(50+0.25XO.80XO.50X~)
0.0345
S,m
= 142.75
= 190.035 (1_0.80XO.50X(I.20.44)2J
2x10
190.03
Pr=~
eef
Acej
tee! =
=bxtcej
sm.
2.5x(clear cover + / 2)
=0.000797
3
tee!
=2.5X(40+ ;)=140.0mm
W k
=1.70xI42.75xO.000797 = 0.1935 mm
6x804.0
r
P 1000x140.0
=0.0345
Wkmax
Since W k =0.1935 <0.30 the structure stratifies the limit state of cracking.
Note;
It can be determined that:
It can be noted that the calculations needed in Approach 2 are lengthy and
k) =0.80
-t deformed bars
k2 = 0.50
A =0.80
-t deformed bars
/32 = 0.50
/3 = 1.70
313
314
Example 4.3
Wk
It is required to calculate the factor Wk for the raft given in example 4.2
(Approach 2) using the design aids given in the Appendix.
70
Solution
65
60
I~o.oo
= 900-40- 32 = 844 mm
50
d 844
2
The computed reinforcement from example 4.2 (Approach 2) is 6<1>32
45
40
20
Wk
15
13.7
10
700 x 10 = 0.983
b xd 2 = 1000 x 844
5
0
0.0
/'
./
/'
./
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
L6
Mlbd
,/
./
./
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
= kr xS m xlO-4
W k
Wk
The systematic application of Eq. (4.2) results in w,FO.193 IDIll. Such a close
agreement with the value obtained from the use of the design aids confirms their
accuracy. .
315
W k
12
200
125
100
88
RO
75
71
69
67
65
64
63
62
61
60
14
225
138
108
94
R5
79
75
72
69
68
66
65
63
63
62
16
250
150
117
100
90
83
79
75
72
70
68
67
65
64
63
18
275
163
125
106
95
88
82
78
75
73
70
69
67
66
65
20
300
175
133
113
100
92
86
.81
78
75
73
71
69
68
67
,.,
22
325
188
142
119
05
96
89
84
81
78
75
73
71
70
68
25
363
206
154
128
13
102
95
89
85
81
78
76
74
72
71
3.0
--
Bar Diameter
10
0.001
175
0.002
113
0.003
92
...... 04
81
0.005 '.75
0.006 ./ 71
. 7
68
0.008
66
64
0.009
0.Q10
63
0.011
61
0.012
60
0.Q13
60
0.014
59
0.Q15
58
u
lO.006
,/
Values ofS m
0.005
)OOQ
25
Step 2: Calculate
11=( 1.004
/"" . /lo.007
J.008
/ /v / /' / ' /"" . / ' /~ I
V 1/ . / . / . / ' /V ~ ...-::: 0.010
/ / i/V /'" / / :::::::~ ~ ~
1/ L ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;:::::::: 0.015
;::::::::::;I /~ 0 0 ~ ~ ~ ~
30
35
:.:.~
'.003
-/
-tf:',,-,~,:
55
V'
28
400
225
167
138
12
( 32
210
113
loll"\"
100
94
89
85
82
79
77
75
73
130
117
1UT
100
94
90
86
83
81
79
77
120
)-+,
Example 4.4
t
es ! =--e-cover
2
Solution
Nu xe s2 l(fJ I I s)
As! = d-d'
cr y Y
In order to design the steel reinforcement satisfying the limit states of cracking,
the Egyptian Code gives two options to the designer:
1-
2-
Design the steel reinforcement such that the stress developed at the
ultimate stage are Pcr /y. The reduction in the stresses developed in the
steel is intended to guarantee a limited crack width at service loads. This
is a simple straightforward approach that usually leads to uneconomic
design.
Design the steel reinforcement such that the stress developed at the
ultimate stage is h . However, the designer should check the satisfaction
of Eq. 4.2 in order to guarantee a limited crack width at service loads.
This approach needs an extensive amount of calculations but usually
results in economic design.
e.\2 =2"+e-cover
--7
Pcr
= 0.75
A
sl
A.v2
xes! l(fJ
= Nu
d _ d'
cr x I y I Ys )
Use 6<1l22
s2
--7
Per = 1.00
2
600x103 x 1 6 0
1(1.0x360/1.15)=374mm ......... Use 4<1l12
860-40
Approach 2
Approach 1
As mentioned above, this approach is based on designing the steel
reinforcement based on usable stresses of Pcrl y at the ultimate stage.
Cross-section of beam = 350 mm x 900 mm
N u = 1.5 x 400 = 600 kN
M u = 1.5 x 100 = 150 kN.m
mm
Mu
e= __
Nu
150
t
.
. c
e = - - = 0.25m =250mm < - = 450mm .................eccentrIc tenslOn lorce
600
2
e = 150 = 0.25m =250mm < ~ = 450mm ......... small eccentric tension force
600
2
317
318
r'
4<1> 12
Step 2: Calculation of
Step 2.1
~
o
fs!
0'1
Calc~lation
Nxe s2
d -d' 1 As!
3
As
4<1>22
--
. . ..
0
0
0\
es ! =450-250-40 = 160mm
--
1350
s!
ASl
A
$2
d -d'
Ys
fsl
es 2 =-+e-cover
2
= N U xeS2/ (f
fs2
S
S
t
es! = --e-cover
2
Assuming the cover = 40 mm
Wk
mml
and Ncr that result in first cracking of the section. It should be clear that one
has to assume that the eccentricity of the tension force will be unchanged
during the history of loading.
fetr =0.60x~feu 11]
As2
fetr
1
6xe
fdr =Ncr(-b- + - b
2)
xt
319
Mer
xt
320
"I = -660
x 0.00156 = 0.00643
160
1
+ 6x250 )
350x900 350x900 2
= 207.9kN
k2
Ncr xe s2 1A
d -d'
.sl
--
0
0
0\
As
rAce!
tee]
= 2.5x(clearcover+12)
tee]
-'--
1520.0 = 0.042
350x102.5
="I +"2
2
I?50 II1D11
P =--
Pejf
21
~
~
Wk
deformed bars
deformed bars
short term loading
case that includes loads
The strains 81 and 82 are calculated through the analysis of the transformed
section.
Assuming
321
srm
.
22 )
= 50+0.25xO.80xO.621x-(
0.042
Srm
= 115.06
322
(l-P,A(;:
E,. {
211.8
t:sm = 0.00083
W k
5
DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS
wk
Wkmax
Note;
It can be noted that the calculations needed in Approach 2 are lengthy and
cumbersome. However, it results in economic design when compared to
Approach 1 as noted in the amount of steel reinforcement resulted from each
design.
5.1 Introduction
The main purpose of footings and other foundation systems is to transfer
column loads safely to the soil. Since, the soil bearing capacity is much lower
than the concrete columns; the loads need to be transferred safely to the soil by
using larger areas usually called shallow foundations. If the soil has low
bearing capacity, or the applied loads are very large, it may be necessary to
transfer the load to a deeper soil through the use of piles or caissons usually
called deep foundations.
323
324
column
RC footin
PC footing
(b)Isoiated footing
Deep foundations: This type includes isolated pile caps or raft on piles
column
column
exterior
interior
:lJ:~:=n=S~=tra{'; :.~,:?eam_~7==C=Ol~
....
RC footin o
PC footing
Fig. 5.1 shows some types of foundations that are usually used in structures.
A strip footing is used under reinforced concrete walls to disttibutethe vertical
loads over the soil as shown in Fig. S.la. The load is transferred mainly in one
direction perpendicular to the center line of the wall. Isolated footings are the
most common type of foundations in ordinary structures. They used to
disttibute column load on relatively large area of soil as shown in Fig. S.lb ..
They transfer the load in two directions. If two columns or more are closely
spaced or the required footing sizes overlap each other, the two footings are
combined in one big footing called combined footing (Fig S.lc). If one of the
footings is very close to a property line, then a stiff beam is used to connect
this column to an intetior column. This type is called strap footing as shown in
Fig. S.ld. If the applied loads are heavy or more than 60% of the isolated
footings overlap, a raft foundation is used to support the entire structure as
shown in Fig. S.le. This is similar to an inverted flat slab in which it contains
column and field sttips. Finally, if the applied loads are large or weak soil
encountered, it may be practical to support the structure into deeper more stiff
soil through the use of pile foundations. Pile caps are used to disttibute column
loads to a group of piles as illustrated in Fig. S.H.
325
RCrnat
PCrnat
326
Applied
load
:.:.:.:;:.:;:.:;:.:;:.:;:.:;:.:;:.:;:.:(:;
:.
::
:.:/.:.:
I'~:~))'~:~'))~:?~
:::
Pile cap
~:~:~:
:.:.:.
B?':::':::'
:'
~:~:~':':':':':'
r
:.:
In addition to the variation of soil distribution under different types of soils, the
stiffness of the footing itself adds more complexity to the problem. For design
purposes, the bearing soil distribution is assumed uniform regardless of the
type of soil or the stiffness of the footing as shown in Fig. 5.2c. The
assumption of uniform pressure simplifies the calculation of the acting forces
and speeds up the design process. Experimental tests and the performance of
the existing buildings indicate that this assumption results in conservative
designs.
Section
:--,
.....
:......
.....
....
0
"
column
....
....
:-",
....
:-".
The actual bearing soil pressure differs significantly according to the type of
soil, stiffness of the footing and loading conditions. In general, the distribution
under the base of the footing is non-uniform. Assuming the loading is
concentric and the footing is rigid, the soil pressure distribution under sandy
soil (cohesionless soil) may take the parabolic shape shown in Fig. 5.2a. The
part of the soil under the column is likely to be pressured more than the part at
the edges. The soil particles near the edges escapes from under the footing
providing less support and producing less pressure. In contrast, in a clayey soil
(cohesive soil), the stresses near the edges are larger than those at the middle as
shown in Fig. 5.2b. This is attributed to the shear stresses developed near the
unloaded portion (surrounding the footing) of the soil near the edges. This
additional support results in producing high stresses near the edge than those
developed at the center of the footing.
......
:-
:-",
.....
Piles
Pile cap
....
:-",
Plan
(0 Pile foundation
327
328
load
.:.
load
P M
lmax =-Y ................................. ,............ (5.1)
~.
min
I I
Where P and M are the unfactored axial load and moment, respectively, and y
is the distance from the c.g ofthefooting.
RC footing
1--
-"'----
load
RCfooting
II
329
~:
I:: = b ~L b6
X:
(5.2)
330
f max = 3::~b
L
........................
(5.5)
Where-+e +a = L or a =--e
PC footin_W:i;;;;:;:~;;;;;;:;:~==""':.:.:w;.a
The maximum developed pressure fmax should not exceed the soil bearing
capacity. The assumed pressure distribution is expected to deviate from the
reality because of the non linear stress-strain relationship of the soil. The
amount of deviation increases as the amount of eccentricity increases.
However, experience over the years showed that this simplified analysis gives
a safe design.
Footings subjected to high moments tend to tilt and undesirable differential
settlement develops. Therefore, it is recommended to minimize the eccentricity
of the applied load as much as possible.
In some other cases the footing may be subjected to eccentricities in both
directions. This produces biaxial moments on the footing. Only one comer
point is subjected to the maximum stress. The soil stresses may be obtained
using the stress equation as follows:
_ P
Mx
My
Ix
Iy
Elevation
bI ,. -..-..-_.------'-----'
----.--------_
Plan
'l////////////////////'
"//////////.///////////,
,./////////////.//./////h.
'/////////////////////~
Hand calculations of such problems are difficult, and computer programs are
usually used to determine soil distribution and the acting forces.
a)small eccentricity e ::;; Ll6
b )eccentricity e = Ll6
c)large eccentricity e ~ L 16
332
Example 5.1
Case b
Since e = 0.3 m < U6 = 0.567m, the soil bearing pressure can be obtained
using the following equation:
P- (1+6e)
i::--_0
bXL -L
f max
cri
Pu
_ .. - .. _ .. _ .. _ .. -f.-e-.. _ .. - ._ ...
.
f min
!71
I
3.4m
=.
~I
2080kN
Solution
-r+r
Case a
For a concentrically applied load (e=O), the soil pressure simply equals the load
over the area of the footing.
f =~= 2080
A
3.4X3.0
I
I,:
=203.92 kN 1m 2
95.96 kN/m2
Since the applied r,ressure (203.92 kN/m2) is less than the allowable soil
pressure (320 kN/m ), the footing is considered safe.
P=2080kN
f=203.92 kN/m 2
333
334
11. 88 kN/nl
Case c
Si?ce e = 0.8 ~ > U6 = 0.567m, the soil bearing pressure can be obtained
usmg the followmg equation:
L
3.4
a="2-e = 2 - 0 .8 =0.9 m
f
max
2Pu
2x2080
2
=-3-x-a"--Xb- = 3xO.9x3 = 513.58 kN/m
Since the m~imum applied pres~ure (fmax=513.58 kN/m 2 ) is larger than the
allowable sod pressure (320 kN/m ), the footing is considered unsafe.
If a concrete footing is located at the foundation level without any column load
as shown in Fig. 5.4a, the total downward pressure from the footing and the
soil above is 51 kN/m 2 . This is balanced by an equal and opposite (upward)
soil pressure of 51 kN/m 2 Therefore, the net effect on the footing is zero and
neither moments nor shear develops in the footing.
20S0kN
O.S
0.9
When the column load column is applied, the pressure under the footing is
increased by 120 kN/m 2 as illustrated in Fig. 5.4b. Thus the total pressure on
the soil becomes 171 kN/m2 This is the gross soil pressure and must not
exceed the allowable soil pressure qallowable. When the bending moments and
shear forces are computed, the upward pressure and downward pressure of2 51
kN/m 2 cancel each other leaving only the net soil pressure of 120 kN/m to
produce the internal straining actions on the footing as shown in Fig. 5.4c.
r-
~
I
~'-
The soil pressure may be expressed in terms of gross or net pressure at the
foundation level. The gross soil pressure is the total soil pressure produced by
ail loads above the foundation level. These loads consist of (a) the service
column load at the ground surface, (b) the weight of the plain and reinforced
concrete footings, and (c) the weight of the soil from the foundation level to the
ground level. On the other hand, the net soil pressure does not include either
the weight of the soil above the base of the footing or the weight of the footing.
It can be simply obtained by subtracting from the gross soil pressure the weight
of I-m square of soil with a height from the foundation level to the ground
level.
3a =2.7m
I
1
In design, the area of the footing is chosen such that the applied gross 'pressure
does not exceed the allowable soil pressure. The net soil pressure is used to
calculate the reinforcement and to check the shear strength of the footing. The
area of the plain concrete footing is calculated as follows:
Area = Pgross(column 1000+ jooting+soil)
............................... (5 .7)
qallowable
The pervious equation can be further simplified by assuming the weight of the
footing and the soil above is about 5%-10% of the column load. Assuming this
ratio to be 10% the area of the footing can be obtained using Eq. 5.8 as follows:
Area =
1.1xPcolumn
qallowable
336
335
(5.8)
load=O
Example 5.2
soil wei ht
For the footing shown in the figure below, calculate the gross and the net soil
pressures at the base of the footing. The densities of the plain concrete, the
reinforced concrete and the soil may be taken as 22 leN/m3 , 25 kN/m 3 , and
s?il= 18 kN/m 3 , respectively.
o
\0
d
PDL= 820 kN
P LL= 350 kN
51 kN/m2
.."
3x3
G.L=zero
=
,~
~~~ ~<:~:
e-
'"
h=1.3
!
!
---RC (2.1
x2.1 x 0.4)
I I I I I
I I I I I
Solution
""
F.L -2.0
j15+120=135 kN/m
"-i
llll!illll~l:~l'jl:il!illl! I ;mm;:;'im"~~~::~i
~~~ ><~
'~
<::::>
1~1~~~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~j~1~j~1~1~j~1~ \1~
The total loads above the foundation level are calculated as follows:
1. Column load
18x2.1x2.1x1.3=103.19 kN
P 1080
=-=--=120 kNlm 2
..,' A 3x3
..........
..........
......... ..
..........
.........
..........
......... ......
..........
.........
~Olal
=1170+44.6+44.1+103.19=1361.91 kN
f gross
\0
= p = 1361.91 = 201.46
2.6 x 2.6
kN 1m2
The added (net) soil pressure (due to adding the footing and column load)
2
qnel=120 kN/m
338
The plain concrete footing size is computed suing the allowable soil
pressure. It is customary to assume that the weight of the soil and the
footing equal to 5-10% of the column lo~d. The loads used in the
calculations are the working loads (unfactored). Thus, the area of the
plain concrete footing (A) equals:
A = 1.1x(PDL +FLL )
The dimensions of the footing are chosen such that an equal amount is
projecting all around the column. Referring to Fig. 5.5, the dimensions
of the footing are taken as
--;:;
a"
E:
..t:>"
:--
'--
...:J
.D
l:q
II
E:
l-
RC footing
-II-
':I
J l
I
PC footing
(5.9a)
Qo1lowable
340
1
Step 2: Dimensioning of the Reinforced Concrete Footing
The plan dimensions of the reinforced concrete footing are determined by
subtracting a distance x from each side dimension of the plain concrete
footing. The value of x depends on the soil bearing capacity. and the
thickness of the plain concrete footing. The value of x is usually assumed
'----6;8-1.0 the thickness of the plain concrete footing.
Ar = L - 2x
and B r = B - 2x
J CI =JCI(M)
=--2-=
bt
6(Pa x /2)
1xt
2=3.0 Pa
(X)2
:::;0.6 JJ:: 11]
-
!cu
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
300
15.0
1.23
1.10
1.01
0.93
0.87
0.82
0.78
0.71
17.5
1.28
1.15
1.05
0.97
0.91
0.85
0.81
0.74
20.0
1.32
1.18
1.08
1.00
0.94
0.88
0.84
0.76
22.5
1.36
1.22
1.11
1.03
0.96
0.91
0.86
0.79
25.0
lAO
1.25
1.14
1.06
0.99
0.93
0.89
0.81
30.0
1.47
1.31
1.20 .
1.11
1.04
0.98
0.93
0.85
N/mm
The thickness of the reinforced concrete footing should not be less than 300
mm or the smallest column dimension which ever is greater.
q
su
x
Reinforced concrete
Plain concrete
(5.10)
Punching shear failure is referred as two-way shear. In the ECP 203, the
critical perimeter for punching shear is at a distance d/2 from the face
of the column as shown in Fig 5.7. The critical shear perimeter is given
by
---
Pu
= 1.4PDL + 1.6 PLL
ArxB r
ArxB r
Soil pressure Pa
= bQ:d
:::;qcup:(5.13)
341
342
r
1
I;
I
I
!
1
a
Qu =qsu (A r -2)'B r
............................... (5.15)
qu
= _u_
.. ~ ........................................... (5.16)
Brxd
dJ2
1.
2.
qcuP = 0.316
rc
(O.SO+~) !,cu
b
3.
qcup
Critical section
for shear
bo
rc
............................ (S.14b)
Critical sectiot).
for shear
rc
-'---"-"-'---,' a.:.....1.,,;;;,,\+-";;;:_-..L.;:::"'_..;;1
Area considered
for one-way shear
in long direction
qcu
343
=0.16~f;:
344
......................................... (5.17)
Asmin
=~~6 b d
........................................... (5.18)
The critical section for moment is taken at the face of the column. A 1m
strip is usually used to calculate the reinforcement per meter. Referring
to Fig. 5.9, the moment per meter equals
Mu
=qsu
Plain concrete
/fOOting
s::
j. (Ar-ac)/2
I~c'I'
--,----
4fi
(Ar-ac)/2
.j
critical section
bending
bJl
s::
.
s::
......
~
I~
Area considered
for moment
,.
Reinforced concrete
footing
:l
"1
346
Example 5.3
Design an isolated footing for a rectangular column (0.25 x 0.8 m) that carries
unfactored dead of 780 leN and unfactored live load of 440 leN, respectively.
Design data:
Allowable soil pressure
=125 leN/m2 (1.25 kg/cm2)
.
2
feu =30 N/mm
(reinforced concrete)
feu =20 N/mm2
(plain concrete)
=360N/mm
Thus, the dimension (B) must be greater than (L) by the difference in column
dimension as follows
B =L+(bc -ac )=L+(0.8-0.25)=L+0.55
Solution
Step1: Dimensioning of the plain concrete footing
sayL=3.0m
B = 10.54 = 3.513 m
3
sayB=3.55 m
Assume x=t=O.35 m
To have uniform soil pressure and economic design, the dimensions of the
footing are taken such that the cantilever distance (m) is same on all sides of
the column.
Br
=B-2xO.35=3.55-0.7=2~85 m
m
t::!
I
"
+
'-
II
I:Q
-00
f--
c:i
II
~
I-
-i l-
ti
...\:)
qsu = A xB
II
I
I
1796 == 274 kN 1m 2
2.3x2.85
Reinforced concrete
footing
Plain concrete
footing
347
.j
348
rI
1
\
q
q
=0.316 (0.50+ aC )
cup
be
cup
~fcuY
~cuY
{30 =1.15 N
VLs
Imm
Since the applied shear stress (0.798) is less than concrete shear strength (1.15)
, the footing is considered safe
250
Punching area
f = Ar -a = 2.3-0.73 = 0.785 m
~I
d/2=0.24
column
* - - - - 250x800 mm
00
......
td=0.48
730
1
critical section
for shear
The punching load =column load - the load acting on the punching area
Qup =Pu -qsu (axb) =1796-274 (0.73 x 1.28) =1540 kN
quP
Imm 2
4020 x 480
The concrete strength for punching is the least of the three values
1.5
I349
2.3
350
T
Qu = qsu . l.B r = 274 x 0.785 x 2.85 = 613 kN
2850x480
b xd
qu
qeu =0.16
Imm 2
~/eu
=0.16 ~30 =0.715 N Imm
1.5
1.5
II
2300-250
- - - - = 1025 mm > Ld .....o.k
2
8
R =
Mu
= 143.93 X 10
= 0.021
leu xb xd 2 30x 1000 x 480 2
.
I,
I
30
As =(J)x~xbxd =0.0245x-x1000x480=980mm 2
Iy
360
0.60
0.60
360
II
t=5;r
t=38=
Plam
. concrete
Iy
As=980 mm2
Vfooting
2
)
I(")
00
~
\0
.....
eo
I(")
Reinforced
concrete footin g
The critical section is at the face of the column, and taking a strip of 1m
.Mu
~ qsu
II
5<I> 161m'
Since the moment in the long direction is the same as the moment in the short
direction, the reinforcement is taken identical (same) to that of the short
direction.
2300
3000
352
IF-----~---m-II IF-----~---m11
d)Rectangular combined footing
with PC base and T-beam
.-.-.-.-.-.~.~.-.
dI2
Property line
High load
cracks
transverse
reinforcement
plain concrete footings mainly for economical reasons as shown in Fig. 5.13a.
However, it is also popular around the world to use reinforced concrete
footings directly resting on soil after providing a thin layer of plain concrete
(100 mm) for leveling as shown in Fig. 5.13b. Such a design approach is also
adopted in Egypt in some few projects.
The analysis is carried out in a similar manner to that to that explained before
with the exception of ignoring any contribution of the plain concrete.
Therefore, the dimensions of the reinforced concrete footing should be chosen
to distribute the applied loads safely to the soil.
/( pilnf'...rPfl
lo.7m
0.3
l C1
i C2
mI .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.. To.3 m
concrete footing
- - - - - - - S=3.6 m - - - - - - -
Solution
1----
Plain conCrete
(300-600 mm)
: - - - - - - S=3.6 m - - - - - - - -
3280kN
I-t----
xr=2.15
---1----
1.45
3.0
355
356
PC2 xS
PCI +PC2
= 2.1S m
1960x(3.6)
(1320+1960)
To ensure unifonn pressure throughout the footing, the centroid of the footing
must coincide with the resultant. Assume that the length of the footing is L.
L
The width of the footing is determined from the allowable soil pressure.
Assuming that the weight of the footing is about 10% of the total applied loads,
the width of the footing equals:
B
= 1.1
(PCI + PC2 )
ami xL
LI =L-2x =6-2x0.4=5.2m
Assume the thickness of the RC footing is 0.8 m. Hence, the dimensions of the
RC footing are (5.2 m x 2.65 m x 0.8 m).
The ultimate pressure is used to calculate the moments and shear forces.
Assuming that the live loads are less than 75% of the dead loads (the usual
case), the ultimate loads equal:
B=3.45 m.
PU(CI) = 1.5xP = l.Sx1320 = 1980 kN
Resultant
=3280kN
Pcl=1320
~~-.----------------~- ~om------------------~I
0
f.4 I
5.2
1 .4
Pc2=1960
3.0m
U2=3.0m
~----------,------.----~
Dr I
:!'
iI
: ~!
l
:
O.4
!.
i!
""le:)
.-~
I!
0.85!
I.' -:-
2.15m
36
i
i
~:'om
3f5m
- 1.55 m 1
-I
--
10.7m I
- ,
,
_.- .~.---.-.-.-.-.---.-.-.-.-.---.----- ,,
,,
O.4m
1--:--1
;,-- - - - - - - S = 3 . 6 m - - - - - - - ,
,
I
357
358
1980kN
: - - - - - - - 3.6m
2940kN
1
--------'1
The ultimate pressure under the reinforced concrete footing is calculated for the
total width B1 , thus the load acting on 2.65 m width equals:
= Put + PU2 1980 + 2940 = 946.1538 kN / m I
Lt
5.2
The computation of shear and moment may be carried out in a normal fashion.
For example, for the location at (x=3.0 m), the forces equal:
1--1--1---1--- xr=2.15 - - - 1 - - -
Qu =/x
-P"t =946.15x3~1980=858 kN
2.6
2.6
( -)
Bending
Moment
xo=2.09
--1------.-,.
1-1_ .
-i~
8
,Q)
,N
I'+-<
,0
', .....
.....
,,
,~
,0
,0..
Critical
1851.9
425.8
Shear
Force
1088.1
1554.2
359
360
The calculation of the shear and moment may become tedious; therefore a
computer program was used to generate the straining actions at different points
as shown in the table below. Plots of the shear and moment are also given in the
following figure.
M
max
Location
(x)(m)
0.00
Shear
kN
0
Moment
kN.m
0
Notes
Assume the effective depth d =t -.70mm =800-70=730 mm
6
446 X 10
= 0.0335
25 x 1000 x 7~02
.
0.25
236.5
29.6
0.45
425.8
95.8
0.45
-1554.2
95.8
0.65
-1365.0
-196.1
1.00
-1033.8
-615.9
1.50
-560.8
-1014.6
2.09
0.0
-1180.8
2.50
385.4
-1102.3
3.00
858.5
-791.3
3.70
1520.8
41.4
4.05
1851.9
631.6
4.05
-1088.1
631.6
4.40
-756.9
302.6
5.20
0.0
To determine the maximum moment, the point of zero shear force is calculated
as follows:
946.15x 0 -1980 = 0
xo=2.093 m
Thus, the value of the maximum moment equals:
M max = 946.15 X 2.0932 12-1980x(2.093-0.45) = 1180.8 kN.m
361
114.25 X 10
=0.0086
25xl000x7302
Since the intersection point is below the chart, the factor ro can be
approximately evaluated as OJ == 1.2 R = 0.0103.
362
_feu b X d = 001
25
.
A s -wx-x
. 03x-xI000x730=471
tnm 2 1m'
fy
400
0.60 b
0.60
A smin =--x xd =--xI000x730=1095mm 2 Im'
fy
400
Use 6cI>16/m' (1206 ~/m')
2940 kN
Item
Cl
C2
LoadPu, kN
1980
2940
747.17
-1109.43
M=f'x;/2
515.8
765.856
d(mm)
710
710
be(mm)
= 0.25 + 0.4 + -
0.71
2
Mu
0.041
0.043
OJ
0.0492
0.0522
As = W feu I fy b d
2194
3267
1070
1502
2194
3267
R=
feu be d
= 1.41
xe=1.17
1.175 m
Asmin
= (0.6Ify)xb. d
As,required
As,chosen
j'=747.17 kN/m'
I.
= 1.005
2.65m
,I
I.
['=1109.43 kN/m'
2.65m
a---0.7m
O.4m
-i
............
be= 1.005
"
AsI
'i
363
:,
:
(mm:.!)
A sI=6cI>22 (2281 mm
C2
Transversal section
Cl
,I
(mm:.!)
,:
"" ::
This shearing force is resisted by the full width of the footing (B=2650 mm),
hence the nominal shear stress is given by:
Qu
1176 x 1000
2
=0.61N Imm
qu = B xd = 2650x730
364
This shear stress must be resisted by the shear resistance of concrete, which is
given by the following equation:
qcu
=0.16~/cu
=0.16 [25 =0.65N Imm
1.5
1J~
1. q
=0.316~/cuY
cup
=0.316
1J1.5
Il:
a
0.3 [25
2
2. qcUP =0.316 (0.50+-;;\rt =0.316 (0.50+ 0.7!1J1.5 =1.20N Imm
Since qu is less than qcu, the design for one-way shear is considered adequate.
Step 5: Design for punching shear
The critical perimeter is at d/2 from the face of the column. For the interior
column, the critical perimeter equals:
a d
fJ:
4XO.73) [25
2
)Vt-=0.8 0.20+ 4.92
1J1.5=2.59N Imm
a=c 1 +d =300+730=1030mm
Since the applied punching shear stress (0.67) is less than concrete shear
strength (1.2), the footing is considered safe.
The exterior column should also be checked for punching. The ultimate
punching shear stress equals 0.54 N/mm2 which is less than the concrete
strength (calculation not shown).
b =c 2 +d =700+730=1430 mm
I.
c2=700
.1
r--------I
I
I
I
I
I
L ________
b=1430
I
I
I
I
quP
The concrete strength for punching is the least of the following three values:
365
366
I
Itr-
C]
6<I>16/m'
0.60
C2
---I
________________
1
0040
p
r1-+-o p e r t y / i
i_i
line
!i-_
7<I>12/m'
6<I>20/m'
[I ;-
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
1
4.2 m - - - - - -1
1_ . _ - - - -
Longitudinal reinforcement
Solution
Step 1: Estimate the dimensions of the RC footing
7<1> 121m'
5<1> 121m'
6<1> 161m'
1
Transverse reinforcement
(Sec A-A)
.,
6<1>20/m'
The location of the resultant force is determined by taking moment about point
A (see the figure below):
..
Assume that the weight of the footing is about 10% of the total applied loads.
The width of the footing is determined from the allowable soil pressure as
follows:
J
Transverse reinforcement
(SecB-B)
6<1>16/m'
= 1100xO.2+1600x(4.2+0.2) = 2.69 m
(1100 + 1600)
To ensure uniform pressure throughout the footing, the centroid of the footing
must coincide with the resultant of the loads @ 2.69 m. Thus the length of the
footing will be 5.38 m, say L=5,40 m.
9<1>22
5<1> 121m'
-.
1
367
-7
Take B =2.9m
6<1>22
.....
ilk
Resultant
x r =2.7m
II
---------1r----~i
Q7it
~
L.._ _ _
~d-----------------;-~
Ii
4 2m
il
o.2o--!It-_------.- - - - - - - I - _ - - i
L=5.4m
(kN)
(kN.m)
0.00
0.20
150
15
0.20
-1500
15
0.40
-1350
-270
1.00
-900
-945
2.20
-1485
3.00
600
-1245
4.10
1425
-131
4.40
1650
375
4.40
-750
375
4.70
-525
184
5.40
750y-1650=0
U1
u2 = 1650+2400 = 750 kN 1m.
f = P +P
L
5.4
.
The computation of shear and moment may be carried out in a normal fashion.
For example, for the location at 3.0 m, the forces equal:
y=2.2m
The value of the maximum moment is given as:
The calculation of the shear and moment may become tedious; therefore a
computer program was used to generate the straining actions at different
locations as shown in the table below. Plots of the values of the shear forces and
bending moments are also given in the following figure.
369
370
2.7
2.7
max
Assuming that the distance from the c.g: of the reinforcing steel to the concrete
surface is 70 mm;the effective depth equals:
0.21_':-----4-.2-m-s:::.:...4=-------+__"i_"_l.o_m-l:I
512x10
= 0.043
30 x 1000 X6302
From the chart with R=0.043, the reinforcement index {():::0.052
As = OJ x feu xb xd = 0.052x 30 x 1000 x 630 = 2457 mm 2 1m'
fy
400
.
Bending moment
~~~~~~----------~~~~~p-~~--~dia~am
1
15
y=2.2
: til
~-"----~---------: ]
1
1
'"
1
1
.....
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
I1l
.....
I=:
....
critical
shear
The critical section for the maximum positive bending is at the face of the
support, from the output table this moment equals 184 kN.m'
0
0.
, M
184
M 1m =-=-=63.4 kN.m
B
2.9
1
1
150
1 4-<
1
I
375
max. positive=184
1
1
1
1
R =
Mu
=
63.4x10
2
2
feu x.b xd
30 x 1000 X630
371
0.0053
OJ "" 1.2
R == 0.0064
372
0.60
0.60
Item
LoadPu, kN
pressure F=P,/2.9
Interior column
1650
568.97
M=f'x;12
b(mm)
d(mm)
Mu
R=
feu be d
(J)
The reinforcement of the hidden beam is place on top of that of the footing.
Hence, the effective depth is=700 -70 -20=610 mm
As = (J) feu I fy b d
As,min
(mm:.!)
As,chosen (mmL)
As,required
l.3m
xe=1.3 m
l.3m
Exterior column
2400
827.59
480.8
699.310
705
610
1210
610
0.06
0.05
0.0759
2447
0.0635
3513
645
2447
1107
3513
A s2=10<I>22 (3810 mm2 )
xe=1.3 m
/'=568.97 kNlm'
The critical section for shear is at d/2 from the face of the column. The
maximum shear at the centerline of the interior column is equal to (1650 kN) ,
thus at a distance of d/2 from the face of the support Qu equals:
/'=827.59 kN/m'
11
-I
Exterior column
I
2.90m
-I
2.90m
I.
Q =Q-f
u
(~+~)=1650-750(0.6+0.63)=1188.75kN
2 2
2
2
Interior column
This shearing force is resisted by the full width of the footing (B=2900 mm).
O.6m
.......
I--l
be=O.705
2900x630
Bxd
~"
As2
,,~
I e.
This shear stress must be resisted by the concrete shear strength, which is given
by the following equation:
qeu
5tP121m'
be=1.210
1.5
Since qu is less than qcu, the design for one-way shear is considered adequate.
373
374
The critical perimeter is at dJ2 from the face of the column. For the interior
column, the critical perimeter equals:
d
630
a=c1 +-=300+-=615 mm
2
. 2
The exterior column should also be checked for punching because its perimeter
is only from three sides. The ultimate punching shear stress equals 1.08 N/mm2
which is less than the concrete strength (calculations are not shown).
d
630
b = c 2 +- = 600+- = 915 mm
Since the applied shear stress is less than concrete shear strength, the footing is
considered safe.
7<1>221m'
--------""1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
IL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _I
b=915
=L
Qup =pu
5<1> 161m'
7<1> 121m'
7<1>22/m
)
)
5<1> 16/m'
Section
I.
5Am
...--
1-
-I
The concrete strength for punching the least of the three values
1.
N
N
qcup=0.316~/cu
=0.316~30=1.41Nlmm2
Y
1.5
09
r--
2.
c2
3.
qcup=0.8(0.20+
~/cu
Yc
d)~/cu
Yc
=0.8 (0.20+
Vi5
4XO.63)~30 =3.66Nlmm 2
3.06
1.5
~
N
.....
~
N
tn
tn
......
09
09
09
0
......
.~
I~
~
7<1> 121m'
7<1>22/m'
,
~
I5<1> 161m'
.-
'--
Plan
,375
N
N
376
.~',
Example 5.6
If one of the columns in a building is constructed near the propet1y line, the
column will be eCGentric with respect to the center of gravity of the footing as
shown in Fig. 5.14. The eccentric position of the footing causes uneven soil
pressure distribution, which could leads to tilting of the footing. To avoid such
a tilting, the exterior footing is connected to the interior footing with a massive
beam called strap beam.
The dimensions of the strap are chosen such that it is very rigid compared to the
footing. J. E. Bowles recommended that the rigidity of the strap beam is at least
twice that of the footing (Istrap I hooting >.2).
I
"
The dimensions of the footing are chosen such that the bearing pressures are
uniform and equal under both bases. Therefore, the centroid of the combined
area of the two footings must coincide with the resultant of the two loads. The
strap beam joining the footings should not bear against the soil.
PlDL=380 kN
P ILL=305 kN
P2DL=820 kN
P2LL=450kN
- -j._0.90
It is common to neglect the strap weight in the design. The strap should be
adequately attached to the both the column and the footing by the use of dowels
such that the footing and the strap act as one unit. The footing is subjected to
one-way bending. The strap beam is reinforced with main reinforcement at the
top between the columns and at bottom under the interior footing.
I..
..I
4.9m
beam
Solution
Exterior
footing
I.
.I
section
~
~
~~
~
~
~/
P2 = 820+450 = 1270 kN
The location of the resultant of the loads may be determined by taking moment
about point o.
I
I
I
Strap beam
I
I
685xO.25+1270x5.15 =3.433 m
685+1270
The length of the exterior and interior footings should be assumed such that the
pressures under the two footings are almost the same. This is achieved by
having the resultant of the loads coincided with the c.g. of the footing.
plan
378
L(m)
2.2
3.35
B (m)
2.8
2.6
Area (m~)
6.16
8.71
14.87> 14.34
O.90m
The c.g. of the footings can be obtained by taking moment of area about point
o.
y =
0
4.05m I
RJ
02j~.
3.433 m
2.20m
.. I
Note that the center of gravity of the footings (3.47 m) is very close to the
location of the resultant of the loads (3.43m).
R2
R
.. I
1--
4.9m
335m
-I
.. I
The weight of the strap beam, the footings, and the soil above may be estimated
as 10% of the total loads.
~Ola/
6.16xl.1 +8.71x5.15
=3.47 m
14.87
Ll (m)
Bl (m)
Area (m")
Exterior footing
=2.2-0.4=1.8
=2.8-0.8=2.0
3.6
Interior footing
=3.35-0.8=2.55
=2.6-0.8=1.80
4.59
Total
8.19
The total required area of the plain concrete footing under Cl and C2 equals to:
Area = ~Ola/
q allowable
2150.5 = 14.34 m 2
150
The thickness of the plain concrete is assumed to be 400 mm. Assume that the
length of the exterior footing is 2.2 m and the length of the interior footing is
3.35 m.
To reasonably determine the width of the footings, the reactions Rl and R2 are
calculated by taking moments about R 2.
R =
I
(1.1x685)X4.9 =911.64kN
(4.9+0.25-2.2/2)
To ensure the uniform stress distribution, the c.g. of the reinforced concrete
footings should also coincide with the resultant as much as possible (usually
within 10% is acceptable) .. The distance measured from the c.g. to point 0
equals:
y=
3.6x1.8/2 + 4.59x5.15
=3.28 m
8.19
The location of the c.g. is close enough (to the location of the resultant.
B = 911.64 =2.76m-72.8m
I
150x2.2
B =
2
"379
1238.9
150x3.35
= 2.46 m -7 2.6m
380
To ensure that the strap beam will distribute the pressure uniformly, the
concrete dimensions are taken 0.4 m xl.3 m. The own weight of the strap beam
is usually neglected; however, it can be approximately added to the dead load of
each column as follows:
W bean
= Yc xb Xt xL = 25x0.4x1.3x4.9 == 63 kN
PIDL=380+6312=411.5 kN
P2DL=820+6312= 851.5 kN
The ultimate loads for the columns are calculated in order to calculate the
ultimate moment and shear.
15
= 681.5x---1064x(1.5-0.25)
= -563.3 kN.m
2
.
1064
Pomt of zero shear = - - = 1.56 m
681.5
A computer program was prepared to generate the straining actions at different
locations as shown in the table below. Plots of the shear and moment is also in
the following figure
Program Foundation: output file: strap
Location
0.00
0.25
170.4
21.3
0.25
-893.6
21.3
0.50
-723.3
-180.8
1.00
-382.5
-457.3
intermediate point
1.50
-41.8
-563.3
intermediate point
1.56
0.0
-564.6
1.80
162.7
-545.2
3.00
162.7
-349.9
intermediate point
3.50
162.7
-268.6
intermediate point
3.88
162.7
-207.6
4.70
728.7
160.1
5.15
1037.4
557.5
5.15
-874.7
557.5
5.60
-566.0
233.3
6.43
0.0
0.0
R
ul
Ru2
1064 x 4.9
= 1226.7 kN
(4.9+0.25-1.8/2)
= PU1 + P"2
(j2
= 681.5 kN / m 2
= 1749.3 = 686 kN / m 2
2.55
The resulting pressures are slightly different under each footing (681.5,
686). More uniform pressures can be attained by adjusting the dimensions
of the footings. However, the attained accuracy is quite satisfactory (1 %
difference).
381
382
Pu2=1912kN
Design of section 1
0.50m
Assuming that the distance from the c.g. of the reinforcing steel to the concrete
surface is 70 mm, the effective depth equals
O.90m
d =t -70mm =1300-70=1230 mm
,.
~ 2.55 m -,
RuJ=1749.3
1--------
..
1.56 m
--I.
j
4.9 m ----_.~I
Critical shear
section
103704
686kNlm'
R=
Mu
= 564.6 x 10
= 0.037
feu xb xd 2 25 x 400 x 12302
{
smaller of
FlOo4
1.3As =1.3x1537=1998mm
~o
893.6
Design of section 2
t)
874.7
s::::
The critical section is at the face of the column, from the output table the
maximum moment equals = 233.3 kN.m
o.
0.g
.gj
R =
...lj
Mu
= 233.3 X 10
. = 0.0154
feu xb xd 2 25x 400 x 12302
.JJ:
As min
383
0.15
2
But not less than --x400x1230 = 738 mm
100
384
As=844mm2
Exterior footing
Interior footing
Item
pressure (J' (kN/m')
681.5
686
2.00
1.80
340.8
381.1
109.06
93.37
d(mm)
430
430
B(mm)
1000
1000
0.024
0.02
(J)
0.0284
0.0235
848.1
701.7
716.66
716.6
848.1
716
1005.31
1005.31
(5D16)1m'
(5D16)/m'
The critical section for shear is at the free span of the strap beam.
Qu=162.7 kN
qu
qcu =0.24
400x1230
~fcu
=0.98 N Imm
1.5
R =Mu l(feu B d
Since qu < qcu, provide minimum stirrups. In addition, since the width of the
beam equals 400 mm, stirrups with four branches shall be used. Assume
spacing of 200 mm.
0.4 b
0.4
Astmin = - x xs=-x400x200=133.3
.
fy
240
As,min(mm.l)=0.6ify B x d
Reinforcement
--;r:r
- -
OAm
0.8
0.80 I
t t t t f f
, &~II~
I-
QI=340.75 kN/m'
I.
2.00m
= qlX(BI-bstrapi = 340.75x(2-0AO/
8
=109.04kN.mlm'
B=l.BO
m
column
Assume that the depth of the footings is 500. the calculations may summarized
in the following table
-I
d/2=0.215
0
MI
critical section
for shear
Fl
F2
I-
~~
column
0.40
385
386
-I
~~ J=~
strap beam
B=2.25
II
~
......
The critical section for shear is at dl2 from the face of the strap beam. Noting
that the depth d=0.430 m, the distance x equals to:
X
B -bs/rop
=---'-2
8<p 16
!!:.. = 1.8 2
0.4
0.43 == 0.485 m
2
qu
5~8/m'lt=_k_d_=__=_k_~
__~,~r+~1-+-~,*,~-r--~-r--~-=-F-~--~-1--~-~~1
kN/m 2 ,
~---4~~
b xd
cu
IL -________________
4 <P 18
4 <P 16 .
=0.16~fcu
=0.16 (25 =0.65Nlmm
1.5
ViS
4 <P 16
~,..--,.------:;.----..
The shear stress should be less than the concrete shear strength given by the
following equation:
I
I
=~=
4 <P 18
-r-
Since qu is less than qcu, the footing is considered safe for shear
"I
1.80
I-
2.55
-,.- 1-------.
Qu (kN)
qu(N/mm.l)
Fl
340.8
1.8
0.585
358.90
0.46
5<pI21m'
-I-
It should be noted that the presence of the strap beam eliminates the need for
calculating punching shear stresses for the footings.
5<p12/m'
-'-1--------
-'--
-'--
1-1;,,-...=.:2.=20..=;m'----t-I._
l --...::::.3.::::::35!!!.m----J"1
n ___ nl-
column..$" ~
~ 4<p16
IF'lFl
00
C']
.....
5<b 81m'
c:i
2 <p 12
2<p 12
I-
II"l
c:i
4 <p 16
Il
387
~ 5 <p 121m' ~
388
5 <p 161m'
'r
I
The conventional method is easy to apply and the computations can be carried
out using hand calculations. However, the application of the conventional
method is limited to rafts with relatively regular arrangement of columns.
In contrast, the finite element method can be used for the analysis of raft
regardless of the column arrangements, loading conditions, and existence of
cores and shear walls. Commercially available computer programs can be used.
The user should, however, have sufficient background and experience.
i=1l
+P
2
+ P 3 + ..... == L~
.......................... (5.20)
i=1
Assuming that the raft foundation is rigid, the soil pressure at any point can be
obtained using the classical stress equation as follows:
q
==
~otal + M
A
y + My x
Ix
-:;;'qallowable ........
(5.21)
Iy
Where
A = area of the raft (B x L)
It = moment of inertia of the raft about x-axis == B L3 /12
Iy = moment of inertia of the raft about y-axis == L B3 /12
Mx =
M
moment of the applied loads about the x-axis '''' ~otal e y + Mx(lateralload)
ex
+M
(lateral load)
Where ex and eyare the eccentricities of the resultant from the c.g. of the raft.
The coordinates of the eccentricities are given by:
X' == ~
X1
+ P2
X2
+ P3
X3
+ ............................... (5.22)
~otal
Where Xl,
X2, X3
y' == ~
RCrafi
Y1 +P2 Y2 +P3 Y3
+ ............................... (5.24)
~otal
P2, P 3, Pi....... , P n.
e ==y I _~
y
2
.........................................
(5.25)
Compare the maximum soil pressures value with net allowable soil pressure.
Fig. 5.15 Raft foundation
389
390
Y'
I---! A
P5
1. The soil pressure at the center-line of the strip is assumed constant along
the width of the strip. Referring to Fig. 5.17, the distribution of the soil
pressure at the center-line of strip GBIHEJ is determined by calculating
the pressures at points B (O,Ll2) and E (O,-Ll2) as follows:
1_--1--_I
qB
P6
o
ex E9
....................................... (5.27)
qavg
Ps
Ii
P1
j---t---r---t--1__
Ip_4_ _ _
P8
I
------
Bl
B2
B
I
I
I
H~------------------------------------~
P 12
B3
X'
21
Pg
P7
P6
Ps
.-.-.-.-.-.-~-.-.-.-.-.-.m-.-.-.-.-.-.-
1-1~_____________-ll
391
(5.26)
I I
P~al + ~x
qE = ~otaJ _ Mx
A
Ix 2
Ptotal
392
2. The total soil reaction (RB-E) for the strip B-E is equal to:
RB- e
=qavg
xB 2 xL ............................................. (5.29)
= P5 + P6 + P7 + Ps ....................................... (5.30)
For each strip the maximum positive and negative moments can be obtained. It
should be clear that negative moments need top reinforcement and positive
moment needs bottom reinforcement.
The moment per meter is obtained by diving the moment by the strip width:
1M
M = - ............................................................... (5.34)
B2
qmod
=T........ (5.32)
=1.5 M
.......................................................
(5.35)
The 'design of different sections can be carried using design curves such as R-O).
Pavg
a =- - .............................................................. (5.33)
PB - e
Thus the modified columns' loads are a. Ps, a. P6. a. P7 and a. P8 This modified
loading is shown in Fig. 5.1S.
aP5
aPs
The critical perimeter is at dl2 from the face of the column. The critical shear
perimeter U is calculated as shown in Fig. 5.19, and the applied punching load
Qu is obtained after subtracting the load of the punching area (a x b) by the
ultimate pressure at this point qsu . Thus:
B
qmod:
Qup
= Pu
393
394 '
III
1
Cl
L ______ I
The bending moment distribution is similar to upside down flat slab. 1 ~l1.is, at
the locations of the columns in a raft foundation the bending moment is positive
and requires bottom reinforcement shown in Fig. 5.20. (compare tont.f:Jtive
bending moment and top reinforcement in flat slabs). Moreover,.at a location
between columns in a raft foundation the bending moment is negf.~ive and
requires top reinforcement as (compare to positive bendi'lg moment arA bottom
reinforcement inflat slabs).
.
It is customaI"j to reinforce the raft with a bottom bask reinforcing mesh and a
The concrete strength for punching is the least of the following three values:
1.
2.
qcuP
qcuP
=0.316
= 0.316
lZ:~1.6N Imm
Vr:
(5.39a)
(0.50+~)!r
c
rc
.......................... (5.39b)
)lCU
., ......................... (5.39c)
3.
qcuP
= 0 8 (0 20 + aUd .
a=2
a=3
a=4
rc
The raft thickness is considered adequate if qup < qcu, otherwise increase the
thickness of the raft.
Top steel
Top steel
Bottom steel
396
1
5.9.3 Analysis of the Raft Using Computer Programs
Raft foundations can be analyzed using commercially available computer
programs. Such programs are based on the finite element method.
node
,
\
The unit of the coefficient of the subgrade reaction is kN/m . The value of the
coefficient of subgrade reaction differs according to the type of soil. In general,
the higher the bearing capacity, the higher the coefficient is. Its value depends
on several factors, such as the type of soil, the length L, the width B of the
foundation, and the foundation level of raft.
element
= ~ ................................................. (5.40)
..
t t t t -t t t t t t t
t- t
The soil is represented by elastic springs located at the nodes as shown in Fig.
S.22. The elastic constant of these springs is named the spring stiffness (Kj , K 2 ,
.... )(kN/m).
Fig. 5.23 Definition of coefficient of subgrade reaction
To determine the value of the coefficient of subgrade reaction, a field test may
be performed. In such a test, the load is applied to a square plate of dimensions
(0.3 m x 0.3 m) and the corresponding settlement is recorded. The value of
coefficient for a large foundation of dimensions (B x B) can be obtained in the
light of the value obtained for the small plate ko.3 as follows:
ks
= kO.3 (B ~~.3)2
398
ks = k O.3
(~3)
=k
Bx8
(1 + B I L)
1.5
............................................. (5.42)
The loads are applied to the raft at the columns' locations. The structure is
analyzed as plane grid sys~m, in which only z, Rx, R y are allowed.
Area served
A
IS: ~
I
Os: ~
Where KBxB is the coefficient of subgrade reaction for a square foundation with
dimensions (BxB)
:sJ
Typical values for the coefficient of subgrade reaction leo.3 for sandy and clayey
soils are given in Table (5.3)
Table 5.3 Values of the coefficient of subgrade reaction
Soil
Sand (dry or moist)
Sand (saturated)
Clay
Type
Loose
Medium
Dense
Loose
Medium
Dense
Stiff (q=100-200 kN/m")
Very stiff(q=200-400 kN/m2 )
Hard (q>400 kN/ml)
ko.3 (MN/mJ)
8-25
25-125
..
125-375
10-15
35-40
130-150
H
x=O.50m
12~15
25-50
>50
K8 =ks x y =0.125 ks
2
Kc =ks x Y =0.25 ks
399
400
When designing the bottom reinforcement of the raft one should use the value
of the bending moment at the face of the column (Sec. 1-1 and Sec. 2-2) as
shown in Fig. 5.26. In other words, the contour line located inside the columns
should be ignored.
2
Typical output for MJ J is shown in Fig (5-25). This bending moment requires
reinforcement in the direction 1 of the shell. Basic top and bottom
reinforcement meshes are usually provided throughout the raft and additional
bottom reinforcement is usually provided under the columns.
t-l
Fig. 5.25 Computer output
402
Solution
y'
-~
~f--K
My
L B = 15.4xI2.4 =2446.8m 4
I =J:"2
12
Y
1
15330
e
x
~S
I
- .- . -
- t - -:-
I 2880 kN
--r- - -
:~082
J
I
1360 ~ ~
NI
P'otal
~,
:f-- 1-,
- -'-_~-'- ~70kN
1~
3.0 m
2880 kN
kN
10
- 1--- - --L - -
---L - -
I
-
t~
~~kN ~ ~~~
!
H
3.0
3.0
FI
3.0)
________~1~2.~00~m~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~
403
r
I
ID
e =Y-y
SIlO
~-+-.--lfHf.ll~ M I .
--j- -
=x _~=6.282_12.4
=0.082 m
2
2
-
rbl,,1360 kN
12.4xI5.4 =3774m4
12
12
N,
=B L3
kN
q=_+_x y + - x
A
Ix
Iy
Where
A = area of the raft =15.4xI2.4 = 190.96 m 2
I
--j""
404
Y- =7.751 m
e y =7.751_
15
.4 =0.051m
2
78.69+75.50 =77.09 kN 1m 2
2
Bl
= 77.09x3.2xI5.4 =3799 kN
The soil bearing pressure can be obtained by applying the following equation:
P +Mx
My
15330 781.83
1257.06
"I:Y+I;x =190.96+ 3774 y+ 2446 x
Now, we shall use the average value 0 of the total reaction and PADHG
Average load =P
q= A
avg
Point
x (m)
y(m)
q(kN/ml)
-6.2
7.7
78.69
7.7
81.87
6.2
7.7
85.06
-6.2
-7.7
75.50
-7.7
78.68
6.2
-7.7
81.87
-6.2
2.5
77.61
2.5
80.80
6.2
2.5
83.98
The lllaximum soil pressure (85.06 kN/m2 ) is less than the allowable soil
pressure (safe).
= 3664.5 = 237.95 kN
15.4
Im
The column loads are modified in the same manner by multiplying the load of
each column by the ratio (PavIPADHG)'
= Pavg
= 3664.5 = 1.0381
PADHG
Item
1
2
3
4
3530
P actual (kN)
440
1360
1360
370
456.77
1411.82
1411.82
384.1
The shear force and the bending moment diagrams are shown in the figure
given below. Three points of zero shears exist. They are calculated as follows:
= 456.77 = 1.92 m
x
1
405
= qavg
237.95
456.77 + 1411.82 + 1411.82
237.95
x
2
=13.79 m
406
237.95
1922
) I
1141.82
384.1
1141.82
JI
qavg
I 11
---It-----It-
5.0
5.0
0.2011--1-
The average soil pressure for the strip can be obtained by taking the average
value of pressures at points Band E.
237.95 kN/m'
I 1-0.20
---i'
5.0
780.6
558.5
Averageload=P
336.4
RGHJI
avg
Shear
(kN)
The modified soil. pressure (per the strip) = Pavg = 7738.87 = 502.52 kN / m I
L
15.4
The column loads are modified in the same manner by mUltiplying each column
load by the ratio (PavglPGHJI)
Moment
(kN.m)
8060
Item
P actual (kN)
Pmod(kN)
1150
1104.18
2880
2765.25
2880
2765.25
1150
1104.18
The shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown in figure. Three
points of zero shears exist. They are calculated as follows:
~op stee; 1 .
. I.
Bottom steel
.1
ITop steel
407
408
1104.2
2765.3
t I
.20
-II
5.0
1 .
5.0
1104.2
2765.3
I t
5.0
The average soil pressure for the strip can be obtained by taking the average
value of the pressures at points A and C.
502.52 kNlm'
11-20
qavg
ACKL =q{Ng
Ll B = 81.87x2.70xI2.4 = 2741 kN
1509
1256.2
1003.6
Now, we shall use the average value of the total reaction and PADHG
Shear
A verage Ioad= P
avg
RACKL+PACKL
(kN)
2741+2090
=- - - = 2415.5 kN
2
The modified soil pressure (per the strip) = PlNg = 2415.5 = 194.8 kN / m'
B
12.4
.
1003.6
The column loads are modified in the same manner by multiplying each column
load by the ratio (PavglPGHJ[)
1256.2
1509
a=
P{Ng
P ACKL
= 2415.15 = 1.156
2090
992.3
992.3
Item
Moment
(kN.m)
P actual
(kN)
PmoikN)
440
508.54
1150
1329.14
500
577.89
The shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown in figure. Two points
of zero shears exist. They are calculated as follows:
1273.2
1273.2
Bottom steel
Bottom steel
Xl
= 508.54 =2.61 m
x = 508.54+1329.14 =9.43 m
2
194.8
'
194.8
Top steel
Shear and moment for strip GHJI
409
410
508.5
f f
0.20
-II
f
6.0
The average soil pressure for the strip can be obtained by taking the average
value of the pressures at points M and N.
577.9
f f
~ I-
6.0
1 194.8 kN/m'
11-20
qal'g
qal'g
Ll B
= 81.87x5.0x12.4 = 5009.4 kN
699.2
538.9
Now, we shall use the average value of the total reaction and PADUG.
Shear
(kN)
5600 53047
= RACKL 2+ PACKL = 5009.4+
=.
2
kN
629.9
562.1
Moment
5600
Item
Pactual (kN)
1360
1288.28
,2880
2728.13
1360
1288.28
(kN.m)
3.9
The shear and moment are shown in figure. Two points of zero shears exist.
They are calculated as follows:
Top steel
= 1288.28
692.9
427.8
3.01 m
, x2
_ 1288.28 + 2728.l3 _ 9 39
-.
m
427.8
Top steel 1
411
412
2728.1
f
0.20
I I I
-11 .
6.0
1288.3
I I
I t
To obtain the reinforcement per meter divide the above value by the width of
strip (B=3.2 m)
6.0
3.20
11-20
To design this critical section, calculate the ultimate moment by multiplying M'
by the load factor 1.5.
1364.1
1202.7
Shear
(kN)
Assuming that the distance from the c.g. ofthe reinforcing steel to the concrete
surface is 70 mID and the total thickness is 750 mID. The effective depth equals:
d =t -70mm =750-70=680 mm
6
1202.7
437.45 X 10
= 0.0378
250 x 1000 X 680 2
1364.1
~.?
Moment
(kN.m)
fy
360
3.20
Shear and moment for strip KLMN
To design this critical section, calculate the ultimate moment by multiplying M'
by the load factor 1.5.
M u = 1.5 M' = 1.5 x 243.34 = 365.02 kN.m
413
414
365.02xl06
=0.0315
250 x 1000 X 680 2
From the chart with R=0.0315, the reinforcement index ar=0.038
A =
s
OJ x feu
xbxd
=0.038x~xl000x680=1794mm2
360
Strip GHJI
Strip ACKL
Strip KLPR
Reinforcement
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
Bottom
Top
M(kN.m)
1273.2
992.3
692.9
562.1
492.6
1682.1
B(m)
6.0
6.0
'2.7
2.7
5.0
5.0
M' (kN.mlm)
212.2
165.4
256.6
208.2
98.5
336.4
Mu (kN.mlm)
318.3
248.1
384.9
312.3
147.8
504.6
b(mm)
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
d(mm)
680
680
680
680
680
680
..
R
0.0275
0.0215
0.0333
0.0270
0.0128
0.0437
0)
0.0330
0.0250
0.0400
0.0320
0.0150
0.0530
As (mm2/m)
1558
1181
1889
1511
708
2503
Asmin (mm2/m)
2026
1535
2078
1964
1020
2078
As,req. (mm--z/m)
2026
1535
2078
1964
1020
2503
7<l>20/m'
7<l>18/m'
7<l>20/m'
7<l>18/m'
7<l>20/m'
7<l>18/m'
3.5<1> 161m'
3.50 181m'
Rft
**
Additional
** A bottom mesh of7 <1> 201m' (2199 mm2) and a top mesh of7 <1> 181m'
(1718 mm2) are provided(Refer to Fig. EX. 5.8.2). Additional reinforcement
may be placed at the location ofthe larger capacity.
416
The concrete strength for punching the least of the three values:
1. qellp =0.316 !Jeu =0.316
re
The critical perimeter is at d/2 from the face of the column. For the interior
column, the critical perimeter equals:
2. qcuP =0.316
{25 =1.29 N
Vu
(0.50+~)lell
b
rc
Vu
d =680 mm
fill.
(.
rc
b =c 2 +d =400+680=1080mm
U =2 (a+b)=2 (1080+1080)=4320mm
j" - - - - --.
o
o
00
_____ _
b=1080
Since the applied punching shear is larger than concrete punching shear
strength, the raft is considered unsafe against punching failure. The designer
may use one of two solutions:
1- Increase raft thickness to 800 mm to decrease the punching stress to 1.26
2
N/mro The reinforcement may be redesigned for more economic solution.
2- Increase the concrete compressive strength to 31 N/mm 2 to increase qCIIP to
1.42 N/mro 2
qsu
quP
417
418
Y'
_--1- _____ 1
:3.5~81-J..1P..18/m
,-
VI
Top rft
"""
71/J20/m
1- The total unfactored moment (My) due to earthquake =16000.0 kN.m (reversible).
The resultant of the un factored gravity load at the foundation level = 68000.0 kN and
is located as shown in Fig. EX S.9a. !
..
C'i
~=:
-q-
~
VI
C'i
The building is provided with relatively rigid shear walls in the two orthogonal
directions to resist the lateral loads. Consequently, analysis of the building
under lateral loads could be carried out in each direction independent of the
other. The following data are available from the analysis of the building in the
X-direction:
-t tI
I(
(U
I I
IIEI..I
I~~I
~I~I
<'if-
2- Structural analysis of the building under the case of the emthquake acting in the Xdirection and under the critical load combination has resulted in the following straining
actions at the foundation level:
Column
Ultimate My (kN.m)
(A-I)
(WI)
(A-4)
(B-1)
(B-2)
0
8000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12000
0
9S0
4200
13S0
18S0
40S0
49S0
27S0
21S0
6500
8900
3200
21S0
3200
2150
47S0
5800
3200
1300
7000
1900
(B-3)
I I
l I
I
3.0m
(B-4)
(C-l)
(W3)
(W4)
(C-4)
(D-l)
(D-4)
3.0
12.40m
(E-l)
(E-2)
(E-3)
(E-4)
column
40x40
(F-l)
71/J20/m
(W2)
(F-4)
sec. 1-1
3.51e 18/m
3.51e 18/m
'7ye18/m
71/J18/m
I,
7p20/m
~.
"
71e 2O/m
t
419
I
7ye20/m
Analysis for the building for the case of the earthquake acting in the in Y-direction
provides straining actions that are not given since the example will be worked out only
for the case of the earthquake acting in the in X-direction.
420
i4.75m
3.875
5.00
5.875
W2
to
.....
C?
u)
.,.
to
..t
~10
to
.....
M
C\I
C?
1.
.,
3:
to
u)
Solution
= 15.75x25.5 = 21763 m 4
12
I = 25.5x15.75 = 8302.3m4
&
12
The resultant of the gravity loads does not coincide with the center of gravity of
the raft. It can be easily proved that the eccentricities ex and ey, as shown in Fig.
EX 5.9b, are given by:
ex =0.3 m
Since the moment due to the earthquake is reversible, one should consider the
direction in which the moment due to the earthquake and that due to the
eccentricity of the resultant of the gravity loads have the same sign.
II
Wi
5.875
5.00
3.875
i4.75m
e y =0.5m
421
422
2
3.875
5.875
5.001
<Xl
ci
r-.
W2
--:-
<Xl
.:e
I()
.,.
r- -
I()
.,;
C\I
I()
+M
y(IOlal)
~-
.,;
-1~
C.G
I()
.j-
100
1"'0
.,.
.j-
I()
Ix
401.6
21763
8302
r-.
<':!
.,;
I@
,..;
I()
C?
I()
It)
r-.
x (Ialal)
Iy
The coordinates of points A and Bare (7.875,12.75) and (-7.875,-12.75),
respecti veJy.
15.75m
0.87!
- N- .+ M
_
401.6
21763
8302
@
x
It)
.,;
_-r--_ My =16000
1--
.1()
.,;
C\I
.. -
I-
I
0
I()
.j-
..
I()
r-.
<Xl
ci
~
<Xl
ci
r
1
I
-
MX(lOtal)
Mx =0
I()
.j-
0.5
I()
W1
-------+------~
I
I
100.
I@
r-.
<Xl
0.3
ci
~
-@
<Xl
0
0.875
3.875
5.875
5.00
15.75m
f.=114.87
~
424
423
f,=223.76 kN/m'
Distribution of loads on (W 1)
The wall is subjected to a normal force (-4200 kN) and a bending moment
(8000 kN.m). The force at each node is evaluated by the superposition principle
as follows:
The raft was modeled using shell elements and the soil was modeled using
spring elements. Many commercial computer programs are well documented
and can be used. In this example, the well-known structural analysis program
SAP-2000 was used in the analysis. Figure 5.9d shows the finite element mesh
used in the analysis.
A-Normal force
This wall is modeled using 22 nodes. Hence, the share of each node is equal to:
No
The majority of the elements had dimensions 0.5m x 0.5m. At some locations,
however, smaller element dimensions were used.
An approximate estimate of the coefficient of subgrade reaction is obtained as
follows:
k s = 120x soil bearing capacity = 120 x 200 =24000 N/m3
The soil at each joint is modeled as a spring having a stiffness K The stiffness
of each springi3 obtained by multiplying the coefficient of subgrade reaction by
the area served of each node as follows:
' at a corner no de K = k Area
Stl'ffness 0 f
a spnng
- = 24000 x 0.0625= 1500 kN / m
s
4
Stiffness of a spring at an exterior node K
= k, Area
B: Shear walls
N
No. of Nodes
= -4200 = -190.1 kN .t
22
B-Bending moment
I = b Xt
12
(J
= M x
I
~
= 0.25x5 = 2.604 m 4
12
= 8000 2.5 = 7680 kN 1m 2
2.604
1
.
=Pc =-x7680xO.25x2.5= 2400 kN
Where Ptand Pc are the tension and compression forces, respectvely, resulting
from the bending moment. Since we have two rows of nodes (2 xU), the share
of each row is given as (refer to the figure):
P' =
Pc
= -2400 = -1200 kN
No.of rows
2
Where Pi is the force at node i and Xi is the distance from node i to the center
of gravity of the wall.
In order to model the forces and moments acting on the shear walls, it was
assumed that the gravity load could be divided among all the points
representing o:he wall, whereas the moment could be represented by
compression forces and tension forces acting at the nodes.
L>
p.
I
425
426
2.0
7.5
P2 =-x-1200=-320 kN -v
P3
0.5
I
P5 =-x-1200=-80 kN -v
7.5
7.5
7.5
Distribution of loads on (W 2)
The wall is subjected to a normal force (-7000 kN) and a bending moment
(12000 kN.m). the force at each node is evaluated by the superposition
principle as follows:
C- Total force
A-Normal' force
This wall is modeled using 26 nodes. Hence, the share of each node equals:
22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
Nodes numbering
I : : : : : : : : ': I
11 10 9
N, =
I
B-Bending moment
3
1= b xt = 0.30x6 = 5.4 m 4
12
12
0-
;r//////////////////////////////////h
Wall WI
N
= -7000 =-269.2 kN "No. of Nodes'
26
kN 1m 2
5.4
5.0m
PI =P =.!..x6666.7xO.3x3.0=3000 kN
c
2
Pt
Since we have two rows of nodes (2 x13), the share of each row is given by
(refer to the figure):
Stresses diagram and
the resultant forces
p'
Pc
No.of raws
= -3000 = -1500 kN
2
To distribute the forces along the nodes, it shall be assumed that the loads at the
nodes are proportion to their distance from point of zero stress.
P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 PI
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Transformation of
moment into nodal
forces
ttttt ~
P11 PIO P9 P8 P7 I
l.5m
2m
2.5m
P4
10.5
10.5
10.5
=~x-1500=-214.3kN
427
428
10.5
"-
P5
1~
= 10.5
x-1500 = -142.9 kN
P6
-v
0.50
= 1O.5x-1500=-71.4kN
J,
Table EXl Total force for the shear walls at each node
Wl
c-Total force
Resulting
force at
each node
25
-269.2
357.1
87.9
26
Total -4200.0
-269.2
-7000.0
428.6
159.3
-7000.0
(])
"0
13 12 11 10 9
V/b'/////////////////#/#/##///#/##/fi
Wall W2
6.0m
Pt
Stresses diagram and
the resultant forces
P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 PI
Transformation of
moment into nodal
forces
! !!!!!!
JJ,tLt t. ttl I I I
o
2m
205m
W2
Resulting
force at
each
node
Force
resulting
form
bending
moment
-428.6
-357.1
-285.7
-214.3
-142.9
-71.4
0.0
71.4
142.9
214.3
285.7
357.1
428.6
-428.6
-357.1
-285.7
-214.3
-142.9
-71.4
0.0
71.4
142.9
214.3
285.7
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14
I :::::::::::I
Force
resulting
form
bending
moment
--400.0
-320.0
-240.0
-160.0
-80.0
0.0
80.0
160.0
240.0
320.0
400.0
-400.0
-320.0
-240.0
-160.0
-80.0
0.0
80.0
160.0
240.0
320.0
400.0
Force
resulting
form
Normal
force
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
-269.2
Nodes numbering
Force
resulting
form
Normal
force
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
-190.9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
-590.9
-510.9
-430.9
-350.9
-270.9
-190.9
-110.9
-30.9
49.1
129.1
209.1
-590.9
-510.9
-430.9
-350.9
-270.9
-190.9
-110.9
-30.9
49.1
129.1
209.1
-697.8
-626.4
-554.9
--483.5
-412.1
-340.7
-269.2
-197.8
-126.4
-54.9
16.5
87.9
159.3
-697.8
-626.4
-554.9
--483.5
-412.1
-340.7
-269.2
-197.8
-126.4
-54.9
16.5
3m
-4200.0
429
430
1. q
cup
~fcu
Y
c
2. q
= 0.316
cup
=0.316
= 0.316
V{35
1.5 = 1.52N Imm
(0.50+~)~fclI
b
Y
c
=0.8(0.20+ad)~fru
cup
U
Y
=0.8 (0.20+
a=c 1 +d =450+1030=1480mm
4X
1.03) {35=3.17Nlmm 2
6.62
VLs
ok
b =c2 +d =800+1030=1830 mm
=2
Critical punching
perimeter
c2=800
r--j'----J---V-I
o
00
"<t
:1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
/.
The computer output of the raft foundation consists of bending moments acting
in the two directions Mu (x-direction in this case) and M22 (y-direction in this
case). The graphical representation is in the form of contour lines, in which
each contour line represents a certain bending moment value as shown in Fig.
EX. 9.5d . It should be mentioned that closely spaced contour lines indicate
concentration of stresses. This usually occurs at the locations of the columns.
When designing the bottom reinforcement of the raft one should use the value
of the bending moment at the face of the column.
I(")
It
0
-/
b=1830
432
431
1030=C\
Mil
35 x 1000
~A.
SlTUn
0.6
0.60
2
I
A'min =-b d =-xlOOOx1030 = 1716 mm (5iP22Im)
.
fy
360
It is decided to use a mesh 5 cP 221m / top and bottom, and use addtioal
reinforcement where needed.
It should be mentioned that the above procedure should be repeated for the case
in which the earthquake load acting in the X-direction but in the reversed
direction. In such a case, the moments acting on the shear walls will be reversed
and the procedure described for transforming the moments and the normal
forces acting on the shear walls into nodal forces will be followed.
Moreover, the raft should be analyzed for the case in which the earthquake load
is actin in the Y-direction (straining actions are not given for that case).
The final reinfocement of the raft should cover all the cases.
433
434
------
3
15.75m
0.87
,...
5.875
5.0
3.875
'
,...
ll)
~-
~
N ~
EIE
~I..J
(')
tq
3m
~NI
ll)
1=
~~
.- ~ 2m
-
E
ll)
u;
N
u;
(')
~
i~
C\i
C\i
~~@
~.,
~ f.J"
2.5 22. In
L 3m
ll)
E
co
'@oj
E
co
j
EE
'1fT
~~r:
::lIT
,...co
ci
I
2.5 22
11
1= L=~ ~E
(')
"'""~ !.\
2.5~221l
-E
(')
L=~ ~E
arT tq
"''''c...
'@o !.\
arT
~ ~
~~
.~
2rT
N
4m
ll)
C\i,m
5.875
5.0
435
ll)
~ ~"
~ --'
II
15~75m
,...
co
~t?
(')
3.875
-
M
L=9m
~ bn;-i
-.i
~ ~r
5~221m
0.87!i
co
'@o .:i"
~2rT
1~
~
E
ll)
u;
N
ll)
-.i
ll)
tq
ll)
ll)
,...
-@
~
~
N
ll)
~~
-.i
E
co
~
~
N
ci
ll)
!-
5~221m
2.5 22
L= ~m
ll)
u;
Basic Mesh
Top&Bottom
~N
~13m
I
ll)
T~.!l
am
,...
~~
~ P"1
L=~EE
(')
I~j
am tq
1
~
~-
2.5l 22 m
-E
~I
'@ol
L;=~_EE
-.i
iF~
ll)
L=9m
2.5 22m
~~
<& -
5~25/m
,l!;i.
~j3 ....
~
~~
E
...,.
NI';l
u;
,...
ll)
ll)
,...<0
ci
5.10.1 Introduction
Piles are structural members used to transmit surface loads to lower levels in
the soil mass. This transfer could be made by a vertical distribution of the load
along the pile shaft or by a direct application of load to a lower stratum through
the pile base. A direct load application is made by an end-bearing pile as shown
in Fig. 5.27a and a vertical distribution of the load is made using a friction pile
as shown in Fig. 5.27b. In general, most piles carry loads as a combination of
side resistance and point bearing except when the pile penetrates an extremely
soft soil to a solid base.
Pile Cap
soft
soil
a) End-bearing Pile
Pile Cap
1I~
skin resistance
1 I If\ produces
major
1I~
1I~
part oflt
b) Friction Pile
Fig. 5.27 Friction and end b~aring piles
437
Unless a single pile is used, a cap is necessary to spread the vertical and
horizontal loads and any overturning moments to all the piles in the group. Pile
caps take different shapes according to the number of piles used as shown in
Fig. 5.28. The pile cap has a reaction that is a series of concentrated loads at the
locations of the piles.
The acting loads on the pile cap includes the column loads and moments, any
soil overlying the cap (if it is below the ground surface), and the weight of the
cap.
---~Pallowable ..........................
,l '4\
,
,
ji-'
"
\,
.
.--.
, /
.... _"'"
(5.43)
in which
P
=
=
1.05
n
=
N
=
Pallowable
, /
.... _<11'
For eccentrically loaded pile caps, the load per pile is given by:
a) 4 Piles
b) 3 Piles
P pile
_N
My
Mx
L,.X
L,.Y
--+" . 2 X + ".
2 Y
~Pallowable
..................
(5.44)
where
Mx,My
x,y
=
=
439
With reference to Fig 5.29, the computation of the one-way shear on any
section through a footing supported on piles shall be in accordance with the
following:
The entire reaction from any pile whose center is located l/J/2 or more
outside the critical section shall be considered (case (a.
440
The reaction of the pile is neglected if the pile center is located at <P12 or
more inside the critical section, case (b).
For intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of the pile reaction to
be considered as producing shear on the section shall be based on straightline interpolation between full value at <P12 outside the section and zero
value at <P12 inside the section, case (c).
The calculation of the punching load for a pile cap is minimally addressed in
the literature. TheECP 203 does not give explicit procedure for calculating the
punching load for pile caps. In this text, an approximate procedure is proposed.
It should be emphasized, however, that such an approximate procedure does not
reflect the actual complicated behavior.
Column
dI2
4>12
Case b
4>12
Consider the pile cap shown in Fig. 5.30. The critical section for punching is
located at d/2 from the face of the column. It will be assumed that parts of the
piles located inside the punching perimeter shall participate in reducing the
punching load. Referring to Fig. 5.30, the punching load can be calculated as
follows:
.
it =
.......................... (5.45)
Case a
Case c
Preduced
=pilediam.
= <p Ppile
.
-0
II)
'"
t;;
o
'.p
'1::
Q up
Case (b) 0%
=(Column ultimate load + o. w. of pile cap within the punching perimeter) - 2 XA. x pileload
=~
............................................................... (5.46)
U xd
442
The concrete punching strength is given as the least ofthe following values:
1.
qcUP
2.
qcuP
= 0.316
~ (S.47a)
(o.so+~)lCU
............................ (S.47b)
b
Y
c
3.
)lCU ............................(S.47c)
Yc
where qcup is the punching shear strength provided by concrete; (a/ b) is the
ratio of long side to short side of column, a= 4, 3, and 2 for interior, edge, and
comer columns, respectively, d is the effective shear depth of the pile cap
(average flexural depth in the two directions), U is the perimeter of the critical
section, and feu is the concrete compressive strength. Check of punching should
be performed around the individual pile.
K pile
- - - - = - - - - ...................... (5.48)
Permissible settlement
Loads
Column
Cap modeled
as shell elementS
Nodes
I
"+t-'
"
/ ,
' I
"'-"
~'
,/
I '
--I
.... _"'
444
Example 5.10
Design and give complete reinforcement detailing for a pile cap that constitutes
a part of a deep foundations system of a high-rise building. The design data are
as follows:
Column dimensions
Unfactored column load
Factored column load
Pile diameter
Pile working load
feu
/y
= 900 mm x 900 mm
=5000 kN
= 7500 kN
=800mm
= 1400 kN
2
=40N/mm
= 360 N/mm2
Column load
Solution
Step 1: Dimensions of the pile cap
A A
In order to determine the dimensions of the pile cap, one has to determine the
number of piles.
Numberof pies
1
5000x 1.05
1400
3.75
Choose 4 piles. It should be noted that the multiplier 1.05 takes into
consideration the own-weight of the pile cap.
The spacing between the piles is usually taken (2.5 <I> - 3 <1. In this example,
the spacing between piles is taken = 2.2m. The distance from the centerline of
the pile to the edge is taken (0.8 <I> -1 <1.
The dimensions of the pile cap are shown in the following figure. The thickness
of the pile cap shall be assumed equal to 1.0 m.
Unfactored own-weight of the pile cap = 3.8 x 3.8 x 1.0 x 25 =361 kN
Pul4
L
Pul4
445
446
00
c::5
......
.....<
/17\ ~
.....
<=>
OC!
<')
......
......
-- ...
'....
.\
:=tt/
\
.I
I
o.o~
;-/
' ... /
00
c::5
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.8
3.80m
Critical section for shear
%100
0.585
SEC(1-1)
2001.35 kN.m
The critical section for one-way shear is at d/2 from the face of the column as
shown in the following figure.
447
According to the ECP-203, the pile load that should be considered when
checking the shear strength of pile caps can be reduced depending on the
location of the center of the pile with respect to the critical section.
Preduced
Preduced
kN
800
448
Qu =2xreduced pile load - O.W. of pile cap outside of the critical section (hatched
area)
Qu =2xI463,487 -1.4x25x3.8xO.985xl.O =.2796 kN
Referring to figure, it can be noted that very small area of each pile is located
inside the critical punching area (3.5%). According to the previous procedure,
the punching load could be calculated as follows:
Critical section
,-,
I
I
\
'-'
o00
c<i
,-,
I
I
\
'-'
1985. I
2796 X 103
2
q" = bxd = 3800 x930 0.79 N Imm
Qu
qcu =0.16
fi
I
I
ow
~;!d~~ 1
~
o
= 0.16 - = 0.826 N I mm 2
Yc
1.5
.
--E.!!-
punching surface
Since qu < qcu , the thickness of the pile cap is considered adequate for one-way
shear.
Qup = (Column load + O.W ;of pile cap within the punching perimeter)- 4 x Ax pile load
The critical section is at d/2 from the column face as shown in the figure below.
al =c 1 +d =900+930=1830mm =1.83m
quP
U xd
7320x930
Column load=
7500 kN
bl =c 2 +d =900+930=1830mm =1.83m
U = 2x(al +b l ) = 4x1830= 7320mm
The ECP 203 does not give explicit procedure for calculating punching load for
pile caps. However, it can be assumed that the punching load equals to the
column load minus the parts of the piles' loads located within d/2 from the face
of the column. It will further be assumed that the load resisted by a certain area
of a pile is equal to the total load resisted by the pile multiplied by the ratio of
that area to the gross area of the pile.
449
450
The concrete strength for punching is. the least of the three values:
1.
qcuP
= 0.316
~cuY
0.316
2.
3.
qcUP
qcuP
{40 = 1.63N/rom
'11.5
-7=
1.6 N/rom
Ii
O 8 (0 .20 +a-d=.
Since quP
.
2
145
M u = 2X2001.35XO.65-1.4X25X3.8X~2 == 2462 kN.m
Critical
2
E
o00
<qcuP' the thickness of the pile cap is adequate for punching shear.
C<)
Note: The reader might notice that the reduction of the punching load due to the
existence of the parts of the areas of the piles within the perimeter of punching
complicates the calculations. Accordingly, the designer could conservatively
neglect such a reduction in cases where it has trivial effect on the results.
d=C1
U xd
ft5
u
--
930=C
feu B
C 1 =7.3 -7
U=3.4m~
As
f y .J.d
2462x10
8902 mm 2
360xO.825x930
A /m=8902=2342
3.8
2462x106
40x3800
3400x930
mm 2 1m'
s,mln
451
452
Example 5.11
Design and give complete reinforcement detailing for a pile cap that constitutes
a part of a deep foundations system of a factory. The design data are as follows:
12@250mm tt~-
Plain concretel
......... .. . . . . . .. . .
y
feu
= 850 mm
= 4500 kN
= 6750 kN
=800mm
= 1750kN
=35 N/mm2
= 400 N/mm2
5 f/25/m
Solution
Step 1: Dimensions of the pile cap
Reinforcement Details
In order to determine the dimensions of the pile cap, one has to determine the
required number of piles.
4500x1.05 2
= .7
1750
Choose 3 piles. The multiplier 1.05 takes into consideration the own weight of
the pile cap.
The spacing between the piles is usually taken (2.5 $ - 3 $). In this example,
the spacing between piles is taken = 2.2 m. The distance from the centerline of
the pile to the edge is taken (0.8 $ -1 $).
The plan dimensions of the pile cap are shown in the following figure. The
thiclmess of the pile cap shall be assumed equal to 1.3 m.
Unfactored own weight of the pile cap = 5.0 x 4.33/2 x 1.3 x 25
453
454
351.8 kN
Critical section 1
The critical section for one-way shear is at dl2 from the face of the column as
shown in the figure below.
co
co
'"
According to the ECP-203, the pile load considered when checking the shear
strength of pile caps can be reduced depending on the location of the center of
the pile with respect to the critical section.
From the figure, the distance (x) from the center of gravity of the column to the
center of gravity of the pile equals = 1.1Icos 30 =1.27 m.
Preduced = reduction factor x ultimate load of pile
630
= -x2414.2=1901.2
leN
800
1 d f'l
Ul tImate oa 0 pI e
= ------6750+1.4x351.8
3
Qu
=reduced pile load - O.W. of pile cap outside of the critical section (hatched area)
YI
Xl
"
2414.2 "leN
d = 1300-70 = 1230mm
There are two possible sections for one-way shear as follows:
1.83
sin 60
= 2.11 m
455
456
'.
00
00
c-.i
1:==::J041--- P reduced
Dj =
Dcolumn
U =1& D J =1&x2080=6535mm
I
1\
Qu =1901.2 - 87.8=1813.4 kN
qu
=~=
b xd
1813.4 X 10 =0.70 N I mm 2
. 2110 x1230
qcu =0.16
~fcu
Since qu
<qcu' the thickness of the pile cap is adequate for one-way shear.
Yc
= 0.16
(35 = 0.77 N
Vu
I mm 2
Critical section 2
From the figure below, it is clear that Qu at the center of gravity of the pile is
almost equal to zero. Therefore, the section is considered adequate.
= 0.12
Qup = (Column load + O. W.of pile cap within the punching perimeter)- 3x Ax pile load
Qup
Qup
6035.5x1000
quP = U xd = 6535x1230
457
0.75N Imm 2
458
The concrete strength for punching is the least of the three values
2. q
(0.50+~)Jlcu
b
Yc
=0.316
cup
3. q
cup
a )
= 0.8 (0.20 + U
=0.316 (0.50+1)
Ii (
...E!!..
Yc
x 2 = 2.455 = 2.83 m
sin 60
M = factored load of pileoy- moment developed du~ to the O.W. of the
u
.
hatched pile cap
k
2.455 x 2.83 2.455
Mu = 2414.2xO.845-1.4x25x1.3x . 2
X --=1910.6 N.m
3
<1.6 N Imm 2
V1.5
)Jg5
- = 3.68 N I mm
1.5
ci
g.
II.l
<q cup , the thickness of the pile cap is adequate for punching shear.
Since q up
=a
y=o.845
I===k---J:'ue load=
2414.3
Mu=19 10.6
quP
I
x2=2.83
2900 x 1230
d=C1
u
--
leu
~
Mu
As
U=2.9m
A
s
,-,
l
I y .J .d
191O.5x10
-4701 mm 2
400xO.825x1230
1m = 4701 =1658
2.83
'-~
191O.5x106
1230=C\
35x2830
C\ =8.86 -7
As ,min
Iy.
400
460
Example 5.12
Design and give complete reinforcement detailing for a pile cap that constitute a
part of a deep foundations system of an office building. Design data:
12 @2S0mm
~--------------~
~
Plain concretJ
# 201m
I
I
6#201m
Column dimensions
Unfactored column load
Factored column load
Pile diameter
Pile working load
feu
=3SN/mm
= 360 N/mm2
Solution
Step 1: Dimensions of the pile cap
In order to determine the dimensions of the pile cap, one has to determine the
number of piles.
'
N urnberof pI les
7000xl.0S
S.44
13S0
Choose 6 piles. The multiplier LOS takes into consideration the won weight of
the pile cap.
The spacing between the piles is usually taken (2.5 <I> - 3 <1. In this example,
the spacing between piles is taken = 2.0m. The distance from the centerline of
the pile to the edge is taken 0.80 m. The plan dimensions of the pile cap are
shown in the following figure. The thickness of the pile cap shall be assumed
equal to 1.4 m.
Unfactored own weight ofthe pile cap = 2SxS.6 x 3.6 x1.4
= 70S.6 kN
7000+70S.6
6
461
= 1284.3kN
462
-,
,_ ....
I O.8m I
2.0m
I O.8m I
2.0m
....
,_....
I,
-, ,
,_ ....
....
,_ ....I
I .. 1
0.665
1
1.535
Qu
3559 X 10
2
qu = b xd = 3600 x1330 0.74 N Imm
qCII=0.16~CII
Yc
=0.16
[35 =0.77Nlmm
V1.5
Since qu <qcu , the thickness of the pile cap is considered adequate for one-way
shear
=1400 -
1914.6 kN
Critical section 2 - 2
Preduced =
= 435 xI914.6=1041.1 kN
800
Qu =3 x reduced pile load - O.w. of pile cap outside of the critical section(hatched area)
70 =1330 mm
The critical section for one-way shear is at df2 from the face of the column as
shown in the following figure.
463
Qu =3xl041.1-1.4x25x5.6xO.835x 1.4=2894.1 kN
464
-... ,
,_ .... I
; - ...
I
;
I
,_ .... I
The critical section for punching shear is at d/2 from the column face as shown
in the figure below.
- ... ,
,_ .... I
Critical section
O.665
Referring to figure, it can be noted that the areas the piles that are located inside
the critical punching area (A=45%) of two piles. According to the previous
procedure, the punching load could be calculated as follows:
0.835
I
Qu
qu = b xd
2894.1 X 103
5600x1330
. 1
5.6
0.39 N / mm 2
Since qu<qcu, the thickness of the pile cap is adequate for one-way shear
00
1.40
2.0
Qup = (Co\umn load + O.W. of pile cap within the punching perimeter)- 2. A. pile load
Qup = (10500+ 1.4x25x1.93x2.53x1.4)- 2x0.45x1914.6 =9016.1 kN
0.80
465
2.0
2.0
0.80
quP
8920 x 1330
Column load=
10500kN
466
Section 1
The concrete strength for punching is the least of the three values:
1. qcuP = 0.316
~fcu
2. qc.up =0.316
(0.50+~)~fcu
Yc
= 0.316
I mm 2
VLs
VLs
XW
{35 = 3.08 N
VLs
I mm 2
=2.8-
1330=C
--
feu B
6
4934x10
35x3600
C 1 =6.72 ~
Take c/d=0.125 ~
4934X106:::::12476 mm 2
360xO.825x1330
The critical section for flexure is at the face of the column. There are two
critical sections:
=2.2 m
222
M u = 2xI914.6x1.4-1.4x25x3.6x1.4x-- == 4934 kN.m
2
d=C 1
Since quP (qeup, the thickness of the pile cap is adequate for punching shear.
1.2
Mu
fy.J.d
A /m = 9032.6 = 3465
S
3.6
J = 0.825
mm 2 1m
I
\
"~i+""
'I
"
./
.... _-'
..
- - (\~~""II
I
'-
"_"
./
.....
2.0
"
'-
"
-,
I
J
,_
.....
....'-
'--"
I
./
o
00
d
2.0
467
468
-r-
-r-
Section 2
Mu = 3 factored load of pile x f
#12@250mm
Xw
~
.-
1.5
Mu =3x1914.6x O.70-1.4x25x5.6x1.4x1.5x-=3877 kN.m
3877x106
35x5600
1330=C1
1-
1 6 #281m
6 # 201m
Section A-A
C 1 =9.46 ~
3877x10
=9802 mm 2
360xO.825x 1330
Mu
fy.J.d
A~s jm = 9802
= 1750
5.6
mm
Use As=As.min=2217 mm
m <As min
!!
0
;
I
...... \
'-'"
...... \
'-'"
; ......
,_ .... I
\0
6 <l> 281m'
Plan
I-
5.6
469
.I
470
6.1 Introduction
In a structure, forces tend to follow the shortest possible path to transfer loads.
In a beam subjected to concentrated loads, the shortest paths to transfer load are
the straight lines connecting the points of loading and the supports.
471
For deep beams, those shortest paths are possible paths, see Fig. 6.1a. The load
is directly transferred to the supports through compression struts with
reasonable inclination.
For slender beams, however, those shortest paths are not possible paths as .
shown in Fig. 6.1b. In such beams, the compression struts would be very flat. In
order to develop a vertical component that is large enough to equilibrate the
applied force, the actual force in the strut will be too large to cause concrete
crushing. Vertical web reinforcement (ties) provides possible paths, as shown
in Fig. 6.1d, since it increases the inclination of the struts.
CO!llparison between Fig. 6.1c and Fig. 6.1d indicates that the strut-a~d-tie
model is a special case of the truss model in which no vertical ties are statIcally
needed.
Discontinuity
A discontinuity of the stress distribution occurs at a change in the geometry of a
structural element or at a concentrated load or reaction. St. Venant's principle
indicates that the stresses due to axial load and bending moment approach a
linear distribution at a distance approximately equal to the overall height of the
rriember away from the discontinuity (See Fig. 6.2). For this reason,
discontinuities are assumed to extend a distance h from the section where the
load or change in geometry occurs.
D-region
Possible
path
,
Impossible
path
"
....
"-
"-
472
473
D-Region
D-Region
D-Region
D-Region
F- Deep beam
D- Tapered beam
G- Short cantilever
474
Fig~
475
The strut-and-tie shown in Fig. 6.3 can fail in one of three ways:
Since a tension failure of the steel will be more ductile than either a strut failure
or a node failure, a deep beam should be proportioned so that the strength of the
steel governs.
p
Truss node
According to the Strut-and-Tie Model shown in Fig. 6.3, the shear strength can
be calculated as:
Q =Astrut f.ce sinB ................................. (6.1)
Compression
strut
where A strut is the cross sectional area of the strut, f~e is the effective
compressive strength of concrete and B is the angle of inclination of the strut.
force, T
In Fig. 6.3, the concentrated load, P, is resisted by two major inclined diagonal
struts, shown by the light shaded areas. The horizontal component of the force
in the strut is' equilibrated by a tension tie force, T. The three darker shaded
areas represent truss nodes. These are wedges of concrete loaded on all sides
except the side surfaces of the beam with equal compressive stress. The loads,
reactions, struts, and ties in Fig. 6.3 are all laid out such that the centroid of
each truss member and the line of action of all externally applied loads coincide
at each joint.
476
477
///
'/
//
"', ,
,
-,
"
/
1/
--
II
Truss node
.......
"" ,
"
Tapered
Mechanical Anchor
Mechanical Anchor
478
479
BO'ITLE-SHAPED STRUT
p
'"
j\
\
/
/
/
Idealized
.'"
""
(a)
Bottle-shaped
strut
Crack
Local strut
Fig. 6.6 Bottle shaped strut:(a) bottle-shaped strut in a deep beam, ~b)cracking of
a bottle~shaped strut; (c) strut-and-tie model of a bottle-shaped strut
Photo 6.3 Double short cantilevers supporting a composite bridge
480
481
Strut
The strength coefficient, (0.67 !cJre), in Eq. 6.3 represents the cube concrete
strength under sustained compression. The factor f3s is a factor that takes into
account the stress conditions and the angle of cracking surrounding the strut.
The strength coefficient
The value of f3s is given in Table 6.1.
(0.67 /3,. feu / Yc) represents the effective concrete strength of the strut. The
material strength reduction factor Yc is taken 1.6.
Cracks
Strut
f3s
1.0
0.70
(b) Struts crossed by skew cracks
0.60
0.40
0.60
482
483
If the value of f3. =0.70 specified in Table 6.1 is used, the axis of the strut shall
be crossed by reinforcement proportioned to resist the transverse tensile force
resulting from the compression force spreading in the strut as shown in Fig. 6.8.
Otherwise, one has to use f3. =0.60.
The designer may use a local strut-and-tie model to compute the amount of
transverse reinforcement needed in a given strut. In the American Concrete
Institute Code (ACI 318) , for concrete strengths not exceeding 40 N/mm2, the
requirement is considered to be satisfied if the axis of the strut being crossed by
layers of reinforcement satisfies the following equation:
Asi sin Yi
b Si
satisfying the
The reinforcement should be enclosed in ties or spirals
conditions applied to columns.
An example of a deep beam with reinforced struts is given in Fig. 6.9. The
strength of a reinforced strut is given by: .
Fc =Ac f cd +As
Where fed
0.67feu
R
p,
Ye
Y. = 1.3 , Ye = 1.6, f3s is obtained from table 6.1, As is the area of the
reinforcing steel parallel to the direction of the strut and/yis the yield strength.
~
Strut
~
/
S2
Stirrups
Reinforced
strut
ain reinforcement
.. I
S1
:fie force, T
484
485
where
Tud = design tension force.
As = cross-sectional area of steel.
/y
=yield strength of steel.
=1.15
The locations of the intersection of the truss members are called the nodes of
the truss. They represent regions of multi-directionally stressed concrete or
nodal zones of the Strut-and-Tie model.
The compressive strength of concrete of the nodal zone depends of many
factors, including the tensile straining from intersecting ties, confinement
provided by compressive reactions and confinement provided by transverse
reinforcement.
To distinguish between the different straining and confinement conditions for
nodal zones, it is helpful to identify these zones as follows:
r,
node)
b) CCT _ nodal zone bounded by compression struts and one tension tie
c) CTT - nodal zone bounded by a compression strut and tension ties
d) TTT - nodal zone bounded by tension ties only
Figure 6.11 illustrates the different types of nodal zones.
at the
Lbd
)-----C
strut
(---- T
I
I
I
I
I
IC
~~
/ e
--r---/.,.------------..
-Tie
486
487
in which
Acn = the area of the face of the nodal zone taken perpendicular to the direction
of the strut.
'Yc = material strength reduction factor for concrete = 1.6.
fJn = factor that takes into account the stress conditions at the nodal zone
= ffJ+ 2c
........................................... (6.7b)
fJn
C-C-C
1.0
C-C-T*
0.80
C-T-T orT-T-T
0.60
In case of using more than one row of bars (Fig. 6.13c) and providing
sufficient development length beyond the nodal zones for a distance not
less than 2c, where c is the concrete cover:
U :;::rp+2c+(n-l)s .................................. (6.7c)
Where n is number of bars and s the center line distance between bars.
strut
strut
* In C-C-T nodes, the value f3n = 1.0 can be utilized if the tie is extended
through the node and is mechanically anchored as shown in Fig. 6.12
Tie
-;-
/.
a)U = 0
b)U = +2c
::-...
>2c
>s/2
-r
'B)
-r-
Tie
Fig. 6.13 The height (U) used to determine the dimensions of the node
489
Finally, Fig. 6.14-h shows a Strut-and-Tie model for a box girder bridge
supported on a pier and a shallow founda~ion. !n spite of t~e fact that such a
bridge structure can be easily analyzed usmg SImpler tools, the shown model
gives some insight into the flow of forces.
6.7 Applications
The choice of a Strut-and-Tie model is a m~or issue and different engineers
may propose various models for the same application. Figure 6.14 presents
some appliCations of the Strut-and Tie model for designing deep beams. Struts
are indicated as dashed lines; solid lines represent ties. The struts and ties are
positioned by considering the likely paths' of the loads to the supports and the
orthogonal reinforcement pattern. The"' forces in the shuts and ties are
detelmined by equilibrium. As long as the reSUlting model satisfies equilibrium,
and the struts, ties and nodal zones satisfy the provisions previously discussed
in his chapter, the structure should develop the ultimate strength required.
\
\
Figure 6.14-a shows a simply supported deep beam that supports two planted
columns and contains two web openings. The locations of the openings do not
interfere with shortest load path between the loads and the supports. Hence, a
simple Strut-and -Tie model, similar to that developed in a solid deep beam,
can be proposed. It should be noted that the existence of the openings might
limit the width of the strut.
Figure 6.14-b shows a simply supported deep beam that supports two planted
columns and contains two web openings. The locations of the openings
interfere with shortest load path between the loads and the supports. Hence, the
vertical load of each column has to travel around the opening. Accordingly, a
tie has to be located above the openings, together with the traditional one
located at the bottom part of the beam.
Figure 6.14-c shows a deep beam having an opening near the left-hand side
support. The beam supports a planted column. The Strut-and-Tie model for
such a beam is developed based on engineering judgment about how the force
paths might flow around the opening. The model demonstrates that the main
reinforcement of the beam shall follow the directions of the ties. The designer
should provide light reinf9rcement mesh on both sides of the beam to control
cracking and to enhance the performance of the struts.
Figure 6. 14-d shows a deep beam that is bottom loaded through two hangers. A
simplified Shut-and-Tie model that is suitable fur design is also shown. It is
assumed that the bottom load is transferred to the beam by bond stresses
between the vertical stirrups, that hang-up the load, and the concrete.
Figures 6.14-e-f-g show Strut-and-Tie models for cantilever and continuous
beams subjected to different loading conditions ..
[]\
..
...
/
/
/
/
..
...
0..
"-
0
...
,
"\
\
I)
b) Deep beam with openings interfering with the shor~est load path.
Fig. 6.14 Typical Strut-and-Tie applications.
491
490
_---
....
"..."\
"...
...
\
\
0\\
//0
"...
\
\
II
----/
L.
I
I
I
...
...
0..
"-
0
...
/1-1'\
\
11
I \
I
\
\
b) Deep beam with openings interfering with the shortest load path.
L -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
I
I
--'-
hanger
hanger
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - - - - .
492
493
Example 6.1
A transfer girder supports two planted columns, each having a factored load of
1500 kN as shown in the figure given below. The material properties are
leu =30N Imm 2 and Iy = 400N Imm 2 Design the beam using the Strut-andTie method presented in the ECP 203.
/
/
1500 kN
1500kN
./
I-r-
-r-
2200
1900
I
I
1900
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
H
500
450
450
6000mm
fI
H
450
\
\
.. .
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
_W-L
-Li-
I
I
/
\
If
I = Pu = 1500xlOOO = 6.66 N I mm 2
b
Ae
450 x 500
The nodal zones beneath the loading locations are (C-C-C) Nodes. The
effective compressive strength of such type of nodes (~n=1.0) is limited to:
494
led
=0.67xfJn
1.6
495
I cd
~ .Be
Since the applied bearing stresses (6.66 N/mm2) are less than the limiting
values at the loading locations and at the supports, the area of contact is
considered adequate
1900
I
I
I
I
I
2200
1900
.. .
~;J
1500
i
I
/.
.. ..
,,
,,
I
I
I
I
I
I
(e''''~
t
6000mm
496
~.AD
Yc
Since
W,
~.BC
=1.25w s
The distance between the compression and the tension force jd equals:
I
. =t -wsw
---=
t -W-s - 1.25 W
Jd
2
2
2
2
=t -1. 125 W
= ~.BC xjd
Pu xLx
bw s (t-1.125w.)
30
1500 (1000) x1900 = 0.67x1.0x- 500w s (2200-1.125 W s)
1.6
1500
1500kN
To minimize ws, strut force BC, Fu BC must equal its capacity as follows:
I 1500
= 234.3mm
WI
= 1.25 W s
Choose
= 250 mm and
w, = 300 mm
497
Lx=1900
_af37]/ y
4/
l rs
rp
d -
bu
Ld can also be directly obtained from the tables provided in the ECP 203.
Ld = 50 <I> for!cu =30 N/mm2
FU,AD
1500
-7
Ld = 50 <I> = 50 X 25 = 1250 mm
The Egyptian code requires measuring the development length from the point
where the centroid of the tie reinforcement leaves the nodal zone and enters the
span. However, for simplicity, it can be measured from the end of the column.
The distance from the column to the end of the beam is about 400 mm as shown
in figure below and the bent part is about 850 mm.
jd
u,BC
1925
~I
r;;
sin45.37
4 cP25
5 cP25
X/
y Irs
u,AB
sin 45.37
Referring to the figure below, the width at the top of the strut is given by:
sinO
'--7
498
W st
=csinO+ws cosO
sl
499
1500
1500kN
450
2200
1900
1900
1500
6000mm
1500
c=450
A,'V = 0.0025 b s
The minimum horizontal shear reinforcement required by the code is given by:
The width at the bottom of the strut is given by:
AVh
= 0.0015 b s
W sb
= c sin 8 +W t cos 8
Choose s =200 mm
W sb
Ws
F" ,AB
= 0.67 x fJs x
FU,AB
30
=O.67xO.7x- 500x495.89 = 2180.36 kN
1.6
Yc
200 mm
=0.0015b (300)=mm
Ws
Choose <l> 10
200 mm
Because this is higher than the required force, strut AB (or CD) is considered
adequate.
500
501
Example 6.2
WWOOG@V~P
'I
. wwooc:c:
~
',
C')
EV
E
E
E
0
0
0
0
@J
@J
I:'!
I~
E
o
~
<
@J
~~IIJ!
Give a complete design for the bracket shown in figure using the Strut-and-Tie
method presented in the ECP 203 according to the following data:
~
cl
<U
00
tlllO
"<t
:i
=240
Nu = 56
Qu
"<tLO
I:'!
I:'! I:'!
leN
leN
Pu=1450 leN
<
..,
==
....=
!:5
l"r
200
Nu =56 leN
Qu=240 leN
<U
"Q
....
=
e
<U
E
E
0
<0
10
I:'!
LO
',
',
"<t
10
I:'!
0
0
I:'!
I:'!
',
en
f-
LO
I:'!
,..
<U
CJ
oS
,S<U
:8 -'o
o)
.-I
',
I.C
C')
~
f;;r;l
....ei>
~
o
o
0)
400
<
~I
-I-
-I-
I-
-E
500mm
400
<
-'--
I I
Colurim cross-section
502
503
1~
F",BC
=fed
F",BC
1450
= 240 + -2- = 965 kN
W s
f
30
.
fed =0.67xfJn x--E!...=0.67xO.8x-=1O.05N Imm 2
Ye
1.6
fed
10.05
fed
125-1
1150 I
=170.7 mm
Bearing plate
(300 mm x 150 mm)
400
1.6
725
725
Resultant line ,
,,
125
D'
" D
,
,,
200
,
xz=11.67-1 '_,--0-1
:B
240
-f-
56
a
a)
,
,,
56
a-Or)
...
I
I
I
t
...t'
I
I
I
I
I
I
As shown in the figure, 'the column axial load, Pu is resolved into two equal
loads acting in line with strut CB. The location of the centerline of strut CB can
be found by calculating its width, ws. This width can be obtained from:
504
505
A'
82
= tan-1 (
56 )
240
= 13.130
= 0.03 X
30 x450x600 = 607.5mm
400.
As = 678mm 2
Choose 6 <I> 12 mm
56
The distance X2 form the concentrated load to the node A equals:
x2
The width Ws of the nodal zone B was determined to be 170.7 mm (refer to Step
2). Therefore, only nodal zone A is checked in this section.
Tb satisfy the stress limit of nodal zone A, the tie reinforcement must engage an
effective depth of concrete WI that can be obtained from:
fcu
FuAA ' =0.67xPn x
bW t
---+---+Pn =0.80
,
Yc
= tan-1(
FAB
600
)
200+ 11.67 + 170.7/2
=~
. 8 =
sm
= 63.66
.
. -240
6 66 -- - 267.8 kN .......................................... (compressIOn)
sm 3.
30
174.8 x 1000 = 0.67xO.8x- 450 W t
---7
WI = 38.65 mm
1.6
As shown in figure, this limit is easily satisfied because the nodal zone
available is 2x50=100 mm.
The following table summarizes the forces in all members. Note that positive
sign indicates tension and negative sign indicates compression.
Strut AB shall be checked based on the sizes determined by nodal zones A and
B. Other struts shall be checked by computing the strut widths and verifying
whether they will fit within the space available
Member
AA'
BB'
AB
CB
BD
F;,s =- 0.67 x Ps x
Force (kN)
174.8
-267.8
-118.8
-965.0
-725.0
Wst
fcu
Yc
sl
is taken as the smaller width at the two ends of the strut as shown in figure.
The width at the bottom of the strut can be accurately computed using
AutoCAD program as shown in figure below or approximately as follows:
506
507
W SI =ws
sinO
sl
sl
= 152.98mm
F"s
30
= 0.67 xO.7 x 1.6 450x152.98 = 605.38 kN
Since the node strength FilS is higher than the required force
to the table in step 3), strut AB is considered adequate.
FuAB
fcu
= 0.67 x fJ" x
Yc
W,. BD
'
ws,BD
= 128.24mm
(=267.8, refer
'
D'
Since the required width for strut CB is less than the available for the node
(170.3 mm), the design is considered adequate.
= 0.67 x fl,. x
Fu,BD
100mmI
W s,BB'
fcu
b W.
Yc'
BB
---+---+---+13s=1.0
118.8X1000=0.67Xl.OX~.~
450w s,BB'
I
I
I~
IU
I ....
170.3
15
ICZl
I(')
I
- I
fAl
UI
..1
51
CZlI
=Pminb
C'
508
509
Example 6.3
= (As
An
N
=__
u_=
Design and give complete reinforcement detailing for a pile cap that constitutes
a part of a deep foundations system using the Strut-and-Tie method. Design
data:
-An)
i y Irs
56x103
=161.0 mm 2
400/1.15
200mm
!cu
h
.
d
600
A v g .spacmg = - - = - - = 200 mm -7o.k
n -1
Column dimensions
Unfactored dead column load
Unfactored dead column load
Pile diameter
Pile working load
4-1
=750
= 2200 kN
= 1100kN
=500mm
=750 kN
2
=30N/mm
= 360 N/mm2
Solution
6
12
n=
1.05xP
1.05 x 3300 =.
462 pIes
'1
750
IlL- _--.J!
. = 4840 =968 kN
5
UlpIle
510 .
511
H~PU=4840kN
The column load is divided into 5 equal loads of 968 kN each. Each of these
loads is connected to the center of one pile through an inclined strut as shown in
the figure.
,.....--
968
428.~
'~168
//
//
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Fl
/
,I,.
F2'
1250
1250
i 625
\
,
,
"" Fl
""
""
""
c 968t
/
/
.:~~
3750
""
1 \ "
625 i
I \
, I
, I
, I
J" "
968,; ,;
8' -;
,__
; :...t '..,; F 2 " "
968
a /
968
968
!
625 !
0.67xO.7x30j1.6
!
1250
968 X 10
= ------;---
1250! 625
3750
Accordingly, the area Az of the intersection of the inclined strut with the top
node (with the cross-section of the column) is found from:
2
A2
(700
2
-
332
= 113069 mm 2
512
513
750
900)
- ) =tan -\ ( - = 31 .56
e = tan -\ (ec
ac
1465
The center of gravity (C.G.) of the area A2 can be easily obtained as shown in
figure (calculations not shown).
= 160.88mm
Xc
968 = 1849 kN
sin 31.56
=700-2xI60.88=428.24mm
It is assumed that the center-line of the inclined strut connects the C.G. of the
area A2 and the C.G. of the pile.
Similarly, F2=1114 kN
c=160.88
xc=428.24
. I~
"
'j'
..
160.88
oc
1114x1000=As x360/1.15
As
Irl
{'-
= 3559 mm
-+
As
= 3927 mm 2
..
I
._._c.d _._.
A2
.
s,mm
750
fy
(d
514
= 0.6 b d
360
515
At top node
At bottom node
w, =2c +r/J
Since it has been assumed earlier that the distance from C.G. of the tie to
bottom outermost concrete fibers is 150 mm -+ Wt = 300 mm.
W sb
W sb
= 245337.9 mm
Assume that the diagonal struts are square in shape. The side dimensions of the
struts ( h2) can be obtained as follows:
30
1849.2xlOOO =0.67xO.60x- AcsT
1.6
ACST
W sb
A = 0.60
AcsT
Ye
h2
= .J245337.9 = 495.32mm
xb
Ye
30
Fcs = 0.67xO.60x- x500x517.3 = 1949.6 kN
1.6
Because this is higher than the required force (1849 kN), strut Fl is considered
adequate.
1849
The top node is the node where the inclined struts, the horizontal top struts and
the top load meet. At this node, the horizontal area A2 and the inclined area of
the inclined strut form parts of the nodes.
To calculate the thickness hI, an average width (h3) for the area A2 is used.
Thus,
h = A2 = 113069 = 228.2 mm
3
h2
495.32
h2 = h3 sin
e + hi
cos
= 441mm
fe
w,=300mm
A
pile
2
feu
30 =12.56 N Imm
f en =0.67x PRn x Y =0.67x1.0x 1.6
e
516
517
r
j
#12 @ 250 mm
r-'-----,.---
~I
.. . ...;=..=~
.~..:=
..~~
;:~3~:7~...:;:
[~~.~.~=..;:::;
IV I
Plain concrett~
I
dX
8iY'25
I
I
I
F,COS
'--~ __
{\
I
I
~L-_
__
8# 181m
I
I
_ L - '---
j1
r'\
8# 181 m
I
8# 25
J
8# 181 m
J
Step 6: Reinforcement arrangement
Section 6-7-1-4 of the ECP 203 states that when the Strut-and-Tie model is
used for designing pile caps, the tie reinforcement must be distributed in a
distance greater than three times the pile diameter if the distance between the
centerlines of the piles is more than 3D where D is the pile diameter.
In this example, the distance between the centerlines of the piles is less than 3D.
The reinforcement of the tie is arranged such that the distance between the bars
is 100 mm (the minimum accepted distance).
Reinforcement Details
519
7
INTRODUCTION TO
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
7.1 Introduction
The idea of 'prestressing was introduced to overcome the main disadvantage of
concrete which is the low tensile strength. Introducing compressive longitudinal
force, called prestressing, prevents the cracks from developing by reducing or
even eliminating the tensile stresses at critical sections. Thus, prestressing is a
technique of introducing compressive stresses of a pre-determined magnitude
520
into a structural member to improve its behavior. Therefore, all sections can
reach the full capacity of concrete in compression.
Although prestressed concrete has many benefits, it requires more attention to
specific design considerations that are not usually considered in construction of
ordinary reinforced concrete.
.
Prestressed concrete is used in buildings, towers, tanks, underground structures,
and bridges. The wide spread use of prestressing is mainly due to the new
technology of developing high strength steel or fiber reinforced plastics (FRP)
and the accumulated knowledge of computing the short and long-tenn losses.
Prestressing significantly reduce the dead weight of flexural members. The
small span-to-depth ratio accompanied by short construction time makes
prestressed concrete very attractive solution as a construction material.
The idea of prestressed concrete can be traced back to 1872, when P.H Jackson,
an engineer from California, USA, developed a prestressing system that used a
tie rod to build beams and arches from individual blocks. Early attempts of
prestressing were not successful because of prestressing losses over time. In
1920s, the concept of circular prestressing was introduced but with a little
progress because of the unavailability of high strength material that can
compensate the long-tenn losses.
Linear prestressing continued to develop in Europe especially in France through
the work of Eugene Freyssinet. In 1928 he proposed the use of high strength
steel to overcome the losses. P.W. Abeles of England introduced the concept of
partial prestressing. The work of T. Y. Lin of developing the load-balancing
technique simplifies the design process particularly in indeterminate structures.
Since 1950s, the number of buildings and bridges constructed of prestressed
concrete has grown enonnously.
522
Figure 7.1 illustrates the procedure for pre-tensioning a concrete member. Such
a procedure can be summarized as follows:
1- The prestressing tendons are initially tensioned between fixed rigid
walls and anchored.
2- With the formwork in place, the concrete is cast around the stressed
steel tendons and cured.
3- When the concrete has reached its required strength, the wires are cut
(or released from the rigid walls).
4- As the tendons attempt to contract, the concrete is compressed. Prestress
is transmitted through bond between the steel and the concrete.
Abutment
1. With the formwork in position, the concrete is cast around the hollow
ducts, which are fixed to any desired profile.
2. The steel tendons are usually in place, unstressed in the ducts during the
concrete pour, or alternatively may be threaded through the ducts later.
3. When the concrete has reached its required strength, the tendons are
tensioned. Tendons may be stressed from one end with the other end
anchored or may be stressed from both ends.
4. The tendons are anchored at each stressing end. In post-tensioning, the
concrete is compressed. during the stressing operation and the
prestressing is maintained after the tendons are anchored by bearing of
the end plates onto concrete. The ducts containing the tendons may be
filled with grout under pressure. In this way, tendons are bonded to the
concrete and are more efficient in controlling the cracks and providing
ultimate strength. Bonded tendons are also less likely to corrode.
It should be mentioned that most in-situ prestressed concrete is post-tensioned.
Stressed tendons
x;; ... ~
(a) Concrete cast and cured
c) The wires are cut and the prestressing force is transferred to concrete
Fig. 7.1 A Pre-tensioned beam during manufacturing
523
7.4 Materials
7.4.1 Concrete
The Egyptian Code ECP 203 presents an idealization for the stress-strain curve
of concrete in compression. The initial part of the curve is a parabolic curve up
to a strain of 0.002 and the second part is a straight horizontal line up to a strain
of 0.003, as shown in Fig. 7.4. Referring to Fig. 7.4, the equation of the
concrete stress (fc) in terms of the concrete strain (Ec) can be expressed as:
< 0.002
for
Ce
for
0.002 ~ c e
..................... (7.1)
wkNlm'
_.-._._.-.-._.-.-.-._.-._._._._._.-._.-._._._.-.
P-~~=========================t~p~
I
h
were
1.e=
0.003
0.67 feu
Ye
a- Loading
_E
A
pxe
(N/mm 2)
+-Zwp
I Concrete grade I 30
Z/oP
135
145
150
155
160
_E
A
Beam
prestressing
_pxe
Zim/
eccentricity
resultant
+Zbo/
external loads
resultant
b -Stresses
Fig 7.3 Distribution of stresses in a prestressed beam
0.001
0.002
Concrete strain
0.003
Ec
526
2.
3.
4.
5.
It produces the high bond strength required to anchor the strands used
in pre-tensioned construction.
Is
Is
= Es xEs
= Iy Iys
when Es <EylYs
................................... (7.2)
when Es ? Ey I Ys
The modulus of elasticity Eps can be taken as 200 GPa (200,000 N/mm2) for
bars and wires and 180 GPa (180,000 N/mm2) for strands.
Iylys --
Strand or wires
I:
<,.!?,
en
Ii
t:Il
~
CI)
Es=200,OOO N/mm2
ty/ys
I
I
I
I
I
I
J-~
____-/Pll
en
I
I
I
I
I
t/ys
compression
tension
I
I
I
I
til
High-strength bars
CI)
Strain, ts
t--
-/ylrs
0.002
0.01
Strain, Cps
7.5.1 "Introduction
The applied prestressing force after jacking undergoes a number of reductions.
Some of these reductions occur immediately and others occur over a period of
time. Therefore it is important to establish the level of prestressing at each
loading stage as shown in the diagram below. Following the transfer of force
from the jack to the member, a loss in tendon stress ranging from 10-15% of the
initial force occurs.
tendon
Immediate
losses
--------------~)
Jacking
force
(c) single bar tender
Time-dependent
losses
Pi
--------------~)
Prestressing
force immediately
after transfer
Pe
Final or effective
prestressing force
sheath
strand
wed'ge
ancborhead
LlfpT
Post-tensioned members
529
530
............................. (7.3)
where
NpA
J1fpe
Npw
Pf
J1fpsh
= shrinkage losses
J1fpcr
= creep losses
NpR
In the following sections, each type of losses is briefly discussed, and step by
step examples for losses calculations are given.
=~Ep
L
................................................ (7.5)
where
J1A
= magnitude of slip
L
= tendon length (the horizontal distance can be used)
Ep
= modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel
The loss in prestressing steel stress due anchorage slip is inversely proportional
to the length of the cable. Hence, the loss of stress due to slippage decreases as
the length of the cable increases. At, transfer, if the tendon can be stressed by
additional increment of length equal to the predicted anchorage slip without
overstressing the cable, the loss in stress due to slippage can be eliminated.
532
1 Ep
=--f.
(forpost-tensionedmembers) .......... (7.1O)
2E.
PCI
CI
This type of losses equals to zero if all tendons are jacked simultaneously
because the jack that elongates the tendon simultaneously compress the
concrete and the elastic shortening takes place before the tendon is anchored.
I1fpe
- = - .......................................... (7.7)
Eei
Ep
where!ci is the concrete strain at the centroid of the tendons, Ed is the concrete
modulus of elasticity at the time of transfer, and L1/pe is the loss in prestressing
force as a result of elastic shortening of the beam.
Rearranging, Eq. 7.7 gives:
Ep
I1fpe = -fpc; ............................................... (7.8)
Eei
If eccentric tendon is used, the eccentricity of the tendon and beam self-weight
should be taken into account. The stress in concrete at the level of prestressing
steel is given by:
P;
fei = - - A
Pxexe Mow Xe
+
I
I
................................"'. (7.9)
.
tendon
I
Pi
.... "1.
P,,' e- kx (7.11)
--Pi
before shortening
I-
I1fpw
= Po -
after shortening
534
Px ............................................ (7.12)
where rps is the radius of ducts that contain the tendons as shown in Fig. 7.10
and J.t is the friction coefficient and can be assumed as:
..
J.t=0.55
J.t=0.30
J.t = 0.25
It is worth noting that the quantity (fl' x I rps) represents the losses due to
curvature. The code permits the use of a simplified expression for calculating
that type of losses if(fl' x I rps ) :=::; 0.2. Such an expression is given by:
a --r!
Px = Po (1- fl'
P
P
Thus, the curvature losses equal to:
!
. . ----1---... - -L
-I
Furthermore, the code permits combining the wobble and the curvature losses
in one formula by approximating the logarithmic relation by straight line given
by:
7 .5.5
Curv~ture
x) .....................................:....... (7.14)
rps
=~
This type of losses is also limited to post-tensioned members. The resulting loss
is due to the friction between the cables and the duct. These friction losses are a
function of the curvature of the tendon axis and the roughness of the
surrounding material. As a result, the force in the tendon decreases with the
distance from the jack. If a certain force is required at any desired section, the
friction force between that section and the jack must be estimated and added to
the required force to establish the jacking force. It should be noted that the
maximum frictional losses occur at the far end of the beam. Although, friction
losses vary along the beam span, such calculation is not usually performed and
the maximum value is used.
k x+
X
fl'
rps
rps
or
The ECP 203 gives the following formula to estimate the force at distance x
produced by jacking force Po as follows:
Px
I1fp(w+J)
= Poe(-;;:
535
536
Differentiating the previous equation gives the angle ex. at any point.
y '= tana= 8 ~m
(x - ~) .......................... (7.24)
Since the ratio of the depth of the beam to its span is small, it is sUfficiently
accurate to assume that ex. = tan ex. and L= length of rhe arc.
At x =0, a
rps
=_ 4 11m
L
&
4 11m
atx= L , a = - L
8 = 2a = 8 11m ........................................ (7.25)
L
Assuming the curvature of the tendon is based on that of circular arc, then
L"" rps 8
x
rps
<"'-
L2
= - - ........................................... (7.26)
811m
r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(7.20)
L2
11m = a
4 ................................................. (7.21)
4 11m
y=4~m(x~.~r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7.23)
537
Alpsh
= Esh
X Ep ............................
(7.27)
For post-tension members, the loss in prestressing force due to shrinkage is less
tha? that for pre-tensioned members. The code states that the only amount of
shnnkage that needs to be considered is that occurred after transferring the
force to the member.
'
. = Ecr
..................................
(7.28)
Eel
The creep strain Ecr can be taken from Table 2-8-b in the code or from Table 7.3
in the absence of environmental factors. The value of the creep coefficient $
ranges from 1.5 to 3. The Egyptian code permits the use of $=2.0 for pretensioned members and $=1.6 for post-tensioned members.
Table 7.3 Values of creep strain tCr
Prestressing system
Pre-tensioned beams
(3-5 days after casting)
Post-tensioned beams
(7-14 days after casting)
Photo 7.5 Prestressed concrete bridge during construction
lei >40
lei ::;;40
48 x 10-6
48 x (401!ci) x1O-6
36 x 10-6
36 x (40!fci) x1O-6
If the working concrete stresses at service loads is greater than 113 the concrete
strength !cu, the creep strain should be increased by the factor a determined
from Fig. 7.11. This increased strain value (E*cr) is given by the following
formula:
E*cr
539
540
1.50
1.25
----1J33
t$
4-<
--r-l---+---
Relaxation is defined as the loss of stress under constant strain, while creep is
defined as the change in strain under constant stress. This type of losses occurs
under constant loading due to the elongation of the tendons with time. A typical
relaxation curve showing relaxation losses as a function of time for a specimen
that is initially loaded to 70% of its ultimate strength and held at a constant
strain, is shown in Fig. 7.12. The loss in stresses due to relaxation depends on
the duration and the ratio of initial prestressed/pi to the yield strength/py.
1.00
Il)
::l
";
>
0.75
100
0.50
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
'"
'"
~
!5'"
0.60
:-2
!clfcu
10
----
.8
4-<
'"
.s'"
'"'"
Another formula for determining creep losses for bonded prestressed members
is given by:
llfpcr
= :p
1.0
t1)
.':I
(I)
0.1
10
L------
100
1000
10000
Time (hours)
llfpR
fp; xlog
t (fp;
k
fpy -0.55 ...................... (7.33)
1
where
/Pi
t
kJ
where
Ll/pr
= {p (Ie: -
541
542
This relationship is applicable only when the ratio /Pi/fpy is greater than 0.55. If a
step-by-step loss analysis is necessary, the loss increment at any particular
loading stage can be determined from:
I1!PR =
t2
Examples 7.1 and 7.2 illustrate the procedure for calculating the losses in
pretensioned and post-tensioned beams respectively.
1
L =22m
1- 700 -1
200
,I
TT
8
150-
I-
00
1l l e
200
1- 700 -1
Beam cross section
543
544
The initial prestressing stress JPi equals to the prestressing stress after the
occurrence of immediate losses.
Solution
Step 1: Calculation of elastic shortening losses
A = 2x700x200+800x150 =400000 mm 2
P;
fpi
f poi
fpci =
= -11.26 N/mm
E ci = 4400.Jfcui = 4400
Fo = 24099.8 N I mm
For pre-tensioned beams, <1>=2.0. Hence, the loss of the prestressing force due to
creep is given by:
. =_~_ P
f~
A
XeXe
+ Mow
Xe
I
6
f .=
pel
-12.44 N/mm 2
Csh
Ep
I:1fpe =-fpd
Ed
2
= 190000.
12.44=98.08N Imm
24099.8
K 1=1O
d
s
wsd
- Msd Xe
ad -
I:1fpr
I:1f pr
= 72.8 N
The additional stress due to the superimposed dead load is given by:
The Egyptian Code ECP 203 requires calculating the relaxation losses at a time
of not more than 1000 hours. Hence, assume t = 1000 hour.
--7
I mm 2
545
546
Stress (N/mm2
98.08
27.22%
Shrinkage losses
132.46
36.76%
Creep losses
57.00
15.82%
Relaxation losses
72.80
20.20%
Total losses
360.34
100.00%
tensioned beam
A simply supported post-tensioned beam is shown in the figure below.
The area
2
2
of the prestressing tendons is 1200 mm and .t;,u=1900 N/mm Compute the
prestressing losses at the critical section of the peam' at 100, days knowing that
normal stress relieved strands are used inside steel ducts. ' .
Data
WDL
= 3.5 kN/m'
= 35 N/mm2
= 26.25 N/mm2
Ep
= 193000 N/mm2
Anchorage slip = 4 mm
I'
jeu
I'
Jcui
1360.00
999.66
Losses (%)
26.5%
520
._.-.-.-._._.-.-._._._._.
22m
I2
Aps=1200 mm
80mm
400mm
547
548
Solution
222
r ="'--=
=116.35 m
ps
8xe 8x(520/l000)
12
12
= Z/oP
Zbo/
rps
= 5.76xlOlO = 96xl06 mm 3
= -600
I
Ybo/
x2
= P .e ( -
px )
r",
( Oo3x22)
= 1292e - 116.35 = 1220.75 N I mm 2
e = 600-80 = 520 mm
Yc
For normal relaxation stress relieved stands, the ECP 203 specifies the yield
stress as:
Alternative method
Since this quantity a is less than 0.2, the net force after the frictional losses is
f = smaller of
0
pI
jl'X) (
EoCI = 4400Vi~
= 4400 .J26.25 = 22543.3N Imm
cui
At transfer, the beam self weight is the only acting moment that equals:
2
=
ow
wow
The concrete stress at the level of the prestressing tendons is given by:
549
P; - f pi xAps
= 1095.18x1200 =1314.22 kN
1000
550
.=_p;_p;XeXe+MowXe
f pel
f
.=
pel
1314.22xWOO
480000
5.76xWlO
5.76 xl 010 ;
K1=W for normal stress relieved tendons & t= 100 day = 100 x 24 =2400 hours.
The loss of prestressing force due to elastic shortening is given by:
Ep
193000
2
Il.fpe = - f pci =
2.35=20.15 N Imm
Ed
22543.29
The code requires calculating the relaxation losses at a time not exceeding 1000
hours. Thus, t = 1000 hour.
pI
ps
Il.f
p
= W75.03xI200 = 1290.04 kN
1000
wsd
L2
Elastic shortening
Shrinkage losses
Creep losses
J*csd
Relaxation losses
1290.04xl000
480000
1290.04xWOOx520
5.76xWlO
35.09
11.8%
90.48
30.5%
71.25
24.1%
20.15
6.8%
38.60
13.0%
3.30
1.1%
37.30
12.6%
216.97
73.3%
79.20
26.7%
296.16
100.0%
'. 1292.
..
995.84
551
22.92%
552
7.6.1 Introduction
the most common cause of problems arising during construction. Such failures
are difficult and expensive to repair and might necessitate replacement of the
entire member.
Anchorage zones may fail due to. uncontrolled cracking or splitting of the
concrete from insufficient transverse reinforcement. Bearing failures
immediately behind the anchorage plates are also common and may be caused
because of the inadequate dimensions of the bearing plates or poor quality of
concrete.
Consider the case shown in Fig. 7.13 of a single square plate centrally
positioned at the end of a member of depth t and width b. In the region of length
La immediately behind the anchorage plate (i.e. the anchorage zone), plane
sections do not remain plane and beam theory does not apply. High bearing
stresses at the anchorage plate disappear throughout the anchorage zone,
creating high transverse stresses. The spreading of stress that occurs within the
anchorage zone is illustrated in Fig. 7.13. The stress trajectories are closely
spaced directly behind the bearing plate where the compressive stresses are
high, and become more widely spaced as the distance from the anchorage plate
increases. In order to enhance the compressive strength of concrete, spiral
reinforcement is usually provided as shown in Fig. 7.14. The confinement of
concrete due to the spiral reinforcement enhances its strength and ductility.
Stress trajectories
Prestressing
force -
-1----.If----_
I
Photo 7.6 Anchorage zone of a prestressed concrete beam
553
Fig. 7.13 Idealized stress paths in end block with single load
554
grouting tube
spiralreinforcernent
St Venant's principle suggests the length of the disturbed region for the single
centrally located anchorage is approximately equal to the thickness of the
member t. The high compressive stresses vanish after a short distance and
tensile stresses form as shown in Fig. 7.15. The transverse tensile forces (often
called bursting or splitting forces) need to be estimated accurately so that
transverse reinforcement within the anchorage zone _can be designed to resist
them.
Splitting
~ress
:Tt
__ ..J
1
...~~-Il1
Distance from
loaded face
Compression
Fig. 7.14 Spiral reinforcement at the anchorage zone
On the other hand, the stress trajectories for an eccentrically loaded member are
not equally spaced as shown in Fig. 7.16. The length of the disturbed zone La is
approximately equal to twice the distance of the prestressing force to the edge.
High bursting tensile stresses developed along the axis of the plate. Moreover,
end tensile stresses develop at the edge above the bearing plate. These tensile
stresses called the spalling stresses and are usually exist in eccentrically loaded
end zone.
Stress
trajectories
Tension (spalling)
Compression
tension
La
Photo 7.7 Anchorage zone in a bridge deck before and after .:ai>iing the concrete
555
The spreading of the prestressing forces occurs through both the depth and the
width of the anchorage zone and therefore transverse reinforcement must be
provided within the end zone in two orthogonal directions. The reinforcement
quantities required in each direction are obtained from separate twodimensional analyses, i.e., the vertical transverse tension is calculated by
considering the vertical spreading of forces and the horizontal tension is
obtained by considering the horizontal spreading of forces. The methods of
analysis are:
The beam analogy model is illustrated in Fig. 7.18 for a single central
anchorage, together with the bending moment diagram for the idealiz~d beam.
Since the maximum moment tends to cause bursting along the axiS of the
.
anchorage, it is usually denoted by Mb and called the bursting moment.
By considering the free-body diagram of one-half of the end block, the burst.mg
moment Mb required for the rotational equilibrium is obtained from statl~s.
Referring to Fig. 7.18 and taking moment about any point on the member axiS,
one gets:
An alternative model for estimating the internal tensile forces in the anchorage
zone is to consider it as a deep beam loaded from one side by the bearing
stresses immediately under the anchorage plate and resisted on the other side by
the statically equivalent, linearly distributed stresses in the beam. The depth of
the deep beam is taken as the anchorage length La.
1. Strut-and-Tie method
2. Beam analogy
3. Finite element method
Mb
112
Tb ~ ;~
=:(1-7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bursting crack
...
114
wl
hl2
h/4
PI2_
PI2-
~IT~
~.
(7.35)
The internal flow of forces in each direction can be visualized in several ways.
A simple model is to consider truss action within the anchorage zone. For the
anchorage zone of the rectangular beam shown in Fig. 7.17, the truss analogy
shows that transverse compression exists directly behind the bearing plate, with
transverse tension, often called the bursting force at some distance along the
member. The truss analogy can be used in T -beams for calculating both the
vertical tension in the web and the horizontal tension across the flange.
:.
P/2
Idealized Beam
Side elevation
Bursting Moment
112
.. P/2
114
(7.36)
Expressions for the bursting moment and the horizontal transverse tension
resulting from the lateral dispersion of the bearing stresses across the width b
are obtained by replacing the thickness tin Eqs. 7.35 and 7.36 with the width b.
Example 7.3
The figure given below shows the anchorage zone of a flexural member. The
square bearing plate is 315 mm x 315 mm with a duct diameter of 106 mm. It is
to design such an anchorage zone according to the beam theory
Data
= 3000kN
= 60 N/mm2 2
h = 280N/mm
Pj
feu
480
r-.--------.., _.-.
I
342.5
7.6.3.3
Computer programs are commonly used to analyze the anchorage zone. These
programs are based on the finite element method. The anchorage zone is
modeled using the shell element and the external prestressing is applied through
a series of concentrated loads. Typical output is shown in Fig. 7.19.
--
315
3000KN
-I-
342.5
_L._
Sid Elevation
End Elevation
560
The allowable stress for Iv =280 N/mm2 is 160 N/mm2 The amount of vertical
transverse reinforcement equals:
Solution
Step 1: Check of bearing
7C
Al =315x315--xI06 =90400 mm
4
= 480 x 480 = 230400 mm 2
The bearing stresses equal:
I~
A2
1A2 =
AI
~
vA:
~ ok
.j
480
3211 mm 2
This area of transverse steel must be provided within the length of the beam
located from (0.2 t) to (1.0 t), i.e. (=800 mm) from the loaded end face. Two 12
mm diameter stirrups (four vertical legs) are to be provided.
=4x112=448 mm 2
.
3211
The number of stlrrups n = - - = 7.16
448
The spacing between stirrups s = 800 = 111 mm
7.16
Use Two 12 mm @ 100 mm
~ use
100 mm
ASb
90400
A = Tb = 514.0xl0
sb
fs
160
=257.0 kN.m
__ M b = 61.9x10
Mb
257.0x103
Tb = - =
514.0kN
t/2
1000/2
b 12
480/2
258.0 kN
3.0kN/mm
6.25KN/rnrn
9.52KN/rnrn
Mb=61.9 kN.rn
480
J
Bursting in the horizontal plane
Bursting in the vertical plane
561
562
A = Tb = 258.0xlO
sb Is
160
Example 7.4
The figure given below shows the anchorage zone of a T-beam. The jacking
2
force equals 2000kN,/y=280 N/mm2, and the concrete strength is 60 N/mm .
Design the anchorage zone using:
1611 mm 2
Such an amount is required within the length of the beam located between 96
mm (0.2 t) and 480 mm (1.0 t) from the loaded face. Try 2-12 mm stirrups.
Beam analogy
Strut-and-Tie method
Asb =4x112=448 mm 2
.
1611
The number of stirrups n = - - = 3.59
448
1000
1-
The spacing between stirrups s = 0.8 x 480 = 106 mm --7 use 100 mm
3.59
150
Use Two 12 mm
@ 100 mm
Four pairs of closed 12 mm stirrups (i.e. four horizontal legs per pair of stirrups)
at 100 mm centers (Asb =1760mm 2 ) are provided. To satisfy horizontal
bursting requirements, this size and spacing of stirrups should be provided from
the loaded face for a length of at least 480 mm.
550
I
-1----1--
428.3
11
I
~r----s~tirr-u-p~s-'~--~st~irr-u~ps--~
40
closed III
open
(fJ
12mm stirrups
atl00m~es
--9-- - 1 - - - - - -
I"
265
1139.2
2ls
--t
.. I
295.8
1
a-3S0~
Solution
Step 1: Check of bearing
Section
Elevation
Ib
~
C'.\
..s~
Ar----"
____ _
~A2
350
563
-----II
-;.:,:;.-1
AiL--
r- - - -
564
E = 0.67 1.5
60 x1.32 =35.4 N Imm 2 < 34.17 .... .ok
VA:
j
~
"
00
.,;
~
N
2000
11 =--=7547 kN Imm
265
;::l
~--,
to
II
"
t-l
.~
~
......
en
;--,
~
~
:<t
~
~
r-:
r-:
to
-I
x =405.7 mm
0\
L./2
543/2
The allowable stress for h =280 N/mm2 is 160 N/mm2. The amount of vertical
transverse teinforcement in the web equals:
00
f--
~T'~
~
N
\0
N
r-I
i
!
<p
t-
I-~
N
1
1
1
1
1
l(')--J-0
~I
l'~
~
0-
to~
>"0
l~~
b
s
= Tb = 451.7x1000 = 2823 mm 2
Is
160
""-/
~-I
"
-I ~ I - - : g - l
565
>
1
1
1
>
566
.-.
I()
to-j-N
>
L--
~
~
Referring to Fig. EX 7.4.1d, the maximum moment occurs at point of zero shear
(x). Such a point is obtained as follows:
T = Mb =122.6XI000=451.7kN
I..S'S6'l -I
"
to
The distributed region distance Le equals twice the distance of the prestressing
zone to the top edge. L. = 2 x 271. 7 = 543 mm
$lCJ
6
I flange =Iavg xB = 0.005839x1000 = 5.84kN Imm (Refer to Fig. EX. 7.4. lb.)
.:.
'"
Po.
;--,
'-'
This area of steel must be distributed within the length of the beam between 0.2
(Le =109 mm) and (Le =453 rom) from the loaded surface. Use stirrups with
diameter of 16 mm over the full depth of the web and 12 mm stirrups
immediately behind the anchorage as shown in Fig. EX. 7.4.3.
Asb,provided =2x201+2x113=628mm
.
2821
The number of stIrrups equals-- = 4.5
628
The required spacing
453-109
4.5
.
=96 mm ~ use 90mm spaczng
This area of steel must be distributed within the length of the beam between
(0.2 B=200 mm) and (B=1000 rom) from the loaded surface.
. d spacmg
. =1000 - 200 = 139 mm
The reqUire
5.75
Due to symmetry, the point of zero shear is located at the middle. Thus the
bursting moment in the horizontal direction equals;
= 92.4kN .m
185kN
sb Jlange
= Tb
Is
mm 2
130mm
avg
= Pj
A
2000
342500
= 0.005839 kN I mm 2
= 0.005839 x 1000 x 150 = 876kN
The force in the flange is located at the c.g of the flange (75 mm from the top)
Fweb = P - 0/ange
= 2000 -
876 =1126 kN
The force in the web is divided into two forces, each equals 563 kN.
Each force is located at quarter points of the web depth tweJ4 = 550/4=137.5
rom
The truss extends from the bearing plate into the beam for a length about the
distance of the prestressing zone to the edge=271.7';::;272 mm
The forces at the bearing plate must equal those in the flange and the web but
with different spacing as shown in figure.
876
=7.547 kN Imm
I I = 2000
265
= Fflange = 876 = 116.1mm
YI
II
7.547
lt1
563
...,f
r--
lt1
S
S
lt1
\0
563
...,f
r--
n = 1156 = 5.75
201
The distance between the force in the flange and the web=(Yl+Yz)/2=95.3 rom
567
568
+
197.2
867KN
95'=-t- S63KN_
"I'~rn
333.0
-961
KN
+'~~
So.- -563
~'693
KN
~
405KN
.1
~t
563
= 693 kN
cos 35.706
The tension in the tie equals=693xsin35.7 = 405kN
The area of steel required to carry the force in the tie
The force in the strut equals=
275
""'l.!.--
(J,
212.5
563KN
KN
F.
876 KN
137.5
sb
--..L
I-- 272--l
This area of steel must be distributed within the length of the beam between 0.2
Le =109 mm and Le =453 mm from the loaded surface. Use stirrups with
diameter of 16 mm over the full depth of the web and 12 mm stirrups
immediately behind the anchorage as shown in Fig. EX. 7.4.3
Asb,provided
-r
250
J;; >-,,,
--od~-"-~l- ""'--r
; l-1-
j161KN
~~
500
----467
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _KN
_______
.
_438KN
K
250
I - 272 01- .
500
=2x201+2xl13=628mm
.
.
2531
The number of sturups equals-- = 4.03
628
. d spacmg
.
The reqUIre
~ use
'
9O
mm spacmg
----.0-11
438
cos 20.18
= 467 kN
569
570
= Tb = 161x1000 = 1006mm2
sb
Is
160
= 1006 = 5
201
This area of steel must be distributed within the length of the beam between 0.2
B=200 mm and B=1000 mm from the loaded surface.
s
1000-200
FLEXURE IN PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE BEAMS
40 I 909090909090
-11 1 1 1 I 1 1
Ir
11
I--
1------11
12mm @ 90 mm
580
Cross Section
Elevation
9-16mm bars
atl30mm centr~e:Ls-+I--I--I--l--I-..J--I-I-l
'--1- ._-1-
.-----C-1.-11
-.-
1-.-
=----
8.1 Introduction
8x130=1040
Plan
Fig. EX. 7.4.3 Reinforcement details for the anchorage zone
571
The basic principles used in the flexural design and analysis o~ presn:essed
concrete beams are presented in this chapter. Two steps are consldered m the
analysis and design of prestressed beams in flexure namely;
572
The fundamental relationships used in the service load analysis are based upon
the basic assumptions of elastic design. However, at the ultimate stage, stresses
and strains are not proportional and the ultimate limit analysis should be carried
out. Deflections under service loads together with the prestressing forces should
be calculated to confirm the compliance with the applicable design criteria.
wkNlm l
P-~-t========================~r-pp~
a- Loading
B
Flexural stresses in prestressed members are the result of the prestressing force
P, the internal moment due to eccentric cable configuration, and the external
applied moments (M). Calculations of stresses are based on the properties of the
gross concrete section. The resulting stresses at any point in the beam caused by
these forces can be written as:
Ytop
Tts
'1j"-
P PXe _Mxy
i=----y+-- ............................... (8.1)
A
I
I
I---l
Ybot
b- Cross-section
M
pxe
+--
The resulting stresses should be checked against the allowable values specified
by the code and given in Tables 8.1 and 8.2. For calculation of stresses at the
extreme fibers, it is usually more convenient to express the quantity IIy as the
section modulus (Z). For non-symmetrical members such as T-sections, the
section modulus at the top Ztop is different from the section modulus at the
bottom Zbot. For a simply supported beam, as the one shown in Fig. 8.1, the
stresses. at the top and bottom fibers of the beam can be calculated from:
top
ZtoP
P
A
PXe
Ztop
Ztop
PXe
Zbot
Zbot
J. = - - + - - -
bearnC.G.
P PXe M
= - - - - - + - ............................................. (8.2)
A
Zbot
Zbot
_ pxe
hop
where y is the distance from the C.G. of the section to a certain point; A is the
cross sectional area, I is the gross moment of inertia of the section, P is the
prestressing force and M is the external applied moment.
ibot
8.2.1 General
PXe
- - + - - - - ............................................. (8.3)
A
Ztop
Ztop
Zbol
prestressing
eccentricity
+-Zbot
external loads
fbot
-----+-A
resultant
In which,
I
Zbot
=-Ybot
ZIOP
c- Stresses
=-YllJP
It should be clear that the stresses induced due to (P.e) are opposite to those
induced due to the external applied moment M.
573
/P//pu = 0.80
/P//pu =0.85
/P//pu =0.90
The strength reduction factor IPs for prestressing steel is taken the same as nonprestressed steel. Hence, the strength reduction factor for flexure IPs is taken as
1.15.
The tensile stresses allowed by the ECP 203 for prestressing wires, prestressing
'strands, or prestressing bars are dependent upon the stage of loading. At
jacking, the maximum allowable stress is the lesser of 0.75 /pu or 0.90/py .
When the jacking force is first applied, a stress of 0.70 /pu is allowed.
Immediately after transfer of the prestressed force to the concrete, the
permissible stress is 0.70/pu or 0.80/py whichever is smaller. The previous
values are applied also in case of post-tensioned members. The ECP 203
allowable stresses in prestressing steel are summarized in Table 8.1
Table 8.1 Allowable tensile stresses for prestressing steel
Maximum stress produced by jacking (before transfer)"
Maximum tendon stress at tensioning process
Maximum tendon stress immediately after transfer not to
0.90/py or 0.75/pu
0.70/pu
0.80/py or 0.70/pu
0.80/py or 0.70/pu
Not to exceed the stress recommended by the manufacturer of the prestressing system
575
= 0.6.JJ::
~ 4.0 N Imm 2
.............................
(SAb)
576
0.45 !cUi
( -)
Maximum
tension
Zero
CaseB
CaseC
CaseD
0.22/1::
item 3
3. Maximum tensile stress at the ends of simply
supported members
( -)
(-)
0.44Ji:
0.60Ji:
(-)
0.85Ji:
O.44~fcUi
Full
(N/mm2)
prestressing
Section
40
2.78
3.79
5.38
45
2.95
4.02
5.70
50
3.11
4.24
6.01
55
3.26
4.45
6.30
60
3.41
4.65
6.58
Uncracked
Transition
Partial
Case C- 0.60Ji:
Prestressing
577
CaseB- 0.44.JI:
:s; 4N Imm 2
Case D- 0.85..JJ:
Axial coml!.ression
1. Maximum compressive stress
0.25feu
where
!cui is the concrete characteristic strength at the time of transfer (N/mm2 )
!cu is the concrete characteristic strength at service load (N/mm2 ).
578
After applying the prestressing force to the beam, the beam deflects upward
(camber) and the only external applied moment is due to the self-weight of the
beam Mow as shown in Fig. 8.3. The bottom fibers are subjected to high
compression stresses while, the top fibers are subjected to tension stresses. The
concrete strength !cui used in the calculation of the permissible stresses should
be at the time of transfening the force to the concrete. Furthermore, the
prestressing force (Pi) used in stress expressions is the initial prestressing force
before losses.
After the application of the superimposed dead loads and the live loads, the
prestressed member shall be subjected to the total service moment Mtotat. The
full intensity of such loads usually occurs after the building is completed and
some time-dependent losses have taken place. Therefore, the prestressing force
used in the computation of stresses is the effective prestressing force (Pe) as
shown in Fig. 8.4. The total unfactored load on the beam is given as:
F
Jbot
F
Jt()P
Zbot
W totaL
Pe
(8.5)
Zbot
Ztop
~ ~xe Mow 0
~
= --+-----~
.22 VfCUi ........... (8.6)
M totat
Wtotat
XL2
Ztop
~---------------~
------- -~
Pi
--:::.::.::::::::umum-Tu_:-::::-~-~-?~ ,
\
Initial camber
-----------1
J
I.
./
~I~
Mtotal
/rop
fbot<0.45 !cUi
fbot
579
580
The stresses are calculated using Eq. 8.8 and Eq. 8.9. The stresses at mid-span
section should not exceed the limits allowed by the code and given in Table 8.2.
f
P. P. Xe M
- - - + - - - -loloJ- ............................................. (8.8)
-
lOp
fboll om
ZIOP
ZIOP
= - p. _ p. Xe + M loloJ
A
Zbol
Zbol
(8.9)
8.2.5 Summary
Equations for stress computation are used to determine the concrete stress at the
extreme fibers for positive and negative bending moments as summarized in
Table 8.3. It is important to verify that the stresses for both load cases (at
transfer and at full service load) are within the allowably limits.
Table 8.3 Stress calculations at top and bottom of sections subjected to
either negative or positive bending moments
Item
".,
;>
bO
:a"
""
"
.0
;>
';:J
[-Jr
At transfer
!top
!hot
P;
p;xe
Mow
ZUJP
.Z,op
--+-----~0.22
.[1;;;'
em
P; - -p;-X+
e Mow
-- - S0.45 f cui
A
ZOOI
Zbot
.
_ Pe + Pe xe _
A
Z,OP
M 'Olal
~ DAD feu
Z,OP
_ p. _ p. Xe + M lOU; ~seeTable8,2
A
ZOOI
Zoot
,',
4"
0.
"
;>
~
iii
.0
[J:
"
!top
fbot
;>
.~
bO
p; -Xe+ Mow
-Pi
--- - S045
. f ei
A
Ztop
Ztop
U
. Pi
P -Xe- - Mow
-+
- - 5022
. .Jj::;
cui
j
""
Zbol
ZOOt
_ Pe _ P. Xe
A
Z,op
+ MlOlOl ~seeTable8,2
_Fe +
P. xe
Zoot
Z,OP
In the following example problems, the allowable stresses are usually available
and the determination of one unknown (the prestressing force, the span, or the
loads) is required. For a certain load case (transfer or service load), two values
can be obtained by solving the stress equations at the top and the bottom for the
required unknown. Care should be given to the appropriate choice as given in
Table 8.4.
Table 8.4 Analysis of prestressed sections
At Transfer
Photo 8.2 Tendon placement in a bridge box-section
581
At Service load
Smaller PI
Larger Pe
Smaller Asp
Larger Asp
Longer span
Smaller span
Smaller eccentricity e
Larger eccentricity e
Smaller live-loads
Smaller moment
582
rr
Example 8.1
For the prestressed beam shown in figure and knowing that the beam is fully
prestressed determine,
Solution
Step 1: Calculate Section Properties
The cross sectional area (A) equals:
A = 2 x 700 x 200 + 800 x 150 = 400000 mm 2
Ytop = Ybottom=
600 mm
Data
!cu
!cui
12
= 40 N/mm 2
=30 N/mm2
= 1700 N/mm 22
= 2000 N/mm
Zbot
/py
/p"
LL = 18 kN/m' (unfactored)
Flooring weight =4 kN/m' (unfactored)
cover =100 mm
Losses = 15%
L=22m
L
200
1- 700 -1
I
I\
150-
0
0
00
lL I
200
T
1
0
0
N
......
1- 700 -1
12
ZIOP= Zbol =
w O.w
= r:
xA
= 25x 400000
= lOkN 1m'
6
10
The allowable compression stress!ci and allowable tension stresses fli can be
obtained using the compressive strength of concrete at the time of pre-stressing
!cui as follows:
!ci = 0.45 xfcui = 0.45 x 30 = -13.5 Nlmm2
fli
1- 700 -1
I
I
200
---rt--rt-
o
o
150 -
\0
o
00
._.-.
lL
200
' - 1-,-,-,-..,.--1-0
l)
II
CI.l
"'
584
\0
II
I -- :!
1- 700 -1
583
-'-
_EL
A
At transfer, the self-weight of the beam is the only applied load, thus:
2
M = wOW L2 = 1Ox22 = 605 kN.m
ow
8
8
The eccentricity of the cable from the C.G. of the section equals:
e = Y bot - cover = 600 -100 = 500 mm
_Pi xe
The initial prestressing force should stratify the allowable stresses at transfer at
the bottom and top fibers.
/'
P;
P; Xe
Zoo.
eccentricity
Mow
Jbottom = - " A - Z + Z
bot
bot
1.289x10
+Mow
ZhO.
external
load
= - Pi _ Pi xe + Mow
. hoi
1.289 x 10
PiI= 2852 kN
A second value Pa is obtained from the analysis of the top fibers as follows:
f top
=- Pi + Pi Xe
Z
top
Mow
Z
top
f
+1.2=
P;2xlOOO + P;2x1000x500
1.289xl08
400000
605x10 6
1.289x10 8
pi
= smaller of {
.
0.70 f pu
P i 2= 4281 kN
A
ps
_._._._._._-_.__
__._---_._----------- - ----.
.---"
---- ---
I~
-----
22m
585
Zhol
Zhol
resultant
The chosen initial prestressing force is the smaller of the two values, because it
will give stress at the opposite fiber that is less than the allowable. In this case,
the critical load is 2852 kN giving -13.5 N/mm2 at the bottom fiber. Applying
this load at transfer will give stress at the top fiber of -7.6 N/mm2 (calculation
is not shown), which is less than the allowable stress at transfer.
Assuming that Pi is in kN, and applying in the previous equation gives PiI
-13.5 =
A
prestressing
_I
586
r
The total moment at the mid-span equals:
M
tot
W tot L2
The effective prestressing force at the time of applying all service loads equals:
P e =(I-losses) Pi
-7
fie
lee = Oo4Olcu
I bottom
= 0040 X 40 = -16 N
= - Pe + Pe Xe
A
I.
I mm 2
1--4------ --------1-1
22 m
M total
top
top
,......-----..-. ........-..................................._............-----,
.-
I
top
llOP =-11.67 N
Imm 2
1936x10
1.289 X 108
<-16(sqfe)
I bottom
Ibottom
2424.2x1000
400000
= -0044 N
I mm 2
bot
-h;;~m=-O.
587
I:'
588
44
Example 8.2
Solution
Knowing that the beam is categorized as case D, check stresses at full service
stage if the beam is SUbjected to an unfactored live load of 12.5 kN/m' and
unfactored superimposed dead load of 4 kN/m'. Calculate the required non
prestressed steel (fY=4~0 N/mm 2 ).
1= 350x1300 = 6.41xlO lO mm 4
12
lO
Zbol :=
Wo.w
_1_ = 6.41xlO
YbOllom
650
=1/ xA = 25x455000
=11.375kN 1m'
6
Ie
Aps==lSOO mm
= 98.583x10 6 ",nm 3
10
The allowable compression stress!ci and the allowable tension stress fti can be
obtained using the compressive strength of concrete at the time of pre-stressing
!cUi as follows:
feui = 0.75 x feu =0.75x30=22.5 Nlmm
-,...0
tr)
\0
II
B'
;>-
,. I
I-
~
....
0
0
tr)
\0
110
>:
Fig. EX 8.2 Beam elevation and cross section
590
0.70 f
pu
+1.04=
fpi=1360 N/mm2
ps
2448x1000x550 + Mow X 10
98.583x10 6
98.583x10 6
2448 x 1000
455000
The allowable stresses at the bottom and top fibers of the_ cross-section are 10.125 N/mm2 and + 1.04 N/mm2, respectively. The calculation of the span of
the beam should be based on the larger of the two values of the bending
moments obtained from the analyses of the stresses at the bottom and top fibers
(Mow = 878.64 kN.m). This is attributed to the fact that at the case of transfer the
self-weight moment produces stresses that are of opposite sign compared to the
allowable stresses, both at the _bottom and top fibers as shown in the following
table.
Mow = 878.64 = 1.42 x L2
Item
bottom condition
Top condition
-10.125
+1.04
Mow (kN.m)
878.64
713.124
Span(m)
24.858
22.395
-0.635(top)<+ 1.04
-11.804(bottom-1O.125
safe
unsafe
~~5
~~~~'
condition
~
~~------------------- -------------.::::
2448
fhottom=-IO.125
Mow x10
98.583x10 6
N/mm2
2448
Mow
Ztop
L=24.858m
2448 x 1000
455000
Mo w= 713.12 kN.m
-10.125 =
= - Pi + ~ Xe
A
Ztop
f " =smaller of
{ 0.8fpy = 0.8x1700 = 1360 N Imm 2
pi
P. "=A
top
591
1
592
- f!11.8~
1
l
101
1
=-1 fbol/ om xY te1l xb =-x5.09x336.8x350/1000
= 300kN
The effective prestressing force at the time of applying all service loads is
~
Pe= (I-losses) Pi
The allowable working stress fs for the non-prestressed steel ({y=400 N/mm2) is
obtained from Table 5.1 of the ECP 203.
~
f,=200 N/mm2
A
5.09
6
x 1300 = 33 .8 rom
5.09+14.56
200
----------flOP
2154.24xlOOO
455000
2154.24xlOOox550
98.583x106
----------+----------~--
24.858 m
--------1/
<-16 (safe)
ftop=-I4.56
P. Xe + Mlata!
=- Pe
A
= _ 2154.24xlOOO
bOl/om
\_.0--_____
f bOl/om
2153.2x106
98.583x106
bot
bot
455000
6
2154.24 x 1000 x 550 + 2153.2x10
98.583x106
98.583x106
-I---i
T _
<5.4 (safe)
The beam is considered safe because both extreme fiber stresses (at top and
bottom) are less than the allowable stress.
fbottom=+5.09
593
594
Yten
11
Example 8.3
Solution
Calculate the required prestressing forte at the service load stage if the
beam shown in the figure is subjected to dead loads of 8 kN/m'(not
including own weight) and live loads of 20 kN/m'. The beam is prestressed
with unbonded tendons and the losses may be assumed 16 %. It is also
required to check the stresses at transfer.
Assume that/cu=45 N/mm2,/cui= 34 N/mm2
Since the section is not symmetrical, calculate the location of the center of
~
= 1200x150x75 + 250x750x525 =304.6 mm
gravity.
Y
367500
3
1= 1200x150 +1200xlS0x(304.6-7SY
12
-\
Ytop= Y = 304.6 mm
Beam elevation
1
ISO
~
0
tr)
t""-
1200mm
I"
Zbot
--I
Y lOP
Ybot
wo.w
150
Beam cross-section
595
1200mm
11-
Aps
I ..2S0-I
595.4
100
304.6
12
I =2.77 x 10 10 mm4
L=ISm
I-
+ 250x750 + 250x750x(525-304.6Y
tr)
t""-
--
Ytop=304.6
l00~
-~.:- Ybot=59S.4
Aps
i.-
tzsoJ
596
'--
Since the beam is prestressed with unbonded tendons, the beam is categorized
as case B. The allowable compression stressfce and the allowable tension stress
fte at full service load (case B) can be obtained using the compressive strength
of concrete!cu as follows:
f.
top
The second value for the prestressing force is obtained from the critical
condition at the top fibers, which is given by:
I mm 2
== - Pe
A
-18.0 ==
+ P. Xe _
Z
Mtotal
top
top
91.02x106
367500
1045.9 X 10
91.02 x 106
tot
Jbottom
== _ Pe
A
+2.952 ==
Pe Xe
bot
P. x1000
367500
+ Mtotal
Z
(negative)
The previous load value is negative and means that the prestressing force is
tension and therefore it is rejected. Thus, the prestressing force is taken equal to
1460.3 kN (still the principle of choosing the bigger is valid).
Pe2 == -2391 kN
Mow
Pe ==
9.1875x15 2
8
== 258.4 kN .m
P; (I -losses)
bot
Pel==1460.3 kN
1460.3==Pj (1-0.16)
P;= 1738 kN
1--......-------15
m-------l.!
597
1738x1000
367500
1738x1000x495.4
46.6x10
258.4x106
46.6x10
------'--+-----:6
6
fbottom
fbotlom
598
P.
P. Xe
Mow
Ztop
Ztop
Example 8.4
1738x1000
1738xl000x495.4
-------+------~--367500
91.02 X 106
f lop =+1.89
N/mm
> +1.283
258.4 X 10
91.02xl06
Calculate the service load stress if the unfactored superimposed dead load is 8.0
k N/m' and the unfactored live load is 14 kN/m'.Assume losses of 15% and that
the beam is considered as case B.
N/mm2 (unsafe)
The beam is considered unsafe because both the extreme fiber stresses exceed
the allowable stresses.
~ -----------~1738
1738
100
L
---,.---;-15_0
1- 900 -1--1-1---,I IT
f f
200-
t-
0
0
\0
15
LL
150
-----....;..----,-_._.................._...........
0\
I I
1- -1
400
Prestressed steel
..................................._ .._ ...................................... L-_ _~
hOllom==--17 .67
Stresses at transfer
I~
6m
Beam elevation
59.9
600
-I
The .allowable compression stress!ci and the allowable tension stress !Ii can be
obtamed using the compressive strength of concrete at the time of pre-stressing
!cui as follows:
Solution
Step 1: Calculate section properties
A = 900x150+600x200+400x150 = 315000 mm
Sirce the section is not symmetrical, one should calculate the CO.
12
12
3
Ytop= )I =360.7 mm
Z top
1o
Zbot
=_1_ = 2.887x1e
Yo~t
=
wo,w
Yc
L2 = 7.875x6 =141'75kN'
2
2
..m
wOW
ow
The eccentricity of the cable from the C.G, of the section equals:
= Y top
The first prestressing force is obtained from the critical condition at the bottom
fibers, which is tension as shown in figure and is given by:
80.053 X 10 mm 3
J;
bottom -
= 53.546x106 mm 3
P; p;xe Mow
-A"
+ --z--- Z
bot
539.3
bot
Assuming that Pi is in leN, and applying in the previous equation, one gets:
7.875kNlm'
+1.365 =
100
L !- -I_...l...-,-_
53.546 X 106
141.75 X 10
53.546 X 106
Pi1=2367.7 leN
900
150
TT~
o
o
___ : __ Jt
_!!.L
A
_Pi xe
Zbo,
Mow
+-Zbo,
1.0
150
!- -l
400
601
_!!.L
A
prestressin
+Pi Xe
Z,op
eccentricit
602
_Mow
Z,~p
external
load
- Pi p'xe
- - -Mow
-f bo, - -A- +Zrop
Z,op
resultant
The second prestressing force is obtained from the critical condition at the top
fibers, which is compression as show~ in figure and is given by:
= - P; _ p.. Xe + Mow
f
lop
ZIOP
ZIOP
6
P;l X 1000 _ P;l X 1000 X 260.7 + 141.75x10
-17.1 =
315000
80.053x10
80.053 X 10
fP
= smaller of {
bi=l330 N/mm2
The allowable stresses at the bottom and top fibers of the section are -17.1
N/mm2 and + 1.356 N/mm2, respectively. The calculation of the prestressing
force should be based on the smaller of the two values obtained from the
analyses of stresses at the bottom and top fibers (Pil=2367.7 kN.m). This is
attributed to the fact that at the case of transfer the self-weight moment
produces stresses that are of opposite sign compared to the allowable stresses.
ps
=w101
Item
bottom condition
Top condition
+1.36
-17.1
The effective prestressing force at the time of applying all service loads is:
Actual stress
+1.36
-17.10
Pe
2367.7
2934.2
-l3.46
2.32
101
N/mm2
Condition
=(I-losses) Pi
safe
. f
unsafe
603
ftop=-17.1
ftop=-13.46
(",_=+1.36
.J5o = 3.l3 N I mm
unsafe
f7
("'_=-2.~
2012.5 x1000
315000
flOP
flOP
= 1-6.231N I mm 2
fbol/om
Example 8.5
P. P. Xe M total
=~A+-Z---Zbot
bot
= -6.63 N
I mm 2
Assuming that the cantilever beam shown in Example 8.4 may be categorized
as case D and based on the service load stage, calculate the maximum value of
the live load that can be added to the beam.
537.8x10
53.546 X 106
Data:
< -20(safe)
The beam is considered safe because non of the extreme fiber stresses exceed
the allowable stresses.
..
900
150
\
I
I
I
I
I
1- ---1
I I,
f
200-
l
T
---l_~_
I-
\0
0\
150
II
1- 400 -1
Beam cross section
I
I
605
100
606
!, =_ p. _ p.
Solution
top
= 29.875 +w add
W IOI L2
W tot
x6
=18 wlot
= 0.85..Ji: = 0.85
.J5O = 6.01 N
ZIOP
2012.5 xlOOO
315000
total.2=1517.2 kN.m
The chosen moment is the smaller of the two moments, because it will result in
opposite fiber stress that is less than the maximum allowable stress (see the
comparison table below).
+ Mlotat
+6.01=
Xe
-ZIOP
I mm 2
Mlolat
= 1253.3 = WIOI x 6
2
WIOI = 69.6 kN 1m
The first critical moment is obtained from the critical stress at the bottom fibers.
wtot=29.875+waddl
tlllllll~
------
1~20
- - . - - - - - - Pr 2012.5
1------6 m----t
f bOllom
=- p.
+ Pe Xe
Z
Item
bottom condition
Top condition
-20.00
6.01
w tot (KN/m')
69.64
84.3
(KN/m')
39.76
54.4
2.72
-26.45
safe
unsafe
_ M lotal
bot
Wadd
bot
Mtolall x10
53.546x106
N/mm2
Condition
Mtotal,1=1253.5 kN.m
frop=+2.72
~he
second ~ritical moment is obtained from the critical stress at the top fibers.
f------~
'h
wtop29.875+Wadd2
1..=6.01
- ,
I IIIII
_
-- - -
~-----6m-----~
607
Pe=2012.5 -
fboltom=-20
fro p=6.01
-~
fbottom=-26.45-
Load
8.3.1 Introduction
failure
Ultimate
Yielding
If external dead and live loads are applied to the prestressed concrete member
shown in Fig. 8.5, various loading stages are noted. A typical loading history
along with stress distribution is given in Fig. 8.5 and Fig 8.6. The following is a
summary of loading stages:
1.
2.
3.
!c,r
1_ _
--
-Iecompre~sion
f=1~
Bru.ored
-----------f
full d=llood
4.
5.
At this stage the beam probably is at the full service load stage. If
the loads are furthered increased the developed tension stresses at
the bottom fiber reach the concrete tensile str<:?ngth !ctr. At this
stage the beam stats to crack and the inertia of the beam drops
dramatically. This called the cracking stage.
6.
609
Deformation
.iPi =Initial prestress camber
.iPe =Effective prestress camber
ilo =self-weight deflection
~D =dead load deflection
.iL =live loa~ deflection
T
wkNlm'
P-
tension
compression
compression
-II-
-II-
I-J
compression
I
1
The ECP 203 requires that the moment due to all factored loads not to exceed
the ultimate capacity of the section. The ultimate moment capacity Mu is
calculated in a manner similar to that adopted for ordinary non-prestressed
beams. If a prestressed beam is loaded up to failure, the distribution of the
stresses becomes nonlinear and the strain in the steel'continues to increase with
noticeable large deformations.
The code assumes that the final failure occurs when the concrete strain reaches
0.003. Since the stress-strain curve of the prestressing steel does not contain a
well defined yield plateau, the stress in the tendons continues to increase
beyond the yield point at a reduced slope. The final steel stress at ultimate iPs
must be predicted in order to compute the ultimate capacity of the beam.
Referring to Fig. 8.7, eqUilibrium of the internal forces gives
C e +Cs =Tp +T ............................................. (8.10)
At transfer
At full
service load
Ultimate
During the loading of a prestressed concrete beam, the neutral axis starts to rise
at a relatively uniform rate as the external loads increase. This behavior
continues until the beam cracks. After the cracking load has been exceeded the
n~u~~ axi~ rate of ~ovement decreases as additional loads are applied, a~d a
slg?lflcant m~reas~ m the s.tress in the prestressing tendon begins to take place.
This change m actlOn contmues until the applied loads are entirely resisted by
proportional changes in the internal forces, just as the ordinary reinforced
~oncrete .. At the ulti~ate stage, additional moment capacity is created by an
mc~ease m ~he magmtude of the components of the internal couple rather than
by mcrease m the arm of the internal couple as shown in Fig. 8.5. .
The fact that the load is carried at the ultimate by different actions that are
significantly different than those in the elastic range makes the ultimate strength
ca~culations essential for all prestressed members to ensure that adequate safety
eXists.
= Aps X fps + As X fy
1.15
...................... (8.11)
1.15
in which
Ce is the compression force in the concrete.
Cs is the compression force in the non-prestressing steel
Tp is the tension force in the prestressing cables
T
is the tension force in the non-prestressing steel
r----:-:I
I--~c----Cs
,-,---Ce
..__._.. ..
..
T=As//1.15
611
612
The depth of the compression stress block (a) is determined from Eq. 8.11. For
rectangular sections with prestressing steel in the tension side only, the ultimate
moment is given by:
Mu . Ap~.::ps
1.15
8.3.3.1 Calculation of
in Bonded Tendons
/Pi
.-----.J
/ps
/pe
1
1
1
til
til
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(\)
!3
CI)
s::
0
"t::I
s::
Strain, Eps
fps
The ECP 203 provides two different methods for calculating the steel stress at
ultimate for bonded tendons. These two methods &re:
The strain compatibility method.
The simplified method.
..
Mow
Ms
Mer
Mu
613
614
Moment
T
I
Calculation of ~e
The ECP 203 states that the strain in the prestressing steel at ultimate Cps can be
computed as the sum of three components as follows (refer to Fig. 8.9).
Cps
== c pe +cce +c pe
..
(8.14)
Where
the strain in the prestressing steel due to prestressing after computing all
losses.
Eps=
Ece
Epc
Calculation of ~
The first compone~t Epe is the strain due to prestressing, and can be computed
simply by applying Hook's law as follows:
!,
At transfer, the bottom fibers are subjected to compressive stresses due to the
existence of the prestressing steel. After applying the service load, the stresses
at the bottom fibers decrease gradually until reaching zero. The strain required
for the concrete stress to reach zero at the level of prestressing steel is called the
decompression strain Cce as shown in Fig. 8.10. From compatibility of the
strains, the strain in the concrete must be equal that of the prestressing steel.
l
1
iI
C;. ==
=E =p. E
fpc
p
lAps
(8.16)
Ee
where
Ec is the concrete modulus of elasticity at full strength and fce is the stress in the
concrete due to prestressing force after considering all losses and is given by
Eq.8.17.
fee
. p.
fee
(8.15)
==
......................................... (8.17)
.
.
tension
compression
1---1-1--- Cs
Mu
"0
..j"
t-l
~--Cc
5
Aps
A.
T==As//1.15
prestressing.force only
Fig. 8.9 Strain and stress distributions at ultimate for a prestressed beam
615
decompression stage
616
,Calculation of lh
After the decompression stage the behavior of the prestressed beam becomes
similar to that of an ordinary reinforced concrete beam as shown in Fig. 8.9.
From the decompression stage to the ultimate stage, additional strain .!:pc starts to
develop in the prestressed steel reinforcement. Since the maximum concrete
strain at failure stated in the ECP 203 is 0.003, the corresponding strain in the
steel above the decompression stage can be calculated from:
,
The previous procedure for calculating the prestressing steel stress at failure is
reasonably accurate but it is time consuming. The ECP 203 states that the stress
in the bonded prestressing steel at failure can be predicted by the following
empirical formula only ifhe>0.5 hu as follows:
d -c
c pc = 0.003x-Pc
............................... (8.18)
Ips = Ipu
where dp i& the depth of the prestressing steel, c is the depth of the neutral axis
obtained froD! the equilibrium of all forces acting on the section including nonprestressed steel using Eq. 8.11.
where
The material strength reduction factor for the prestressing steel (Yps) is taken as
1.15. The corresponding stress at ultimat~ Ips can be obtained from the idealized
stress-strain curve suggested by the code as given by Eq. 8.20 and Fig. 8.11.
OJ' -
J.1' (
Iy
0.801cu
As
J.1=-bxd
,j
_
(cps_cpyIYps) , (
)
Ips - Ipy +
x Ipu - Ipy ....... cps> c py 11.15 (8.20a)
(cpu -cpylyps)
= Cps XEp
!
1,
j
If the strain Cps is less than the yielding stn b (cylYps), thenhs equals:
Ips
j
1
hul'Yps --------------------------------------------------h/'Yps
hI 'Yps
'1
,1
"
!
I
I,;
,
=0.68
~)
+ ~(OJ - OJ') ~ 0.17 .: ............................... (8.22)
0.8/<u
d
,
p
2. d'
~0.15
dp
(8.23)
','
.!:pu
Strain
When the term [(J.1 p Ipu /0.8/cu )+d /d p (OJ-OJ')J in Eq. 8.21 is small, the
compression reinforcement does not develop its yield strength and Eq. 8.21
becomes un-conservative. This 1S the reason why the term
618
[(,up fpu 10.8feu )+d Id p (to-a/)] in Eq. 8.21 may not be taken less than
0.17, if the compression reinforcement is taken into account when computing
hs.
If the conditions given by Eq. 8.22 and Eq. 8.23 are not met, the compression
reinforcement contribution is assumed to be zero (ro'=O) and in this case the
term [(,upfpuI0.8feu)+dldp(tO-tO')] may be less than 0.17 and an
increased value ofhs is obtained. However, the contribution of the compression
steel in calculations ofthe ultimate moment (Eq. 8.13) should be considered.
8.3.3.2 Calculation of
As
= 0.004 A
............................................ (8.25)
where A is the area of the part of the section between the tension face and the
C.G
Members with unbonded strands lack the bond between the concrete and the
prestressing steel and accordingly strain compatibility method cannot be used.
Therefore, it is clear that the expressions presented for stress in prestressed
bonded steel is not applicable for unbonded steel. However, Eq. 8.12 and Eq
8.13 for the calculation of the ultimate moment Mu are still valid since they are
derived from the satisfaction ofthe equilibrium conditions.
The ECP 203 presents the following set of expressions to estimate
unbonded prestressing steel.
hs
in
-f
ps - pe
+70+( 125feu,up )
(N/mm 2 )
(8.24a)
but not greater thanhy and not greater than ((pe+420 N/mm2)
FOr members with unbonded tendons having a span-to-depth ratio
greater than 35 or less (applies to most slabs):
fps
= fpe + 70 -+ (
feu ).
375 ,up
(N/mm 2 )
(8.24b)
but not greater thanhy and not greater than ((pe+200 N/mm2)
Photo 8.3 Prestressed concrete bridge with multi levels
619
620
dp .
For T- sections (refer to Fig. 8.12), if the neutral axis lies inside the flange, the
flange width (B) is used instead of the web width b as follows:
Aps
p - B xd p
()) -
fps
0.80feu'
As ( fy )
- B xd 0.80feu'
())-
()), -
A: (
- B xd
fy )
0.80feu
However, if the neutral axis lies in the web, the reinforcement is given by:
. Where
())p
A: (
Aps- x fps
As ( fy ) ()), - - fy )
=())--b xd p 0.80 feu' - b xd 0.80Ieu '
- b xd O.~?feu
Equations 8.26 can be presented in form of cldp, where c is the neutral axis
depth obtained using the equilibrium of forces and dp is the depth of the
prestressing steel. For example, for rectangular sections the substitution with
the values of CUp, (0 and (0' in Eq. 8.26 gives:
ill
I
=_1
__
(~xfps +~(~(fL)
~(fL)11
d b xd feu
t xd feu ))
0.80 b xd p feu
C4 = (Aps xfps
..
(8.27)
0.80xb xd p xfeu
0.67 feu b a
1.5
--~--=
A;Xfy
..
.................... (8.29)
1.15
XbX(0.8C)/1.5~1.15)=0.51;
C/{.=(0.67Xfeu
0.80xb xd p xfeu
621
................. (8:31)
Photo 8.4 Maysville cable stayed bridge, USA.
622
()) = Apw
b xd p
pw
Apw
= Aps -
! ps
0.80!eu
. (8.34a)
.{pe=1020 N/mm2
.{py=1710 N/mm2
Apf
= Cf .......................................{8.34c)
x!ps
1.15
.{pu=1900 N/mm 2
icu=50N/mm
= 0.67X!eu
.<: -b) ts
900
---j
150
1.5
Cs=A~!11.15
Mu
1T
0
0
200 - - - -
\0
------------------------l-4t-f..-!:.:~~--=::.--I----
T=As/y
.15
0
0
LL
100
150
t-- --I
400
Beam cross-section
or
623
624
0\
Solution
Step 1: Check the applicability of the approximate equation
ll7l--~r-r-r-r""J1'""7~,....;....---:.!J~,--___O._67_:_50 / 1.5
Ipu
f pe>2
':1020 >
150
a=140.3
'-'f
L200-
IF
dp
Assuming that the neutral axis is within the flange,' the prestressing
reinforcement ratio should be based on the flange width of 900 mm.
f1
p
I (1710)
For......!!L- - ~0.90~~1Jp
I pu 1900
00
Aps
Applying equilibrium equation, and assuming that the neutral axis within the
flange
0.67x50x900xa 1780x1821.91
=----1.5
1.15
625
=1780
=0.350
Aps
1780
=--=
=0.00247
B xd p 900 x 800
~
o
\0
626
Solution
Compute the ultimate moment capacity for the T -beam shown in the figure
below. The beam is pre-tensioned with bonded normal stress relieved tendons.
Data
Aps=1500mm
feu = 40 N/mm2
fpu =1800 N/mm
--7
2
1000mm
I'"
0
0
1800
.
.
980> -2- , the approxImate equatIOn can be used to calculate hs.
...
,
I
80
'0
""-
Aps
- - -e.
I"
"I
250mm
Aps
1500
f..l = - - =
=0.0025
p
B xd p 1000 x 600
fps=f pu [1-'I]p(f..lp
fpu
)]=1800 [1-0.5(.0.0025 1800 )]
0.80xfcu .
0.80x40
fps = 1673.44 N I mm 2
0.67 x 40
1.5
1000
Beam cross-section
80
------------------------f-...--f-------....L._---1_ _
627
628
0.67x40xAe _ 1500x1694.5
1.5
1.15
'Ips
Since the neutral axis is outside the flange, the reinforcement index should be
based on the web thickness of 250 mm.
Aps
1500 = 0.01
flp = b w xd p = 250x600
ps
=1800
Asp X Ips
1.15
0.67x40xA c
1.5
1500x1293.75
1.15
Since the compressed area Ae is greater than the flange area, the neutral axis is.
located outside the flange (a>ts). Hence, our assumption is not correct and hs
should be recalculated.
Step 4: Recalculate
Ac
Ac = 94450mm 2
=122169 mm 2
Ae
0.67 x leu
1.5
I
I
j
I
250
>ts
M=Cf(d -~)+.
C (d -~)
2
2
u
Mu
)J =1293.75 N / mm
250
0.67 x 40x (1000 - 250) x80 (600 80) 0.67 x 40 x 250 x 137.8 (
137.8)
-- +
.
600---
1.5
M u = 927.2kN .m
1.5
ro, = (""" +
80
~ (ro" -",:))"o.28
Apw
Ips
ere (j)pw = - x --'--b xd p 0.80lcu
Wh
A2
o
o
\0
------------------------1-41H---------''----'-:-~
--'-'.---- =
1.15
629
1072 x 10
-+ A pi
630
= 952.89 mm 2
=~x ips
OJpw
(i),
b xd p
0.28 ok.
c = 137.8 =172.25 mm
0.8
c
172.25
- = - - = 0.287 < 0.55 .... .o.k
dp
600
= 137.8mm
Note that the applications of the above two procedures lead to the conclusion
that the girder contains reinforcement of 52% of the maximum area of steel.
---?---?
0.147/0.28=52%
0.287/0.55=52%
Determine the ultimate moment capacity for the bonded low-relaxation stress
relieved strands for the rectangular cross-section shown in the figure below.
The material properties are
he=1l17 N/mm
50
250
, !. -\
-t -."-.-."
-,----L-.....- i - - - - i
.....
A ~=640mm2
A ps=580mm2
As =1220mm2
Beam cross-section
632
Solution
fps
1] p
= 0.35.
= f pu(l-1]p XRp)
0.003
0~/1.5
.------'I~-I-~--~~-Cs
d'=50
d p = 750-100 = 650 mm
'----- Cc
A
1220
f.1 = b:d = 250x700 = 0.007
f.1
'=~=
bxd
640
=0.0037
250x700
Aps
580
f.1 p = bxd p = 250x650
.15
Aps=580mm2
L-_--IAs =1220 mm2
T=Asf11.15
./
0.0036
0.67 feu b a
1.5
A; fy
1.15
As fy . Aps fps .
1.15
1.15
-----"-=--- + - - =- - + -..::.::~=-
0.67x45x250a
1.5
------ +
a=215.5 mm
640 x 400
1.15
= 1220x400 +580x1747
---1.15
1.15
and c=269.36 mm
c -d'
c
= 600 - - = 600
= Aps
M
u
=(0.0036X1900 + 700(0.077-0.041))=0.228>0.17"'0.k
R
p
2.
0.8x45
650
633
fps (d
1.15
p
269.36-50
269.36
400.
CompresslOn steel yields
= 488 N I mm 2 > -
1.15
_!!:.)+
As fy (d _!!:.)+ A; fy (!!:.-d')
2
1.15
2
1.15 2
= 580 x 1747 (650- 215.5)+ 1220x400 (700- 215.5)+ 640 x 400(215.5 -50)
"1.15
2
1.15
2
1.15
2
634
According to the ECP 203 the maximum reinforcement index rot should be less
than 0.28.
Use strain compatibility method to calculateJ;,s for the beam given in example
8.8. The ultimate strain for the prestressing steel is equal to 0.04.
OJt
(p p x Ips + :
leu
OJ.
t
(OJ-
{(j')) ~ 0.28
Data
650
/pu=1900 N/mm2
/y =400 N/mm
/pe=1117 N/mm2
!!.-. ~ 0.55
dp
Ep=193000 N/mm2
269.36
-c =- = 0.414 < 0.55 ... .o.k
dp
650
250
50
-.--l~.",t--I"---i~I
T-'~'-'"
5~
-
._._.... _
.-.-e-.-
50
635
636
A~=640mm2
Aps=580mm2
As =1220mm2
Solution
0.003
t---1
I--~!--.--Cs
'-
!--.--Cc
=fpe
Ep
1117 =0.0058
193000
_
1-_-_...1
.15
Aps=580 mm2
A, =1220 ,.,.,,.,..4...;...L.i---'"
f.ee
Pe +.....!i..
Pe _
XeXe
_
0.67x45x250a
1.5
Ee
0.67 feu b a A; fy
As fy Aps fps
+ - - = - - + ---!:.::......:.....!::..
1.5
1.15
1.15
1.15
-----=.-=--
640 x 400
1.15
= 1220x400 +580x1750
---1.15
1.15
= fee
------+
eee
In order to determine the depth of the neutral axis, fps must be assumed and
= 9.03
29516
a=215.8 mm
c =~= 215.8 =269.80 mm
0.8
0.8
The increase in' strain from overload to ultimate equals:
&pe
= 0.000306
638
637
Bps =cpe+cce+cpc
C ps
=00058+0.0003+0.0042=0.0103
.
The stress corresponding to this strain can be obtained using the idealized
stress-strain curve specified by the ECP 203. Referring to the figure below and
recalling that the ultimate prestressing steel strain is given as 0.04, hs can be
obtained as follows:
a=213.3 mm
c
0.8
h .11.15
h /1.15
i--------:::=---r---
cpc
hyl1.l5
ps
(0.040-0.0077)
The calculated hs is very close to the assumed value (usually from 1-2% is
close enough), the prestressing steel stress at ultimate and equals=I725 N/mm2
Checkyielding of the compression reinforcement
BpJ1.15=0.0077
fpy
1.15xEp
Bpu=0.04
Bps=O.OJ03
__1_7_10_ _ = 0.0077
1.15 x 193000
hs=I725.3 N/mm
(0.040-0.0077)
639
CompresslOn
. stee1
Yle ldS
Note: Comparing the value ofhs obtained using the simplified method (1747
N/mm2) to that obtained using the strain compatibility method, one can notice
that the simplified method overestimateshs.
'
c -d' 60 266.6 - 50
I
2
400
f s = 600 -c- = O.266.6 = 487 N mm > l.l5
strain
640
f = -(~+~) P Xe
A
I.
+M
xy ......................... (S.37)
Where N is the applied axial load (positive sign indicates a compression force)
J-I Te = Ups
A' Xi'ps 11.15
L...--.---.--4-...,Lr----t-----,,-----,
Noting that the force Tc is tension, the equilibrium of the forces gives:
p = 0.67 feu b a
u
1.5
A;s f;s
1.15
cpe
,
cpe
d -c
c- d '
c
.
To simplify the calculations of Cce and c~e, it will be assumed that the
prestressing forces resulting from Aps and A ~s are such that the effective
prestressing is at the C.G. of the section, producing unifonn compressive strains
as shown in Fig. S.13.
Cee
=c:e =
A:E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e
(S.39c)
The total prestressing strains ips and c~s are calculated as follows:
C;s
Cps
The resulting bending moment is then determined by taking moments of all the
forces about the centroid of the section (location of P u ) as follows:
"I
liPs
Fig. 8.13 Strain and stress distributions for the beam subject to P", Mu
641
Aps fps
--'--'- ...................... (S.3S)
1.15
642
Solution
The approximate code equation can not be used to calculate iPs when
prestressing steel is located in the compression zone. In such a case, the strain
compatibility procedure must be used.
Data
feu =45 N/mm2
For low relaxation strands, fr,y= 0.9 fr,u= 0.9 x 1860 =1674 N/mm2
/p = 1860 N/mm2
f . = smaller of
Ep = 196000 N/mm2
pI
50
/pi=1302 N/mm
300
...
fpe
= (I-losses)
o
V')
V')
-L.
50 -r -
Beam cross-section
pe
196000
p.
e =--=-ee
Ae xEe
&
ee
643
= &' =
ee
343728
29516 (300x550)
0.00007
644
1_ == 4.824 c kN
C == 0.67 fcu b x (0.8 c) == 0.67x45x300xO.80 c x_
c
1.5
1.5
1000
Irl
Aps==150
pc
500-c
cps == 0.0058 + 0.00007 + 0.003 - c
Cps ==cpe+cce+cpc
,. 300
0.0058
C py
Y.,.
f py
==
1674
== 0.00742
1.15xE p 1.15 x 196000
Pu == Cc -Tc -Tp
Note: Tp istension
Noting that the strain in the compression zone is negative, the net prestressing
steel strain equals:
,
(cps -0.00742) ( )
,
f ps = 1674 +
x 1860 -1674 ..... __ .................. C > c py 11.15
(0.045 - 0.00742)
ps
I;s
645
c-~)
cps == 0.0058 + 0,00007 - 0.003 c-
~'cpy 11.15
/pil.15
Mu
---r
= C
/P/1.15 I--------=..-r"~
J"J1.l5
Mu
(.!...-~)-Tc2
(.!...-d')+TP2
(.!...-cover)
c22
Mu =176.4 kN.m
I
I
f~s ~ :
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-4--1.4:_ _ _ _ _ _..1-._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
.1..:_ _
E',
\
t
ps ,--EpY'Yps'
F._,.
F-
142
dp
500
- =strain
--+-~ -
dp
0.68
=O.045
-pu
-p
E~p
Esp
f~p
0.0145
/sp
Cc
Tc
Tp
Pu
130 0.0041
803.6
1709.0 627.1
104.8
222.9
299.4
1704.6 675.4
102.3
222.3
350.8
1704.1
102.3
222.3
360.5
784.0
685.0
It is clear from the table that the neutral axis distance c =142 mm gives very
close value (360.5 kN) when compared with the applied force (360 kN).
647
648
Solving Eq. (8,42) for the eccentricity gives the lower kern point kb as:
Rectangular
I-section
T-section
Double
T-section
kb =
ZIOP
If the eccentricity of the tendon exceeds this kern point it will cause tension at
transfer.
fbOI/Om
Box section
649
Pexe
-Z.............................. (8.44)
bOI
k =-
T-section
with bottom enlargement
=0=- ~
Zbol
'If the eccentricity exceeds the upper kern kt, it will cause teI\sion at the final
stage.
Similarly, kern point can be established for the right and left parts about the line
2
of symmetry of the section. For rectangular sections, Ztop=ZboFb t /6, giving the
kern points as shown in Fig 8;15.
650
kb
= kl =6"
AB can be seen from the previous section, any force falling in the kern area will
never cause tension at the section. However, many codes, including the ECP
203, allow tension stress at bottom and top fibers (Cases B, C and D). Thus, it is
important to establish the limiting envelope at the maximum allowable tension
because it is desirable that the designed eccentricities of the tendon along the
span fall within these limits.
At transfer, the top fiber is subjected to tension while the bottom fibers are
subjected to compression. Thus, the eccentricity eL at transfer (as shown in Fig.
8.16) at which the top fibers are subjected to the maximum allowable tension is
given by:
-11- b/6..
lOP
lOp
1--~-1
Fig. 8.15 Central kern area for a rectangular section
~nsionwnel
U4
...
U4
-'---"-+1-'--
-+/---- U4-1
U4 - _..
fle.bottom
651
= 0.44 Jt:: = - ~
p. xeu + M
ZbOI
tolal
(8.48)
Zbot
652
Solution
The cross-section of a simply supported beam is shown in the figure. The beam
is post-tensioned and the prestressing cable is parabolic. Determine the limiting
envelopes such that the limiting concrete tensile stress is in accordance with the
ECP 203 Case B. Consider the mid-span, the quarter span, and at the support as
the controlling points. Assume that:
Pi = 2400 kN
Pe = 2050kN
Since the section is not symmetrical, calculate the location of the center of
gravity.
Y
2
!cu =40N/mm
2
!cui =30N/mm
WOL
12
=5kN/m
12
3
+ 400x300 +400x300x(1050-628.7?
12
I =4.98 x 10 10 mm4
Wu = 18 kN/m'
1
~
L=21m
-I
ytop= Y =628.7 mm
Ybot = t - Y = (200+ 700+300) -628.7 = 571.3 mm
Z/oP
Zbo/
I
4.98xlOlO = 79.16x106 mm 3
= - = 628.7
Y/oP
200
Tfr"50
It
t-
300
T r-
400
-J
_.- _. ._._--l--
II
Beam cross-section
653
654
The llllowable tensile stresses at transfer fti and at full service load fie for case B
are given by:
fti = 0.22J feu; = 0.22.J3(j = 1.205 N I mm
wxL L W (L)2
3 (WXL2)
3
M=--x---x
=-x
- - =-M
2
4 2
4
4'
8
4 atmid:,pan
wkNlm'
jil
wLR I.
ow
I I I I
2114
I I
'1
}LR
L=21
+ 1.205 =
e L =474.7 mm t
/; =_ P; + p;xe L
The limiting condition at full service load is due to condition at bottom fibers
subjected to full load as follows:
+ 1.205 =
'f'
__
Jbonom . +2.783=
p.
top
Pe xe u
Z
bot
Mtotal
+ Z
2050xlOOO
305000
Mow
Ztop
6
315.25x10
79.16x10 6
e L = 430.64 mm t
bot
6
2050x1000xeu + 1688.2x10
87.11x10 6
87.11x106
The limiting condition at full service 10lld is due to condition at bottom fibers
subjected to full load as follows:
f'
Pe
Jbottom =-A
~~u =420 mm t
.'-
Ztop
655
656
+ 2.783 = 2050xlOOO
305000
eu
2050 x 1000 x eu
87.l1x10 6
1266.2x106
87.l1x106
--------~~+--------~
= 213.8 mm J,
PXe L
hop =- ~ +~
top
+1.205 =
eL
The required equations can be obtained by analyzing the stresses at the top and
bottom fibers of the beam for the case of transfer and service loads. This will
lead to four governing equations. Plotting these equations will produce the zone
of the acceptable combinations of the prestressing force and eccentricity. The
procedure is illustrated in the following steps.
= 299.3 mm J,
The limiting condition at full service load is due to cundition at bottom fibers
subjected to full load as follows:
P
fbottom
= ---Ae -
bot
+ 2.783 = 2050xlOOO
305000
Pe xeu
The prestressing force that produces safe stresses at transfer may produce
unsafe stresses at full service load. The aim of this section is to find the possible
combinations of the prestressing force and the eccentricity that ensure the safety
of the beam at the transfer as well as at full service load. The procedure
developed by Magnel (1948) is very useful as an instructional aid. It illustrates
that there are frequently several combinations of prestressing force and
eccentricity that will result in compliance with the code requirements of
allowable stresses.
= - P; + P; X e _ M ow ~ h; ................................. (8.49)
hop
2050xlOOOxe u
87.l1x106
Zwp
Zwp
fli
~- P; + P; Xe _ Mow
A
Ztop
........................................... (8.50)
Z/()P
The eccentricity that gives the acceptable stress at top should be less than:
e ~ "!"[Ztop
P;
Noting that Kb
quarter lloint
\-5.25--'1-1-0---5.25--'11-..--~ '!.)-
-I'
5.25~
r~s7
~
....... '
h; + M oJ+ Ztop
A
..................................... (8.51)
= Ztop I A
e ~ "!"[Ztop
P;
h; + M oJ+ Kb
....................................... (8.52)
...................................... (8.53)
The eccentricity that gives the acceptable stress at bottom should be less than:
e::;
~ [- Zbot
fei + M
oJ- Z;t
................................. (8.56)
Thus,
fe' ::; - p; _ p; X e + Mow .......................................... (8.55)
I
A Zbot
Zbot
e'C.
ZIOP
;:~[ZI(JP
Ztop
fce+M'(J,al]+
Z; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(8.65)
The eccentricity that gives the acceptable stress at top should be greater than:
e 'C. ; : p; [ZI(JP fee + Mlolal]+ Kb ........................~ ....... (8.66)
Noting that K t =Zbot I A, the previous equation can be written in terms of the
prestressing force P j .:
1 >
e+Kt
.
p; - [- Zbot fei + Mow] .................................. (8.57)
c-
1.- ::; [ .
p;
e - Kb
]
............................ (8.67)
Zwp fee + M lotal I;
The stresses at the bottom fibers at the full service load stage should be less
than the allowable concrete tensile stress (fie). Denoting the losses as ex, one can
obtain:
p. =(1- a) Pi =; p; ................................................ (8.58)
fboltom
= - Pe _ Pe X e + M total
A
Zbot
Zbot
~ ::; [_ Zbot
659
~>e-Kb
1>; - [Zt(}P
hi + Mow]
(1)
~>
e+Kt
1>; - [- Zbot fei + M owl
(2)
~<
e+Kt
1>; - [- Zbot /'e + M ta/al ]/ ~ (3)
~<
e-Kb
1>; - [Zwp fee + M total
J/ ~
(4)
All the terms appearing in the previous equations are known and can be
determined except P j and e. there are a number of combinations of these terms
satisfy all the equations. The right combination can be determined by plotting
each equation as shown in Fig. 8.17. In this graph, the horizontal axis represents
the eccentricity, while the vertical axis represents the inverse of the initial
prestressing force. The hatched area in the figure indicates the acceptable
combinations of (lip; and e) that satisfy all code requirements of allowable
stress in transfer and full service load stages. It should be noted that some of
the possible eccentricities may not be attainable because they might lie outside
the limits of the section. Therefore, these points should be excluded from the
acceptable zone as shown in Fig. 8.17.
Case
Pi (leN)
e(mm)
2700
400.00
2000
250.00
3000
250.00
3000
450.00
Data
Losses =15%
=45 N/mm2
feu
=31.5 N/mm2
fcui
=21 leN/m'
Wu
span
=20.0m
500
~ 1- -1
physical limit
150
Transfer
-------Service
Combinations
outside the
section
TT
-.J
200-
o
o
r-
final
(bottom)
ft.
1- -1
800
Beam cross-section
Fig. 8.17 Graphical representation for the four governing equations
661
662
Solution
wow
=Yc xA =25x
WIOI
wow
+ Wu
415000
=1O.375kNlm'
1000000
=10.375 + 21 =31.375 kN I
m'
Since the section is not symmetrical, calculate the location of the center of
gravity.
. = 500xI50x75+200x700x500+250x800x975 =652.1 mm
Y
415000
I =5.6 x 10 10 mm4
M ow =
10
M lo,al =
5
2'
.37 8x20
=51875kN
.
..m
31.375x20 2
8
= 1568.8 kN.m
Ytop= Y =652.1 mm
Ybol
ZIOP
=_1_= 5.6x10
YIOp
652.1
10
K = Ztop
b
A
K =
I
Ybo/
= 85.83x106 mm 3
e-Kb
P; - [Z/oP fli +MoJ
85.83x10 = 206.81 mm
415000
- I _ 5.6 X10
Zb 01
447.9
10
1 >
-125
106 mm 3
X
P;
6
= 125x10 = 301.2 mm
A
415000
ZbOI
~
150
IT
e-206.8
[85.8x10 6 x 1.235 I 1000 + 518.75x1000]
P;
1-500 -1
L. :J
200-
206.8
700
7.9 X 10-4
r1=------,I
1-- 800 -1
0\
r-:
~
~
IL0
;:.
e+Kt
P; - [-Zbol fei +MoJ
-'--
1>
P;
e+301.1
[-125X10 6 X-14.175/1000+518.75X1000]
~~0.436xlO-6 (e +301.1)
Pi
663
664
-301.1
l/Pi
700
4.37
10-4
1"1.
From the points calculated iti~:Step 2, the acceptable combinations diagram can
be plotted as shown in figure. Assuming concrete cover of 70 mm, the
maximum acceptable eccentricity emaxequals:
Since the beam has un-bonded tendons, it is classified as case B (refer to Table
8.2). Thus, the allowable tension is given by:
emax =
Locating the points inside the diagram and realizing that any point falling inside
the hatched area is considered safe and vice versa, the following table can be
established.
1
-<
F: 1
F:
e+KI
[- Zb(}1 he + M lnlal ]/';
Case
e +301.1
6
<{-125XI0 X 2.9511000 + 1568.8XlOOO]/0.85
~ ~0.708xlO-6
Ybol -
(e + 301.1)
P(kN)
e(mm)
lIP (x 10-4 )
Status
2700
400.0
3.70
Unsafe
2000
250.0
Unsafe
3000
250.0
3.33
Safe
3000
450.0
3.33
Unsafe
Pi
l/Pi
-301.1
700
7.09 X 10
1
_<
e-Kb
F: - [ZIOP
fee + M IOlal ]1 .;
e-206.8
F:
..!...~34.8xlO-6 (e-206.8)
F:
206.8
l/Pi
225
604 X 104
I
665
I
666
Reason
inside the acceptable
area but outside the
section
outside the acceptable
area
inside the acceptable
area
outside the acceptable
area
c3
c.5
E
C'<I
The cross-section of a simply supported beam is shown in the figure below. The
beam is a part of the structural system of a chemical factory. It is required to:
A. Determine the acceptable combinations of Pi and e at mid-span according to
the ECP 203 allowable stresses for case B. Adjust the cross-section
dimensions if necessary.
',
e llla ,
~ +-------------~.,
,,,
,----+ :
. .-~------.-:
Data
Losses =20%
2
=50N/mm
feu
2
= 35N/mm
feui
= 5 kN/m'
WDL
= lOkN/m'
Wu
span = 12m
_.._-_ ...
I 2
4-
I. _ _------,~Il
1000
-~I~
K,
100
200 300
/(11
400
500
600
700
800
o
o
\0
e(mm)
--
L..--
H
200
Section A-A
I~
667
200
668
Solution
Ytop=185.6
YboF414.3
I =6.88 x lO 9 mm4
Ytop= Y =185.7 mm
Ybot
= t- Y = 600-185.7 =414.3 mm
K =
I
= 16.6xlO = 59.27 mm
A
280000
;- 1 >
P;
e-132.2
[37.02XlO X1.302/1000+126x1000]
6
Zbot
w o.1Y =YexA=25x
W/o I
280000
,
=7.0kNlm
1000000
Mow =
~~5.74XlO-6
P;
(e-132.2)
132.2
l/pi
600
26.8 x
W4
7.0x12 2
8
126 kN.m
22x12 2
=
8
=396 kN.m
fe; =-0.45 feu; =-0.45x35 =-15.75 Nlmm
670
1 >
e+59.27
[-16.6X10 6 X-15.75/1000+126X1000]
P;
-.!:..~2.58xlO-6
P;
P;
(e+59.27)
I~32.2
600
-59.27
17.01
200
600
4
1 -10.8 x 10
..;.!,
1-7.7 X 10-4
10
/'e
. From the points calculated in step 2; the foilowing diagram can be plotted:
e+ K t
-.!:..<
P;
e+59.2
[-16.6X10 6 X3.1l/1000+396x1000]/0.80
P;
(e + 59.2)
-59.2
I/pi
600
15.3
104
fei
-200
-100
100
200
300
400
500
600
1
_<
emax equals:
e max =Ybot -cover =414.3-70=344.3 mm
e-Kb
P;
e-132.2
[37.02X10 6 X-20/1000+396X1000]/0.80
671
It is clear from the diagram that the acceptable zone does not exist. For example
an initial prestressing force of 200 kN (1IPi=5) and an eccentricity of 150 mm
give the following stresses:
672
YIOP= Y =250 mm
At Transfer
/rop
-2.44
<-15.75
Safe
-17.62
>-15.75
unsafe
Ybol
At Final Stage
f top
>3.11
Unsafe
-9.928
<-20
Safe
The reason for the unsatisfactory performance of this section is attributed to the
fact that its size is not sufficient to resist the applied loads. One of the solutions
is to increase the size of the section. Increasing the section dimension by 200
mm gives the following section properties:
________1_00_0____
~ ~1~
._._CG:._._ ._
o00
a.1V
I
320000
=8.0kNlm
1000000
M ow =l44kN.m
MIOI
= 23kN 1m'
=0 22 -V~
Jcui =0.22$s = 1.302 N Imm
~>
e-Kb
p;
e-203.3
> [65.06 x 10 6 x 1.302/1000 + 144 x 1000]
~;:::4.37XI0-6 (e-203.3)
p;
e
600
203.3
17.35
I =1.63 x 10 10 mm4
673
= 414 kN.m
200
I~O?I
=Y xA=25x
__
250
..-___+-_-1
o
_ 29.57xlO -- 92 .4 mm
K '_
-Zbot
-I
A
2320000
W lal
--
= 65.06x10 6 mm 3
-,-
lo
3.685
= t- Y =800-250 = 550 mm
674
10-4
e+92.42
> [-29.57X10 6 X-15.75/1Ooo+144X1000]
J..~1.64XlO-6
~
From the points calculated in step 4.1 ,the following diagram can be plotted:
(e+92.42)
18
16
-92.42
lIPi
Step 4.1.3
controls)
1
<
l-
600
11.35 X 104
,-...
~;::..
e+92.42
10
b....
x
....--
--200
-92.42
e
lIPi
12
r::;
Acceptable
combination of Pi, e
14
-100
100
200
600
e(mm)
4
17.2 X 10-
~.
e-203.3
l65.07X10 X-20/1Ooo+414X1000]/0.80
6
J..S-9.015xlO-6 (e-203.3)
~
203.3
lIPi
-200
600
-3.58
675
300
104
3.64 x 104
I
676
400
500
600
2.
At the final stage where all the working loads are applied, the upward
deflection of the beam (camber) becomes downward deflection. Excessive
deflections of beams may cause excessive vibrations, damage to the
appearance of the structure, poor roof drainage, and uncomfortable feelings for
the occupants. Also, such deflections may damage partitions and cause poor
fitting of doors and windows.
CL
raised tendons
8.9.1 'Introduction
I
I
-------------------------t--------~.~- ----------------(a)
CL
I
j;:~~-~~~--~~-~~---------------;----------------------------;
i
i
I
' .
___________
' :
c.g
c:::=::::::
'
-1
1 - 1_ _ _
tendons
sheathed
(b)
tendons
sheathed
677
678
T
!
The ECP 203 gives the following expression for calculating the effective
moment of inertia:
f,
=4400K.
........................................... (8.68)
+-(~:) ']
i.e(~: ~1
The previous equation can be simplified as follows:
I =1 +(1 -I
e
cr
cr
where
the cracked moment of inertia (mm4)
the gross moment of inert
maximum unfactored moment (kN.m)
cracking moment (kN.m)
Ier
Ig
Ma
Mer
Ec
=(~:)' f,
cr
= ~(O 45 Vleu
r;:- +/pee -/cd) ............................ (8.72)
Yt
Where Yt is the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost tension fibers as
shown in Fig. 8.19.
The values of the deflections can be calculated using the theory of structures
with the appropriate value of the moment of inertia according to the case under
consideration. Examples of the deflection expressions are given in Eq. 8.69
and the rest can be found in then Appendix.
W
L4
384EcI
5w L4
/1=
384EJ
P L3
48EJ
W L4
8EJ
P L3
/
for fixed end beam with uniform load
_ Md Y t
cd-
Ig
In which Md= unfactored moment due to dead load.
3EJ
Aps
680
Having determined the neutral axis distance z, the cracked moment of inertia
bx z3
2
2
I cr =--+nAs(d-z)
+nAp.(dp-z)
................ (8.74)
3
s
In T-sections, the location of the neutral axis may lie inside or outside the
flange as shown in Fig. 8.21. Therefore, hand calculations must be carried out
as explained in the illustrative examples.
= 0 ............... (8.73)
B
b
1-
'"0
I-
_J
Po
'"0
ts
~_l
"0
T
n As ---
N.A
Aps
_I z
'-'7'-'
n As---
nAps
_._._. _.fu\~'\\~~';??;;'i"'~1iA.\.
Cracked section
Transformed section
Aps
neutral
681
-----]~
1---1 axis
b
Aps
As
t1
"0
cracked zone
682
Example 8.14
The figure shows a simply supported full prestressed beam with straight
tendons at an eccentricity of 100 mm. The initial tendon force is 1200 kN and
the effective prestressing force is 950 kN. Compute the initial camber at midspan due to prestressing and self weight of the beam. If the beam is left without
being subjected to any additional loads for a long period of time, calculate the
long term camber.
Solution
Step 1: Calculation of immediate deflection
Step 1.1: Deflection due to self weight
Ec =4400 "'leu
1f:=4400.J4Q = 27828N Imm 2 = 27.828kN Imm
= {250x550)x
w
ow
WOW
ow
25
=3.44kNlm'
1000 X 1000
2
XL2 = 3.44x9 = 34.83 kN.m
8
8
Since the beam is fully prestressed (case A), the gross moment of inertia is
used in deflection calculations.
o.w
o
o.....
ow
9.0m
I =b t = 250x550 =3.47x109 mm 4
g
12
12
Ii
..
5w xL4
ow
384xEc xl g
3.043mm J,
250mm
I..
..I
M. L2
Ii =-''--P
8Ec Ig
Beam Section
683
684
Example 8.15
Compute the immediate camber at midspan for the beam shown in figure. The
initial prestressing force in the broken tendon is 1500 kN and in the straight
cable is 300 kN. The beam maybe classified as zone B.icu =45 N/mm2
V)
00
!:low (long-tenll)
-.-.-~~-.-.-.-.-.-j-.-.~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
M L2
!:lp(long-tenn)
= (1 + a)_e=--_
8Ec Ig
11.0 m
For long term calculations, the effective prestressing force (Pe)is used. Thus,
the moment at the supports Me equals:
l I
T
-(1
p(long-tenn) -
)Me L2
+ a 8E I
c
750
.I
!:l
.I
1 2
95000 x (9000)2
( + ) 8x27.828x3.47x109
100
29.88mm
i
0
0
= 29.88-9.13 = 20.75mm
(camber)
00
Asp
1---1
200
Beam Section
685
686
0
0
..-<
Solution
Step 1: Calculate uncracked section properties
= {75000 + 140000) x
w
ow
25
1000 x 1000
=5.375 kN I m '
Since the beam is categorized in zone B, the gross moment of inertia is used in
the calculations. Since the section is not symmetrical, calculate the C.G.
The deflection of simply supported beam subjected to uniform load equals:
5W
l10w =
XL4
384:~c xl
2.55mm t
y = 310.46 mm
o
ow-5.375 kN/m'
00
Ybot=489.53 mm
uncracked section
Yt=450mm
12
Due to the concentrated load developed from the tendon slope change
+ !1 pw
= 200x700
!1 p =!1 pm
The moment at the supports due to the broken cable Mil equals
MiI=Pilxe I
e l =85 mm
Ec = 4400
The moment at the supports due to the straight cable Mi2 equals:
Mi2 =P;2 xe 2
687
688
The immediate deflection at mid span due to the positive end moments equals:
/).
pm
/).pm
=Mre
8E c I g
0\
C'l......
\0
~
a
Ii'
II
;Q
.......
(tan81 + tan ( 2 )
= P;
(81 + ( 2 )
5.5
~
.....
~
8
~~;Q
. .
A,..
.......
-c
.......
.....
C'l
II
I)..
II
11.0m
.1
The camber due to the broken cable can be calculated using an equivalent
concentrated load usually called the balanced load. The calculations of such
load are as follows:
_ ~~~7f~:
85
-.L
~).- ~):=
~-------------
= P;
I.
.....
:( (: l .
I!.
5.5m
..
5.5m
-I-
=
pv
237.3x(11000)3
48x29.516x13.6x109
=16.4 mm i
------------~
.I
=i
/).p -
/).ow
=16 -
2.55 =13.45 mm
et = 85 +350 = 435mm
VxL
--=p;xe
t
Vx11 = 1500x0.435
4
V =237.3 kN
689
.I
690
Example 8.16
The figure given below shows a simply supported partially prestressed beam
(zone D). The beam is sUbjected to an initial prestressing force of 900 kN and
an effective prestressing force of 740 kN. Calculate the immediate deflection,
the long-term deflection and check code limits for deflection. The beam is
located on a typical floor and support walls that are not likely to be damaged
by deflection. wu=1O kN/m', wsv=3 kN/m' (superimposed load),icu=35 N/mm2
, and n=1O.
Solution
Step 1: Calculate uncracked section properties
The calculation of the gross moment of inertia shall be carried out by
considering the concrete section and neglecting the prestressing steel as well as
the non-prestressingd steel. Since the section is not symmetrical, the center of
gravity is calculated as follows:
650
120
380
~
T
15.0m
120
L...-_ _..,
1-1
~ 1-1.0-_ _ _6_50_.---------II
Y=335.7 mm
~ ._._._._._._~~._._._._._.1._._._._._._._._._._._._._
Y2
180
uncracked section
A = 180x750 = 135000 mm 2
Yl=495 mm
~ = 650x120 = 78000 mm
Y2=60mm
A=A +~ = 213000mm2
oV)
135000x495+78000x60
213000
r--
1
100
335.7 mm
3
1--_ _
-'"
I
g
1-1
180
Ig=15.77 x10 mm
Ybot
Beam cross-section
=~=15.77X109 = 29.53x10 6
Zbot
691
650x120
2
180 7503
x
+ 135000x (495-335.7)2 +
+ 78000 x (335.7 -60)
12
12
Ybot
mm 3
534.3
692
11
pm
Since at transfer only the self weight is applied, the gross moment of inertia
may be used for deflection calculations
= M i L2 = 31500x(15000)2 = 2.15mm
8Ee I g 8x26.03x15.77x109
(u ward)
P
= 213000 x
25
1000 x 1000
Mi=(31500kNom w,.=l1.04kN/m'
.
=5.325kNlm'
ow
xL
384xEe xl g
5wow
384x26~03xI5.77x109
I
et
15.0m
. 1
=380 -
","3)1500
15.0m
35 =345 mm
The camber due to the curvature of the cable can be calculated using an
equivalent uniform load usually called the balanced load. The calculations of
such load are as follows:
. ,.
wow=5.325 kN,m'
,.
_-------~---
+11
Weq
x15
M.e
= 8~
15.0m
I~
I
g
694
.I
!:l.
pw
5W,q xL
=---"'-384xEc xl g
M DL = W DL L2 = 8.325x15 = 234.14 kN .m
5x(I1.0411000)x(15000)4 = 17.72mm 1
384x26.03xI5.77x109
8
fcd
= M DL = 234.14Xl~6 = 7.93N I mm 2
Zbot
29.53xlO
Since the beam is partially prestressed, one should calculate the cracking
moment and the effective moment of inertia.
65_0_ _ _-1.J
J
I-..__-_ _
where /pee is the compressive at the extreme fibers (bottom in this case) due to
effective prestressing force only.
A
cracked c.g
bot
nAs=4500
J40XlOOO
_'
213000
.1.
75m
7.5m
.
x380 =-12.99 Nlmm'"
29.53 X106
695
leT calculations
tendon proflle
fpc, -
z=92.87mm
.. _. .. --'-r-'-'-' ._.
120
__ P, _ P,xe
fpc, -
_!_
~I
Assume that the c.g. is located inside the flange. Taking the first moment of
area for the transformed section about the C.G. gives,
696
325 z 2 + 4500 z
- 3220650 = 0
Icr = B Z3
3
+ nAps (d p -
Ie
Z)2
Me L2
8EcIe
D. pm
cr
L2
8Ec
Pm
Solving for z
= Me
f1
25900x(15xlOOOf =8.96mm
8x26.03x3.122x109
,..". -25900 kN
n'e-
.mWeq-908
.
~~~
- __ - __
kn/'
lll-- _------ --
5w DL XL4
=---='---384xE xl
c
W
f1u =~xf1DL
W DL
5x(8.325/1000)x(15xlOOO)4
384x26.03x3.122xl09
= 67.5mm J,.
f1
697
4
_ 5 Weq xL _ 5x (9.08 11000) x (15x 1000)4
384xEc xle
384x26.03x3.122x109
pw
15.0m
380-35 = 345mm
2
Weq xL
t
8
2
W x15
eq
= 740 x 0.345
8
Weq = 9.08 kN 1m' i
::::
--'-- = Pe X e
10
I
=--x67.5 =81.09 mm..v
8.325
Me=25900
= 8.96 i
+73.61 i = 82.57 mm
698
= 7361
i
. mm
~ r-----------------------------------------------~
c.g.
et=34~ mm
~ ::-_'':: '':: :::::-~:-~:::::-___ '_-=:'-:::-::-~:-.: t_'.::'_-=:.,,: :.::::-'::-': ::,::._-= ::: ::::..:-.::-..: ::._
I5.0m
I..
9
SHEAR AND TORSION IN PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE BEAMS
= (1 + a) (!l DL +!l p) + !l LL
!llong-tenn
IS00
2S0
The beam satisfies the limits of the total deflection. However, the live load
deflection should be checked as follows
The beam is in a floor that supports walls that are not likely to be
damaged by large deflections. Hence, the limiting live load deflection is
given by:
~~~ lSxlOOO
!l
LL
360
360
41.67 m
Since !lLL (81.09 mm)< !lallowable (41.67 mm) the beam does not meet code
requirements for deflections.
699
9.1 Introduction
This chapter presents procedures for the design of prestressed concrete sections
to resist shear and torsion resulting from externally applied loads. Since the
strength of concrete in tension is considerably lower than its strength in
compression, design for shear and torsion becomes of major importance in all
types of concrete structures.
The behavior of prestressed concrete beams in shear or combined shear and
torsion is different from their behavior in flexure: they may fail abruptly
700
without sufficient advance warning, and the diagonal cracks that develop are
considerably wider than the flexural cracks. Both shear and torsion forces result
in shear stress. Such a stress can result in principal tensile stresses at the critical
section which can exceed the tensile strength of concrete.
J;
where /pee is the concrete compressive stress due to effective prestressing at the
C.G. leveL However, if the neutral axis falls inside the flange for flanged
sections, the $tress is calculated at the intersection of the flange and the web.
It is clear from Mohr's circle that the normal compressive stress /pee reduces the
maximum principle tensionj; and the angle e. Therefore if cracking occurs, the
inclined crack is flatter and the effectiveness of the stirrups increases.
/pee 12
applied loads
Maximum shear stress
I
I
Web-
Flexural-Shear
Shear
Flexural and
Flexural-Shear
Web-
Shear
~----------~----~.----------------------~--------~
701
end
support
Normal stress
I
I
I
I
I
I
/Pee,qeJ/
I
I
I
,It
Solving Eq. 9.2 for the web shear strength qcw gives:
)+1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To ensure that shear failures occur in a ductile manner by yielding of the shear
reinforcement; the ECP 203 specifies that the shear stress qu should not exceed
the maximum shear stress qu,max given by:
(9.3)
qu max
.
qllmax
The critical section for shear in prestressed reinforced concrete beams is at tl2
from the face of the support.
The applied shear stress is given by:
qu
= 0.75 Jfcu
J'c
S 4.5N Imm 2
-
...........................
(9.5)
It is clear from Fig. 9.4 that the maximum shear strength qu,max for prestressed
members is slightly higher than that for ordinary reinforced concrete members.
However, the concrete shear strength qcu of prestressed members is much higher
than that of ordinary reinforced concrete members.
=~ ..................................................... (9.4a)
bxd p
0.75~fcu I J'c
qu.max
where b is the width of the section and dp is the distance from the compression
fiber, to the centroid of the cables but not less than 0.8 t.
For prestressed concrete beams containing grouted ducts with diameter (<\
more than bw 18 (where bw is the width of the web), as shown in Fig. 9.3, the
effective width of the web (b) in Eq. 9.4a should be taken as:
for > bw
(9.4c)
for s bw
8
(9.4d)
B
"
Grouted tendons
~~~--------~.
with
diameter <\>
.
,
Fig. 9.3 Effective width for prestressed beams with grouted ducts
703
Prestressed beams
Non-prestressed beams
704
The ECP 203 gives two procedures for calculating concrete shear strength qcu of
prestressed beams as follows:
Although the use of the simplified method for calcul~ting concrete ~he~
strength is quite easy, it may produce very. conservatlve ~esults. ThI~ IS
especially true for I-sections. The shear strength calculated usmg the. det~I~ed
procedure can be as high as 150% of that calcul,ated using the sImphfied
procedure. Therefore, when the tendon stress is below 0.4 jpu, or when the full
concrete shear strength need to be utilized, the shear strength can be evaluated
using the detailed procedure.
For a thin-walled section (I-beam), with small shear spans, the shear stresses in
the web are high while the flexural stresses are low. The principal stresses at the
neutral axis may exceed those at the bottom flange causing cracking to start. at
the web. This is called web-cracking shear. On the other hand, for beams WIth
relatively large shear span, vertical flexural cracks occur first and ~xtend
diagonally due stress redistribution. This is called the flexural-shear cracking.
Simplified procedure
Detailed procedure
q cu
o
Itc
= 0.045
....E!...
3.6xQ xd
r.
Mup>
- 0. 24v)fF{":":"/
cu I fc
............... (9.6)
According to the ECP 203, the concrete shear strength qcu is the smaller value
of the flexural shear strength qci and the web-cracking shear strength qcw'
~ 0.375.Jfcu / Yc
qci
qcu
(Qu;udp ) ~ 1.0
= smaller of
{
qcw
where Qu ;md Mu are the values of shear and bending moment, respectively,
produced by the ultimate loads at the section under consideration. dp is the
distance from the prestressing reinfoI;cement to the outermost compression
fibers.
The term dp used in the previous equation is the actual cable depth. The
previous equation does not give a valid result when either Qu or Mu is small.
For simply supported beams subject to uniform loads, the term
expressed as:
Qu dpiMucan be
d p (L-2x)
where L is the span length and x is the distance from the support to the critical
section.
705
706
Flexural-Shear Strength
f!ci
The flexural-shear strength is the shear strength of the beam at the time of
developing the first flexure-shear crack. Flexure-shear cracking occurs when
flexural cracks, which are initially vertical, become inclined under the influence
of shear. Because the flexural-shear strength cannot be predicted by calculating
the principal stresses in an uncracked beam, equations for estimating flexural
shear strength are based on experimental tests. This is attributed to the
redistribution of stresses that OCcur at the tip of the flexural crack.
l' L3
IIIIJJ{IIIJJ
itiC
al ,tin.
Ultimate loads
( factored)
Qu
The code specifies the following formula to predict the concrete flexural shear
strength qei:
eu
qci =0.045Jf +0.8 (qd +qi
Yc
Mer
M max
)~0.24.Jfcu Iyc
Ultimate shear
(factored)
............ (9.8)
Where
Qi =Qu -Qd
Ultimate moment
( factored)
Q.
qj
= bX'd
Q
q d =dbxd
Wd
qd
is the unfactored shear stress due to dead load only at the critical
section.
qi
Mmax
Mer
d
In Eq. 9.8, the flexural shear strength is assumed to be the sum of three
components:
1
I'
I iI I
I I I II I I I I I
I
I
11
Dead loads
(unfactored)
.I
L
Qd
Shear force
(unfactored)
I
~--
Moment
(unfactored)
707
708
T
I
Because most of the prestressed beams are designed to remain uncracked during
the lifetime of the structure, the cracking moment is normally higher than the
applied moment at full service loads. Furthermore, the ECP 203 requires that
prestressed should be designed to withstand at least 1.2 Mer.
where
Yt
Mer
Pe
!ctr
The term letr = O.4S.JJ: is the tensile strength of concrete for web-shear
cracking. Subsisting with this value in the previous equation gives:
M er
=.~(0.45.JJ: + P.
Yt
r;:- +-+
Pe p.xeXYt) -Md ........... (9.11)
Mer =I- ( O.4S..jleu
A
q~ =0.24
The code specifies that the value of the unfactored dead load moment at the
critical section should be subtracted from the cracking moment. Hence,
Yt
(!;.
+f
where
/pee is the concrete stress at the C.G. of the section due to effective prestressing
after considering all losses.
p"
I pee =A
Mer
!
I.
.......................... (9.12)
where
/pee is the compression stress in concrete due to prestressing force after
considering all losses calculated at the extreme tension fibers as follows:
I pee
= Pe + p"xexYt
A
I'
!cd is the concrete stress due to dead loads and any sustained live loads
calculated at the extreme tension fibers.
709
qpv is un-factored shear stress due to the vertical component of prestressing Qpv.
Where yps
= LIS.
prestressing force Qpv at the critical section for straight tendons equals:
Q pv
710
Qpv
_p em-e.
e
x
(9.15)
where em is the eccentricity inside the beam and ee is the eccentricity at the end.
If the tendon eccentricity is located above the C.G., a negative value of ee
should be used.
critical
section
I
III
II
;!
k J+1 .............................
"~
0.25 ifeu
"
.3'
Pc ~~~t::t:--:-:-:-~--=-~-~-~--~-~-E-~--=-~j~--~-~--=-=-=-=
--~-~-=-:--:-:-:--:-:-:-:--:-:-:-:--:-:-~~---Pe
(9.16)
I-
. I.
L-x
Fig. 9.7 Vertical prestressing component Qpv for case of straight tendons
In case of using a parabolic tendon, the .angle
differentiating the equation of the parabola as follows:
y = ax 2 , taking the first derivative gives
y' = tan () = sin () = 2ax
e may
be obtained by
and
I."t--I--
1-.- - - ' - - - - -
= area of
one branch
Asb
--------f------
U2
Fig. 9.8 Vertical prestressing component Qpv for case of parabolic tendons
711
xfy 1.1.15
bxqsu
...................................... (9.18)
~~4
b s .......................................... (9.19)
..
A" =4A,b
..
UL
Ast
As/,mill =
Where Ast is the area of the stirrups according to the number of branches as
shown in Fig. 9.9. The area of the provided stirrups should not be less than:
8e
= qu -
tan()=-m- x
L2
critical
ection
I,
qsu
s=
Where a is the parabola constant and x is the location of the section measured
from the center of the parabola as shown in Fig. 9.8. It can be easily shown for
the parabola in Fig. 9.8 that the following expressions are valid:
by Eq. 9.3, the web shear strength qcw can be obtained by solving the resulting
equation as follows:
qcw =0.25.JJ: (
An alternate method for determining the web shear strength qcw is to limit the
principal tensile stresses at the e.G. of the rectangular sections or at the
intersection of the web and the flange for flanged sections if the neutral axis
falls inside the flange. The code states that this limit may be taken as
0.25 .JJ: . Substituting with this value for the diagonal tension stress It given
Where
Qu
qu=b'd
p
. (t column2 Width)
Q =Shear at column aXlS -w x "2 +
J.cd
Md y/
P.
I pee - A
0.75
~I
cu
Ye
~4.5 N Imm
Fexexy/
I
+~-....::....:...
s=
As/ xl y 11.15
b xqsu
As/,min
004
=J;
=0.045~Ieu
2. qew =0.24
Ye
)~0.24~IcuIYe
714
Solution
OJV
=Yc xA
= 1.4
Wu
beam e.g ,
Aps=1280 mm
T t-
t c 900 500
=_+_=_+_=700mm=0.70m
--i
-~-~- -=-=-=-~~-:bl=-_=_=_b=_~=_=_:::.:g_:__:_:_:_-:-:-:::--:-:-:--:-:-:--=-]- -l
-1=--:-:--:-:-:::--:::-:-:--:-:-:- -:-:-:-
= 47.03 x 18 =423.27 kN
')
W LL
The critical section is at t12 from the face of the support. Since the column
width (c) is 500 mm, the critical s~ction is at distance Xc from the centerline of
the support. Xc equals:
X
500
+ 1.6
o
\0
W DL
r---------------------18m-----------------------~1
M =R .x _
u
Wu
.xc
715
M u = 423.27xO.7
716
wu=47.03 kNlm /
J J
p,
=O j70
Ru=wU2
=423.27
'1
~~
qu,max
~ 4.5 N
I mm 2
N I mm 2
Mu=284.80 kN.m
= 0.045
qcu
.Jfcu
3.6xQu xd p
~
- +
M
~O.24~fcu I yc
yc
u
I
I
I
I mTl1,2
Since qu is less than qu,mllX the concrete dimensions of the section are acceptable.
CritiCW=tiotJm= I ~
423.27
qumax
~ 0.375~fcu I yc
Qu=390.35 kN
Qu xd p _ d p (L-2x)
or ........ M u - x (L-x)
Use
:I :IJ---f}----u-- ~ij-----u----u---u-ul
I
18 m
Quxd p
= (757.8/1000)(18.0-2xO.70) =1.03
=1.0
Mu
q cU.lIlJ.n. =0.24.J35/1.5 =1.16N Imm 2
qcu=1.81 N/mm
Qu
="bdp
717
0.70(18-0.7)
718
qsu _-qu
qcu _ 2 86 1.81
-2-'
-2=1.955 N
Imm
For 10 mm stirrups, the total shear reinforcement area for two branches equals:
ASI
=2x78.5=157 mm
xfy 11.15
b xqsu
t- 500 -1
157x360/L15
180x1.955 = 139.7 mm
BbeamC.O.
Take s =125mm
0.4
0.4
Use et> 10
@ 125
mm (8et> 101m')
T t-
500
-\
et>1O @125mm
II
Shear reinforcement details
719
beamc.g
I- t===~===~---=---=::---==----:::---::----=---=---=----==1--- -l
~14--------------------18m---------------------~1
Fig. EX.9.2
720
Solution
In the detailed procedure, the concrete shear strength is taken as the smaller of
two vales qci (flexural-shear strength) and qcw (web-cracking shear strength).
(18/2)
cu
qci = 0.045Ji
Yc
P.
~ 0.24~icu 1Yc
12
II"
4)
12
O.65~
-hr---------------------------- -l g
I-- --,;- r-----------------~J--{
~
I =2.46 x 10 10 mm4
- _1_ -- 2.46x10
Z bolYbo/
450
tendon profile
9m ----~I-----9m----~1
54 7 X 10 6 mm 3
=
i
pce
1382.4xI000
258000
It should be clear that the absolute value offpce is used. Hence, it is given by:
2
o
o
/pce=13.14 Nlmm
!cd is the unfactored concrete stress under dead load moment only.
BeamC.G.
\0
2
=6.45+2=8.45 kNlm'
Wd
Aps=1280 mm
Rd=Wd V2=76.05
150
/-500-1
Yb
cd
wherefpce is the compressive stresses at the extreme fibers (bottom in this case)
due to the prestressing steel only.
=- Pe
Md
P. Xe
Z
bOI
= Rd x c -
f. =
i pee
kN
d _X-,C,-2.=
W_.::..
54.7 x 106
721
..
722
The un factored shear due to dead loads at the critical section equals:
qd
bxd p
Wu
/pee represents the stress at the C.G. of the section after losses. At the C.G. only
180x757.8
R = wu xL = 47.03x18 =423.27 kN
u
2
2
The factored shear Qu at the critical section equals:
Qu
=Ru
M =R
u
.X - Wu
. = ~ = 320.21xlOOO = 2.35 N I mm 2
q, b Xd p
180x757.8
f
pee
= Fe ::;: 1382.4xlOOO
A
258000
5.36 N Imm 2
qpv represents the stress due to the vertical component of the section. The
vertical component was determined previously as:
(Fe xsinO)lyps
qpv::;: bxd p =
bxd p
I:Ience,
f.g
5
( 0.514+2.35x-813.22) =7.17 N/mm 2
qei =0.045 -+0.8
1.5
233.64
Q pv Iyps
723
f.g
724
r - - - -_ _ _ _
Alternatively
qcw may be taken as the shear stress that produces a principle tension stress of
~ = 1.48N I mm 2 at the centroid of the web.
It = 0.25 ",35
F
JI
=.~ L(Ipcc)2
+ 2
2
qew
qcw =0.25J.J:
Il
Since qu (2.86) > qcu (2.54), shear reinforcement is required. Assume that the
stirrups diameter is 10 mm, thus:
I
1
_(Ipcc)
2
I!
t( k
~
li;?":~:'.f
I
J+1
0.25 fleu
286 - 2.54
- =.
- - -159
- . N I mm 2
q su =q u -qcu
2
2
For 10 mm stirrups, the total shear reinforcement area for two branches equals:
Ast = 2x78.5 = 157 mm
There is about 25% difference in the value of the web-cracking shear strength
determined from both methods. We shall take the conservative value of qcw =
2.54N/mm2.
Step 3: Calculate
qcu
sl.nun
It is clear form the previous two examples that the simplified method is very
conservative. The shear strength calculated using the detailed method (2.54
N/mm2) is about 40 percent more than the simplified procedure (1.81 N/mm\ '\
qumax
=~ =
b dp
390.35 = 2.86 N I mm 2
180x757.8
0.75~CU
Ye
=0.75
V1.5
qu,max = 3.62 N I mm 2
Photo 9.4 Curved reinforced concrete bridge
Since qu is less than qu,max the concrete dimensions of the section are adequate.
725
"
726
. \
9.3.1 General
When subjected to torsion, a cracked prestressed concrete beam as the one
shown in Fig. (9.lOa) can be idealized as shown in Fig. (9.10b). The cracked
beam resists the applied torsional moment through acting as a space-truss as
shown in Fig. 9.10. The space truss consists of:
Closed stirrups
Diagonal concrete compression members between the cracks which
spiral around the beam.
The angle of the inclination of the compression diagonals with respect to the
beam axis, e, depends on the ratio of the force carried by the longitudinal
reinforcement to that carried by the stirrups and also on the value of the
prestressing force.
9.3.2.1 Introduction
The ECP 203 torsion design procedure for prestressed beams is based on the
space truss model with some simplifications. The assumptions are the same as
those for ordinary reinforced concrete with minor modifications and can be
summarized in the following:
pu
pu
The thickness of the walls of the truss model, te , and the area
enclosed by the shear flow, Ao, are calculated using the expressions
given in the ECP 203.
In the ECP 203 torsion design procedure, the following three strength criteria
are considered:
..
727
728
Consideration of Torsion
9.3.2~3
where
Aoh is the gross area bounded by the centerline of the outer closed stirrups.
Ph is the perimeter of the stirrups.
. =0.06/,CU
tu mm
Yc
1+
fpcc
(9.23)
.............................
0.25 .J.J::
Wherehcc is the average normal stress at the e.G.. of the sectIOn ifpcc
p. ).
=A
4.5
4.0
The area Aoh is shown in Fig. 9.11 for cross-sections of various shapes.
2
For hollow sections, the actual thickness of the walls of the section should be
used if it is less than te .
b;
trl
C"J
3.5
3.0
'-.,'"
2.5
.-<
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0
.. ---_._... _--. - - - - . - - - - . - - - t - - - - . - .
-1-------1-----+----1-----+---------1
10
hcc(N/mm
Fig. 9.11 Definition of AOh
.
729
15
20
2
)
25
qlumax
0.75 f,cu
Yc
1
1
!i
B-Longitudinal Reinforcement
The area of longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion Asl is given by:
ASI =
sir
= 2 Ao
Mlu's
(fYSI ) cot
Mlu's
sir =
1. 7
fr
(X 1 Y 1 )
cot
37.5
0.40jf-Acp
r..c
AsImill =
Iy / Ys
Iy
b
6x IY'I
pe
::; 40% 01 f pu
pe
> 40% 01 f
pu
The Egyptian Code sets the following requirements with respect to the
arrangements and the detailing of reinforcement for torsion as follows:
1- Stirrups must be closely spaced with maximum spacing (s) such
that:
= 0.40 b xs
200 mm
f ys/
s = smaller 01
rr
8
731
(9.28)
A strmin
COe () .....................................
where Xl and Yl are the shorter and the longer center-to-center dimensions of
closed stirrups. The angle e is taken as
Iy
where Acp is the area enclosed by outside perimeter of the section including
area of openings.
()
IYSI
where h and hst are the yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcement and
the yield strength ofthe stirrups, respectively.
,."
e ................................... (9.25)
Ys
Asli. Ph
..
732
'2- Only the outer two legs are utilized for torsion plus shear, and
the interior legs are utilized for vertical shear only.
3- For box sections, transversal and longitudinal reinforcement
arranged along the outside and the inside perimeter of the section
may be considered effective in resisting torsion provided that the
wall thickness tw is less or equal to b/6 where b is the shorter
side length of the section. If the wall thickness is thicker, torsion
shall be resisted by reinforcement arranged along the outside
perimeter only.
I I
i~f
.------:1
:-------'1
iJ!
.-------ll
..
'
,"'
".
- - - - - - - - - I--
The effective part of t~e slab in T and L sections measured from the
outer face of the beam should not be more than 3 times the slab
thickness.
The effective part of the slab should be provided with web
reinforcement.
qtu
= 2A t
o e
Note: If the actual thickness of the wall of the hollow section is less than
Aohl Ph ,then the actual wall thickness should be used.
..
733
734
- 006!iU
. 1+. Ipccr;:Ye
0.25 .Jleu
qtumin - .
If
q tu
< q tu min , one has to consider the shear stresses due to torsion.
When a solid section is subjected to combined shear and torsion, the shear
stresses due to shear are resisted by the entire section, while the shear stresses
due torsion are resisted by the idealized hollow section as shown in Fig. 9.15b.
.
If qtu
qtumax
= 0.75
~ ~ 4.5 N / mm
VY:
A sir =
Shear stress
due to torsion
M( tu s)
2AOh 1;:1
Shear stress
due to torsion
Shear stress
due to shear
Shear stress
due to shear
cot ()
b) Solid section
a) Hollow section
yst
Check that the provided spacing is less than the code requirement.
)(&-)
coe B
Iyst
As/min
In prestressed members, the Egyptian code ECP 203 requires considering the
torsional moments in design if the factored torsional stresses calculated from
Eq. 9.20 exceed qtumin' given by:
q/umin
= 0.06/~
Where! pcc
1+
o.:SPk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P
A
=_e
736
735
(9.30)
The shear stresses qu due to direct shear and shear stress qtu due to torsional
For prestressed members under combined she~r and torsion, the Egyptian Code
requires adding the transverse steel due to torslOn to that due to shear. Concrete
is assumed to contribute to the shear strength of the beal1J.. It does not, however,
contribute to the torsional strength of the beam. The transverse reinforcement
for combined shear and torsion is obtained according to Table 9.1 ..
M tu
qtu = 2A t
v e
The Egyptian Code concentrates on the side of the hollow section where the
shear and torsional stresses are additive. On that side:
q +qt
u
~ 0.75~fcu
~
Case
qlU <006/i
_.
Y ~
1+
In a solid section, the shear stresses due to direct shear are assumed to be
uniformly distributed across the width of the section, while the torsional shears
only exist in the walls of the assumed thin-walled tube, as shown in Fig.
(9.15b). The direct summation of the two terms tends to be conservative and a
root=:square summation is used
~(qU)2 + (qtu)2
'5,
0.75~f;:
'5,4.5N Imm
qu ~ qcu Provide
qu ) qcu
......... (9.32)
minimum
fpcc
0.25
Jt::
006/i
qtu>'
-~
Yc
1+ fp"c
,,0.25
Jt::
qu - qcu/ 2
qu - qcu/ 2 and
qtu
In Table (9.1), qcu is the concrete contribution to the shear strength and is
obtained from either
cu
Ii
0.045 ~ +
Yc
3.6xQu xd p
Mu
'5, 0.375~fcu / Yc
I.
11
.~/
> 0.24'\f} cu t Yc
(IC
::J:>. O.1A~f. I
X ,:
y<
The total amount of stirrups needed for shear and torsion should satisfy the
following equation:
738
0.40 b
..................................... (9.33)
YS1
The cross-sectional parameters for combined shear and torsion design are b, dp ,
Asl = Astr
(:h )(ff
coe
Qu
e ;....................................... (9.34)
yst
qu=-;;-;J
0.40.fi A
f,
d p ~ 0.80t
(9.35)
Note: If the actual thickness of the wall of the hollow section is less than
Aohl Ph ' then the actual wall thickness should be used. dp is should not be less
0.8 t.
O
qtu min =.
.
06 ~f- ~
Yc
fpcc
~
0.25 ..Jfcu
If qtu ) qtu min' one has to consider the shear stresses due to torsion
qu + qtu
0.75f,CU
Yc
~4.5N Imm
..
739
740
,s,'"
a:"
~
Check that the chosen area of stirrups satisfies the minimum requirements.
If qtu ( qtu max and qu ( qu max, the concrete dimensions of the section are
adequate.
If the above condition is not satisfied, one has to increase the dimensions.
i'
0.40xs xb
'j
~l
II'
"
Astr + Ast /4
_
Jf
3.6xQu xd p >
~
qcu - 0.045 - cu +
- O.24..Jfcu / Yc
Yc
Mu
::; 0.375~fcu / Yc
I.
The detailed procedure, where qcu is taken as the smaller of the flexural
shear strength and the web shear strength.
q~ =0.24
(J;,
+/
~ )+q~
A sf
= qsu
sl
sir
. = 0.40
s/mm
)(fL)
1
ysl
coe
fl: fr:Acp
1 Iys
y
A slr ) Ph
(I J
2!!...
1Y
fysi/Ys
The area of one branch of stirrups needed for torsion is obtained from:
A=
Check that the provided longitudinal torsional reinforcement is more than the
minimum requirement As/,min, where:
= A sir (Ph
M IU
The area of one branch of stirrups needed for resisting shear and torsion
A"I
Aslr+-
n
where n is the number of branches determined from shear calculations as shown
in Fig. 9.16.
741
742
6x Iyst
1
T
Solution
Step 1: Calculate section properties
To design a T-section for torsion, one has two options:
1- Consider the slab in the calculations and reinforce both the slab and the .
--=
beam for torsion.
2- Do not consider the slab contribution in torsion design, and provide stirrups
and longitudinal reinforcement in the web only (easier and more practical
for thin slabs).
In this example, the contribution of the slab is considered in the calculations.
Note that the flanges must be less than 3 ts as shown in the figure below.
1000mm
0-------1.
1 -.
1
.
(,=250mm
I
<3ts
g
00
250mm
350
50mm2
100
L I ..
Beam cross section
920
.I
170
Critical
section
350
C'l
r-
AOh definition
Qu=51OkN
M u=80kN.m
M/u=34 kN.m
AOh
=220x550+170x920 = 277400mm 2
Ao
= AOh
t
e
743
Ph
= 277400
3280
84.6 mm
= 1000x250+300x550 = 415000 mm 2
744
d p =800-100 = 700mm
qumax
:::;
Yc
Only the web width is effective in resisting shear force, thus b is taken as 300
mm.
Qu
51Ox1000
q =--=
=2.429 N Imm 2
b dp
300x700
u
2. Torsional stresses
6
_M/u
34x10
_
2
q/u - 2xAo xte = 2x235700x84.6 -0.852N Imm
Vu
qu.max = 3.87 N I mm 2
qumax'
Jf
eu
1+
Yc
f .JJ::
pee
0.25
f pee -
Pe
A-
{40
Vu
1+
2.429
816000
2
415000 = 1.97 N I mm
0.852
Ko
9
1.
= 0.424 N I mm 2
0.25 40
Since q/u > q/u min' we have to consider the shear stresses due to torsion.
For solid sections, the developed shear stresses due to combined shear and
torsion should stratify the following equation:
Since the effective prestressing stress he is greater than 40% of the ultimate
tendon strength hu (960 > 0.40 x 1860=744 N/mm2 ), the code simplified
expression can be used. To use the simplified equation for evaluating concrete
shear strength, the term Qu dlMu equals:
745
746
1
.!.'
:1
1':
~1!
~li
Q xd
51Ox(7001l000)
Mu
SO
u p
---'=
i!
:'1
use
Quxd
p
= 1.0
Mu
1.
2.
Yc
{40 = 1.24 N
V'LS
Yc
Imm 2
(40 = 1.94 N
V'LS
I mm 2
B: Flanges
. =. 0040
300xlOO=33.3mm2
Iy bxs = 0040
360
.
Ast,null
The flanges only resists torsion thus the area of one branch=Astr
AS/rXPh(IYs/]
-.- cot 28 = 23.03X32S0(360}
co t 2 45 = 755 mm 2
s
Iy
100
360
0040 rz:Acp
_ 2.429 ---=1.459N
1.94
qsu -qu
-qcu
-Imm 2
sl,min
a cand'ltion
. on thoIS equatIOn
. that -A str >
b There IS
_ -s
6x Iysl
Ast/ 2=69.91
mm2
=
sir
M IU Xs
fyc
rs
I /
y
23.03 ~~ .. .o.k
100
6x 360
Acp =300x550+250xlOOO=4l5000mm 2
34x10 x 100
= 23.03mm2
2x235790x360/1.15 cot 45
747
748
0.40
As/,min
(40 x415000
'V360/1.15
1.5
23.03X3280(360)
100
360 = 1983 mm 2
Figure Ex. 9.4 shows a box section that conl'ltitutes the cross-section of the
girder of a road-way bridge. Structural analysis of the bridge revealed that the
critical section of the girder near the support is l'lubject to the following
straining actions:
Qu= 13000kN
M 1u=32000 kN.m
M u=60200 kN.m
I[
]
,
At this section the girder has been post-tensioned with 32 tendons arranged
in 8
2
ducts 60 mm diameter. The total prestressing steel Aps = 17120 mm . The low2
relaxation strand1'i have fpu = 1860 N/mm2 and/pe =1080 N/mm It is required to
carry out a design for the combined shear and torsion for that section. The
material properties are as follows:
feu= 40 N/mm2 and h = 400 N/mm2
1401>14
.\
14000mm
\.
-f------.. _----1-----..
------.. .
350
<D 8/100 mm
('----J
..
<D 12/100 mm
..
700
700
350
I-
7000
Stirrup detail
749
750
Solution
Step 1: Calculate section properties
Assume a clear concrete cover of 40. mm and the diameter of the bars used is 22
mm as illustrated in the figure shown below
2. Torsional Stresses
The torsional stresses in the webs equal:
qtu(web)
M tu
= 2xA
xt
320.0.0. x 10.
2 x (0..85 X 2861290.4) X 70.0.
= 0..94 N
I mm 2
=4148x6898= 2861290.4 mm 2
Ph =2X(4148+6898}=22o.92mm
M tu
qtu(flange)
= 2xA() xte
q . = 0..0.6
tu IDm
320.0.0. x 10.
=2.23N Imm 2
2x(o..85x 286129o.4)x35o.
Jfyc
cu
1+
.JJ:
[pee
0..25
It can be computed that the total concrete cross sectIOnal area Ac= 13 A m
f
pee
6898
Ae
13Ax 106
qtumin =0..0.6 -
o.
1.5
1+
1.38
2
r;;: =o.AN Imm
0..25....,40.
Since qtu > qtumin' we have to consider the shear stresses due to torsion.
The applied vertical shear force is resisted by the internal shear stresses
developed in each web. From the figure one gets:
qu
751
752
TI
. umax
yc
[40 =3.87 N
V15
qtu(f1ange)
i1 i
qcu.min = 0.24Jfcu
qcu,max
yc
Since , the concrete dimensions of the section are adequate as shown in the
graphical representation below.
=0.375~fcu
yc
V15
=0.375
. [40
qtu,max=3.87
qcu = 0.045
V15
p
)
..
--f _ _ _ _J . - I _ _~ _ _ qu (N/mm2 )
2.23
\qu,max
Since the applied shear qu is greater than qeu, shear reinforcement is needed.
q.u =qu - q;
A = qsu xb Xs = 1.61x(2x700)x100
st
fy 11.15
400/1.15
648 mm2
For one web = 648/2=324 mm2 and area of one branch=32412=162 mm2
753
754
I
;1
r,
sIr
M,uxs
2xAo xi ySI / Ys cot B
32000 x 10 x 100
==189.1mm 2
2x(0.85x28612904)x400/1.15 cot 45
A
sl
sly
For box sections, the code permits the use of reinforcement along the interior
and exterior sides of each web if the wall thickness tw is less or equal to the
section width/6 .
.: t (700) < ~ < 7000
The area of the stirrups for torsion can be divided on the two sides
Area of one branch A str =189.112 =94.55 mm2
.
A
b
There is a condition on this equation that ~ ~ - - S
6xlysl
7000
b
189
- <
thus use - - 100 6x400
6xlys,
Acp
=7x4.25 =29.75 m
b
0.40
2(&loroneweb)
A, . =0.4
s ,mm
Iy- xs =--700x100=70mm
400
Total area chosen = 2 X 314 > A sl .min' ..... .o.k
B: Flanges
The flanges only resists torsion thus the area of one branch=Astr
sr
+A,) .
S
nun
o
0.4 -x29.75x106
A . =
1.5
_( 7000 )X22092X(400)=112237mm2
sl.nun
400/1.15
6x400
400
Choose 184 <I> 28 such that the maximum spacing between longitudinal steel is
less than 300 mm
Final design two stirrups +20/100 mm (two branches) in the webs and two
stirrups +121100 mm (two branches) in the flanges
755
756
'-
"iii
c
"e
tU
'0
z
r-
10
~
"iii
tU
'?'
0C\I
':
0
~
':
I
W/OZ~O~
<0
C\I
~
~
':
'<t
<0
V
E
':
':
':
0
...
;:;.
.-
"iii
C\I
':
0
~
'EO
"-
tU
"e
"e
tU
'0
z
tU
'-
+;-,
lL-_ _ _ _ _ _
'0
z
- I
W/OZ~O~
10.1 Introduction
Continuity is frequently used because of the several benefits that can be
achieved. Continuity reduces the bending moments resulting in more
economic designs. It also permits tensioning of the tendons over several
supports with a great reduction in the number of anchorage and labor cost in
the prestressing operation. Finally, the deflection of continuous members is
'greatly reduced when compared to that of the simple span.
757
758
anchorage
Post-tensioned cable
~q
(b) Beam with variable depth and straight
Continuity may also be achieved by pre-tensioning some cables in the beam and
post-tensioning other cables. In Fig. 10.2, the pre-tensioned precast elements
are arranged over the support as simple beams. Then post-tensioning is applied
longitudinally to provide continuity over the supports. Concrete is poured over
the support between the beams. Example of continuous prestressed box section
with various cable profiles is shown in Fig. 10.3.
ost-tensioned cable
Pre-tensioned cable
759
760
-"'--
N.~-~~~4----;~-
(/)
X
)-,
!!2
x~
--+4--~--~~
m
me:'
0
13
CD
(f)
e:
o
b-
1a
a;
iTI
- -------.
__'"
-"'--
13CD
(f)
Elastic analysis of continuous beams can be carried out using one of two
methods:
Support displacement method.
le:
o
UCD
(f)
10.3.2.1 Background
Let us consider a cantilevered beam with a roller support at the end as shown in
". Fig. lOA. If this support is removed, the beam becomes determinate and it will
deflect downward. To maintain its previous position, a force R is required. This
force causes the secondary moment. The original (primary) moment due to
prestressing equals MJO=P.e (negative in this case). The final moment any point
equals:
,....)------..JIYoI.~4_------_;.
~!~
- w
oa: -0.
761
,I
Mjillal
BeamC.G.
~--r_--------------------,.-r~--p
Cable profile
\1 =:1
JM 11 xM 11 d x
(10.2)
Furthennore, for simple structures, the deflection Oll can be obtained using the
expressions given in Appendix A. For example, the deflection of a cantilever
beam with concentrated load at the end equals:
P L3
L3
3E I
3E I
~o
~-,
---------- ------
\0 = Ell
JM ll M lO d x
~--r_~------------------,.-T----p
:
-,
~l
(10.4)
.Since, the deflection at the actual support should equal to zero, the unit load
deflection ~ 1 should be equal and opposite to the deflection caused by the
primary moment ~o. Hence, compatibility of defonnations gives:
ROil
Deflected shape
~.
\1 = - - = - - ........................................ (10.3)
The deflection
follows:
1-
~I--------~-----------,l
kN t T
L
R= -
010 ....................................................
(10.6)
Moment due to
unit load (Mll)
011
The secondary moment has the same shape as the unit force moment, but with a
modified value given by:
Msec
Removing
the support
It should be clear that the secondary moment is added to the primary moment to
produce the final moment. Also, the value of the secondary moment is
dependent on the prestressing force and the tendon profile.
763
764
P.e
BeamC.G.
P.e
P--+---..4...._...................- ................._.___............................................
........-t----=-p
Cable profile
1
1
L -Pe L2 I
8. = - M M d =-(-Pe)Lx-=---w
\0
EI
II
10
x
EI
2
2EI
P.e
P.e
To facilitate the calculations of the above integrals, the integrations of some
typical shapes are given in Table 10.1. Thus, R equals:
8.
R =-....JQ. =
011
-PeL2 /2EI
3
L /3EI
L~
_3Pe L_ 3P . e
M sec --R X M 11-2L""X
--2-
pMws==:::==-;;:/
Moment due to
unit force (MIl)
2L
= Mprimary + Msecolldary
3 Pe
Pe
=-Pe+--=+-2
2
The effective eccentricity at the fixed end
=Mprimary + Msecondary
=-Pe+O=-Pe
The effective eccentricity at the free end
=-e
(below C.G.)
Figure 10.5 shows the primary, the secondary and the final moments for the
beam. The final moment can be represented by an effective cable profile or line
of pressure or C-line. The profile is obtained by dividing the final moment by
the prestressing force.
I,
"
II
765
BeamC.G.
e/2
1 /}--,--i-----+----:...;;::..:..::...........~p
L
Example 10.1
The stress distribution in a statically determinate beam is given by considering the
actual cable profile, whereas in a continuous beam, the stress distribution is obtained
by using the effective cable profile which gives the effective eccentricity e * or the final
moment due to prestressing (P e*). Hence, the stresses at the top and bottom fibers of a
section in a continuous beam can be obtained using the following equation:
P
P xe*
The figure given below shows a post-tensioned continuous beam. The tendon
profile is shown in figure. the effective prestressing force after losses is 1500
leN. Compute the primary, the secondary and the final moments using the
support displacement method. Calculate the stresses at section F due to
prestressing and self-weight knowing that thecross:.section of the beam is
rectangular with dimensions 300 rom x1200 mm.
f =--;(+-z-z(lO.8)
where M is the applied moment at the critical section.
160
Cable profile
~M'
I
I
M
3
I.
1
.I
~M3
M3~
M3~Mt
1<'1
M,
2L (M, +M 2) M3 2L M , M3
(i (M, +2M 2) M3
3 M , M3
(i (2M, +M 2)M 3
L
(iM, (2M 3+M.)+
L
"4MJ M 3
M,
I
M3
c:t
L
-M, M3
L
(iM, M3
M,
2L M M
'
L
"4 M ,M3
L
-M, M3
L
"4MJ M3
L
-M J M 3
L
3L M ,(M,+M
-::1M,
(M, +M.)
4)
-::I M, (M, +M 2 )
L
-M,M3
5L M M
12
'
1----1
300
767
768
Solution
Step 1: Calculate the secondary moment at support b
The primary moment due- to prestressing causes camber at the middle support.
By removing the middle support and assuming a unit downward force of 1 kN,
the bending moment equals:
11
3EL
11
11
11
3 EI
12
12
12m
12m
a- Cable profile
630kN.m
tl
EI
420
The displacement at the middle support c~h 1 due to the unit force equals (refer to
Table 10.1):
11
fS----~~-~-~-----~
Ii
Cable profile
630
~.~
"l(iJY~
240
b- Primary moment
630+240/2=759.
750
48m
240
iiii
M -12
Moment due
to unit force
11-
ih 1
48xE I
Mll=12
Moment due to 1 kN
=lx(24+24)3 = 2304J,
48xE I
EI
11
EI
769
=0
EI
ii
5. = PL
11
510
375
d- Secondary moment
375
A~~~
750
e- Final moment
770
R =-
<\0
<\1
-97920/ EI = 42.5-12304/ EI
A=300xI200=360000 mm 2
Mb +Msec
= 240+51O=}50kN .m
wow
= 25 x 360000 = 9 kN / m'
10 6
The maximum positive bending for a continuous beam with two equal spans
and equal loading can be obtained as follows:
Mow -
Zbot
11
11
Ztop
The stresses at bottom and top fibers due to prestressing and self-weight equal:
2
The effective eccentricity at mid-span equals:
e ab
_ w ow xL =9X24 =471kN.m
eb -- 750x1000 -_ 500 mm i
1500
J;
P xe*
Mow
=-~---+bot
A
Zbot
Zbot
- -375x1000 _ 250
I
mm-
1500
1500x1000
360000
P Pxe* _ Mow
flOp =--A + Z
Z
500
top
bot
/.
12m
12m
.I
./
'
12m
./
471.27x10 = -5.5 N / mm 2
72xl0 6
tl
771
772
Example 10.2
Solution
Ytop
= Ybottom= 4S0 mm
3
,12
IF
200 rom
12
Cable profile
Zbol
I
=--
2.92S X 1010
----=
4S0
Y bottom
Ztop= Zbot=
8m
8m
Wo,w
6Sx10 mm
8m
6S X 106 mm 3
1000000
L
ISO
1T
8
1-,L'600 ---i
I
I
L..-.,
200-
I-
lx(16+16) =8 kN.m
4
4
The displacement at the middle support ~h 1 due to the unit force equals:
T
1
11
1
L
32
682.667
011 =-fMllMlId =--M 11 xM lI =--x8x8=
J,.
EI
x
3EI
3 EI
E I
o
o
\0
II I
= PxL
0\
ISO
!- 600 ---i
Beam cross section
1 kN
A-
I-
1
32m
~~
Mll=8 kN.m
774
280
200
Cable profile
10
a b c
8m
8m
I
8m
I
8m
1
1
I
110
EI
a- Cable profile
EI
=0
-61441 EI = 9 J..
682.6671 EI
Msec
360
b- Primary moment
684
~~A
360
c- Simplified primary moment
The final moment (due to prestressing) at the intermediate support is given by:
eb
252
~ ~A
~
A
775
= -468xlOOO = 260 mm J,
ab
432
e- Final moment
468
- 432xlOOO _ 240
t
1800 mm
72
=-504+-=-468 kN.m
2
MlJ=8
Moment due to 1 kN
72
d- Secondary moment
1800
_-252XlOOO_
J,
1800
- 140 mm
/
776
240
,I
8m
8m
1 ~
8m
The equivalent load method is another approach for computing the secondary
and the final moments. In this method, the prestressing force is replaced by an
equivalent load produced by the primary moments. Solving the continuous
beam under the effect of the equivalent loads gives the final moments directly.
The secondary moments are obtained by subtracting'the final moment from the
primary moments as follows:
8m
Secondary
= M final
Primtvy ............................
(10.9)
e * = eab = 260 mm
The horizontal and the vertical components of the tendon forces shown in Fig.
10.6 can be expressed as functions of the cable slope angle as follows:
The maximum positive bending for a continuous beam with two equal spans
and equal loading is given as:
ftop =-12.94 Nlmm2
W XL2
= --!!to"-.t
--
11
t
bot
=P
cos 8
=P
sin 8
For small angles, it can be assumed that cos 9=1 and sin 9 =9. Thus,
V =P 8
H =P
At points D and D' where the tendon changes direction, a summation of forces
indicates the existence of an upward force in the vertical direction. The changes
in tendon slope at points D and D "equal:
P xe*
=-----+A
Zbot
Zbol
ihottom=+O.94
1800 xlOOO
300000
= el +e2
Xl
and 8 2
= e2 +e3
65 X 10
Pxe*
M
t top = -AP - +
---Ztop
ZIOP
floP
O2
X2
6
1800 x 1000 1800 x 1000 x 260
= -12.94 N Imm 2
- - - - - + - - - - - :6- - - 919.27x10
6
300000
65 x 10
65xl0
~----------------.-----------------------------~
777
"'.
778
(1O.10a)
L-x\
= e~ -es
L
-X2
3
e z+e+e?
-l -+
...................... (10.11)
Vpi = p /10 = p (e
L-~
4
,
(e
+e.
e 4 -e
Vpz =p/1o:=P
-3 _
+-,
- s)
Xz
X2
L'-X2
H01
2
P
--L
1-1
--+-1
--L'
..................... (10.12)
-Xz
The equivalent concentrated loads can also be obtained by equating the moment
due to prestressing force to the moment caused by the equivalent concentrated
loads as follows:
V
P BI
x\(L"':'x l )
L
:=
xz(L'-xz):=Pe 2
L'
C
............................
(10.13b)
where eel and ec 2 are the eccentricities at point of change in slop at spans ab and
bc, respectively.
The eccentricities of the cable cause concentrated positive moment equals (P.e!) at
support A and a concentrated negative moment equals (P.es) at support C.
Fig. 10.6 Calculation of the equivalent loads for straight cable profile
Photo 10.2 Prestressed concrete box section
780
779
M2
Weq XL2
............................................. (10.14)
e'i-~::::tL~~'
~e3~
I
Since the equation of the bending moment for uniformly loaded simply
supported beam is also parabolic, the moments must be equal in the two beams
at any point. Thus,
Ml
=M
(10.15)
pe m
xL
Weq
------I-
= 8P em / L2
p(el
pe)2
......................-.................... (10.16)
Fig. 10.8 Determination of em for cable with eccentricity el and e2
Weq
8 Pe
2 m
(10.17)
.\
I
12 II I I I I I I I I I t II II tit t t;!1.
L
Weq
781
782
Solution
Example 10.3
A continuous prestressed beam having a rectangular cross-section (250 nun
xllOO mm) is shown in the figure below. Also .shown is the cable profile. The
span a-b has linear cables while span B-C has a parabolic curve. Locate the line
of pressure. Calculate the final stresses at support b due to the prestressing as
well as a uniformly distributed load of 15 kN/m' . (Pe=1200 kN)
200
+l~---- ----~i0z;=;:--r~-~
12m
,I'
8m,
1 ,10m
() + () )-1200 x (0.4-0.12
12
+ 0.4+0.2):....
8
-118 leN t
1
Cable profile
120 ......------~----2;+-:-t----I-----------,
I'
10m
V x\(L-x\)_
P
L
-P eml
1
The equivalent uniform load on span b-c equals p. e
.
W
xL2
--=eq,--_
Weq
8....
....
0.12
H
250
783
0.2
er
~c-~--e-; ,; ,; ;,I- ; ; . ;. - e-~,~;-f-Tlt>(1!---,e,..;T--,.......;::.......::c:::::::::::~-~---~.....;---;.;.:.---;;.-;.;.--,;;,,;;,;;---~
I.
",
-=----------A-----------
tT 0.45
0.4
12
., '
.,.
784
20
em]
400
200
Cable profile
em2
12m
/.
8m .,.
10m
./.
10m
.1
a- Cable profile
540
480
1~~
'<QJY
240
R
be
__
Weq X
L3
-----'-- =
24
-13.2x203
2
= -4400 kN.m
24
The elastic reaction Rab due to concentrated load not in the middle is given by
R
_ Pxaxb (L+a)
6L
ab -
b- Primary moment
Ma=l44
weq=13.2 kNlm'
"'" t, 11111111 t II t 11
The reader should be aware that the negative sign is due to upward force
direction.
P=-118kN
Al
Il-t-:===~.:~-L=_-=20=~'==:=::
c- Equivalent loading
a=12 .
363.72
268.46
144~rr:"";',,-'----:--]I'1A
Rab
592.56
d- Final moment
11111111
352.56
e-Secondary moment
p.
1200
The negative bending at the cable broken point of beam a-b equals:
",
785
786
Mab,final
=Mab,primary + Mab,secondary = -
12
480 + 352.56 x 20 == -268.46 kN .m
Thus, the eccentricity of C-line at the cable broken point of beam a-b equals:
. _ M ab _
e ab - -P- -
e * = eb = 0.494 m
A = 250xllOO = 275000 mm 2
= 592.56
Mbe
be
wow
=25xO.25xl.l=6.875kN 1m'
W lotal =wow
= -363.72 =0.303in,l1200
+ (w LL
+W DL)
=W lolal xL
2
21.875x20 :::;: 1093.8 kN.m
8
8
P
P xe*
ZIOP
ZIOP
!rop = - - - - - + -
12m
8m .. \.
10m
.\.
10m
flOP
1200 xlOOO
275000
P
fbollom
bOI
fbOltOm
=- A +-Z---Z-
787
Pxe*
lop
788
P=1200kN
If the original cable profile was selected as the effective cable profile, the
secondary moment will be equal to zero and the final moment will be equal to
the primary moment. This is called a concordant profile.
The concordant profile induces no reactions due to the prestressing at the
intermediate supports (secondary moment
0). The choice of a concordant
profile or a non-concordant profile is governed by the concrete cover. In
addition, any tendon profile can be linearly transformed without affecting the
C-line position.
When the position of a cable is moved over the interior supports without
changing the curvature and the shape of the cable within each individual span,
the line is said to be linearly transformed. It is possible to linearly transform any
pressure line by rising or lowering the eccentricity at the interior support
without altering the exterior eccentricity. The resulting effective cable profile is
the same in both cases. However, the amount of the secondary moment and the
induced reactions at the middle support is different for each profile, but the sum
of the primary and the secondary moment is the same. For example the beam
shown in Fig. 10.9 has two tendon profiles, each produce different primary
moment. However, the equivalent loads and hence the final moments in both
cases are the same.
\.
12m
8m
.\.
.\
,
.
//
/
'/240
y /
480
.
0.2
e m2 = 0.45 + - = 0.55 m
2
For the cable profile 2
Ma=144
Vp=llS
w eq=13.2 kN/m'
(~~______~t____~*~I~"~II~I~lI~II~I~11~11~1~11~11~1L
c- Equivalenfloading for both moment diagrams
10m
Moment diagram 1
=sp em2
\.
Weq
10m
.\
789
790
APPENDIX
Weight
(used in Egypt)
II>
Weight
mm
kg/m'
(used in Egypt)
mm
kg/m'
10
11
12
0.222
0.28
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.41
1.70
1.98
2.26
2.54
2.83
3.11
3.39
0.222
28.3
56.5
84.8
113
141
170
198
0.395
50.3
101
151
201
251
302
352
12
10
11
226
254
283
311
339
402
452
503
553
603
785
864 .Jl42
0.395
0.50
1.01
1.51
2.01
2.51
3.02
3.52
4.02
4.52
5.03
5.53
6.03
10
0.617
0.79
1.57
2.36
3.14
3.93
4.71
5.50
6.28 7.07
7.85
8.64
9.42
10
0.617
78.5
157
236
314
393
471
550
628
707
12
0.888
1.13
2.26
3.39
4.52
5.65
6.79
12
0.888
113
226
339
452
565
679
792
905
14
1.208
1.54
3.08
4.62
6.16
7.70
14
1.208
154
308
462
616
770'
924
16
1.578
2.01
4.02
6.03
16
1.578
201
402
603
1.998
254
509
763
7.92
---
-.
804
18
1.998
2.54
5.09
7.63 10.18 12.72 15.27 17.81 20.36 22.90 25.45 27.99 30.54
18
20
2.466
3.14
6.28
9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85 21.99 25.13 28.27 31.42 34.56 37.70
20
2.466
314
628
942
7.60 11.40 15.21 19.01 22.81 26.61 30.41 34.21 38.01 41.81 45.62
22
2.984
380
760
1140 1521
1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909 5400 5890
22
2.984
3.80
1901 2281
2661
3041
4562
25
3.853
4.91
9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09 54.00 58.90
25
3.853
491
982
28
4.834
6.16 12.32 18.47 24.63 30.79 36.95 43.10 49.26 55.42 61.58 67.73 73.89
28
4.834
616
1232 1847 2463 3079 3695 4310 4926 5542 6158 6773 7389
32
6.313
8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 80.42 88.47 96.51
32
6.313
804
38
8.903 11.34 22.68 34.02 45.36 56.71 68.05 79.39 90.73 102.1 113.4 124.8 136.1
38
8.903
Weight
mm
kg/m'
10
11
12
II>
Weight
mm
kg/m'
2
56.5
0.222
0.28
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.41
1.70
1.98
2.26
2.54
2.83
3.11
3.39
0.222
28.3
0.395
0.50
1.01
1.51
2.01
2.51
3.02
3.52
4.02
4.52
5.03
5.53
6.03
0.395
50.3 100.5
10
0.617
0.79
1.57
2.36
3.14
3.93
4.71
5.50
6.28
7.07
7.85
8.64
9.42
10
0.617
79
157
13
1.042
1.33
2.65
3.98
5.31
6.64
7.96
13
1.042
133
265
16
1.578
2.01
4.02
6.03
16
1.578
201
402
19
2.226
2.84
5.67
8.51 11.34 14.18 17.01 19.85 22.68 25.52 28.35 31.19 34.02
19
2.226
284
22
2.984
3.80
7.60 11.40 15.21 19.01 22.81 26.61 30.41 34.21 38.01 41.81 45.62
22
2.984
380
10
11
12
170
198
226
254
283
311
339
151
302
352
402
452
503
553
603
707
785
864
942
201
251
236
314
393
471
550
628
398
531
664
796
929
603
804
567
851
760
1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909 5400 5890
2661
4181
4562
25
3.853
4.91
9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 49.09 54.00 58.90
25
3.853
491
982
28
4.834
6.16 12.32 18.47 24.63 30.79 36.95 43.10 49.26 55.42 61.58 67.73 73.89
28
4.834
616
1232 1847 2463 3q79 3695 4310 4926 5542 6158 6773 7389
32
6.313
8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 80.42 88.47 96.5
32
6.313
804
38
8.903 11.34 22.68 34.02 45.36 56.71 68.05 79.39 90.73 102.1 113.4 124.8 136.1
38
8.903
..
791
~1)21
792
G>
:T
::J
(Table 4-1)
R1
0.D15
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.065
0.070
0.075
0.080
0.085
0.090
0.095
0.100
0.105
0.110
0.115
0.120
, 0.125
0.129
0.139
0.143
-...l
10
!lO
!!l
;l::
2:
co
0.D18
0.024
0.030
0.036
0.042
0.048
0.055
0.061
0.068
0.074
0.081
0.088
0.095
0.102
0.109
0.117
0.124
0.132
0.140
0.148
0.156
0.164 R1max
0.173 Jy=400
0.180 '!y"=360
0.198 fy=280
0.206 ~
0.15 ...........13
~.~:
.
0.12
~ -1 ... L..
.. .. ... '" fy:--4QP t~ult1liL ... ........ ... ... ... :;2~
V-
0.11
V '.
1
z:
I
('II
0.09
a: 0.08
V"
0.06
'
0.05
-. J
. /
II S
('II
E
~
gj
'"
. .., ";.
II
J.
o
3l
.:
cO'
::J
RI--_u 2
- feu bd
~
-
f.
P
A =OJ-E...bd--",
~
~/~
/V
Q~
0.01
0.02
:~
~t .
o
./
,/"
0.07
0.04
0.03
..
. .
./
0.10
....
'" ............... ..
(')
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
CJ)
~<0":""
W C
",
,.,~;~:~~-,~~~=lt1lO''''''''''~~~~~..:r;~'~-''''''''''==-''''=''''~~~"~~f"''''''~~'''''''~~~=;~~:-'=~~~~~7r~'~~~~~"'~..1'>1~.~,~~~~~~~)f~~0'f~:",;g:..--=""",-'01.';~"J~.<~.)i<~r.'t";"fr":";~"'llI.!"_
0.08
>:.
5'
C'l
.?>-
<l>
>:i
'0'
"II
<::r'
~I~
>:.
II
>:i
0.12
"~
<::r'
0.10
II
II
I:l..
.;-.; 1;-..
I;
-. .'1::1
~I
~
.?>-
0.14
0.16
p
co
o
.P
~
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
,..---..... s:
I.
~IIC
:J>
"
0.36
,I
0.38
-'-+I I<-
JI ~::~
0.
0.44
J>:.
ks
0.46
0.48
0.50
000
S5
""
38
38
_8 38
~ ~
1:
!='
!;l
g1
:-""1
~.
Q::s::
..,
nlm.
J!
,,<"""
000
~~
~~ ~
Q
(I)
.t m
~
CD
:z:
:J>
C.
"1'1
... 0
..... en
- rS' iii: -<
P ~~
!l
\i! ~ ~
0
t.>
~~
m ~ ::a
2. 0 0
"
'<
= ; ~
):00
z z z Z
-.", --", 3",
a- ~'"
Ili Il ~ ~
;;
C')
""1-)
.\L
~ 00
~ .;:..
~
o 0\
'<~ ,<I-+)
0.20
0.24
c;;
en
.;:..
!='
~
0.18
0.22
-...l
10
!='
!='
~
,
CD "r- m
::a
.....
m
-Z
r
"1'
" m 01
r:I: 'Z::a
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2.95
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0.738
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4.05
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APPENDIX
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0.018
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0.022
0.026
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300
400
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600
700
800
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65
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50
45
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30
0.006
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10
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0.2
0.4
0.6
70
65 l 60
0.006
50
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1.4
1.6
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2.2
2.4
2.6
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20
15
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10
77
75
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0.0
0.2
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0.4
0.6
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0.8
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1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
Values ofSm
Bar Diameter
Bar Diameter
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
Mlbd2
Values of Sm
10
425
238
175
144
125
113
104
97
92
88
84
81
79
Mlbd2
11
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25
3.0
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1.2
l7
55
30
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1.0
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0.8
40
0.015
15
0.007
'0.009
0.010
25
Wk
45
1
I
I!
12
500
275
200
163
140
125
114
106
100
95
91
88
85
82
80
14
575
313
225
181
155
138
125
116
108
103
98
94
90
88
85
16
650
350
250
200
170
150
136
125
117
110
105
100
96
93
90
18
725
388
275
219
185
163
146
134
125
118
111
106
102
98
95
799
20
800
425
300
238
200
175
157
144
133
125
118
113
108
104
100
22
875
463
325
256
215
188
168
153
142
133
125
119
113
109
105
25
987
519
363
284
238
206
184
167
154
144
135
128
122
117
113
28
1100
575
400
313
260
225
200
181
167 .
155
145
138
131
125
120
32
1250
650
450
350
290
250
221
200
183
170
159
150
142
136
130
...I!c
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.D15
10
175
113
92
81
75
71
68
66
64
63
61
60
60
59
58.
12
200
125
100
88
80
75
71
69
67
65
64
63
62
61
60
14
225
138
108
94
85
79
75
72
69
68
66
65
63
63
62
16
250
150
117
100
90
83
79
75
72
70
68
67
65
64
63
18
275
163
125
106
95
88
82
78
75
73
70
69
67
66
65
800
20
300
175
133
113
100
92
86
81
78
75
73
71
69
68
67
22
325
188
142
119
105
96
89
84
81
78
75
73
71
70
68
25
363
206
154
128
113
102
95
89
85
81
78
76
74
72
71
28
400
225
167
138
~20
108
100
94
89
85
82
79
77
75
73
32
450
250
183
150
130
11-7
107
100
94
90
86
83
81
79
77
Wk
Wk
65
+
60
h;. t
50
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40
35
30
55
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40
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20
15
10
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0.6
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15
10
Pr~
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
0.0
3.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
Mlbd2
Values ofSm
Bar Diameter
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.Q13
0.014
0.Q15
..
./
1.0
ValuesofSm
10
425
238
175
144
125
113
104
97
92
88
84
81
79
77
75
'/
25
Mlbd
11
/
V
45
----
50
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II
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1,;.
60
V / ' [.../ ~ ~
I / / / / ' / V ::::::::e:::::: ~ ~ --.-_..
1/ /v/ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ r~~ ~
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V
0.0
..
65
70
----
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45
i/
55
"""~
'1"
12
500
275
200
163
140
125
114
106
100
95
91
88
85
82
80
14
575
313
225
181
155
138
125
116
108
103
98
94
90
88
85
16
650
350
250
200
170
150
136
125
117
110
105
100
96
93
90
18
725
388
275
219
185
163
146
134
125
118
111
106
102
98
95
801
20
800
425
300
238
200
175
157
144
133
125
118
113
108
104
100
Bar Diameter
22
875
463
325
256
215
188
168
153
142
133
125
119
113
109
105
25
987
519
363
284
238
206
184
167
154
144
135
128
122
117
113
28
1100
575
400
313
260
225
200
181
167
155
145
138
131
125
120
32
1250
650
450
350
290
250
221
200
183
170
159
150
142
136
130
)1.
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.Q15
10
175
113
92
81
75
71
68
66
64
63
61
60
60
59
58
12
200
125
100
88
80
75
71
69
67
65
64
63
62
61
60
14
225
138
108
94
85
79
75
72
69
68
66
65
63
63
62
16
250
150
117
100
90
83
79
75
72
70
68
67
65
64
63
18
275
163
125
106
95
88
82
78
75
73
70
69
67
66
65
802
20
300
175
133
113
100
92
86
81
78
75
73
71
69
68
67
22
325
188
142
119
105
96
89
84
81
78
75
73
71
70
68
25
363
206
154
128
113
102
95
89
85
81
78
76
74
72
71
28
400
225
167
138
120
108
100
94
89
85
82
79
77
75
73
32
450
250
183
150
130
117
107
100
94
90
86
83
81
79
77
3.0
Wk
65 I - -
60
t.
--
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55
50
45
40
1/
25
20
---
45
---
40
./
---
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
10
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
Mlbd2
10
425
238
175
144
125
113
104
97
92
88
_.-
1/
1/ V
/'
V
---
/
v
o
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
Values of Sm
Bar Diameter
11
_..
Mlbd2
Values ofSm
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
.0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
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~~
o
0.2
20
lL
35
15
~~
II
25
_._
30
i/.t
10
IL
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15
II
50
V L . .V .,/ V . /
II / / /'"V ...-V .,./"~ ~ ~ _.-_.J / / .// ~ ~ ~ ~ ::::::: ~
~
f V/ V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !-~~~
~~ ~~ ~~~
30
55
... -
./
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60
...
65
70
-_.
1/
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I- -
Wk
70
0.0
84
12
500
275
200
163
140
125
114
106
100
95
91
81
79
77
75
85
82
80
88
14
575
313
225
181
155
138
125
116
108
103
98
94
90
88
85
16
650
350
250
200
170
150
136
125
117
110
105
100
96
93
90
18
725
388
275
219
185
163
146
134
125
118
111
Hi6
102
98
95
803
20
800
425
300
238
200
175
157
144
133
125
118
113
108
104
100
22
875
463
325
256
215
188
168
153
142
133
125
119
113
109
105
25
987
519
363
284
238
206
184
167
154
144
135
128
122
117
113
28
1100
575
400
313
260
225
200
181
167
155
145
138
131
125
120
32
1250
650
450
350
290
250
221
200
183
170
159
150
142
136
130
Bar Diameter
u
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.Q13
0.014
0.015
10
175
113
92
81
75
71
68
66
64
63
61
60
60
59
58
12
200
125
100
88
80
75
71
69
(;7
65
64
63
62
61
60
14
225
138
108
94
85
79
75
72
69
68
66
65
63
63
62
16
250
150
117
100
90
83
79
75
72
70
68
67
65
64
63
18
275
163
125
106
95
88
82
78
75
73
70
69
67
66
65
804
20
300
175
133
113
100
92
86
81
78
75
73
71
69
68
67
22
325
188
142
119
105
96
89
84
81
78
75
73
71
70
68
25
363
206
154
128
113
102
95
89
85
81
78
76
74
72
71
28
400
225
167
138
120
108
100
94
803
85
82
79
77
75
73
32
450
250
183
150
130
117
107
100
94
90
86
83
81
79
77
Wk
Wk
fcu=50 N/mm
70
65
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60
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I-
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50
45
40
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15
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17
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40
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30
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0.0
0.2
0.4
20
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0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
0.2
0.4
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0.6
0.8
1.0
12
500
275
200
163
140
125
114
106
100
\ 95
91
88
" 85
10
425
238
175
144
125
113
104
97
92
88
84
81
79
82
75
m
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-.--
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L
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1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
Bar Diameter
Bar Diameter
...
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/
/
ValuesofSm
Values ofSm
w . =S
[7
I
V
Mlbd 2
Mlbd
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.Q13
0.014
0.Q15
10
0.0
- _0-
./
25
_ ..
.-
---
./
II
10
I.
45
~ ~V
/ II V V . . . ~ ~ l-:::: ~ ~ ~
"/~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
f V~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
25
\I
50
vV'
",V'" /" V
/V 1/ /" V V
55
I-
/V
60
1/
/
65
. ...
V
V
.I
/ /
II /
30
70
- --
55
80
14
575
313
225
181
155
138
125
116
108
103
98
94
90
88
85
16
650
350
250
200
170
150
136
125
117
110
105
100
96
93
90
18
725
388
275
219
185
163
146
134
125
118
111
106
102
98
95
20
800
425
300
238
200
175
157
144
133
125
118
113
108
104
100
22
875
463
325
256
215
188
168
153
142
133
125
119
113
109
105
25
987
519
363
284
238
206
184
167
154
144
135
128
122
117
113
28
1100
575
400
313
260
225
200
181
167
155
145
138
131
125
120
32
1250
650
450
350
290
250
221
200
183
170
159
150
142
136
130
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0_015
W k
xk Xl0- 4
10
175
113
92
81
75
71
68
66
64
63
61
60
60
59
58
12
200
125
100
88
80
75
71
69
67
65
64
63
62
61
60
14
225
138
108
94
85
79
75
72
69
68
66
65
63
63
62
16
250
150
117
100
90
83
79
75
72
70
68
67
65
64
63
18
275
163
125
106
95
88
82
78
75
73
70
69
67
66
65
'l,
805
806
20
300
175
133
113
100
92
86
81
78
75
73
71
69
68
67
22
325
188
142
119
105
96
89
84
81
78
75
73
71
70
68
25
363
206
154
128
113
102
95
89
85
81
78
76
74
72
71
28
400
225
167
138
120
108
100
94
89
85
82
79
75
73
32
450
250
183
150
130
117.
107
100
94
90
86
83
81
79
APPENDIX
APPENDIXC
)
wbx
y=--(3L+3a-2x
12 EI
!""
t- a _ol-I-
'!
b----l
O~x~a
wa 2 b
12EI
wabL
B=-A
2EI
!:1A =--(3L+a)
Deflections and
Slopes of Beams
B =~(iJ-a3)
B
6EI
. P x2 '
y=-(3L-x)
6 EI
P L2
B =B
2EI
~
w
t- a
W X
P x2
y=--(3a-x)
6EI
P a2
y=--(3x-a)
6El
b----l
2)
y=--(6L -4Lx+x
24EI
3
. wL4
B = wL
!:1 = - B
8 El
B
6 El
a~x~L
Pa 3
Pa 2
B =-A
2EI
Pa 2
6 El
Pa 2
B =-B
2El
!:1 = - A
3 El
!:1 =--(3L-a)
B
O~x~a
M x2
y = 2El
2
WX
y=--(6a -4ax+x
24EI
I I I
I---a
2)
O~x~a
M.~
M L2
2El
!:1 = - " B
wa
y=--(4x-a)
24El
II
01
b-l
a~x~L
wa 4
11 = - A
8 EI
B = wa
A
6El
wa 3
24EI
B = wa
B
6EI
!:1 =--(4L-a)
D
!:1 = w" L4
B
807
".
30EI
808
B =Mo L
D
El
y= Pbx (iJ_b2_X2)
6L1
8 =Pab(L+b)
A
6LEI
Pi
d = 11 WO L4
8
1201
() =
8
Wo
IJ
.e
#,_---...:'1\:....-1A"""
81
j--a
b--j
ifa~b, de
Pab(L+a)
6LEI
P b (3iJ -4b 2)
48 I
I I
!1i
Pi
4
d =d
c
. max
= 5 wL
384 1
wL
=8 = - 8
24EI
P X
2 -X 2)
y=--(3aL-3a
6EI
Pi
P a
A"--J~--"'L-IA-"
. I-a
a-j
y=--(3Lx-3x -a)
6E 1 P a (L-a)
8 A =8B =
2EI
Pa
2
d =d . =--(3L
-4a 2)
c
max
24 E 1
wx
,,, 'I
l-:-U2
_.
IA
U2-j
Mo
5wL4
d=-c
768 EI
3w L3
8=-A
128 El
7w L3
8=-B
384 EI
~
\J\------"""
;(;$.,
M x
2
y=_0_(2L
-3Lx+x 2)'
6LEI
ML
8 _MoL
8 __
0_
A - 3EI
n- 6EI
Xl
PX
48 1
Mo
y=--(3L -4x)
,A
IA
l-:- U2-f-U2-j
d =d
e
max
P L3
=-48 E 1
8 =8 = P L2
A
8
16 El
IA
l-:-U2-f-- U2 - j
".
809
Ci)
=L(1-
~)
and
d max =
M X
2 -4x 2)
y=-O-(L
24LE 1
8 _MoL
A - 24EI
810
8 =_MoL
B
24EI
ML2
d =_0_
c
16EI
/jj~1
y=M o x(L_x)
2EI
e
A
=(J =MoL
B
2EI
11 =11
c
max
l-L
e
A
= 7
Wo
.I}
360 EI
W L2
-2
2
11 =--(5L -12a )
c
384 EI
,J;!!!!II,Z}!lo
M L2
=_0_
SEI
11 =~{a2 (4L+3a)-I}}
o
24 EI
a~
-PL
MA =Mn =-S-
L3
(J =_0_
B
45 EI
L4
PL
M =c
.8
L4
11 =~,Xl =0.5193L and 11m.. =0.00652-c
76SEI
EI
5
y = Pa X (L2 _ x 2)
6LEI
WO
pI}
11 = - c
192 E I
O:S; x:S; L
I I
L:S;x:S; L+a
1---- L
Pa 2
I~
----I
110 =--(L+a)
3EI
2
L2
11=~
c
IS.,fj EI
wa3
110 =--(4L+3a)
24EI
811
".
812
REFERENCES
10.
References
Commit~~e
CSA Committee A23.3, "Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings," CAN3A23.3-M94 Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale, Canada, 1994, 199 pp.
ECP Committee 203, "The Egyptian Code for Design and Construction of
Concrete Structures", Housing and Building Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
EI-Mihilmy, M., "Tendon Stress at Ultimate For Partially-Prestressed
Concrete Flexure Members" Engineering Research Journal, University of
Helwan, Vol.96 , pp. C63-C82, 2005.
EI-Mihilmy, M., Tedesco, J., "Deflection Of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Strengthened With FRP Plates", ACI, Structural Journal, Vol. 97, No.5,
September-October 2000, pp. 679-688
Eurocode 2, "Design of Concrete Structures-Part 1: General Rules and Rules
for Buildings (EC-2)" European Prestandard ENV 1992-1-1:1991, Comte
European de Normalisation, Brussels, 253 pp.
Ghali, A and Favre, R., "Concrete Structures: Stresses and Deformations",
Chapman & Hall, New York, 1986,348 pp.
Am~rican
814
813
Hsu, T. T. C., "ACI Torsion Provisions for Prestressed Hollow Gi~ders", ACI
Structural Journal, V. 94, No.6, Nov.-Dec. 1997, pp. 787-799.
Hsu, T. T. c., "Unified Theory of Reinforced Concrete", CRC Press, Boca
Raton, 1993, pp 193-255.
and
Naaman, A. E., "Partially Prestressed Concrete: Review
Recommendations", Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute 30 (1985): 3071.
Park, R. and Paulay T., " Reinforced Concrete Structures''; A Wiley-Interscience Publication, Wiley, New York, 1975,769 pp.
PCA, "Notes on ACI 318-95: Building Code Requirements For Structural
Concrete With Design Applications", Skokie, lllinois, 1996,818 pp.
PCI Committee on Prestress Losses, "Recommendations for Estimating
Prestress Losses", Journal, Prestressed Concrete Institute, V. 20 No.4, JulyAug. 1975, pp. 43-75.
Rogowsky, D. M. And MacGregor, J. G., " Design of Reinforced Concrete
Deep Beams", Concrete International: Design and Construction, V.8, No.8,
Aug. 1986, pp. 46-58.
Schlaich, 1., Schafer, K. and Jennewein, M., "Toward a Consistent Design of
Structural Concrete", Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute, V. 32, No.
3, May-June 1987, pp 74-150.
Siao, W.B., "Strut-and-Tie Model for Shear Behavior in Deep Beams and Pile
Caps Failing in Diagonal Tension", ACI Structural Journal, V. 90, No.4, 1993,
pp. 356-363.
MacGregor, J.G., "Derivation of Strut-and-Tie Models for the 2002 ACI CodeExamples for the Design of Structural Concrete with Strut-and-Tie Models"
Special publication 208 of ACI, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills:
2002, pp. 7-40.
Zia, Paul; Preston, H. Kent; Scott, Norman L.; and Workman, Edwin B.,
"Estimating Prestress Losses", Concrete International: Design and
Construction, V.1, No.6, June 1979, pp. 32-38.
Vecchio, F. J. and Collins, M. P., "The Modified Compression Field Theory for
Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear", ACI Journal, V. 83, No.2,
March-April 1986, pp. 219-231.
Il,
815
816
To transform from
SI':'units /
To
French -units
Multiply by
factor
kg
kg
ton
0.1
100
0.1
tim'
0.1
tlm:t
kg/m:t
kg/m:t
0.1
0.1
100
kg/cm:t
kg/cm:t
tonlm:t
10
0.01
0.1
kg/mJ
j
tonlm
kg/mJ
0.1
0.1
100
ton.m
kg.cm
0.1
0.01
cm:t
cm:t
10000
0.01
Concentrated loads
IN
1 kN
1 kN
Density
J
N/m
kN/mJ
kN/mJ
Moment
kN.m
N.mm
Area
m:t
2
mm
817
"'.
..,l J.-j..i..,l
~ b..)L..cJ
~I
..,l
..,l t4-.Jiu.'X1
..,l
~ j~ 'X
<.y> s:-J;>.
t.j14Y
..,l t.jy'y.dlll
~yJl ~ ~j~
s:-4- t... ~ ~~-' ~6.lfl4 b~~ ~J ~t6.l1 u-lJ s:-lyJl uUlyJl .JC~
:~t:J1 ~-,ys.l~1 ~y,ll
Rconcrete@ link.net
.}
t:b
Features
Reflec1s the very latest Egyptian Code provisions (ECP 203- 2007)
and includes all major changes and additions.
Numerous illustrations and figures for each topic.
Good theoretical background for each topic with code provisions.
Extensive examples in each chapter utilizing SI units.
All examples are worked out step-by-step ranging from
simple to advanced.
Full reinforcement details for every example.
Numerous design charts.